TUBELESS, MULTI-EFFECT DISTILLATION SYSTEM AND METHOD

Abstract

A direct-contact, spray-assisted, evaporation and condensation, DCSEC system includes a heating block configured to receive and heat up seawater; plural evaporation and condensation stages, wherein n is a natural number, each stage being configured to generate water vapors through flash evaporation; an evaporation only stage connected to a last stage of the plural evaporation and condensation stages, the evaporation only stage configured to receive a brine from the last stage n of the plural evaporation and condensation stages; an input/output block configured to receive the brine from the evaporation only stage and to discharge it outside the system, and also to receive cooling water; and a pressure-swing regeneration block fluidly connected to the evaporation only stage to receive the water vapors and to generate a hot vapor, which is provided to the heating block for heating the seawater.

Claims

1. A direct-contact, spray-assisted, evaporation and condensation, DCSEC system comprising: a heating block configured to receive and heat up seawater; plural evaporation and condensation stages, wherein n is a natural number, each stage being configured to generate water vapors through flash evaporation; an evaporation only stage connected to a last stage of the plural evaporation and condensation stages, the evaporation only stage configured to receive a brine from the last stage n of the plural evaporation and condensation stages; an input/output block configured to receive the brine from the evaporation only stage and to discharge it outside the system, and also to receive cooling water; and a pressure-swing regeneration block fluidly connected to the evaporation only stage to receive the water vapors and to generate a hot vapor, which is provided to the heating block for heating the seawater.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the plural evaporation and condensation stages include between 2 and 6 stages, and each stage includes a tubeless evaporator and a tubeless condenser connected to each other through a passage.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the tubeless evaporator includes a membrane module that is configured to allow vapor from the brine to enter the membrane module and then to be discharged along another conduit into the tubeless condenser.

4. The system of claim 2, wherein each tubeless evaporator is fluidly connected to a corresponding vortex generator, which is configured to mix the seawater with the water vapors to create micro- or nano-sized bubbles.

5. The system of claim 2, wherein the permeate from a condenser in stage j is provided as cooling water to a condenser in stage j−1, where j is a natural number smaller than n.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the brine from an evaporator in the stage j−1 is mixed with water vapors from an evaporator in stage j+1 to generate the bubbles that are injected into an evaporator of the stage j.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein each stage comprises: a permeate pump that pumps a permeate from a condenser of a stage j to a condenser of a stage j−1, where j is a natural number smaller than n.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein each stage further comprises: a brine pump that pumps the brine from an evaporator of the stage j−1 to an evaporator of the stage j.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the heating block comprises: a first heat exchanger; a second heat exchanger; and a heating source.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first heat exchanger transfers heat from a permeate generated by the plural evaporation and condensation stages, to the seawater, the heating source is a solar cell, and the second heat exchanger transfers heats from the hot vapor to the seawater.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the pressure-swing regeneration block comprises: a first tank configured to hold a first adsorbing material; a second tank configured to hold a second adsorbing material; and a thermal vapor compressor.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein only one of the first and second tanks is in fluid communication with the thermal vapor compressor at a given time, and the thermal vapor compressor generates a low pressure to extract water vapor from the first or second tank, and to supply the hot vapor to the heating block.

13. A direct-contact, spray-assisted, evaporation and condensation, DCSEC, system comprising: plural evaporation and condensation stages, wherein n is a natural number, each stage being configured to generate vapors through flash evaporation, from seawater; and a pressure-swing regeneration block configured to receive the water vapor and to generate a hot vapor, which is used for heating the seawater, wherein a stage j, with j<n, receives the seawater from a stage j−1, and the seawater is mixed with the vapor from a stage j+1, and wherein the stage j provides a permeate to the stage j−1.

14. The system of claim 13, further comprising: an evaporation only stage connected to a last stage of the plural evaporation and condensation stages, the evaporation only stage configured to receive a brine from the last stage of the plural evaporation and condensation stages.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein the plural evaporation and condensation stages include between 2 and 6 stages, and each stage includes a tubeless evaporator and a tubeless condenser connected to each other through a passage.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the tubeless evaporator includes a membrane module that is configured to allow vapor from the brine to enter the membrane module and then to be discharged along another conduit into the tubeless condenser.

17. The system of claim 15, wherein each tubeless evaporator is fluidly connected to a corresponding vortex generator, which is configured to mix the seawater with water vapors to create micro- or nano-sized bubbles.

18. The system of claim 13, wherein each stage comprises: a permeate pump that pumps the permeate from a condenser of the stage j to a condenser of the stage j−1; and a brine pump that pumps a brine from an evaporator of the stage j−1 to an evaporator of the stage j.

19. The system of claim 13, wherein the pressure-swing regeneration block comprises: a first tank configured to hold a first adsorbing material; a second tank configured to hold a second adsorbing material; and a thermal vapor compressor, wherein only one of the first and second tank is in fluid communication with the thermal vapor compressor at a given time, and the thermal vapor compressor generates a low pressure to extract water vapor from the first or second tank, and to supply the hot vapor to a heating block that receives the seawater.

20. A method for water desalination with a direct-contact, spray-assisted, evaporation and condensation, DCSEC, system, the method comprising: supplying seawater at plural evaporation and condensation stages, wherein n is a natural number and wherein the stages are tubeless; mixing the seawater from a stage j−1 with vapor from a stage j+1, where j<n; directly spraying the seawater and the vapor into a stage j; generating the vapors through flash evaporation in the stage j; supplying a permeate from the stage j to the stage j−1; and discarding the permeate outside the system after transferring heat from the permeate to the seawater.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates the cost associated with desalination plants that utilize various technologies;

[0017] FIG. 2 illustrates a single stage of a direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation process;

[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates a multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system that is tubeless and uses a pressure-swing regeneration block and a vortex generator;

[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates an external heating block of the multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system;

[0020] FIG. 5 shows the plural stages and their connections of the multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system;

[0021] FIG. 6A shows an operation principle of the vortex generator and FIG. 6B shows a specific implementation of the vortex generator;

[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates a membrane module that is placed in the stages of the multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system;

[0023] FIG. 8 illustrates the pressure-swing regeneration block of the multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system;

[0024] FIG. 9 illustrates the various steps taking place in the multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system;

[0025] FIG. 10 shows the recovery ratio for different last stage temperatures of the multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system;

[0026] FIG. 11 shows the specific energy consumption for different last stage temperatures of the multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system; and

[0027] FIG. 12 is a flow chart of a method for water desalination using the multi-stage, direct-contact, spray-assisted evaporation and condensation system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] The following description of the embodiments refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings identify the same or similar elements. The following detailed description does not limit the invention. Instead, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims. The following embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to a desalination system that generates a permeate from seawater. However, the embodiments to be discussed next are not limited to such system, but may be applied to other type of systems or systems that use a different feed than the seawater.

[0029] Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the subject matter disclosed. Thus, the appearance of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout the specification is not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0030] According to an embodiment, there is a DCSEC system that is configured to consume lower top-brine temperatures for the seawater feed as well as minimum chemical use for brine treatment. Such system was tested both as a single-stage and as a multi-stage configuration with seawater (3.5% by weight salinity) from the Red Sea. The performance of the system was investigated for a feed flow rate of 6 L/minute when the evaporator chamber temperature was varied from 38° C. to 60° C. From the experiments, maximum distillate production of 31 L/hr.Math.m.sup.3was recorded at 60° C. feed temperature for a single-stage configuration. To further enhance the distillate production of DCSEC, an innovative micro/nano-bubbles (M/NBs) generator device, called herein “vortex generator” is incorporated in the feed supply system, which resulted in 34% increase in potable water production at the corresponding inlet feed temperatures. The “vortex generator” injects water vapor microbubbles (T.sub.vapor lower than T.sub.liquid) into the seawater feed, increasing both the nucleation sites and surface area that are needed for enhancing liquid flashing process. These embedded nucleation sites can lower the NEDT to 2.5-4 K, which is of similar order in NEDT achieved by the tube-based processes. In this or another embodiment, it is possible to introduce hollow-fiber membrane modules at the bottom of the evaporators, which allow the brine to further evaporate. The hollow-fiber membrane modules employ hydrophobic membranes. The outer side of the modules is exposed to seawater, while the inner side is connected to the condenser. Water molecules will pass the membrane pores to the condenser due to the pressure difference between the inner and outer sides of the module.

[0031] Further, this or another embodiment may further reduce the energy consumption by using the brine from each evaporator as the feed for a next evaporator, and the cooling water from each stage is injected into a previous condenser. Additionally, this or another embodiment uses a pressure-swing regeneration process that not only eliminates the need of a separate condenser for the last stage, but also allows the reuse of the regenerated fluid as part of the heat source, which further reduces the heat input requirement. This embodiment and its possible variations are now discussed with regard to the figures.

[0032] FIG. 3 shows a DCSEC system 300 (also called desalination system) that achieves one or more of the advantages discussed above. The system 300 includes an external heating block 310 that receives the seawater and heats it up, a multistage desalination block 320 having n stages, which extracts the permeate from the seawater and generates the brine, an input/output block 330 that receives cooling water and outputs the brine, and a pressure-swing regeneration block 340 that reduces the input energy needed for the desalination process. The system 300 is now discussed in more detail.

[0033] The external heating block 310, which is shown in more detail on FIG. 4, includes a first heat exchanger 312, an optional heating source 314, and a second heat exchanger 316, which are fluidly coupled to each other in this order. The first heat exchanger 312 has a first input 312-1, which is configured to receive the seawater. The first heat exchanger 312 has also a second input 312-2 that is configured to receive the permeate from the first stage of the multistage desalination block 320. The first heat exchanger 312 transfers heat from the permeate to the seawater so that a temperature of the seawater is increased, for example, from 30° C. to 60° C. For this example, the incoming seawater is at 30° C. while the permeate leaving the first stage of the multistage desalination block 320 is at 65° C. However, other temperatures may be used. The first heat exchanger 312 also has a first output 312-3, that provides the heated seawater to the heating source 314, and a second output 312-4 that outputs the cooled distillate and the cooling water from the system 300.

[0034] The heating source 314 is optional, and its purpose is to further increase the temperature of the seawater. The heating source may be a solar thermal collector, steam from an existing plant, etc. The second heat exchanger 316 has a first input 316-1, for receiving the heated seawater, and a second input 316-2, for receiving thermal vapor from the pressure-swing regeneration block 340. This vapor is discussed later. It is noted that the vapor can be received from any other source. In one embodiment, there is no need for a vapor for further increasing the temperature of the heated seawater, in which case the entire second heat exchanger 316 is not needed. The second heat exchanger 316, if present, also has a first output 316-3 that provides the heated seawater (now at about 75° C.) to the multistage desalination block 320. The second heat exchanger 316 further has a second output 316-4 that provides a condensate outside the system.

[0035] The multistage desalination block 320 is shown in more detail in FIG. 5 and includes “n” identical evaporation and condensation stages 500.sub.n, where n is a natural number, and a final evaporation only stage 500.sub.n+1, which is different from the other stages. For a practical implementation of this system, n can vary between 2 and 10. However, any other number of stages may be used. Each stage 500.sub.n+1, where j is a natural number smaller than or equal to n, includes an evaporator chamber Ej and a condenser chamber Cj, with no tubes extending into any of these chambers, i.e., the evaporator and condenser are tubeless. This means that the seawater 510 that is pumped with a seawater pump 530.sub.1 at stage j=1, into the vortex generator 520.sub.1, is mixed with water vapor 512, received along a conduit 540.sub.1, from the next stage 520.sub.2, and micro or nano-bubbles 513 (called bubbles herein) are formed, which are injected into the evaporator E.sub.1. Note that conduit 540.sub.1 fluidly connects one evaporator to an adjacent evaporator for the transport of the vapor 512. Water vapors 512 are evaporating from the bubbles 513, and the remaining concentrated seawater 514 falls to the bottom of the evaporator E.sub.1, where it forms a pool of brine 516. A membrane module 518 is placed inside the brine pool 516 for further separating water vapor from the brine. The water vapor 512 moves due to the temperature difference between the evaporator E.sub.1 and the condenser C.sub.1 along the path 550.sub.1, which is a conduit having metallic or plastic walls that fluidly communicates the evaporator and the condenser.

[0036] The vortex generator 520.sub.1, which is schematically shown in FIG. 6A and implemented in a specific configuration in FIG. 6B, injects the water vapor bubbles 512 having a temperature T.sub.vapor lower than the temperature T.sub.liquid of the seawater 510, into the seawater feed 510, increasing both the nucleation sites and the surface area that are needed for enhancing the liquid flashing process. FIG. 6A shows the water vapor bubbles 512 increasing in size at point A, until they touch each other, at point B, after exiting the tip 520A of the vortex generator 520. At this point, the water vapor 512 shatter the seawater 510, forming small liquid drops or bubbles 513, that promote further vapor 512 formation by flash evaporation within the evaporator E.sub.1, and the rest of the bubble becomes the concentrated seawater 514, which accumulates as brine 516 at the bottom of the evaporator. These embedded nucleation sites 512 can lower the NEDT to 2.5-4 K, which is of similar order in NEDT achieved by the tube-based processes.

[0037] FIG. 6B shows one possible actual implementation of the vortex generator 520, having a liquid inlet 610 and a vapor inlet 640, both of which are fluidly communicating with a body 620. The vapor inlet 640 is connected to the conduit 540 illustrated in FIG. 3. The vapor 512 is distributed symmetrically inside the body 620 while the fluid 510 is injected asymmetrically inside the body, for example, at a side of the body, to form a jet motion of the liquid, which when mixed with the injected vapor, forms the bubbles 513. A size of the bubbles 513 may be in the nanometer or micrometer range. For example, the sizes of the bubbles 513 may be 60 to 150 μm. Other sizes may be generated. Because the body 620 has a conical shape, with an initial diameter D1 larger than the nozzle diameter D2, the liquid 510 is accelerated, enhancing the bubble generation effect. In one application, the liquid 510 is injected inside the body 620 tangential to a wall of the body, to further increase its speed inside the body. The greater the speed of the injected fluid, the smaller the sizes of the bubbles 513.

[0038] The membrane module 518 is shown in FIG. 7 and may include plural membranes 700, each one being a hollow-fiber membrane. The membrane module 518 is placed at the bottom of the evaporator, within the brine 516, which allows further water vapor to pass the filter and form permeate inside the membrane. The hollow-fiber membrane modules employ hydrophobic membranes. The outer side of the membrane 700 is exposed to the seawater 510, while the inner side, which receives the vapor 552.sub.1, is connected through a conduit 519 (see FIGS. 5) to the inside of the corresponding condenser C.sub.1. Water molecules that form the permeate 552.sub.1 will pass the pores of the membrane due to the pressure difference between the inner and outer sides of the module, and then the permeate is collected to the condenser C.sub.1. Thus, the condenser C.sub.1 is configured to receive not only the water vapor 512 formed inside the evaporator E.sub.1, but also the water vapor 552.sub.1 arriving in the membrane module 518.

[0039] After the water vapor 512 and 552.sub.1 arrives in the condenser C.sub.1, it condenses to form the permeate 522, which is pumped with a corresponding permeate pump P1 to a previous stage (see FIG. 5), or, if the first stage is considered, to the input 312-2 of the first heat exchanger 312 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. This means, as shown in FIG. 5, that each stage j has its own pump P.sub.j that pumps the permeate to the previous stage j−1 for condensing the vapor 512 to form the permeate 522. However, as the permeate from each stage j moves from stage to the next one, the final permeate 522 that is pumped by the permeate pump P1 to the input 312-2 of the first heat exchanger 312 becomes hotter (about 65° C.), and that heat is transferred to the incoming seawater 510 to raise its temperature to about 60° C., as previously discussed.

[0040] While FIG. 5 shows the plural stages 500.sub.j as being located in top of each other, along a vertical direction, one skilled in the art would also understand that these stages can be located in a single given horizontal plane. The same is true for the heat exchangers and the other elements shown in the figures.

[0041] It is noted that the last stage 500.sub.n+1 has no condenser, but only an evaporator E.sub.n+1. The purpose of this design is to drive a part of the vapors 512 from above the membrane module 518, and also the vapors 552.sub.n+1 from inside the membrane module 518, along respective paths 560 and 562, to a single conduit 564, which constitutes the input of the pressure-swing regeneration block 340, and another part of the vapors 512 to the vortex generator from the previous stage. The pressure-swing regeneration block 340 (or regeneration block) is shown in FIG. 8 as taking the vapor 512 as input, and generating a hot vapor 834 at its output. More specifically, the regeneration block 340 includes a first tank 810 including an adsorption bed 812 (e.g., silica but other adsorbent materials may be used) that is configured to adsorb water from the input vapor 512, and also includes a second tank 820, which includes a corresponding adsorption bed 822, which is also configured to absorb water. The two tanks 810 and 820 are fluidly connected to the conduit 564, through corresponding inlet valves 814 and 824. The two tanks are also fluidly connected to a thermal vapor compressor (TVC) 830 through corresponding output valves 816 and 826. The TVC 830 receives, at a first input 830A, steam 832 at a high pressure (2-3 bar) from a boiler or any other source, and increases the temperature of this stem to generate the hot steam 834. During this process, the TVC also extracts the water from one of the adsorbent beds 812 or 822, depending on which outlet valve 816 or 826 is open.

[0042] In this regard, when the regeneration block 340 has the inlet valve 814 open, the inlet valve 824 is closed, so that the vapor from the last stage 500.sub.n+1 enters only the first tank 810. At the same time, the output valve 816 is closed and the output valve 826 is open so that the low pressure created by the TVC 830 at its second input 830B extracts the water vapor only from the adsorption bed 822.

[0043] Because evaporation heat is supplied by the sensible heat of the seawater, the water temperature at the last evaporator E.sub.n+1 will be below the ambient temperature (10-15° C.). The cold brine 516 is employed to cool down the cooling water 331 at the input/output block 330. A lower cooling water temperature provides a larger driving force for evaporation and allows for additional numbers of operating stages. Therefore, both fresh water yield and energy efficiency will be marked improved. After the porous material in the adsorption bed 812 or 822 is saturated with water molecules, it has to be regenerated. The pressure-swing regeneration process is implemented by thermal vapor compression, as discussed with regard to FIG. 8. High-pressure steam 832 is supplied to the thermal vapor compressor 830 to create a low-pressure environment at input 830B and force water molecules to be detached from the adsorption material 812/822. The mixture of the high-pressure steam 832 and regenerated vapor 834 has a moderate temperature (55-75° C.) and it is employed for heating the seawater 510 in the second heat exchanger 316. The pressure-swing regeneration process not only eliminates the need of a separate condenser for the last stage, but also allows the reuse of the regenerated vapor as part of the heat source, which further reduces the heat input requirement of the system 300.

[0044] An embodiment that describes how the DCSEC system 300 works when all the previous parts are connected together is illustrated in FIG. 9 and is now discussed. Intake seawater 510 is supplied at 1 to the first heat exchanger 312, at the input 312-2. Numerals 1 to 16 are used to show the points in the system where each action is taking place. After the seawater 510 is heated by the distillate 522, at 2, the heated seawater 510 is optionally provided to the heating element 314, at 3, for further heating. Then, at 4, the heated seawater 510 is further heated in the second heat exchanger 316, with the heat transferred from the hot vapor 834 received from the pressure-swing regeneration block 340.

[0045] The heated seawater 510 enters then at 5, into the first vortex generator 520.sub.1, where it receives vapor 512 from a next stage j=2. After forming the vapor bubbles 512 in the vortex generator, the bubbles and the seawater are injected into the evaporator E.sub.1 of the first stage j=1, where the seawater bubbles 513 are generated, which promote the flash evaporation at 6. Note that no tubes are available inside the evaporator for helping the evaporation process, or inside the condenser for helping the condensation process. The vapors 512 evaporated from the bubbles 513 are driven due to the temperature difference between the evaporator E.sub.1 and the condenser C.sub.1, to the condenser C.sub.1, at 7, and the vapors are then condensed in the condenser at 7, with help from the colder permeate 522 received from the next condenser j=2, as the permeate is injected into the current condenser j=1. Because both the evaporator and the condenser have no tubing, the flash evaporation at 6 and the condensation at 7 happens in open air. The seawater 514 that is not evaporated pools at the bottom of the evaporator as brine 516. The membrane module 518 is placed in the brine pool and further separates vapor 552.sub.1 from the brine 516, at 8. The vapor from the membrane module 518 is also directed to the condenser. The permeate 522 from the condenser is then pumped with a corresponding permeate pump P.sub.1 to the first heat exchanger 312, at 9, or to a previous stage j−1 if the current stage is j.

[0046] Returning to the brine 516, it is pumped by a seawater pump 530.sub.2 at a next vortex generator 520.sub.2, at 5, and mixed up with the vapor from the next stage j=3, similar to the process at 5 described above with regard to the first stage j=1. In each further stage, the same processes 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 take place as for the first stage, and thus, their description is omitted.

[0047] The brine from the stage n enters the last stage n+1, which has only the evaporator E.sub.n+1 but no condenser. The brine 516 enters the evaporator E.sub.n+1 at 11 and experiences flash evaporation, which generates the vapor 512. Part of the vapor 512 is reused by the vortex generator of the previous stage n, while the other part of the vapor is supplied to the pressure-swing regenerator block 340, at 12. The vapor generated by the membrane module 518 in the evaporator E.sub.n+1 is also supplied to the regenerator block 340 at 12. The brine 516 in the last evaporator E.sub.n+1 is supplied to the input/output block 330, for cooling the incoming cooling water 331 at 13. The cooled cooling water 331 is then provided to the last condenser C.sub.n to condense at 7 the vapors in the condenser.

[0048] The vapors 512 and 552.sub.n+1 from the last stage E.sub.n+1 enter either the inlet valve 814 or the inlet valve 824, depending on which tank is open for receiving the vapor. Assuming that the tank 810 is open for receiving the vapors 512 and 552.sub.n+1, the vapors interact with the adsorbent material 812 at 14. When the adsorbent material in the tank is full with water, it needs to be regenerated. For this process to happen, the inlet valve 814 is closed and the outlet valve 816 is opened. The TVC 830 receives the high-pressure steam 832 at 15, creates a low pressure at the input 830B, which adsorbs the water from the adsorbent material 812 at 16. The vapor from the adsorbent material is mixed with the high pressure steam 832 to form the hot vapor 834, which is provided to the second heat exchanger 316 to heat the incoming seawater 510 at 4. The cooling water 331 mixed with the permeate 522 is finally provided to the first heat exchanger 312 to also heat the incoming seawater 510 at 2, and the mixture 311 of the cooling water 331 and the permeate 522 is expelled at output 312-4 of the first heat exchanger.

[0049] While the configuration of the system 300 shown in FIG. 3 and explained in FIG. 9 achieves one or more advantages as discussed herein, the system 300 could also work with no vortex generators, or less vortex generators than the number of stages. In one embodiment, the system 300 can also work with no pressure-swing regeneration block 340, in which case a corresponding condenser for the last evaporator E.sub.n+1 can be added. In one embodiment, the system 300 can work with no vortex generator and no pressure-swing regeneration block.

[0050] The system 300 improves the productivity and energy efficiency of the thermal desalination processes. The application of the DCSEC technology eliminates the use of metallic surfaces (tubes) as the evaporators and condensers are tubeless, and reduce the initial cost of the system by 50%. The operation cost will also be decreased due to less maintenance requirements due to the lack of the tubes. The implementation of the micro- or nanobubble injection through the vortex generators and the use of the hollow-fiber membrane modules will reduce the NETD and promote evaporation, thus leading to a higher fresh water yield. The energy consumption will be reduced through (a) the stage-wise configuration discussed with regard to FIG. 9, which allows recovery of the condensation heat, (b) the integration of the adsorption-desorption process that reduces the cooling water temperature and provides more driving force for evaporation, and (c) the employment of the pressure-swing regeneration process (block 340) that allows the produced vapor to be used as the heating steam and further reduces heat input requirement. The proposed system is able to increase the seawater recovery ratio to more than 8%, and the energy consumption can be reduced to less than 30% of its original value. In this regard, FIG. 10 illustrates the simulated recovery ratio and FIG. 11 illustrates the simulated specific energy consumption of the system 300 for various temperatures at the last stage (TL). The proposed system 300 is not only energy efficient, but also cost-effective.

[0051] A method for water desalination with a direct-contact, spray-assisted, evaporation and condensation, DCSEC, system 300 is now discussed with regard to FIG. 12. The method includes a step 1200 of supplying seawater at plural evaporation and condensation stages 500.sub.n, wherein n is a natural number and wherein the stages are tubeless, a step 1202 of mixing the seawater from a stage j−1 with vapor from a stage j+1, where j<n, a step 1204 of directly spraying the seawater and the vapor into a stage j, a step 1206 of generating the vapors through flash evaporation in the stage j, a step 1208 of supplying a permeate from the stage j to the stage j−1, and a step 1210 of discarding the permeate outside the system after transferring heat from the permeate to the seawater.

[0052] This method, which may have additional steps as discussed with regard to the previous embodiments, may be implemented in a DCSEC system that includes the heating block 310, which is configured to receive and heat up seawater 510, plural evaporation and condensation stages 500.sub.n, wherein n is a natural number, each stage being configured to generate vapors 512 through flash evaporation; an evaporation only stage 500.sub.n+1 connected to a last stage of the plural evaporation and condensation stages 500.sub.n, the evaporation only stage 500.sub.n+1 configured to receive a brine 516 from the last stage of the plural evaporation and condensation stages 500.sub.n; an input/output block 330 configured to receive the brine 516 from the evaporation only stage 500.sub.n+1 and to discharge it outside the system, and also to receive cooling water 331; and a pressure-swing regeneration block 340 fluidly connected to the evaporation only stage 500.sub.n+1 to receive water vapor 512 and to generate a hotter vapor (834), which is provided to the heating block (310) for heating the seawater 510.

[0053] Alternatively, the method may be implemented in a DCSEC system that includes plural evaporation and condensation stages 500.sub.n, wherein n is a natural number, each stage being configured to generate vapors 512 through flash evaporation, from seawater 510, and a pressure-swing regeneration block 340 configured to receive water vapor 512 and to generate a hot vapor 834, which is used for heating the seawater 510. A stage j, with j<n, receives the seawater 510 from a stage j−1, and the seawater 510 is mixed with the vapor 512 from a stage j+1, and the stage j provides a permeate 522 to the stage j−1.

[0054] The disclosed embodiments provide a tubeless, multi-effect distillation system that uses direct contact spray and integrated pressure-swing adsorption cycle for water desalination. It should be understood that this description is not intended to limit the invention. On the contrary, the embodiments are intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which are included in the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Further, in the detailed description of the embodiments, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the claimed invention. However, one skilled in the art would understand that various embodiments may be practiced without such specific details.

[0055] Although the features and elements of the present embodiments are described in the embodiments in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements of the embodiments or in various combinations with or without other features and elements disclosed herein.

[0056] This written description uses examples of the subject matter disclosed to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the same, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the subject matter is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims.

REFERENCES

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