METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF RENAL INJURY AND RENAL FAILURE

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering from or suspected of having a renal injury. In particular, the invention relates to using assays that detect one or more biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Immumoglobulin A, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4, and Thrombomodulin as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker assays in renal injuries.

Claims

1-42. (canceled)

43. A method for testing a patient at risk of having or developing acute renal failure, the method comprising: performing an assay to detect the level of Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 (TIMP4) in a urine sample obtained from the patient.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein the sample was obtained within 7 days after an acute medical event which predisposes the patient for developing acute renal failure, wherein the acute medical event comprises shock, sepsis, hemorrhage, an ischemic surgery, increased intra-abdominal pressure with acute decompensate heart failure, ischemia, pulmonary embolism, pancreatitis, a burn, or excess diuresis.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the sample was obtained within 72 hours after the acute medical event.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the sample was obtained within 48 hours after the acute medical event.

47. The method of claim 43, wherein the sample was obtained within 7 days after an acute medical event which predisposes the patient for developing acute renal failure, wherein the acute medical event comprises exposure to NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamid, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast media, or streptozotocin.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the sample was obtained within 72 hours after the acute medical event.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the sample was obtained within 48 hours after the acute medical event.

50. The method of claim 43, further comprising measuring a volume of urine output, urine flow rate, serum creatinine, or urine creatinine within 7 days after the sample is obtained.

51. The method of claim 43, further comprising measuring a volume of urine output, urine flow rate, serum creatinine, or urine creatinine within 72 hours after the sample is obtained.

52. The method of claim 44, further comprising obtaining the sample from the patient.

53. A method for evaluating renal status in a patient, the method comprising: (a) performing an assay to detect the level of Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 (TIMP4) in a body fluid sample obtained from the subject to generate an assay result; (b) correlating the assay result to a likelihood of the patient having acute kidney injury within 48 hours of the time the sample was obtained by: (i) comparing the assay result to a threshold value obtained from a population study performed on a population of individuals, wherein the threshold value separates the population into a first subpopulation above the threshold value and a second subpopulation at or below the threshold value, the first subpopulation having an increased likelihood relative to the second subpopulation of having acute kidney injury within 48 hours, and (ii) assigning the patient to the first subpopulation or the second subpopulation; and (c) treating the patient based on the subpopulation to which the patient is assigned, wherein when the patient is assigned to the first subpopulation, the patient is treated by one or more of initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, and modifying diuretic administration.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein (a) the body fluid is blood, and (b) the likelihood of the patient having acute kidney injury within 48 hours of the time the sample was obtained is the likelihood of the patient having RIFLE stage R, I, or F as defined by serum creatinine levels within 24 hours of the time the sample was obtained.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the likelihood of the patient having acute kidney injury within 24 hours is the likelihood of the patient developing future acute kidney injury within 24 hours.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the threshold is between about 1,520 pg/mL and 2,650 pg/mL.

57. The method of claim 54, wherein the likelihood of the patient having acute kidney injury within 24 hours is the likelihood of the patient having current acute kidney injury.

58. The method of claim 53, further comprising measuring a volume of urine output, urine flow rate, serum creatinine, or urine creatinine within 7 days after the sample is obtained.

59. The method of claim 53, wherein when the patient is assigned to the second subpopulation, the treatment comprises performing a second assay to detect the level of Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 (TIMP4) in a second body fluid sample obtained from the subject within 7 days of obtaining the first sample.

60. A method for evaluating renal status in a patient, the method comprising: (a) performing an assay to detect the level of Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 (TIMP4) in a blood sample obtained from the subject to generate an assay result; (b) correlating the assay result to a likelihood of the patient having RIFLE stage F acute kidney injury within 7 days of the time the sample was obtained by: (i) comparing the assay result to a threshold value obtained from a population study performed on a population of individuals, wherein the threshold value separates the population into a first subpopulation above the threshold value and a second subpopulation at or below the threshold value, the first subpopulation having an increased likelihood relative to the second subpopulation of having RIFLE stage F acute kidney injury within 7 days, and (ii) assigning the patient to the first subpopulation or the second subpopulation; and (c) treating the patient based on the subpopulation to which the patient is assigned, wherein when the patient is assigned to the first subpopulation, the patient is treated by one or more of initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, and modifying diuretic administration.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the threshold is between about 1,590 pg/mL and 4,110 pg/mL.

62. The method of claim 60, further comprising measuring a volume of urine output, urine flow rate, serum creatinine, or urine creatinine within 7 days after the sample is obtained.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0051] The present invention relates to methods and compositions for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, risk stratification, monitoring, classifying and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk of suffering from injury to renal function, reduced renal function and/or acute renal failure through measurement of one or more kidney injury markers. In various embodiments, a measured concentration of one or more biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Immumoglobulin A, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4, and Thrombomodulin or one or more markers related thereto, are correlated to the renal status of the subject.

[0052] For purposes of this document, the following definitions apply:

[0053] As used herein, an injury to renal function is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) measurable reduction in a measure of renal function. Such an injury may be identified, for example, by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate or estimated GFR, a reduction in urine output, an increase in serum creatinine, an increase in serum cystatin C, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, etc. Improvement in Renal Function is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) measurable increase in a measure of renal function. Preferred methods for measuring and/or estimating GFR are described hereinafter.

[0054] As used herein, reduced renal function is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/dL (8.8 mol/L), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 20% (1.2-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour).

[0055] As used herein, acute renal failure or ARF is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 0.3 mg/dl (26.4 mol/l), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 50% (1.5-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour for at least 6 hours). This term is synonymous with acute kidney injury or AKI.

[0056] As used herein, the term IgA refers to an antibody having two subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) and which can exist in a dimeric form linked by a J chain (called secretory IgA, or sIgA). In its secretory form, IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, colostrum and secretions from the genito-urinary tract, gastrointestinal tractprostate and respiratory epithelium. It is also found in small amounts in blood. IgA may be measured separately from other immunoglobulins such as IgG or IgM, for example, using antibodies which bind to the IgA -chain.

[0057] As used herein, the term Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 refers to one or polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 precursor (Swiss-Prot Q99727 (SEQ ID NO: 1)).

TABLE-US-00002 10203040 MPGSPRPAPSWVLLLRLLALLRPPGLGEACSCAPAHPQQH 50607080 ICHSALVIRAKISSEKVVPASADPADTEKMLRYEIKQIKM 90100110120 FKGFEKVKDVQYIYTPFDSSLCGVKLEANSQKQYLLTGQV 130140150160 LSDGKVFIHLCNYIEPWEDLSLVQRESLNHHYHLNCGCQI 170180190200 TTCYTVPCTISAPNECLWTDWLLERKLYGYQAQHYVCMKH 210220 VDGTCSWYRGHLPLRKEFVDIVQP

[0058] The following domains have been identified in Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4:

TABLE-US-00003 Residues Length Domain ID 1-27 27 Signal sequence 28-224 197 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4

[0059] As used herein, the term Thrombomodulin refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the CD44 antigen precursor (Swiss-Prot P07204 (SEQ ID NO: 2)).

TABLE-US-00004 10203040 MLGVLVLGALALAGLGFPAPAEPQPGGSQCVEHDCFALYP 50607080 GPATFLNASQICDGLRGHLMTVRSSVAADVISLLLNGDGG 90100110120 VGRRRLWIGLQLPPGCGDPKRLGPLRGFQWVTGDNNTSYS 130140150160 RWARLDLNGAPLCGPLCVAVSAAEATVPSEPIWEEQQCEV 170180190200 KADGFLCEFHFPATCRPLAVEPGAAAAAVSITYGTPFAAR 210220230240 GADFQALPVGSSAAVAPLGLQLMCTAPPGAVQGHWAREAP 250260270280 GAWDCSVENGGCEHACNAIPGAPRCQCPAGAALQADGRSC 290300310320 TASATQSCNDLCEHFCVPNPDQPGSYSCMCETGYRLAADQ 330340350360 HRCEDVDDCILEPSPCPQRCVNTQGGFECHCYPNYDLVDG 370380390400 ECVEPVDPCFRANCEYQCQPLNQTSYLCVCAEGFAPIPHE 410420430440 PHRCQMFCNQTACPADCDPNTQASCECPEGYILDDGFICT 450460470480 DIDECENGGFCSGVCHNLPGTFECICGPDSALARHIGTDC 390500510520 DSGKVDGGDSGSGEPPPSPTPGSTLTPPAVGLVHSGLLIG 530540550560 ISIASLCLVVALLALLCHLRKKQGAARAKMEYKCAAPSKE 570 VVLQHVRTERTPQRL

[0060] Most preferably, the Thrombomodulin assay detects one or more soluble forms of Thrombomodulin. Thrombomodulin is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of Thrombomodulin generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form. In the case of an immunoassay, one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in Thrombomodulin:

TABLE-US-00005 Residues Length Domain ID 1-18 20 signal sequence 19-575 557 Thrombomodulin 19-515 497 extracellular 516-539 24 transmembrane 540-575 36 cytoplasmic

[0061] As used herein, the term relating a signal to the presence or amount of an analyte reflects this understanding. Assay signals are typically related to the presence or amount of an analyte through the use of a standard curve calculated using known concentrations of the analyte of interest. As the term is used herein, an assay is configured to detect an analyte if an assay can generate a detectable signal indicative of the presence or amount of a physiologically relevant concentration of the analyte. Because an antibody epitope is on the order of 8 amino acids, an immunoassay configured to detect a marker of interest will also detect polypeptides related to the marker sequence, so long as those polypeptides contain the epitope(s) necessary to bind to the antibody or antibodies used in the assay. The term related marker as used herein with regard to a biomarker such as one of the kidney injury markers described herein refers to one or more fragments, variants, etc., of a particular marker or its biosynthetic parent that may be detected as a surrogate for the marker itself or as independent biomarkers. The term also refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the biomarker precursor complexed to additional species, such as binding proteins, receptors, heparin, lipids, sugars, etc.

[0062] In this regard, the skilled artisan will understand that the signals obtained from an immunoassay are a direct result of complexes formed between one or more antibodies and the target biomolecule (i.e., the analyte) and polypeptides containing the necessary epitope(s) to which the antibodies bind. While such assays may detect the full length biomarker and the assay result be expressed as a concentration of a biomarker of interest, the signal from the assay is actually a result of all such immunoreactive polypeptides present in the sample. Expression of biomarkers may also be determined by means other than immunoassays, including protein measurements (such as dot blots, western blots, chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, etc.) and nucleic acid measurements (mRNA quatitation). This list is not meant to be limiting.

[0063] The term positive going marker as that term is used herein refer to a marker that is determined to be elevated in subjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from that disease or condition. The term negative going marker as that term is used herein refer to a marker that is determined to be reduced in subjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from that disease or condition.

[0064] The term subject as used herein refers to a human or non-human organism. Thus, the methods and compositions described herein are applicable to both human and veterinary disease. Further, while a subject is preferably a living organism, the invention described herein may be used in post-mortem analysis as well. Preferred subjects are humans, and most preferably patients, which as used herein refers to living humans that are receiving medical care for a disease or condition. This includes persons with no defined illness who are being investigated for signs of pathology.

[0065] Preferably, an analyte is measured in a sample. Such a sample may be obtained from a subject, or may be obtained from biological materials intended to be provided to the subject. For example, a sample may be obtained from a kidney being evaluated for possible transplantation into a subject, and an analyte measurement used to evaluate the kidney for preexisting damage. Preferred samples are body fluid samples.

[0066] The term body fluid sample as used herein refers to a sample of bodily fluid obtained for the purpose of diagnosis, prognosis, classification or evaluation of a subject of interest, such as a patient or transplant donor. In certain embodiments, such a sample may be obtained for the purpose of determining the outcome of an ongoing condition or the effect of a treatment regimen on a condition. Preferred body fluid samples include blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, sputum, and pleural effusions. In addition, one of skill in the art would realize that certain body fluid samples would be more readily analyzed following a fractionation or purification procedure, for example, separation of whole blood into serum or plasma components.

[0067] The term diagnosis as used herein refers to methods by which the skilled artisan can estimate and/or determine the probability (a likelihood) of whether or not a patient is suffering from a given disease or condition. In the case of the present invention, diagnosis includes using the results of an assay, most preferably an immunoassay, for a kidney injury marker of the present invention, optionally together with other clinical characteristics, to arrive at a diagnosis (that is, the occurrence or nonoccurrence) of an acute renal injury or ARF for the subject from which a sample was obtained and assayed. That such a diagnosis is determined is not meant to imply that the diagnosis is 100% accurate. Many biomarkers are indicative of multiple conditions. The skilled clinician does not use biomarker results in an informational vacuum, but rather test results are used together with other clinical indicia to arrive at a diagnosis. Thus, a measured biomarker level on one side of a predetermined diagnostic threshold indicates a greater likelihood of the occurrence of disease in the subject relative to a measured level on the other side of the predetermined diagnostic threshold.

[0068] Similarly, a prognostic risk signals a probability (a likelihood) that a given course or outcome will occur. A level or a change in level of a prognostic indicator, which in turn is associated with an increased probability of morbidity (e.g., worsening renal function, future ARF, or death) is referred to as being indicative of an increased likelihood of an adverse outcome in a patient.

[0069] Marker Assays

[0070] In general, immunoassays involve contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing a biomarker of interest with at least one antibody that specifically binds to the biomarker. A signal is then generated indicative of the presence or amount of complexes formed by the binding of polypeptides in the sample to the antibody or other binding species. The signal is then related to the presence or amount of the biomarker in the sample. Numerous methods and devices are well known to the skilled artisan for the detection and analysis of biomarkers. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,143,576; 6,113,855; 6,019,944; 5,985,579; 5,947,124; 5,939,272; 5,922,615; 5,885,527; 5,851,776; 5,824,799; 5,679,526; 5,525,524; and 5,480,792, and The Immunoassay Handbook, David Wild, ed. Stockton Press, New York, 1994, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures and claims.

[0071] The assay devices and methods known in the art can utilize labeled molecules in various sandwich, competitive, or non-competitive assay formats, to generate a signal that is related to the presence or amount of the biomarker of interest. Suitable assay formats also include chromatographic, mass spectrographic, and protein blotting methods. Additionally, certain methods and devices, such as biosensors and optical immunoassays, may be employed to determine the presence or amount of analytes without the need for a labeled molecule. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,631,171; and 5,955,377, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures and claims. One skilled in the art also recognizes that robotic instrumentation including but not limited to Beckman ACCESS, Abbott AXSYM, Roche ELECSYS, Dade Behring STRATUS systems are among the immunoassay analyzers that are capable of performing immunoassays. But any suitable immunoassay may be utilized, for example, enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), competitive binding assays, and the like.

[0072] Antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized onto a variety of solid supports for use in assays. Solid phases that may be used to immobilize specific binding members include include those developed and/or used as solid phases in solid phase binding assays. Examples of suitable solid phases include membrane filters, cellulose-based papers, beads (including polymeric, latex and paramagnetic particles), glass, silicon wafers, microparticles, nanoparticles, TentaGels, AgroGels, PEGA gels, SPOCC gels, and multiple-well plates. An assay strip could be prepared by coating the antibody or a plurality of antibodies in an array on solid support. This strip could then be dipped into the test sample and then processed quickly through washes and detection steps to generate a measurable signal, such as a colored spot. Antibodies or other polypeptides may be bound to specific zones of assay devices either by conjugating directly to an assay device surface, or by indirect binding. In an example of the later case, antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized on particles or other solid supports, and that solid support immobilized to the device surface.

[0073] Biological assays require methods for detection, and one of the most common methods for quantitation of results is to conjugate a detectable label to a protein or nucleic acid that has affinity for one of the components in the biological system being studied. Detectable labels may include molecules that are themselves detectable (e.g., fluorescent moieties, electrochemical labels, metal chelates, etc.) as well as molecules that may be indirectly detected by production of a detectable reaction product (e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) or by a specific binding molecule which itself may be detectable (e.g., biotin, digoxigenin, maltose, oligohistidine, 2,4-dintrobenzene, phenylarsenate, ssDNA, dsDNA, etc.).

[0074] Preparation of solid phases and detectable label conjugates often comprise the use of chemical cross-linkers. Cross-linking reagents contain at least two reactive groups, and are divided generally into homofunctional cross-linkers (containing identical reactive groups) and heterofunctional cross-linkers (containing non-identical reactive groups). Homobifunctional cross-linkers that couple through amines, sulfhydryls or react non-specifically are available from many commercial sources. Maleimides, alkyl and aryl halides, alpha-haloacyls and pyridyl disulfides are thiol reactive groups. Maleimides, alkyl and aryl halides, and alpha-haloacyls react with sulfhydryls to form thiol ether bonds, while pyridyl disulfides react with sulfhydryls to produce mixed disulfides. The pyridyl disulfide product is cleavable. Imidoesters are also very useful for protein-protein cross-links. A variety of heterobifunctional cross-linkers, each combining different attributes for successful conjugation, are commercially available.

[0075] In certain aspects, the present invention provides kits for the analysis of the described kidney injury markers. The kit comprises reagents for the analysis of at least one test sample which comprise at least one antibody that a kidney injury marker. The kit can also include devices and instructions for performing one or more of the diagnostic and/or prognostic correlations described herein. Preferred kits will comprise an antibody pair for performing a sandwich assay, or a labeled species for performing a competitive assay, for the analyte. Preferably, an antibody pair comprises a first antibody conjugated to a solid phase and a second antibody conjugated to a detectable label, wherein each of the first and second antibodies that bind a kidney injury marker. Most preferably each of the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. The instructions for use of the kit and performing the correlations can be in the form of labeling, which refers to any written or recorded material that is attached to, or otherwise accompanies a kit at any time during its manufacture, transport, sale or use. For example, the term labeling encompasses advertising leaflets and brochures, packaging materials, instructions, audio or video cassettes, computer discs, as well as writing imprinted directly on kits.

[0076] Antibodies

[0077] The term antibody as used herein refers to a peptide or polypeptide derived from, modeled after or substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, capable of specifically binding an antigen or epitope. See, e.g. Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, W. E. Paul, ed., Raven Press, N.Y. (1993); Wilson (1994; J. Immunol. Methods 175:267-273; Yarmush (1992) J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 25:85-97. The term antibody includes antigen-binding portions, i.e., antigen binding sites, (e.g., fragments, subsequences, complementarity determining regions (CDRs)) that retain capacity to bind antigen, including (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Single chain antibodies are also included by reference in the term antibody.

[0078] Antibodies used in the immunoassays described herein preferably specifically bind to a kidney injury marker of the present invention. The term specifically binds is not intended to indicate that an antibody binds exclusively to its intended target since, as noted above, an antibody binds to any polypeptide displaying the epitope(s) to which the antibody binds. Rather, an antibody specifically binds if its affinity for its intended target is about 5-fold greater when compared to its affinity for a non-target molecule which does not display the appropriate epitope(s). Preferably the affinity of the antibody will be at least about 5 fold, preferably 10 fold, more preferably 25-fold, even more preferably 50-fold, and most preferably 100-fold or more, greater for a target molecule than its affinity for a non-target molecule. In preferred embodiments, Preferred antibodies bind with affinities of at least about 10.sup.7 M.sup.1, and preferably between about 10.sup.8 M.sup.1 to about 10.sup.9 M.sup.1, about 10.sup.9 M.sup.1 to about 10.sup.10 M, or about 10.sup.10 M.sup.1 to about 10.sup.12 M.sup.1.

[0079] Affinity is calculated as K.sub.d=k.sub.off/k.sub.on (k.sub.off is the dissociation rate constant, K.sub.on is the association rate constant and K.sub.d is the equilibrium constant). Affinity can be determined at equilibrium by measuring the fraction bound (r) of labeled ligand at various concentrations (c). The data are graphed using the Scatchard equation: r/c=K(nr): where r=moles of bound ligand/mole of receptor at equilibrium; c=free ligand concentration at equilibrium; K=equilibrium association constant; and n=number of ligand binding sites per receptor molecule. By graphical analysis, r/c is plotted on the Y-axis versus r on the X-axis, thus producing a Scatchard plot. Antibody affinity measurement by Scatchard analysis is well known in the art. See, e.g., van Erp et al., J. Immunoassay 12: 425-43, 1991; Nelson and Griswold, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 27: 65-8, 1988.

[0080] The term epitope refers to an antigenic determinant capable of specific binding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and nonconformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents.

[0081] Numerous publications discuss the use of phage display technology to produce and screen libraries of polypeptides for binding to a selected analyte. See, e.g, Cwirla et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6378-82, 1990; Devlin et al., Science 249, 404-6, 1990, Scott and Smith, Science 249, 386-88, 1990; and Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,698. A basic concept of phage display methods is the establishment of a physical association between DNA encoding a polypeptide to be screened and the polypeptide. This physical association is provided by the phage particle, which displays a polypeptide as part of a capsid enclosing the phage genome which encodes the polypeptide. The establishment of a physical association between polypeptides and their genetic material allows simultaneous mass screening of very large numbers of phage bearing different polypeptides. Phage displaying a polypeptide with affinity to a target bind to the target and these phage are enriched by affinity screening to the target. The identity of polypeptides displayed from these phage can be determined from their respective genomes. Using these methods a polypeptide identified as having a binding affinity for a desired target can then be synthesized in bulk by conventional means. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,098, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims.

[0082] The antibodies that are generated by these methods may then be selected by first screening for affinity and specificity with the purified polypeptide of interest and, if required, comparing the results to the affinity and specificity of the antibodies with polypeptides that are desired to be excluded from binding. The screening procedure can involve immobilization of the purified polypeptides in separate wells of microtiter plates. The solution containing a potential antibody or groups of antibodies is then placed into the respective microtiter wells and incubated for about 30 min to 2 h. The microtiter wells are then washed and a labeled secondary antibody (for example, an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase if the raised antibodies are mouse antibodies) is added to the wells and incubated for about 30 min and then washed. Substrate is added to the wells and a color reaction will appear where antibody to the immobilized polypeptide(s) are present.

[0083] The antibodies so identified may then be further analyzed for affinity and specificity in the assay design selected. In the development of immunoassays for a target protein, the purified target protein acts as a standard with which to judge the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay using the antibodies that have been selected. Because the binding affinity of various antibodies may differ; certain antibody pairs (e.g., in sandwich assays) may interfere with one another sterically, etc., assay performance of an antibody may be a more important measure than absolute affinity and specificity of an antibody.

[0084] While the present application describes antibody-based binding assays in detail, alternatives to antibodies as binding species in assays are well known in the art. These include receptors for a particular target, aptamers, etc. Aptamers are oligonucleic acid or peptide molecules that bind to a specific target molecule. Aptamers are usually created by selecting them from a large random sequence pool, but natural aptamers also exist. High-affinity aptamers containing modified nucleotides conferring improved characteristics on the ligand, such as improved in vivo stability or improved delivery characteristics. Examples of such modifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base positions, and may include amino acid side chain functionalities.

[0085] Assay Correlations

[0086] The term correlating as used herein in reference to the use of biomarkers refers to comparing the presence or amount of the biomarker(s) in a patient to its presence or amount in persons known to suffer from, or known to be at risk of, a given condition; or in persons known to be free of a given condition. Often, this takes the form of comparing an assay result in the form of a biomarker concentration to a predetermined threshold selected to be indicative of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a disease or the likelihood of some future outcome.

[0087] Selecting a diagnostic threshold involves, among other things, consideration of the probability of disease, distribution of true and false diagnoses at different test thresholds, and estimates of the consequences of treatment (or a failure to treat) based on the diagnosis. For example, when considering administering a specific therapy which is highly efficacious and has a low level of risk, few tests are needed because clinicians can accept substantial diagnostic uncertainty. On the other hand, in situations where treatment options are less effective and more risky, clinicians often need a higher degree of diagnostic certainty. Thus, cost/benefit analysis is involved in selecting a diagnostic threshold.

[0088] Suitable thresholds may be determined in a variety of ways. For example, one recommended diagnostic threshold for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction using cardiac troponin is the 97.5th percentile of the concentration seen in a normal population. Another method may be to look at serial samples from the same patient, where a prior baseline result is used to monitor for temporal changes in a biomarker level.

[0089] Population studies may also be used to select a decision threshold. Reciever Operating Characteristic (ROC) arose from the field of signal detection theory developed during World War II for the analysis of radar images, and ROC analysis is often used to select a threshold able to best distinguish a diseased subpopulation from a nondiseased subpopulation. A false positive in this case occurs when the person tests positive, but actually does not have the disease. A false negative, on the other hand, occurs when the person tests negative, suggesting they are healthy, when they actually do have the disease. To draw a ROC curve, the true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR) are determined as the decision threshold is varied continuously. Since TPR is equivalent with sensitivity and FPR is equal to 1specificity, the ROC graph is sometimes called the sensitivity vs (1specificity) plot. A perfect test will have an area under the ROC curve of 1.0; a random test will have an area of 0.5. A threshold is selected to provide an acceptable level of specificity and sensitivity.

[0090] In this context, diseased is meant to refer to a population having one characteristic (the presence of a disease or condition or the occurrence of some outcome) and nondiseased is meant to refer to a population lacking the characteristic. While a single decision threshold is the simplest application of such a method, multiple decision thresholds may be used. For example, below a first threshold, the absence of disease may be assigned with relatively high confidence, and above a second threshold the presence of disease may also be assigned with relatively high confidence. Between the two thresholds may be considered indeterminate. This is meant to be exemplary in nature only.

[0091] In addition to threshold comparisons, other methods for correlating assay results to a patient classification (occurrence or nonoccurrence of disease, likelihood of an outcome, etc.) include decision trees, rule sets, Bayesian methods, and neural network methods. These methods can produce probability values representing the degree to which a subject belongs to one classification out of a plurality of classifications.

[0092] Measures of test accuracy may be obtained as described in Fischer et al., Intensive Care Med. 29: 1043-51, 2003, and used to determine the effectiveness of a given biomarker. These measures include sensitivity and specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratios, and ROC curve areas. The area under the curve (AUC) of a ROC plot is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive instance higher than a randomly chosen negative one. The area under the ROC curve may be thought of as equivalent to the Mann-Whitney U test, which tests for the median difference between scores obtained in the two groups considered if the groups are of continuous data, or to the Wilcoxon test of ranks.

[0093] As discussed above, suitable tests may exhibit one or more of the following results on these various measures: a specificity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding sensitivity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than 0.8, more preferably greater than 0.9, and most preferably greater than 0.95; a sensitivity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding specificity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than 0.8, more preferably greater than 0.9, and most preferably greater than 0.95; at least 75% sensitivity, combined with at least 75% specificity; a ROC curve area of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9, and most preferably at least 0.95; an odds ratio different from 1, preferably at least about 2 or more or about 0.5 or less, more preferably at least about 3 or more or about 0.33 or less, still more preferably at least about 4 or more or about 0.25 or less, even more preferably at least about 5 or more or about 0.2 or less, and most preferably at least about 10 or more or about 0.1 or less; a positive likelihood ratio (calculated as sensitivity/(1-specificity)) of greater than 1, at least 2, more preferably at least 3, still more preferably at least 5, and most preferably at least 10; and or a negative likelihood ratio (calculated as (1-sensitivity)/specificity) of less than 1, less than or equal to 0.5, more preferably less than or equal to 0.3, and most preferably less than or equal to 0.1

[0094] Additional clinical indicia may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention. These include other biomarkers related to renal status. Examples include the following, which recite the common biomarker name, followed by the Swiss-Prot entry number for that biomarker or its parent: Actin (P68133); Adenosine deaminase binding protein (DPP4, P27487); Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (P02763); Alpha-1-microglobulin (P02760); Albumin (P02768); Angiotensinogenase (Renin, P00797); Annexin A2 (P07355); Beta-glucuronidase (P08236); B-2-microglobulin (P61679); Beta-galactosidase (P16278); BMP-7 (P18075); Brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP, BNP-32, NTproBNP; P16860); Calcium-binding protein Beta (S100-beta, P04271); Carbonic anhydrase (Q16790); Casein Kinase 2 (P68400); Ceruloplasmin (P00450); Clusterin (P10909); Complement C3 (P01024); Cysteine-rich protein (CYR61, 000622); Cytochrome C (P99999); Epidermal growth factor (EGF, P01133); Endothelin-1 (P05305); Exosomal Fetuin-A (P02765); Fatty acid-binding protein, heart (FABP3, P05413); Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (P07148); Ferritin (light chain, P02793; heavy chain P02794); Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (P09467); GRO-alpha (CXCL1, (P09341); Growth Hormone (P01241); Hepatocyte growth factor (P14210); Insulin-like growth factor I (P01343); Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin Light Chains (Kappa and Lambda); Interferon gamma (P01308); Lysozyme (P61626); Interleukin-lalpha (P01583); Interleukin-2 (P60568); Interleukin-4 (P60568); Interleukin-9 (P15248); Interleukin-12p40 (P29460); Interleukin-13 (P35225); Interleukin-16 (Q14005); L1 cell adhesion molecule (P32004); Lactate dehydrogenase (P00338); Leucine Aminopeptidase (P28838); Meprin A-alpha subunit (Q16819); Meprin A-beta subunit (Q16820); Midkine (P21741); MIP2-alpha (CXCL2, P19875); MMP-2 (P08253); MMP-9 (P14780); Netrin-1 (095631); Neutral endopeptidase (P08473); Osteopontin (P10451); Renal papillary antigen 1 (RPA1); Renal papillary antigen 2 (RPA2); Retinol binding protein (P09455); Ribonuclease; S100 calcium-binding protein A6 (P06703); Serum Amyloid P Component (P02743); Sodium/Hydrogen exchanger isoform (NHE3, P48764); Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (P21673); TGF-Beta1 (P01137); Transferrin (P02787); Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3, Q07654); Toll-Like protein 4 (000206); Total protein; Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (Q9UJW2); Uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein, P07911).

[0095] For purposes of risk stratification, Adiponectin (Q15848); Alkaline phosphatase (P05186); Aminopeptidase N (P15144); CalbindinD28k (P05937); Cystatin C (P01034); 8 subunit of FIFO ATPase (P03928); Gamma-glutamyltransferase (P19440); GSTa (alpha-glutathione-S-transferase, P08263); GSTpi (Glutathione-S-transferase P; GST class-pi; P09211); IGFBP-1 (P08833); IGFBP-2 (P18065); IGFBP-6 (P24592); Integral membrane protein 1 (Itml, P46977); Interleukin-6 (P05231); Interleukin-8 (P10145); Interleukin-18 (Q14116); IP-10 (10 kDa interferon-gamma-induced protein, P02778); IRPR (IFRD1, 000458); Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD, P26440); I-TAC/CXCL11 (014625); Keratin 19 (P08727); Kim-1 (Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1, 043656); L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (P50440); Leptin (P41159); Lipocalin2 (NGAL, P80188); MCP-1 (P13500); MIG (Gamma-interferon-induced monokine Q07325); MIP-1a (P10147); MIP-3a (P78556); MIP-lbeta (P13236); MIP-1d (Q16663); NAG (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, P54802); Organic ion transporter (OCT2, 015244); Osteoprotegerin (014788); P8 protein (060356); Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1, P05121); ProANP(1-98) (P01160); Protein phosphatase 1-beta (PPI-beta, P62140); Rab GDI-beta (P50395); Renal kallikrein (Q86U61); RT1.B-1 (alpha) chain of the integral membrane protein (Q5Y7A8); Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (sTNFR-I, P19438); Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (sTNFR-II, P20333); Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3, P35625); uPAR (Q03405) may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention.

[0096] Other clinical indicia which may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention includes demographic information (e.g., weight, sex, age, race), medical history (e.g., family history, type of surgery, pre-existing disease such as aneurism, congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, or sepsis, type of toxin exposure such as NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin), clinical variables (e.g., blood pressure, temperature, respiration rate), risk scores (APACHE score, PREDICT score, TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI, Framingham Risk Score), a urine total protein measurement, a glomerular filtration rate, an estimated glomerular filtration rate, a urine production rate, a serum or plasma creatinine concentration, a renal papillary antigen 1 (RPA1) measurement; a renal papillary antigen 2 (RPA2) measurement; a urine creatinine concentration, a fractional excretion of sodium, a urine sodium concentration, a urine creatinine to serum or plasma creatinine ratio, a urine specific gravity, a urine osmolality, a urine urea nitrogen to plasma urea nitrogen ratio, a plasma BUN to creatnine ratio, and/or a renal failure index calculated as urine sodium/(urine creatinine/plasma creatinine). Other measures of renal function which may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) are described hereinafter and in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17.sup.th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, and Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47.sup.th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0097] Combining assay results/clinical indicia in this manner can comprise the use of multivariate logistical regression, loglinear modeling, neural network analysis, n-of-m analysis, decision tree analysis, etc. This list is not meant to be limiting.

[0098] Diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure

[0099] As noted above, the terms acute renal (or kidney) injury and acute renal (or kidney) failure as used herein are defined in part in terms of changes in serum creatinine from a baseline value. Most definitions of ARF have common elements, including the use of serum creatinine and, often, urine output. Patients may present with renal dysfunction without an available baseline measure of renal function for use in this comparison. In such an event, one may estimate a baseline serum creatinine value by assuming the patient initially had a normal GFR. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be calculated by measuring any chemical that has a steady level in the blood, and is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. GFR is typically expressed in units of ml/min:

[00001]$\mathrm{GFR}=\frac{\mathrm{Urine}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Concentration}\mathrm{Urine}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Flow}}{\mathrm{Plasma}.Math..Math.\mathrm{Concentration}}$

[0100] By normalizing the GFR to the body surface area, a GFR of approximately 75-100 ml/min per 1.73 m.sup.2 can be assumed. The rate therefore measured is the quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from a calculable volume of blood.

[0101] There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a metabolite of creatine, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the renal tubules in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10-20%. This margin of error is acceptable considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured.

[0102] Creatinine clearance (CCr) can be calculated if values for creatinine's urine concentration (U.sub.Cr), urine flow rate (V), and creatinine's plasma concentration (P.sub.Cr) are known. Since the product of urine concentration and urine flow rate yields creatinine's excretion rate, creatinine clearance is also said to be its excretion rate (U.sub.CrV) divided by its plasma concentration. This is commonly represented mathematically as:

[00002]$C_{\mathrm{Cr}}=\frac{U_{\mathrm{Cr}}V}{P_{\mathrm{Cr}}}$

[0103] Commonly a 24 hour urine collection is undertaken, from empty-bladder one morning to the contents of the bladder the following morning, with a comparative blood test then taken:

[00003]$C_{\mathrm{Cr}}=\frac{U_{\mathrm{Cr}}24.Math.\text{-}.Math.\mathrm{hour}.Math..Math.\mathrm{volume}}{P_{\mathrm{Cr}}2460.Math..Math.\mathrm{mins}}$

[0104] To allow comparison of results between people of different sizes, the CCr is often corrected for the body surface area (BSA) and expressed compared to the average sized man as ml/min/1.73 m2. While most adults have a BSA that approaches 1.7 (1.6-1.9), extremely obese or slim patients should have their CCr corrected for their actual BSA:

[00004]$C_{\mathrm{Cr}.Math.\text{-}.Math.\mathrm{corrected}}=\frac{C_{\mathrm{Cr}}1.73}{\mathrm{BSA}}$

[0105] The accuracy of a creatinine clearance measurement (even when collection is complete) is limited because as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls creatinine secretion is increased, and thus the rise in serum creatinine is less. Thus, creatinine excretion is much greater than the filtered load, resulting in a potentially large overestimation of the GFR (as much as a twofold difference). However, for clinical purposes it is important to determine whether renal function is stable or getting worse or better. This is often determined by monitoring serum creatinine alone. Like creatinine clearance, the serum creatinine will not be an accurate reflection of GFR in the non-steady-state condition of ARF. Nonetheless, the degree to which serum creatinine changes from baseline will reflect the change in GFR. Serum creatinine is readily and easily measured and it is specific for renal function.

[0106] For purposes of determining urine output on a Urine output on a mL/kg/hr basis, hourly urine collection and measurement is adequate. In the case where, for example, only a cumulative 24-h output was available and no patient weights are provided, minor modifications of the RIFLE urine output criteria have been described. For example, Bagshaw et al., Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23: 1203-1210, 2008, assumes an average patient weight of 70 kg, and patients are assigned a RIFLE classification based on the following: <35 mL/h (Risk), <21 mL/h (Injury) or <4 mL/h (Failure).

[0107] Selecting a Treatment Regimen

[0108] Once a diagnosis is obtained, the clinician can readily select a treatment regimen that is compatible with the diagnosis, such as initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, kidney transplantation, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, modifying diuretic administration, initiating goal directed therapy, etc. The skilled artisan is aware of appropriate treatments for numerous diseases discussed in relation to the methods of diagnosis described herein. See, e.g., Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th Ed. Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, N J, 1999. In addition, since the methods and compositions described herein provide prognostic information, the markers of the present invention may be used to monitor a course of treatment. For example, improved or worsened prognostic state may indicate that a particular treatment is or is not efficacious.

[0109] One skilled in the art readily appreciates that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The examples provided herein are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention.

Example 1: Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Sample Collection

[0110] The objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples of plasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and after receiving intravascular contrast media. Approximately 250 adults undergoing radiographic/angiographic procedures involving intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

[0111] males and females 18 years of age or older;
undergoing a radiographic/angiographic procedure (such as a CT scan or coronary intervention) involving the intravascular administration of contrast media;
expected to be hospitalized for at least 48 hours after contrast administration.
able and willing to provide written informed consent for study participation and to comply with all study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria

[0112] renal transplant recipients;
acutely worsening renal function prior to the contrast procedure;
already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent need of dialysis at enrollment;
expected to undergo a major surgical procedure (such as involving cardiopulmonary bypass) or an additional imaging procedure with contrast media with significant risk for further renal insult within the 48 hrs following contrast administration;
participation in an interventional clinical study with an experimental therapy within the previous 30 days;
known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus.

[0113] Immediately prior to the first contrast administration (and after any pre-procedure hydration), an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL) and a urine sample (10 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 4 (0.5), 8 (1), 24 (2) 48 (2), and 72 (2) hrs following the last administration of contrast media during the index contrast procedure. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at the clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.

[0114] Serum creatinine is assessed at the site immediately prior to the first contrast administration (after any pre-procedure hydration) and at 4 (0.5), 8 (1), 24 (2) and 48 (2)), and 72 (2) hours following the last administration of contrast (ideally at the same time as the study samples are obtained). In addition, each patient's status is evaluated through day 30 with regard to additional serum and urine creatinine measurements, a need for dialysis, hospitalization status, and adverse clinical outcomes (including mortality).

[0115] Prior to contrast administration, each patient is assigned a risk based on the following assessment: systolic blood pressure <80 mm Hg=5 points; intra-arterial balloon pump=5 points; congestive heart failure (Class III-IV or history of pulmonary edema)=5 points; age >75 yrs=4 points; hematocrit level <39% for men, <35% for women=3 points; diabetes=3 points; contrast media volume=1 point for each 100 mL; serum creatinine level >1.5 g/dL=4 points OR estimated GFR 40-60 mL/min/1.73 m.sup.2=2 points, 20-40 mL/min/1.73 m.sup.2=4 points, <20 mL/min/1.73 m.sup.2=6 points. The risks assigned are as follows: risk for CIN and dialysis: 5 or less total points=risk of CIN7.5%, risk of dialysis0.04%; 6-10 total points=risk of CIN14%, risk of dialysis0.12%; 11-16 total points=risk of CIN26.1%, risk of dialysis1.09%; >16 total points=risk of CIN57.3%, risk of dialysis12.8%.

Example 2: Cardiac Surgery Sample Collection

[0116] The objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples of plasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and after undergoing cardiovascular surgery, a procedure known to be potentially damaging to kidney function. Approximately 900 adults undergoing such surgery are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

[0117] males and females 18 years of age or older;
undergoing cardiovascular surgery;
Toronto/Ottawa Predictive Risk Index for Renal Replacement risk score of at least 2 (Wijeysundera et al., JAMA 297: 1801-9, 2007); and
able and willing to provide written informed consent for study participation and to comply with all study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria

[0118] known pregnancy;
previous renal transplantation;
acutely worsening renal function prior to enrollment (e.g., any category of RIFLE criteria);
already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent need of dialysis at enrollment;
currently enrolled in another clinical study or expected to be enrolled in another clinical study within 7 days of cardiac surgery that involves drug infusion or a therapeutic intervention for AKI;
known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus.

[0119] Within 3 hours prior to the first incision (and after any pre-procedure hydration), an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL), whole blood (3 mL), and a urine sample (35 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 3 (0.5), 6 (0.5), 12 (1), 24 (2) and 48 (2) hrs following the procedure and then daily on days 3 through 7 if the subject remains in the hospital. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.

Example 3: Acutely Ill Subject Sample Collection

[0120] The objective of this study is to collect samples from acutely ill patients. Approximately 900 adults expected to be in the ICU for at least 48 hours will be enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

[0121] males and females 18 years of age or older;
Study population 1: approximately 300 patients that have at least one of:
shock (SBP<90 mmHg and/or need for vasopressor support to maintain MAP>60 mmHg and/or documented drop in SBP of at least 40 mmHg); and
sepsis;
Study population 2: approximately 300 patients that have at least one of:
IV antibiotics ordered in computerized physician order entry (CPOE) within 24 hours of enrollment;
contrast media exposure within 24 hours of enrollment;
increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure with acute decompensated heart failure; and
severe trauma as the primary reason for ICU admission and likely to be hospitalized in the ICU for 48 hours after enrollment;
Study population 3: approximately 300 patients expected to be hospitalized through acute care setting (ICU or ED) with a known risk factor for acute renal injury (e.g. sepsis, hypotension/shock (Shock=systolic BP<90 mmHg and/or the need for vasopressor support to maintain a MAP>60 mmHg and/or a documented drop in SBP>40 mmHg), major trauma, hemorrhage, or major surgery); and/or expected to be hospitalized to the ICU for at least 24 hours after enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria

[0122] known pregnancy;
institutionalized individuals;
previous renal transplantation;
known acutely worsening renal function prior to enrollment (e.g., any category of RIFLE criteria);
received dialysis (either acute or chronic) within 5 days prior to enrollment or in imminent need of dialysis at the time of enrollment;
known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus;
meets only the SBP<90 mmHg inclusion criterion set forth above, and does not have shock in the attending physician's or principal investigator's opinion.

[0123] After providing informed consent, an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL) and a urine sample (25-30 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 4 (0.5) and 8 (1) hours after contrast administration (if applicable); at 12 (1), 24 (2), and 48 (2) hours after enrollment, and thereafter daily up to day 7 to day 14 while the subject is hospitalized. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at the clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.

Example 4. Immunoassay Format

[0124] Analytes are measured using standard sandwich enzyme immunoassay techniques. A first antibody which binds the analyte is immobilized in wells of a 96 well polystyrene microplate. Analyte standards and test samples are pipetted into the appropriate wells and any analyte present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing away any unbound substances, a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated second antibody which binds the analyte is added to the wells, thereby forming sandwich complexes with the analyte (if present) and the first antibody. Following a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution comprising tetramethylbenzidine and hydrogen peroxide is added to the wells. Color develops in proportion to the amount of analyte present in the sample. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured at 540 nm or 570 nm. An analyte concentration is assigned to the test sample by comparison to a standard curve determined from the analyte standards.

Example 5. Apparently Healthy Donor and Chronic Disease Patient Samples

[0125] Human urine samples from donors with no known chronic or acute disease (Apparently Healthy Donors) were purchased from two vendors (Golden West Biologicals, Inc., 27625 Commerce Center Dr., Temecula, Calif. 92590 and Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454). The urine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than 20 C. The vendors supplied demographic information for the individual donors including gender, race (Black/White), smoking status and age.

[0126] Human urine samples from donors with various chronic diseases (Chronic Disease Patients) including congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were purchased from Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454. The urine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than 20 degrees centigrade. The vendor provided a case report form for each individual donor with age, gender, race (Black/White), smoking status and alcohol use, height, weight, chronic disease(s) diagnosis, current medications and previous surgeries.

Example 6. Use of Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status in Patients

[0127] Patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) were enrolled in the following study. Each patient was classified by kidney status as non-injury (0), risk of injury (R), injury (I), and failure (F) according to the maximum stage reached within 7 days of enrollment as determined by the RIFLE criteria. EDTA anti-coagulated blood samples (10 mL) and a urine samples (25-30 mL) were collected from each patient at enrollment, 4 (0.5) and 8 (1) hours after contrast administration (if applicable); at 12 (1), 24 (2), and 48 (2) hours after enrollment, and thereafter daily up to day 7 to day 14 while the subject is hospitalized. Immumoglobulin A, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4, and Thrombomodulin were each measured by standard immunoassay methods using commercially available assay reagents in the urine samples and the plasma component of the blood samples collected. Concentrations were reported as follows: one or more biomarkers selected from the group consisting of Immumoglobulin A-ng/mL, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4-pg/mL, and Thrombomodulin-pg/mL.

[0128] Two cohorts were defined as described in the introduction to each of the following tables. In the following tables, the time prior max stage represents the time at which a sample is collected, relative to the time a particular patient reaches the lowest disease stage as defined for that cohort, binned into three groups which are +/12 hours. For example, 24 hr prior which uses 0 vs R, I, F as the two cohorts would mean 24 hr (+/12 hours) prior to reaching stage R (or I if no sample at R, or F if no sample at R or I).

[0129] A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated for each biomarker measured and the area under each ROC curve (AUC) was determined. Patients in Cohort 2 were also separated according to the reason for adjudication to cohort 2 as being based on serum creatinine measurements (sCr), being based on urine output (UO), or being based on either serum creatinine measurements or urine output. Using the same example discussed above (0 vs R, I, F), for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output; for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements; and for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the stage 0 cohort contains only patients in stage 0 for both serum creatinine measurements and urine output. Also, in the data for patients adjudicated on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the adjudication method which yielded the most severe RIFLE stage was used.

[0130] The ability to distinguish cohort 1 from Cohort 2 was determined using ROC analysis. SE is the standard error of the AUC, n is the number of sample or individual patients (pts, as indicated). Standard errors were calculated as described in Hanley, J. A., and McNeil, B. J., The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology (1982) 143: 29-36; p values were calculated with a two-tailed Z-test, and are reported as p<0.05 in tables 1-6 and p<0.10 in tables 7-14. An AUC<0.5 is indicative of a negative going marker for the comparison, and an AUC>0.5 is indicative of a positive going marker for the comparison.

[0131] Various threshold (or cutoff) concentrations were selected, and the associated sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing cohort 1 from cohort 2 were determined. OR is the odds ratio calculated for the particular cutoff concentration, and 95% CI is the confidence interval for the odds ratio.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 1 Comparison of marker levels in urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0) and in urine samples collected from subjects at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage R, I or F in Cohort 2. Thrombomodulin 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 13800 20500 13800 17700 13800 17300 Average 16400 26200 16400 23000 16400 18300 Stdev 11700 18400 11700 18300 11700 11800 p(t-test) 6.8E5 0.0052 0.47 Min 998 1260 998 1560 998 1130 Max 63300 74700 63300 104000 63300 53500 n (Samp) 118 47 118 54 118 25 n (Patient) 97 47 97 54 97 25 sCr only Median 17500 9520 17500 17600 17500 16800 Average 20100 15700 20100 22800 20100 15600 Stdev 13800 17000 13800 23700 13800 7630 p(t-test) 0.24 0.44 0.24 Min 792 1260 792 1570 792 4520 Max 74700 53900 74700 104000 74700 31700 n (Samp) 264 14 264 19 264 13 n (Patient) 159 14 159 19 159 13 UO only Median 14100 27600 14100 18500 14100 17300 Average 16300 27900 16300 22900 16300 18400 Stdev 11400 17500 11400 14700 11400 12300 p(t-test) 3.5E6 0.0026 0.42 Min 998 4270 998 1560 998 1130 Max 59400 74700 59400 69600 59400 53500 n (Samp) 105 45 105 49 105 23 n (Patient) 84 45 84 49 84 23 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.65 0.34 0.70 0.61 0.48 0.64 0.56 0.43 0.56 SE 0.049 0.081 0.049 0.047 0.069 0.049 0.065 0.085 0.068 p 0.0020 0.054 4.9E5 0.015 0.78 0.0039 0.37 0.39 0.36 nCohort 1 118 264 105 118 264 105 118 264 105 nCohort 2 47 14 45 54 19 49 25 13 23 Cutoff 1 13900 5750 15000 13200 9740 13400 9100 9480 8240 Sens 1 70% 71% 71% 70% 74% 71% 72% 77% 74% Spec 1 51% 13% 55% 48% 28% 49% 33% 27% 30% Cutoff 2 8100 4270 9930 8240 6410 10300 8240 9260 8100 Sens 2 81% 86% 80% 81% 84% 82% 80% 85% 83% Spec 2 29% 7% 40% 30% 15% 41% 30% 25% 30% Cutoff 3 5520 3600 6410 6280 4500 6280 4500 8240 2680 Sens 3 91% 93% 91% 91% 95% 92% 92% 92% 91% Spec 3 15% 5% 18% 19% 8% 17% 8% 22% 4% Cutoff 4 20500 24600 20700 20500 24600 20700 20500 24600 20700 Sens 4 49% 14% 56% 44% 26% 47% 44% 8% 43% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 24800 30400 24400 24800 30400 24400 24800 30400 24400 Sens 5 49% 14% 56% 35% 21% 43% 16% 8% 17% Spec 5 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 32500 38200 29400 32500 38200 29400 32500 38200 29400 Sens 6 34% 14% 44% 19% 16% 29% 12% 0% 17% Spec 6 91% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.73 0.50 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.2 4.2 1.3 p Value 0.58 0.58 0.82 0.61 1.0 0.31 0.76 0.20 0.72 95% CI of 0.24 0.044 0.37 0.48 0.28 0.59 0.31 0.46 0.31 OR Quart2 2.2 5.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 5.1 5.1 39 5.3 OR Quart 3 1.0 2.1 0.83 2.0 0.79 2.0 2.6 6.6 1.6 p Value 1.0 0.41 0.76 0.15 0.73 0.19 0.15 0.085 0.49 95% CI of 0.35 0.36 0.25 0.77 0.20 0.70 0.71 0.77 0.41 OR Quart3 2.8 12 2.8 5.3 3.1 5.9 9.3 56 6.4 OR Quart 4 3.9 3.8 7.3 3.0 1.0 4.2 1.9 2.1 2.3 p Value 0.0052 0.10 2.1E4 0.024 0.98 0.0064 0.36 0.56 0.21 95% CI of 1.5 0.77 2.6 1.2 0.28 1.5 0.50 0.18 0.62 OR Quart4 10 19 21 7.7 3.7 12 7.1 23 8.7 Immunoglobulin A 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 733 1220 733 1520 733 1130 Average 1910 1970 1910 2200 1910 1530 Stdev 5540 2460 5540 2730 5540 1800 p(t-test) 0.92 0.63 0.67 Min 1.00E9 68.3 1.00E9 46.6 1.00E9 79.2 Max 96900 14200 96900 18500 96900 9330 n (Samp) 366 74 366 88 366 41 n (Patient) 195 74 195 88 195 41 sCr only Median 913 950 913 1680 913 1200 Average 1800 2120 1800 2780 1800 1920 Stdev 4050 2840 4050 3670 4050 2240 p(t-test) 0.67 0.15 0.89 Min 1.00E9 68.3 1.00E9 86.8 1.00E9 121 Max 96900 14200 96900 18500 96900 8110 n (Samp) 753 29 753 37 753 23 n (Patient) 295 29 295 37 295 23 UO only Median 747 1590 747 1650 747 1340 Average 2040 2300 2040 2460 2040 1650 Stdev 6090 2570 6090 2850 6090 1770 p(t-test) 0.74 0.57 0.71 Min 7.57 230 7.57 46.6 7.57 79.2 Max 96900 14200 96900 18500 96900 9330 n (Samp) 294 64 294 74 294 35 n (Patient) 130 64 130 74 130 35 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.60 0.55 0.65 0.60 0.60 0.63 0.54 0.52 0.58 SE 0.037 0.056 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.038 0.048 0.062 0.053 p 0.0064 0.37 2.4E4 0.0028 0.039 5.8E4 0.40 0.72 0.16 nCohort 1 366 753 294 366 753 294 366 753 294 nCohort 2 74 29 64 88 37 74 41 23 35 Cutoff 1 744 657 821 572 644 657 549 350 771 Sens 1 70% 72% 70% 70% 70% 70% 71% 74% 71% Spec 1 51% 39% 53% 45% 38% 48% 43% 22% 51% Cutoff 2 485 465 724 412 538 510 310 310 657 Sens 2 81% 83% 81% 81% 81% 81% 80% 83% 80% Spec 2 38% 29% 50% 34% 34% 37% 24% 18% 48% Cutoff 3 269 118 378 317 185 348 173 191 192 Sens 3 91% 93% 91% 91% 92% 91% 90% 91% 91% Spec 3 20% 6% 30% 25% 10% 26% 11% 11% 12% Cutoff 4 1530 1760 1610 1530 1760 1610 1530 1760 1610 Sens 4 45% 34% 50% 50% 49% 51% 32% 39% 31% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 2210 2610 2560 2210 2610 2560 2210 2610 2560 Sens 5 27% 28% 28% 36% 32% 36% 12% 17% 14% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 4780 4130 4820 4780 4130 4820 4780 4130 4820 Sens 6 9% 14% 11% 11% 16% 11% 7% 17% 6% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.4 1.6 2.5 2.2 1.5 2.2 0.53 0.42 0.82 p Value 0.41 0.41 0.068 0.034 0.44 0.065 0.27 0.21 0.76 95% CI of 0.62 0.52 0.93 1.1 0.53 0.95 0.17 0.11 0.24 OR Quart2 3.3 5.0 7.0 4.7 4.3 5.3 1.6 1.6 2.8 OR Quart 3 2.6 1.2 4.3 1.6 1.2 2.2 1.9 1.0 2.8 p Value 0.013 0.76 0.0031 0.24 0.78 0.065 0.15 1.0 0.041 95% CI of 1.2 0.36 1.6 0.73 0.39 0.95 0.80 0.34 1.0 OR Quart3 5.7 4.0 11 3.5 3.6 5.3 4.5 2.9 7.7 OR Quart 4 2.4 2.0 4.7 3.6 2.6 4.2 1.2 0.85 1.5 p Value 0.028 0.20 0.0014 5.3E4 0.052 5.2E4 0.65 0.78 0.43 95% CI of 1.1 0.69 1.8 1.7 0.99 1.9 0.49 0.28 0.52 OR Quart4 5.2 6.1 12 7.4 6.9 9.6 3.1 2.6 4.5 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 5.10 9.33 5.10 10.0 5.10 1.80 Average 96.3 28.6 96.3 75.3 96.3 62.9 Stdev 1310 87.1 1310 301 1310 321 p(t-test) 0.66 0.88 0.87 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 24700 621 24700 2510 24700 2060 n (Samp) 368 75 368 91 368 41 n (Patient) 196 75 196 91 196 41 sCr only Median 5.74 5.10 5.74 10.1 5.74 1.80 Average 61.2 47.5 61.2 72.8 61.2 67.1 Stdev 922 120 922 147 922 254 p(t-test) 0.94 0.94 0.98 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 24700 621 24700 609 24700 1230 n (Samp) 760 29 760 37 760 23 n (Patient) 297 29 297 37 297 23 UO only Median 4.41 9.96 4.41 11.9 4.41 5.06 Average 117 32.7 117 86.0 117 77.1 Stdev 1460 92.6 1460 326 1460 347 p(t-test) 0.64 0.85 0.87 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 24700 621 24700 2510 24700 2060 n (Samp) 297 65 297 77 297 35 n (Patient) 132 65 132 77 132 35 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.54 0.52 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.61 0.47 0.50 0.53 SE 0.037 0.055 0.040 0.034 0.050 0.037 0.048 0.061 0.052 p 0.31 0.70 0.045 0.023 0.099 0.0028 0.55 0.98 0.57 nCohort 1 368 760 297 368 760 297 368 760 297 nCohort 2 75 29 65 91 37 77 41 23 35 Cutoff 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.22 0 0 0 Sens 1 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 70% 100% 100% 100% Spec 1 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 42% 0% 0% 0% Cutoff 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sens 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Spec 2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Cutoff 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sens 3 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Spec 3 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Cutoff 4 10.4 11.9 11.7 10.4 11.9 11.7 10.4 11.9 11.7 Sens 4 37% 38% 45% 44% 46% 51% 27% 43% 31% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 18.3 21.2 20.5 18.3 21.2 20.5 18.3 21.2 20.5 Sens 5 33% 31% 42% 34% 32% 38% 20% 30% 26% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 33.2 34.5 37.4 33.2 34.5 37.4 33.2 34.5 37.4 Sens 6 15% 24% 15% 21% 30% 19% 15% 17% 20% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.81 0.49 0.099 0.78 4.6 0.30 0.43 0.086 0.20 p Value 0.56 0.20 2.8E4 0.47 0.019 0.0066 0.13 0.019 0.016 95% CI of 0.39 0.16 0.029 0.39 1.3 0.13 0.14 0.011 0.055 OR Quart2 1.7 1.5 0.34 1.5 16 0.72 1.3 0.67 0.74 OR Quart 3 0.69 0.29 0.45 0.68 1.7 0.62 2.7 0.26 0.74 p Value 0.33 0.063 0.041 0.28 0.48 0.20 0.011 0.041 0.50 95% CI of 0.33 0.078 0.21 0.33 0.40 0.30 1.3 0.071 0.30 OR Quart3 1.5 1.1 0.97 1.4 7.1 1.3 5.9 0.95 1.8 OR Quart 4 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.8 5.7 1.7 0 0.71 0.65 p Value 0.26 0.83 0.54 0.053 0.0064 0.12 na 0.48 0.36 95% CI of 0.76 0.46 0.64 0.99 1.6 0.88 na 0.28 0.26 OR Quart4 2.8 2.7 2.4 3.4 20 3.2 na 1.8 1.6

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 2 Comparison of marker levels in urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0 or R) and in urine samples collected from subjects at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage I or F in Cohort 2. Thrombomodulin 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 15800 20900 15800 20500 15800 16000 Average 18900 24000 18900 24500 18900 16700 Stdev 13700 14100 13700 19500 13700 11400 p(t-test) 0.088 0.036 0.53 Min 998 792 998 4340 998 3280 Max 69600 44300 69600 104000 69600 41300 n (Samp) 246 23 246 33 246 17 n (Patient) 159 23 159 33 159 17 sCr only Median nd nd 16700 19100 16700 17800 Average nd nd 19500 35300 19500 22800 Stdev nd nd 13500 36900 13500 16000 p(t-test) nd nd 0.0075 0.53 Min nd nd 792 4340 792 4520 Max nd nd 74700 104000 74700 47800 n (Samp) nd nd 316 6 316 7 n (Patient) nd nd 187 6 187 7 UO only Median 16300 22800 16300 21700 16300 16800 Average 19100 24600 19100 22900 19100 17800 Stdev 13900 13600 13900 14000 13900 11100 p(t-test) 0.074 0.17 0.72 Min 998 792 998 4810 998 3280 Max 69600 44300 69600 74700 69600 41300 n (Samp) 215 23 215 30 215 16 n (Patient) 133 23 133 30 133 16 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.61 nd 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.46 0.56 0.49 SE 0.065 nd 0.065 0.055 0.12 0.058 0.074 0.11 0.075 p 0.080 nd 0.057 0.050 0.43 0.076 0.63 0.62 0.92 nCohort 1 246 nd 215 246 316 215 246 316 215 nCohort 2 23 nd 23 33 6 30 17 7 16 Cutoff 1 13700 nd 13900 16100 14800 18100 9740 15000 12800 Sens 1 74% nd 74% 73% 83% 70% 71% 71% 75% Spec 1 45% nd 43% 51% 43% 56% 33% 44% 41% Cutoff 2 12900 nd 13000 12800 14800 12800 4500 9740 6280 Sens 2 83% nd 83% 82% 83% 80% 82% 86% 81% Spec 2 42% nd 41% 42% 43% 41% 7% 29% 15% Cutoff 3 6240 nd 6240 5250 4270 6410 3280 4500 3280 Sens 3 91% nd 91% 91% 100% 90% 94% 100% 94% Spec 3 15% nd 14% 10% 7% 15% 3% 8% 4% Cutoff 4 22100 nd 22200 22100 24000 22200 22100 24000 22200 Sens 4 48% nd 52% 42% 33% 47% 35% 29% 38% Spec 4 70% nd 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 28400 nd 28400 28400 29700 28400 28400 29700 28400 Sens 5 43% nd 43% 21% 33% 23% 18% 29% 19% Spec 5 80% nd 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 37900 nd 38800 37900 38000 38800 37900 38000 38800 Sens 6 26% nd 22% 12% 33% 7% 6% 29% 6% Spec 6 90% nd 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.3 nd 2.5 1.5 0.99 1.3 2.1 2.0 1.7 p Value 0.73 nd 0.21 0.53 0.99 0.73 0.31 0.57 0.47 95% CI of 0.33 nd 0.61 0.41 0.061 0.32 0.50 0.18 0.39 OR Quart2 5.0 nd 10 5.7 16 5.0 8.8 23 7.6 OR Quart 3 1.0 nd 1.0 4.1 2.0 3.5 1.0 2.0 1.4 p Value 1.0 nd 1.0 0.019 0.57 0.040 1.0 0.57 0.70 95% CI of 0.24 nd 0.19 1.3 0.18 1.1 0.19 0.18 0.29 OR Quart3 4.2 nd 5.2 13 23 12 5.1 23 6.4 OR Quart 4 2.7 nd 3.7 2.4 2.0 2.4 1.8 2.0 1.4 p Value 0.11 nd 0.055 0.16 0.57 0.16 0.46 0.57 0.68 95% CI of 0.81 nd 0.97 0.70 0.18 0.70 0.40 0.18 0.30 OR Quart4 9.1 nd 14 8.2 23 8.3 7.6 23 6.5 Immunoglobulin A 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 801 1910 801 2620 801 1400 Average 1710 2680 1710 3390 1710 2220 Stdev 4190 2640 4190 3400 4190 2450 p(t-test) 0.16 0.0074 0.54 Min 1.00E9 82.4 1.00E9 152 1.00E9 54.7 Max 96900 14200 96900 18500 96900 9330 n (Samp) 686 38 686 47 686 26 n (Patient) 282 38 282 47 282 26 sCr only Median 924 2310 924 3170 924 2560 Average 1860 4420 1860 4200 1860 3620 Stdev 4680 4180 4680 4790 4680 3940 p(t-test) 0.10 0.074 0.18 Min 1.00E9 866 1.00E9 186 1.00E9 121 Max 96900 14200 96900 18500 96900 13100 n (Samp) 896 9 896 13 896 13 n (Patient) 334 9 334 13 334 13 UO only Median 866 1710 866 2610 866 1820 Average 1890 2600 1890 3430 1890 2580 Stdev 4740 2640 4740 3530 4740 2520 p(t-test) 0.38 0.042 0.49 Min 7.57 82.4 7.57 152 7.57 54.7 Max 96900 14200 96900 18500 96900 9330 n (Samp) 551 35 551 41 551 22 n (Patient) 201 35 201 41 201 22 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.69 0.80 0.67 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.59 0.65 0.65 SE 0.049 0.089 0.051 0.043 0.081 0.046 0.060 0.083 0.065 p 6.1E5 6.9E4 0.0013 8.8E8 0.0076 1.2E6 0.13 0.071 0.025 nCohort 1 686 896 551 686 896 551 686 896 551 nCohort 2 38 9 35 47 13 41 26 13 22 Cutoff 1 1210 2110 1000 1700 918 1690 572 573 932 Sens 1 71% 78% 71% 70% 77% 71% 73% 77% 73% Spec 1 62% 75% 53% 73% 50% 71% 38% 34% 52% Cutoff 2 860 1500 860 918 878 1050 499 499 650 Sens 2 82% 89% 80% 81% 85% 80% 81% 85% 82% Spec 2 52% 64% 50% 54% 48% 54% 33% 29% 40% Cutoff 3 479 864 479 344 344 561 169 169 344 Sens 3 92% 100% 91% 91% 92% 90% 92% 92% 91% Spec 3 32% 48% 29% 23% 20% 35% 9% 9% 21% Cutoff 4 1550 1760 1660 1550 1760 1660 1550 1760 1660 Sens 4 58% 78% 51% 70% 69% 71% 50% 62% 55% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 2170 2590 2470 2170 2590 2470 2170 2590 2470 Sens 5 47% 44% 40% 60% 62% 51% 35% 46% 27% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 4020 4290 4130 4020 4290 4130 4020 4290 4130 Sens 6 18% 33% 17% 28% 31% 20% 19% 23% 23% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.3 >1.0 1.7 0.59 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 p Value 0.70 <1.00 0.48 0.48 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 95% CI of 0.30 >0.062 0.39 0.14 0.14 0.25 0.28 0.14 0.20 OR Quart2 6.1 na 7.2 2.5 7.2 4.1 3.5 7.2 5.0 OR Quart 3 4.2 >2.0 3.5 2.3 0.50 2.3 1.2 0.50 2.4 p Value 0.028 <0.57 0.061 0.13 0.57 0.17 0.76 0.57 0.21 95% CI of 1.2 >0.18 0.94 0.77 0.045 0.70 0.36 0.045 0.61 OR Quart3 15 na 13 6.7 5.5 7.7 4.0 5.5 9.5 OR Quart 4 7.0 >6.1 6.2 6.4 4.1 7.0 2.1 4.1 3.1 p Value 0.0021 <0.094 0.0041 1.9E4 0.077 4.6E4 0.20 0.077 0.094 95% CI of 2.0 >0.73 1.8 2.4 0.86 2.4 0.69 0.86 0.82 OR Quart4 24 na 22 17 19 21 6.2 19 12 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 5.10 13.0 5.10 17.5 5.10 9.96 Average 62.4 38.8 62.4 112 62.4 65.7 Stdev 961 103 961 380 961 238 p(t-test) 0.88 0.73 0.99 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 24700 621 24700 2510 24700 1230 n (Samp) 693 38 693 47 693 26 n (Patient) 285 38 285 47 285 26 sCr only Median 5.89 23.2 5.89 17.1 5.89 1.80 Average 56.6 127 56.6 67.7 56.6 65.5 Stdev 846 222 846 165 846 137 p(t-test) 0.80 0.96 0.97 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 24700 621 24700 609 24700 489 n (Samp) 904 9 904 13 904 13 n (Patient) 337 9 337 13 337 13 UO only Median 5.10 15.9 5.10 17.5 5.10 14.2 Average 74.9 41.0 74.9 125 74.9 79.5 Stdev 1070 107 1070 405 1070 258 p(t-test) 0.85 0.76 0.98 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 24700 621 24700 2510 24700 1230 n (Samp) 558 35 558 41 558 22 n (Patient) 204 35 204 41 204 22 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.64 0.72 0.64 0.70 0.67 0.68 0.57 0.55 0.65 SE 0.050 0.097 0.052 0.044 0.083 0.047 0.059 0.083 0.065 p 0.0062 0.023 0.0063 8.6E6 0.046 2.0E4 0.22 0.57 0.025 nCohort 1 693 904 558 693 904 558 693 904 558 nCohort 2 38 9 35 47 13 41 26 13 22 Cutoff 1 9.70 19.1 9.95 10.1 5.09 9.47 0 0 9.14 Sens 1 71% 78% 71% 70% 77% 73% 100% 100% 73% Spec 1 63% 76% 61% 65% 46% 60% 0% 0% 58% Cutoff 2 0 0 0 5.09 4.93 0 0 0 0 Sens 2 100% 100% 100% 81% 85% 100% 100% 100% 100% Spec 2 0% 0% 0% 49% 45% 0% 0% 0% 0% Cutoff 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sens 3 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Spec 3 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Cutoff 4 11.3 13.1 13.5 11.3 13.1 13.5 11.3 13.1 13.5 Sens 4 50% 78% 51% 66% 62% 61% 42% 38% 50% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 21.2 22.9 22.9 21.2 22.9 22.9 21.2 22.9 22.9 Sens 5 37% 56% 26% 45% 31% 46% 27% 38% 36% Spec 5 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% Cutoff 6 36.8 37.4 39.4 36.8 37.4 39.4 36.8 37.4 39.4 Sens 6 18% 33% 17% 23% 15% 27% 19% 38% 23% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 4.1 >2.0 1.7 >12 3.0 0.41 0.36 0.39 0.19 p Value 0.076 <0.57 0.48 <0.019 0.34 0.21 0.14 0.27 0.14 95% CI of 0.86 >0.18 0.40 >1.5 0.31 0.10 0.095 0.076 0.022 OR Quart2 20 na 7.2 na 29 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.7 OR Quart 3 5.2 >0 3.5 >14 4.1 1.8 0.86 0.20 1.2 p Value 0.035 <na 0.061 <0.011 0.21 0.25 0.78 0.14 0.76 95% CI of 1.1 >na 0.94 >1.8 0.45 0.67 0.31 0.023 0.36 OR Quart3 24 na 13 na 37 4.6 2.4 1.7 4.1 OR Quart 4 9.8 >7.2 6.2 >26 5.1 2.9 0.99 1.00 2.1 p Value 0.0024 <0.066 0.0041 <0.0015 0.14 0.019 0.99 0.99 0.19 95% CI of 2.2 >0.88 1.8 >3.5 0.59 1.2 0.36 0.28 0.69 OR Quart4 43 na 22 na 44 7.2 2.7 3.5 6.2

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 3 Comparison of marker levels in urine samples collected within 12 hours of reaching stage R from Cohort 1 (patients that reached, but did not progress beyond, RIFLE stage R) and from Cohort 2 (patients that reached RIFLE stage I or F). Immunoglobulin A sCr or UO sCr only UO only Co- Co- Co- Co- Co- Co- hort 1 hort 2 hort 1 hort 2 hort 1 hort 2 Median 1220 1830 939 3190 1330 1810 Average 1600 2620 1620 3020 1760 2500 Stdev 1520 2500 1660 2070 1530 2660 p(t-test) 0.010 0.037 0.12 Min 68.3 179 68.3 277 142 179 Max 7410 13100 6000 6000 7410 13100 n (Samp) 76 33 29 10 61 23 n (Patient) 76 33 29 10 61 23 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.64 0.69 0.59 SE 0.060 0.10 0.071 p 0.016 0.062 0.19 nCohort 1 76 29 61 nCohort 2 33 10 23 Cutoff 1 882 2690 918 Sens 1 73% 70% 74% Spec 1 46% 83% 38% Cutoff 2 631 631 779 Sens 2 82% 80% 83% Spec 2 29% 34% 33% Cutoff 3 457 277 457 Sens 3 91% 90% 91% Spec 3 22% 24% 16% Cutoff 4 1870 1630 1890 Sens 4 45% 70% 39% Spec 4 71% 72% 70% Cutoff 5 2410 2690 2640 Sens 5 45% 70% 39% Spec 5 80% 83% 80% Cutoff 6 3730 4660 3730 Sens 6 27% 20% 17% Spec 6 91% 93% 90% OR Quart 2 1.2 0.39 1.3 p Value 0.75 0.48 0.71 95% CI of 0.35 0.029 0.30 OR Quart2 4.3 5.2 5.8 OR Quart 3 0.80 0.88 1.3 p Value 0.74 0.91 0.71 95% CI of 0.21 0.096 0.30 OR Quart3 3.0 8.0 5.8 OR Quart 4 4.0 3.5 3.2 p Value 0.020 0.22 0.10 95% CI of 1.3 0.47 0.79 OR Quart4 13 26 13 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 sCr or UO sCr only UO only Co- Co- Co- Co- Co- Co- hort 1 hort 2 hort 1 hort 2 hort 1 hort 2 Median 1.00E9 13.4 1.00E9 13.2 6.87 10.1 Average 15.2 33.4 24.9 40.0 16.0 37.2 Stdev 32.3 74.2 46.8 58.6 27.3 87.5 p(t-test) 0.072 0.41 0.090 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 190 423 190 180 151 423 n (Samp) 78 34 30 10 62 24 n (Patient) 78 34 30 10 62 24 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.65 0.68 0.58 SE 0.058 0.10 0.070 p 0.0079 0.080 0.23 nCohort 1 78 30 62 nCohort 2 34 10 24 Cutoff 1 5.50 5.10 3.86 Sens 1 71% 70% 71% Spec 1 58% 60% 47% Cutoff 2 0 1.30 0 Sens 2 100% 90% 100% Spec 2 0% 60% 0% Cutoff 3 0 1.30 0 Sens 3 100% 90% 100% Spec 3 0% 60% 0% Cutoff 4 10.9 9.95 20.9 Sens 4 50% 50% 38% Spec 4 71% 70% 71% Cutoff 5 21.2 45.5 23.3 Sens 5 41% 20% 38% Spec 5 81% 80% 81% Cutoff 6 43.3 71.4 39.9 Sens 6 12% 20% 17% Spec 6 91% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 >18 >2.5 0.94 p Value <0.0078 <0.49 0.93 95% CI of >2.1 >0.19 0.23 OR Quart2 na na 3.9 OR Quart 3 >16 >15 1.0 p Value <0.012 <0.028 1.0 95% CI of >1.8 >1.3 0.24 OR Quart3 na na 4.1 OR Quart 4 >24 >2.5 2.2 p Value <0.0033 <0.49 0.24 95% CI of >2.9 >0.19 0.59 OR Quart4 na na 8.3

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 4 Comparison of the maximum marker levels in urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0) and the maximum values in urine samples collected from subjects between enrollment and 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage F in Cohort 2. Thrombomodulin 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 13900 24200 13900 24200 13900 23800 Average 17000 26800 17000 26600 17000 25100 Stdev 12100 14100 12100 14300 12100 9300 p(t-test) 0.010 0.012 0.084 Min 2210 2090 2210 2090 2210 14900 Max 63300 50700 63300 50700 63300 40600 n (Samp) 97 12 97 12 97 7 n (Patient) 97 12 97 12 97 7 sCr only Median 19300 22600 19300 21300 nd nd Average 22500 26800 22500 26300 nd nd Stdev 15300 19200 15300 19500 nd nd p(t-test) 0.50 0.55 nd nd Min 2210 2090 2210 2090 nd nd Max 74700 50700 74700 50700 nd nd n (Samp) 159 6 159 6 nd nd n (Patient) 159 6 159 6 nd nd UO only Median 14400 26100 14400 26100 14400 25700 Average 17100 29600 17100 29600 17100 26800 Stdev 11900 10200 11900 10200 11900 8920 p(t-test) 0.0050 0.0050 0.052 Min 2210 19100 2210 19100 2210 16000 Max 59400 47800 59400 47800 59400 40600 n (Samp) 84 8 84 8 84 6 n (Patient) 84 8 84 8 84 6 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.73 0.56 0.81 0.72 0.55 0.81 0.75 nd 0.79 SE 0.086 0.12 0.094 0.087 0.12 0.094 0.11 nd 0.11 p 0.0091 0.61 8.2E4 0.013 0.67 8.2E4 0.020 nd 0.012 nCohort 1 97 159 84 97 159 84 97 nd 84 nCohort 2 12 6 8 12 6 8 7 nd 6 Cutoff 1 18900 14800 22200 18900 14800 22200 19900 nd 19900 Sens 1 75% 83% 75% 75% 83% 75% 71% nd 83% Spec 1 65% 39% 76% 65% 38% 76% 69% nd 68% Cutoff 2 16800 14800 19900 14800 14800 19900 15900 nd 19900 Sens 2 83% 83% 88% 83% 83% 88% 86% nd 83% Spec 2 63% 39% 68% 55% 38% 68% 59% nd 68% Cutoff 3 14800 0 18100 14800 0 18100 14800 nd 15900 Sens 3 92% 100% 100% 92% 100% 100% 100% nd 100% Spec 3 55% 0% 62% 53% 0% 62% 55% nd 57% Cutoff 4 20500 28400 20700 20500 28400 20700 20500 nd 20700 Sens 4 58% 33% 75% 58% 33% 75% 57% nd 67% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% nd 70% Cutoff 5 25700 33700 25600 25700 33700 25600 25700 nd 25600 Sens 5 42% 33% 50% 42% 33% 50% 43% nd 50% Spec 5 80% 81% 81% 80% 81% 81% 80% nd 81% Cutoff 6 33200 44300 32500 33200 44300 32500 33200 nd 32500 Sens 6 25% 33% 38% 25% 33% 38% 14% nd 33% Spec 6 91% 91% 90% 91% 91% 90% 91% nd 90% OR Quart 2 0 2.1 >0 1.0 2.1 >0 >0 nd >0 p Value na 0.56 <na 1.0 0.56 <na <na nd <na 95% CI of na 0.18 >na 0.059 0.18 >na >na nd >na OR Quart2 na 24 na 17 24 na na nd na OR Quart 3 5.9 1.0 >3.4 4.5 1.0 >3.4 >4.7 nd >3.5 p Value 0.12 1.0 <0.30 0.19 1.0 <0.30 <0.18 nd <0.30 95% CI of 0.64 0.060 >0.33 0.47 0.060 >0.33 >0.49 nd >0.33 OR Quart3 54 17 na 43 17 na na nd na OR Quart 4 7.1 2.0 >6.4 7.1 2.0 >6.4 >3.4 nd >3.3 p Value 0.080 0.58 <0.10 0.080 0.58 <0.10 <0.30 nd <0.32 95% CI of 0.79 0.17 >0.68 0.79 0.17 >0.68 >0.33 nd >0.32 OR Quart4 63 23 na 63 23 na na nd na Immunoglobulin A 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 853 4060 853 4040 853 3130 Average 2340 5270 2340 5060 2340 3860 Stdev 7330 4310 7330 4330 7330 2550 p(t-test) 0.073 0.096 0.50 Min 1.00E9 120 1.00E9 120 1.00E9 567 Max 96900 18500 96900 18500 96900 8110 n (Samp) 195 21 195 21 195 11 n (Patient) 195 21 195 21 195 11 sCr only Median 1280 4060 1280 4040 1280 2670 Average 2550 5920 2550 4720 2550 2610 Stdev 6110 5500 6110 4930 6110 1320 p(t-test) 0.073 0.25 0.98 Min 1.00E9 120 1.00E9 120 1.00E9 567 Max 96900 18500 96900 18500 96900 4060 n (Samp) 295 11 295 11 295 6 n (Patient) 295 11 295 11 295 6 UO only Median 946 6000 946 4060 946 4060 Average 2640 5890 2640 5720 2640 4120 Stdev 8830 4830 8830 4880 8830 2770 p(t-test) 0.16 0.19 0.62 Min 14.8 567 14.8 567 14.8 567 Max 96900 18500 96900 18500 96900 8110 n (Samp) 130 15 130 15 130 9 n (Patient) 130 15 130 15 130 9 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.81 0.74 0.84 0.80 0.71 0.83 0.78 0.66 0.78 SE 0.059 0.087 0.066 0.059 0.089 0.067 0.083 0.12 0.093 p 1.5E7 0.0054 3.2E7 4.1E7 0.021 9.0E7 6.2E4 0.19 0.0029 nCohort 1 195 295 130 195 295 130 195 295 130 nCohort 2 21 11 15 21 11 15 11 6 9 Cutoff 1 2470 3130 2300 2470 3030 2210 2210 1890 1890 Sens 1 71% 73% 73% 71% 73% 73% 73% 83% 78% Spec 1 78% 75% 77% 78% 75% 77% 77% 63% 72% Cutoff 2 2210 3030 2210 1900 2210 1900 1900 1890 932 Sens 2 81% 82% 80% 81% 82% 80% 82% 83% 89% Spec 2 77% 75% 77% 74% 66% 72% 74% 63% 50% Cutoff 3 1530 561 1530 1530 561 1530 934 561 561 Sens 3 90% 91% 93% 90% 91% 93% 91% 100% 100% Spec 3 67% 28% 65% 67% 28% 65% 53% 28% 38% Cutoff 4 1610 2620 1680 1610 2620 1680 1610 2620 1680 Sens 4 86% 82% 87% 86% 73% 87% 82% 50% 78% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 2650 3760 2620 2650 3760 2620 2650 3760 2620 Sens 5 67% 64% 60% 67% 55% 60% 55% 33% 56% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 4960 6000 4780 4960 6000 4780 4960 6000 4780 Sens 6 48% 18% 53% 38% 9% 47% 36% 0% 44% Spec 6 90% 93% 90% 90% 93% 90% 90% 93% 90% OR Quart 2 1.0 0.99 >1.0 1.0 0.99 >1.0 >1.0 >1.0 >2.1 p Value 1.0 0.99 <0.98 1.0 0.99 <0.98 <1.0 <0.99 <0.56 95% CI of 0.061 0.061 >0.062 0.061 0.061 >0.062 >0.061 >0.062 >0.18 OR Quart2 16 16 na 16 16 na na na na OR Quart 3 5.4 2.0 >5.8 5.4 3.1 >5.8 >2.1 >3.1 >1.0 p Value 0.13 0.57 <0.12 0.13 0.33 <0.12 <0.55 <0.33 <1.0 95% CI of 0.61 0.18 >0.64 0.61 0.31 >0.64 >0.18 >0.32 >0.060 OR Quart3 48 23 na 48 30 na na na na OR Quart 4 19 7.5 >12 19 6.3 >12 >9.3 >2.0 >7.0 p Value 0.0057 0.063 <0.024 0.0057 0.091 <0.024 <0.039 <0.57 <0.079 95% CI of 2.3 0.90 >1.4 2.3 0.74 >1.4 >1.1 >0.18 >0.80 OR Quart4 150 63 na 150 54 na na na na Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 6.17 41.5 6.17 36.8 6.17 16.3 Average 144 221 144 218 144 47.9 Stdev 1760 550 1760 550 1760 54.8 p(t-test) 0.84 0.85 0.86 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 24700 2510 24700 2510 24700 180 n (Samp) 196 21 196 21 196 11 n (Patient) 196 21 196 21 196 11 sCr only Median 10.0 41.5 10.0 23.2 10.0 15.9 Average 120 138 120 130 120 120 Stdev 1440 214 1440 214 1440 193 p(t-test) 0.97 0.98 1.00 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 7.82 Max 24700 621 24700 609 24700 489 n (Samp) 297 11 297 11 297 6 n (Patient) 297 11 297 11 297 6 UO only Median 7.77 48.9 7.77 48.9 7.77 43.4 Average 207 300 207 297 207 56.1 Stdev 2150 639 2150 639 2150 57.7 p(t-test) 0.87 0.87 0.83 Min 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 1.00E9 Max 24700 2510 24700 2510 24700 180 n (Samp) 132 15 132 15 132 9 n (Patient) 132 15 132 15 132 9 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.81 0.75 0.83 0.78 0.71 0.82 0.76 0.71 0.77 SE 0.059 0.086 0.066 0.061 0.089 0.069 0.086 0.12 0.094 p 2.1E7 0.0032 4.2E7 3.8E6 0.019 4.0E6 0.0029 0.084 0.0038 nCohort 1 196 297 132 196 297 132 196 297 132 nCohort 2 21 11 15 21 11 15 11 6 9 Cutoff 1 16.3 16.3 22.9 15.7 13.5 16.3 12.8 12.7 15.7 Sens 1 76% 73% 73% 71% 73% 73% 73% 83% 78% Spec 1 73% 64% 76% 72% 61% 68% 70% 60% 67% Cutoff 2 15.7 13.5 16.3 12.7 12.7 15.7 12.7 12.7 12.2 Sens 2 81% 82% 80% 81% 82% 80% 82% 83% 89% Spec 2 72% 61% 68% 69% 60% 67% 69% 60% 65% Cutoff 3 12.7 12.7 12.2 7.64 7.72 12.2 7.64 7.72 0 Sens 3 90% 91% 93% 90% 91% 93% 91% 100% 100% Spec 3 69% 60% 65% 53% 42% 65% 53% 42% 0% Cutoff 4 14.5 22.9 17.9 14.5 22.9 17.9 14.5 22.9 17.9 Sens 4 81% 55% 73% 71% 55% 60% 64% 33% 56% Spec 4 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 70% Cutoff 5 23.3 29.6 24.3 23.3 29.6 24.3 23.3 29.6 24.3 Sens 5 57% 55% 67% 52% 45% 60% 45% 33% 56% Spec 5 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% 81% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 37.4 49.3 39.7 37.4 49.3 39.7 37.4 49.3 39.7 Sens 6 52% 36% 60% 48% 27% 60% 45% 33% 56% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 >2.1 0 0 >3.2 1.0 0 >1.0 >1.0 0 p Value <0.56 na na <0.32 1.0 na <1.0 <1.0 na 95% CI of >0.18 na na >0.32 0.061 na >0.061 >0.061 na OR Quart2 na na na na 16 na na na na OR Quart 3 >6.8 4.2 4.2 >8.0 4.2 5.5 >5.4 >3.1 3.2 p Value <0.082 0.21 0.21 <0.055 0.21 0.13 <0.13 <0.33 0.33 95% CI of >0.78 0.45 0.45 >0.95 0.45 0.61 >0.61 >0.31 0.32 OR Quart3 na 38 40 na 38 49 na na 32 OR Quart 4 >17 6.4 13 >14 5.3 11 >5.4 >2.0 5.5 p Value <0.0078 0.089 0.018 <0.014 0.13 0.026 <0.13 <0.57 0.13 95% CI of >2.1 0.75 1.6 >1.7 0.60 1.3 >0.61 >0.18 0.61 OR Quart4 na 55 110 na 46 94 na na 50

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 5 Comparison of marker levels in EDTA samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0) and in EDTA samples collected from subjects at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage R, I or F in Cohort 2. Thrombomodulin 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 7030 6920 7030 7610 7030 6900 Average 7260 7730 7260 8310 7260 8380 Stdev 3070 3480 3070 3720 3070 3480 p(t-test) 0.42 0.066 0.12 Min 27.6 3260 27.6 3350 27.6 4660 Max 17700 18700 17700 19600 17700 17500 n (Samp) 105 45 105 50 105 24 n (Patient) 97 45 97 50 97 24 sCr only Median 6790 7270 6790 6950 6790 8650 Average 7230 9510 7230 9020 7230 9880 Stdev 2980 4990 2980 4560 2980 4140 p(t-test) 0.010 0.026 0.0049 Min 27.6 3350 27.6 3920 27.6 4800 Max 19600 18700 19600 18500 19600 17500 n (Samp) 246 13 246 16 246 11 n (Patient) 160 13 160 16 160 11 UO only Median 7390 7780 7390 7690 7390 6920 Average 7790 7800 7790 8520 7790 8120 Stdev 2990 3470 2990 3730 2990 3080 p(t-test) 0.99 0.22 0.65 Min 1660 3260 1660 3350 1660 4660 Max 18400 18700 18400 19600 18400 17500 n (Samp) 96 40 96 44 96 21 n (Patient) 84 40 84 44 84 21 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.52 0.63 0.49 0.57 0.59 0.55 0.57 0.69 0.52 SE 0.052 0.085 0.055 0.050 0.077 0.053 0.067 0.090 0.070 p 0.68 0.14 0.80 0.17 0.23 0.37 0.32 0.031 0.81 nCohort 1 105 246 96 105 246 96 105 246 96 nCohort 2 45 13 40 50 16 44 24 11 21 Cutoff 1 5320 6270 5350 6170 5550 6260 6230 6800 6570 Sens 1 71% 77% 70% 70% 75% 70% 71% 73% 71% Spec 1 24% 43% 18% 39% 33% 35% 40% 50% 38% Cutoff 2 5020 5270 5100 5100 5220 5820 5020 6630 5680 Sens 2 80% 85% 80% 80% 81% 82% 83% 82% 81% Spec 2 22% 28% 17% 23% 26% 27% 22% 47% 25% Cutoff 3 3790 4340 4380 4720 4460 4740 4800 5680 4940 Sens 3 91% 92% 90% 90% 94% 91% 92% 91% 90% Spec 3 13% 14% 9% 20% 16% 11% 21% 35% 14% Cutoff 4 8220 8350 8640 8220 8350 8640 8220 8350 8640 Sens 4 36% 46% 30% 44% 44% 39% 42% 55% 33% Spec 4 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% Cutoff 5 9170 9590 9900 9170 9590 9900 9170 9590 9900 Sens 5 29% 46% 20% 30% 44% 27% 33% 36% 24% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 11000 11300 12300 11000 11300 12300 11000 11300 12300 Sens 6 13% 23% 8% 16% 25% 11% 21% 36% 5% Spec 6 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% 91% OR Quart 2 0.85 0.98 1.1 0.85 1.7 1.3 1.8 3.1 1.3 p Value 0.74 0.99 0.79 0.75 0.48 0.60 0.35 0.33 0.74 95% CI of 0.32 0.13 0.41 0.32 0.39 0.47 0.52 0.31 0.34 OR Quart2 2.3 7.2 3.2 2.3 7.4 3.8 6.3 31 4.7 OR Quart 3 0.67 1.5 0.41 0.85 0.32 1.5 0.36 2.0 0.77 p Value 0.44 0.66 0.15 0.75 0.33 0.44 0.24 0.57 0.72 95% CI of 0.24 0.24 0.12 0.32 0.033 0.54 0.064 0.18 0.18 OR Quart3 1.9 9.3 1.4 2.3 3.2 4.2 2.0 23 3.2 OR Quart 4 1.1 3.2 1.7 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 5.2 1.2 p Value 0.87 0.17 0.31 0.39 0.21 0.44 0.26 0.14 0.79 95% CI of 0.41 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.61 0.54 0.60 0.60 0.32 OR Quart4 2.8 16 4.6 3.8 9.9 4.2 6.9 46 4.5 Immunoglobulin A 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 3010000 2690000 3010000 2980000 3010000 3380000 Average 3450000 3130000 3450000 3620000 3450000 3060000 Stdev 1860000 1580000 1860000 1970000 1860000 1260000 p(t-test) 0.55 0.72 0.57 Min 941000 1280000 941000 1140000 941000 840000 Max 9300000 6440000 9300000 8610000 9300000 4670000 n (Samp) 55 15 55 24 55 8 n (Patient) 54 15 54 24 54 8 UO only Median 3010000 2690000 3010000 3060000 3010000 3410000 Average 3210000 3230000 3210000 3690000 3210000 3430000 Stdev 1600000 1570000 1600000 2000000 1600000 1620000 p(t-test) 0.96 0.27 0.71 Min 941000 1280000 941000 1140000 941000 840000 Max 7760000 6440000 7760000 8610000 7760000 6370000 n (Samp) 49 13 49 23 49 9 n (Patient) 47 13 47 23 47 9 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.46 nd 0.50 0.53 nd 0.56 0.47 nd 0.56 SE 0.086 nd 0.091 0.071 nd 0.074 0.11 nd 0.11 p 0.68 nd 0.98 0.67 nd 0.41 0.82 nd 0.58 nCohort 1 55 nd 49 55 nd 49 55 nd 49 nCohort 2 15 nd 13 24 nd 23 8 nd 9 Cutoff 1 2350000 nd 2350000 2570000 nd 2570000 2150000 nd 2150000 Sens 1 73% nd 77% 71% nd 74% 75% nd 78% Spec 1 31% nd 31% 42% nd 41% 29% nd 29% Cutoff 2 2040000 nd 2040000 2150000 nd 2150000 2040000 nd 2040000 Sens 2 80% nd 85% 83% nd 83% 88% nd 89% Spec 2 27% nd 27% 29% nd 29% 27% nd 27% Cutoff 3 1280000 nd 1690000 2000000 nd 2000000 0 nd 0 Sens 3 93% nd 92% 92% nd 91% 100% nd 100% Spec 3 5% nd 20% 25% nd 24% 0% nd 0% Cutoff 4 4360000 nd 4050000 4360000 nd 4050000 4360000 nd 4050000 Sens 4 20% nd 23% 25% nd 26% 12% nd 33% Spec 4 71% nd 71% 71% nd 71% 71% nd 71% Cutoff 5 4710000 nd 4380000 4710000 nd 4380000 4710000 nd 4380000 Sens 5 13% nd 23% 21% nd 26% 0% nd 22% Spec 5 80% nd 82% 80% nd 82% 80% nd 82% Cutoff 6 6010000 nd 5310000 6010000 nd 5310000 6010000 nd 5310000 Sens 6 13% nd 15% 12% nd 17% 0% nd 11% Spec 6 91% nd 92% 91% nd 92% 91% nd 92% OR Quart 2 1.1 nd 0.67 2.5 nd 2.2 5.0 nd 2.0 p Value 0.94 nd 0.68 0.21 nd 0.28 0.17 nd 0.59 95% CI of 0.18 nd 0.095 0.60 nd 0.52 0.49 nd 0.16 OR Quart2 6.2 nd 4.7 10 nd 9.6 51 nd 25 OR Quart 3 2.5 nd 2.6 1.6 nd 1.8 2.1 nd 3.5 p Value 0.26 nd 0.25 0.52 nd 0.46 0.55 nd 0.30 95% CI of 0.51 nd 0.52 0.37 nd 0.40 0.17 nd 0.32 OR Quart3 12 nd 13 6.9 nd 7.7 26 nd 39 OR Quart 4 1.1 nd 0.67 1.6 nd 1.8 1.1 nd 3.2 p Value 0.94 nd 0.68 0.52 nd 0.46 0.96 nd 0.33 95% CI of 0.18 nd 0.095 0.37 nd 0.40 0.061 nd 0.30 OR Quart4 6.2 nd 4.7 6.9 nd 7.7 19 nd 36 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 sCr or UO Median 1910 2090 1910 2100 1910 1570 Average 2160 2570 2160 2580 2160 2150 Stdev 1130 1970 1130 1680 1130 1340 p(t-test) 0.12 0.068 0.96 Min 653 982 653 567 653 664 Max 4740 13000 4740 10400 4740 5300 n (Samp) 105 45 105 50 105 24 n (Patient) 97 45 97 50 97 24 sCr only Median 2020 1930 2020 2630 2020 1580 Average 2280 3250 2280 3440 2280 2030 Stdev 1280 3300 1280 2690 1280 1310 p(t-test) 0.018 0.0014 0.54 Min 515 1020 515 567 515 664 Max 9920 13000 9920 10400 9920 5300 n (Samp) 246 13 246 16 246 11 n (Patient) 160 13 160 16 160 11 UO only Median 1910 2300 1910 2240 1910 2270 Average 2220 2470 2220 2550 2220 2770 Stdev 1190 1230 1190 1260 1190 2660 p(t-test) 0.27 0.14 0.14 Min 653 982 653 567 653 664 Max 5300 5910 5300 5510 5300 13000 n (Samp) 96 40 96 44 96 21 n (Patient) 84 40 84 44 84 21 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.55 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.61 0.58 0.48 0.43 0.53 SE 0.052 0.084 0.055 0.050 0.077 0.053 0.066 0.092 0.071 p 0.35 0.66 0.29 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.73 0.43 0.65 nCohort 1 105 246 96 105 246 96 105 246 96 nCohort 2 45 13 40 50 16 44 24 11 21 Cutoff 1 1490 1340 1660 1550 1520 1590 1420 1450 1460 Sens 1 71% 77% 70% 70% 75% 73% 71% 73% 76% Spec 1 37% 24% 44% 37% 34% 42% 33% 30% 34% Cutoff 2 1330 1330 1310 1340 1240 1420 1040 1090 1310 Sens 2 80% 85% 80% 80% 81% 82% 83% 82% 81% Spec 2 28% 23% 27% 29% 20% 33% 15% 15% 27% Cutoff 3 1090 1090 1120 1090 1150 1020 809 1040 809 Sens 3 91% 92% 90% 90% 94% 91% 92% 91% 90% Spec 3 17% 15% 16% 17% 16% 12% 11% 14% 10% Cutoff 4 2650 2650 2660 2650 2650 2660 2650 2650 2660 Sens 4 31% 31% 38% 40% 50% 43% 21% 18% 29% Spec 4 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% 70% 70% 71% Cutoff 5 3230 3230 3270 3230 3230 3270 3230 3230 3270 Sens 5 18% 31% 22% 28% 44% 27% 21% 18% 29% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 4010 4010 4110 4010 4010 4110 4010 4010 4110 Sens 6 9% 23% 8% 16% 31% 11% 17% 9% 19% Spec 6 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% 91% 90% 90% 91% OR Quart 2 1.3 0.73 1.2 1.4 0.73 2.1 1.0 0.50 1.6 p Value 0.65 0.68 0.78 0.50 0.68 0.18 0.96 0.58 0.49 95% CI of 0.45 0.16 0.39 0.52 0.16 0.71 0.27 0.044 0.41 OR Quart2 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.4 6.2 4.0 5.7 6.5 OR Quart 3 1.7 0.48 1.8 1.1 0.48 1.8 1.9 2.7 1.3 p Value 0.31 0.40 0.29 0.85 0.41 0.28 0.33 0.25 0.72 95% CI of 0.61 0.084 0.61 0.40 0.086 0.61 0.54 0.50 0.31 OR Quart3 4.6 2.7 5.1 3.0 2.7 5.5 6.5 14 5.4 OR Quart 4 1.4 0.98 1.6 1.9 1.8 2.7 1.3 1.5 1.6 p Value 0.49 0.98 0.42 0.18 0.36 0.072 0.70 0.64 0.53 95% CI of 0.52 0.24 0.53 0.74 0.50 0.92 0.35 0.25 0.39 OR Quart4 4.0 4.1 4.5 5.1 6.5 7.8 4.7 9.6 6.2

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 6 Comparison of marker levels in EDTA samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0 or R) and in EDTA samples collected from subjects at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage I or F in Cohort 2. Thrombomodulin 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 6880 6570 6880 6760 6880 6860 Average 7410 7840 7410 8180 7410 7290 Stdev 3240 3680 3240 4320 3240 2420 p(t-test) 0.59 0.27 0.89 Min 27.6 3590 27.6 3640 27.6 3690 Max 18700 17400 18700 19600 18700 11700 n (Samp) 230 19 230 26 230 15 n (Patient) 158 19 158 26 158 15 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 7090 6570 7090 7410 7090 6960 Average 7740 8030 7740 8450 7740 7310 Stdev 3270 3830 3270 4180 3270 2460 p(t-test) 0.71 0.31 0.63 Min 1660 3590 1660 3640 1660 3690 Max 20100 17400 20100 19600 20100 11700 n (Samp) 201 19 201 26 201 14 n (Patient) 133 19 133 26 133 14 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.51 nd 0.49 0.52 nd 0.53 0.51 nd 0.48 SE 0.069 nd 0.070 0.060 nd 0.061 0.078 nd 0.081 P 0.87 nd 0.89 0.78 nd 0.65 0.87 nd 0.84 nCohort 1 230 nd 201 230 nd 201 230 nd 201 nCohort 2 19 nd 19 26 nd 26 15 nd 14 Cutoff 1 5320 nd 5270 4720 nd 5430 5680 nd 6230 Sens 1 74% nd 74% 73% nd 73% 73% nd 71% Spec 1 26% nd 21% 18% nd 24% 33% nd 37% Cutoff 2 4900 nd 4900 4530 nd 4590 4800 nd 4720 Sens 2 84% nd 84% 81% nd 81% 80% nd 86% Spec 2 20% nd 15% 16% nd 11% 19% nd 13% Cutoff 3 4170 nd 4170 4120 nd 4170 4170 nd 4170 Sens 3 95% nd 95% 92% nd 92% 93% nd 93% Spec 3 12% nd 8% 11% nd 8% 12% nd 8% Cutoff 4 8280 nd 8540 8280 nd 8540 8280 nd 8540 Sens 4 32% nd 32% 42% nd 46% 47% nd 29% Spec 4 70% nd 70% 70% nd 70% 70% nd 70% Cutoff 5 9760 nd 9910 9760 nd 9910 9760 nd 9910 Sens 5 26% nd 26% 31% nd 31% 20% nd 21% Spec 5 80% nd 80% 80% nd 80% 80% nd 80% Cutoff 6 11800 nd 12100 11800 nd 12100 11800 nd 12100 Sens 6 16% nd 21% 12% nd 12% 0% nd 0% Spec 6 90% nd 90% 90% nd 90% 90% nd 90% OR Quart 1.6 nd 0.31 0.52 nd 0.67 1.0 nd 1.4 2 0.51 nd 0.16 0.26 nd 0.52 1.0 nd 0.70 p Value 0.42 nd 0.059 0.16 nd 0.20 0.24 nd 0.29 95% CI of 5.8 nd 1.6 1.6 nd 2.3 4.2 nd 6.4 OR Quart2 OR Quart 1.0 nd 0.82 0.20 nd 0.67 0.74 nd 1.0 3 1.0 nd 0.75 0.043 nd 0.52 0.70 nd 1.0 p Value 0.24 nd 0.23 0.041 nd 0.20 0.16 nd 0.19 95% CI of 4.2 nd 2.9 0.95 nd 2.3 3.4 nd 5.2 OR Quart3 OR Quart 1.2 nd 1.0 1.1 nd 1.3 0.98 nd 1.4 4 0.75 nd 1.0 0.80 nd 0.62 0.98 nd 0.68 p Value 0.32 nd 0.30 0.43 nd 0.45 0.23 nd 0.30 95% CI of 4.9 nd 3.3 3.0 nd 3.8 4.1 nd 6.5 OR Quart4 Immunoglobulin A 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median nd nd 3020000 3300000 nd nd Average nd nd 3470000 4130000 nd nd Stdev nd nd 1730000 2000000 nd nd p(t-test) nd nd 0.20 nd nd Min nd nd 840000 1450000 nd nd Max nd nd 9300000 8610000 nd nd n (Samp) nd nd 111 13 nd nd n (Patient) nd nd 93 13 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median nd nd 3020000 3300000 nd nd Average nd nd 3400000 4180000 nd nd Stdev nd nd 1630000 2050000 nd nd p(t-test) nd nd 0.14 nd nd Min nd nd 840000 1450000 nd nd Max nd nd 8600000 8610000 nd nd n (Samp) nd nd 98 11 nd nd n (Patient) nd nd 79 11 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC nd nd nd 0.61 nd 0.63 nd nd nd SE nd nd nd 0.087 nd 0.094 nd nd nd P nd nd nd 0.21 nd 0.17 nd nd nd nCohort 1 nd nd nd 111 nd 98 nd nd nd nCohort 2 nd nd nd 13 nd 11 nd nd nd Cutoff 1 nd nd nd 2710000 nd 3190000 nd nd nd Sens 1 nd nd nd 77% nd 73% nd nd nd Spec 1 nd nd nd 44% nd 56% nd nd nd Cutoff 2 nd nd nd 2580000 nd 2710000 nd nd nd Sens 2 nd nd nd 85% nd 82% nd nd nd Spec 2 nd nd nd 39% nd 44% nd nd nd Cutoff 3 nd nd nd 2150000 nd 2580000 nd nd nd Sens 3 nd nd nd 92% nd 91% nd nd nd Spec 3 nd nd nd 24% nd 39% nd nd nd Cutoff 4 nd nd nd 4250000 nd 4080000 nd nd nd Sens 4 nd nd nd 46% nd 45% nd nd nd Spec 4 nd nd nd 70% nd 70% nd nd nd Cutoff 5 nd nd nd 4710000 nd 4660000 nd nd nd Sens 5 nd nd nd 31% nd 27% nd nd nd Spec 5 nd nd nd 80% nd 81% nd nd nd Cutoff 6 nd nd nd 5880000 nd 5880000 nd nd nd Sens 6 nd nd nd 15% nd 18% nd nd nd Spec 6 nd nd nd 90% nd 91% nd nd nd OR Quart nd nd nd 1.0 nd 2.1 nd nd nd 2 nd nd nd 1.0 nd 0.56 nd nd nd p Value nd nd nd 0.13 nd 0.18 nd nd nd 95% CI of nd nd nd 7.6 nd 24 nd nd nd OR Quart2 OR Quart nd nd nd 2.8 nd 4.5 nd nd nd 3 nd nd nd 0.24 nd 0.19 nd nd nd p Value nd nd nd 0.50 nd 0.47 nd nd nd 95% CI of nd nd nd 16 nd 43 nd nd nd OR Quart3 OR Quart nd nd nd 2.1 nd 4.3 nd nd nd 4 nd nd nd 0.40 nd 0.20 nd nd nd p Value nd nd nd 0.36 nd 0.45 nd nd nd 95% CI of nd nd nd 13 nd 42 nd nd nd OR Quart4 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 2060 2090 2060 2150 2060 1950 Average 2360 2660 2360 2650 2360 2420 Stdev 1470 2120 1470 1690 1470 1390 p(t-test) 0.40 0.35 0.89 Min 515 541 515 626 515 762 Max 13000 9920 13000 8090 13000 4970 n (Samp) 230 19 230 26 230 15 n (Patient) 158 19 158 26 158 15 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 2100 2120 2100 2150 2100 2110 Average 2400 2820 2400 2660 2400 2500 Stdev 1540 2210 1540 1720 1540 1400 p(t-test) 0.27 0.43 0.82 Min 515 541 515 626 515 762 Max 13000 9920 13000 8090 13000 4970 n (Samp) 201 19 201 26 201 14 n (Patient) 133 19 133 26 133 14 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.52 nd 0.54 0.54 nd 0.54 0.51 nd 0.52 SE 0.070 nd 0.071 0.061 nd 0.061 0.077 nd 0.081 p 0.78 nd 0.60 0.46 nd 0.55 0.93 nd 0.78 nCohort 1 230 nd 201 230 nd 201 230 nd 201 nCohort 2 19 nd 19 26 nd 26 15 nd 14 Cutoff 1 1460 nd 1510 1590 nd 1280 1390 nd 1390 Sens 1 74% nd 74% 73% nd 73% 73% nd 71% Spec 1 30% nd 33% 36% nd 20% 27% nd 27% Cutoff 2 1330 nd 1330 1150 nd 1150 1280 nd 1280 Sens 2 89% nd 84% 85% nd 85% 80% nd 86% Spec 2 22% nd 22% 15% nd 16% 20% nd 20% Cutoff 3 1190 nd 1190 842 nd 842 960 nd 960 Sens 3 95% nd 95% 92% nd 92% 93% nd 93% Spec 3 17% nd 17% 7% nd 7% 9% nd 9% Cutoff 4 2700 nd 2890 2700 nd 2890 2700 nd 2890 Sens 4 26% nd 21% 42% nd 42% 40% nd 36% Spec 4 70% nd 70% 70% nd 70% 70% nd 70% Cutoff 5 3270 nd 3350 3270 nd 3350 3270 nd 3350 Sens 5 21% nd 21% 38% nd 38% 27% nd 29% Spec 5 80% nd 80% 80% nd 80% 80% nd 80% Cutoff 6 4110 nd 4310 4110 nd 4310 4110 nd 4310 Sens 6 11% nd 16% 12% nd 12% 20% nd 7% Spec 6 90% nd 90% 90% nd 90% 90% nd 90% OR Quart 0.79 nd 1.3 0.69 nd 0.58 1.0 nd 0.72 2 0.73 nd 0.73 0.55 nd 0.36 1.0 nd 0.68 p Value 0.20 nd 0.32 0.21 nd 0.18 0.24 nd 0.15 95% CI of 3.1 nd 5.0 2.3 nd 1.9 4.2 nd 3.4 OR Quart2 OR Quart 1.2 nd 1.6 0.54 nd 0.22 0.48 nd 0.47 3 0.75 nd 0.51 0.35 nd 0.062 0.41 nd 0.40 p Value 0.35 nd 0.42 0.15 nd 0.044 0.085 nd 0.083 95% CI of 4.2 nd 5.9 2.0 nd 1.1 2.7 nd 2.7 OR Quart3 OR Quart 0.77 nd 1.0 1.5 nd 1.4 1.2 nd 1.2 4 0.71 nd 1.0 0.44 nd 0.48 0.75 nd 0.75 p Value 0.20 nd 0.24 0.54 nd 0.53 0.32 nd 0.32 95% CI of 3.0 nd 4.2 4.2 nd 3.9 4.9 nd 4.9 OR Quart4

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 7 Comparison of marker levels in EDTA samples collected within 12 hours of reaching stage R from Cohort 1 (patients that reached, but did not progress beyond, RIFLE stage R) and from Cohort 2 (patients that reached RIFLE stage I or F). Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 2200 2850 nd nd 2380 2530 Average 2660 3010 nd nd 2550 2910 Stdev 1960 1900 nd nd 1360 2020 p(t-test) 0.50 nd nd 0.45 Min 1020 626 nd nd 1020 626 Max 13000 8090 nd nd 7100 8090 n (Samp) 50 19 nd nd 41 14 n(Patient) 50 19 nd nd 41 14 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.57 nd 0.54 SE 0.079 nd 0.091 p 0.38 nd 0.69 nCohort 1 50 nd 41 nCohort 2 19 nd 14 Cutoff 1 1910 nd 1920 Sens 1 74% nd 71% Spec 1 40% nd 39% Cutoff 2 1150 nd 707 Sens 2 84% nd 86% Spec 2 14% nd 0% Cutoff 3 626 nd 626 Sens 3 95% nd 93% Spec 3 0% nd 0% Cutoff 4 2990 nd 3050 Sens 4 47% nd 43% Spec 4 70% nd 71% Cutoff 5 3410 nd 3350 Sens 5 47% nd 43% Spec 5 80% nd 80% Cutoff 6 4040 nd 3970 Sens 6 26% nd 21% Spec 6 90% nd 90% OR Quart 2 0.74 nd 0.61 p Value 0.70 nd 0.58 95% CI of 0.16 nd 0.11 OR Quart2 3.4 nd 3.5 OR Quart 3 0.15 nd 0.17 p Value 0.10 nd 0.14 95% CI of 0.015 nd 0.016 OR Quart3 1.5 nd 1.8 OR Quart 4 2.4 nd 1.7 p Value 0.22 nd 0.52 95% CI of 0.60 nd 0.35 OR Quart4 9.7 nd 8.2

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 8 Comparison of the maximum marker levels in EDTA samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0) and the maximum values in EDTA samples collected from subjects between enrollment and 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage F in Cohort 2. Thrombomodulin 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 7010 10800 7010 10900 7010 10100 Average 7320 11700 7320 12000 7320 10400 Stdev 3090 4710 3090 4860 3090 4590 p(t-test) 6.5E5 4.5E5 0.022 Min 1660 6570 1660 6570 1660 5600 Max 17700 19600 17700 19600 17700 18500 n (Samp) 97 11 97 10 97 6 n (Patient) 97 11 97 10 97 6 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 7190 11200 7190 11200 7190 10100 Average 7780 12800 7780 12800 7780 10400 Stdev 3090 5030 3090 5030 3090 4590 p(t-test) 9.2E5 9.2E5 0.052 Min 1660 6690 1660 6690 1660 5600 Max 18400 19600 18400 19600 18400 18500 n (Samp) 84 8 84 8 84 6 n (Patient) 84 8 84 8 84 6 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.79 nd 0.80 0.79 nd 0.80 0.72 nd 0.68 SE 0.084 nd 0.096 0.087 nd 0.096 0.12 nd 0.12 P 6.3E-4 nd 0.0015 8.5E-4 nd 0.0015 0.072 nd 0.15 nCohort 1 97 nd 84 97 nd 84 97 nd 84 nCohort 2 11 nd 8 10 nd 8 6 nd 6 Cutoff 1 8640 nd 10600 10600 nd 10600 6570 nd 6570 Sens 1 73% nd 75% 70% nd 75% 83% nd 83% Spec 1 74% nd 83% 87% nd 83% 42% nd 38% Cutoff 2 7150 nd 7150 7150 nd 7150 6570 nd 6570 Sens 2 82% nd 88% 80% nd 88% 83% nd 83% Spec 2 54% nd 50% 54% nd 50% 42% nd 38% Cutoff 3 6570 nd 6570 6570 nd 6570 5500 nd 5430 Sens 3 91% nd 100% 90% nd 100% 100% nd 100% Spec 3 42% nd 38% 42% nd 38% 29% nd 21% Cutoff 4 8220 nd 8460 8220 nd 8460 8220 nd 8460 Sens 4 73% nd 75% 70% nd 75% 67% nd 67% Spec 4 70% nd 70% 70% nd 70% 70% nd 70% Cutoff 5 9250 nd 9910 9250 nd 9910 9250 nd 9910 Sens 5 64% nd 75% 70% nd 75% 67% nd 50% Spec 5 80% nd 81% 80% nd 81% 80% nd 81% Cutoff 6 11300 nd 12400 11300 nd 12400 11300 nd 12400 Sens 6 36% nd 38% 40% nd 38% 33% nd 17% Spec 6 91% nd 90% 91% nd 90% 91% nd 90% OR Quart >2.2 nd >2.2 >2.1 nd >2.2 >2.1 nd 0.95 2 <0.54 nd <0.53 <0.56 nd <0.53 <0.56 nd 0.97 p Value >0.18 nd >0.18 >0.18 nd >0.18 >0.18 nd 0.056 95% CI of na nd na na nd na na nd 16 OR Quart2 OR Quart >2.2 nd >0 >1.0 nd >0 >0 nd 1.0 3 <0.54 nd <na <1.0 nd <na <na nd 1.0 p Value >0.18 nd >na >0.059 nd >na >na nd 0.059 95% CI of na nd na na nd na na nd 17 OR Quart3 OR Quart >9.4 nd >8.1 >9.1 nd >8.1 >4.5 nd 3.1 4 <0.043 nd <0.063 <0.047 nd <0.063 <0.19 nd 0.34 p Value >1.1 nd >0.89 >1.0 nd >0.89 >0.47 nd 0.30 95% CI of na nd na na nd na na nd 33 OR Quart4 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 2010 3600 2010 3830 2010 3830 Average 2210 3810 2210 3830 2210 3780 Stdev 1160 1800 1160 1900 1160 2080 p(t-test) 8.2E5 1.4E4 0.0027 Min 653 887 653 887 653 762 Max 4740 6760 4740 6760 4740 6270 n (Samp) 97 11 97 10 97 6 n (Patient) 97 11 97 10 97 6 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 1960 3830 1960 3830 1960 3830 Average 2280 3770 2280 3770 2280 3780 Stdev 1220 2100 1220 2100 1220 2080 p(t-test) 0.0029 0.0029 0.0070 Min 653 887 653 887 653 762 Max 5300 6760 5300 6760 5300 6270 n (Samp) 84 8 84 8 84 6 n (Patient) 84 8 84 8 84 6 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.78 nd 0.73 0.77 nd 0.73 0.74 nd 0.73 SE 0.085 nd 0.11 0.090 nd 0.11 0.12 nd 0.12 p 0.0012 nd 0.030 0.0028 nd 0.030 0.041 nd 0.053 nCohort 1 97 nd 84 97 nd 84 97 nd 84 nCohort 2 11 nd 8 10 nd 8 6 nd 6 Cutoff 1 3270 nd 2240 3270 nd 2240 2260 nd 2240 Sens 1 73% nd 75% 70% nd 75% 83% nd 83% Spec 1 81% nd 60% 81% nd 60% 62% nd 60% Cutoff 2 2260 nd 1660 2260 nd 1660 2260 nd 2240 Sens 2 82% nd 88% 80% nd 88% 83% nd 83% Spec 2 62% nd 43% 62% nd 43% 62% nd 60% Cutoff 3 1590 nd 809 1590 nd 809 730 nd 730 Sens 3 91% nd 100% 90% nd 100% 100% nd 100% Spec 3 40% nd 11% 40% nd 11% 7% nd 7% Cutoff 4 2660 nd 3020 2660 nd 3020 2660 nd 3020 Sens 4 73% nd 62% 70% nd 62% 67% nd 67% Spec 4 70% nd 70% 70% nd 70% 70% nd 70% Cutoff 5 3270 nd 3440 3270 nd 3440 3270 nd 3440 Sens 5 73% nd 62% 70% nd 62% 67% nd 67% Spec 5 80% nd 81% 80% nd 81% 80% nd 81% Cutoff 6 4110 nd 4310 4110 nd 4310 4110 nd 4310 Sens 6 45% nd 38% 50% nd 38% 50% nd 33% Spec 6 91% nd 90% 91% nd 90% 91% nd 90% OR Quart 1.0 nd 1.0 0.96 nd 1.0 0 nd 0 2 1.0 nd 1.0 0.98 nd 1.0 na nd na p Value 0.059 nd 0.059 0.057 nd 0.059 na nd na 95% CI of 17 nd 17 16 nd 17 na nd na OR Quart2 OR Quart 1.0 nd 1.0 0.96 nd 1.0 0.96 nd 1.0 3 1.0 nd 1.0 0.98 nd 1.0 0.98 nd 1.0 p Value 0.059 nd 0.059 0.057 nd 0.059 0.057 nd 0.059 95% CI of 17 nd 17 16 nd 17 16 nd 17 OR Quart3 OR Quart 11 nd 6.1 8.8 nd 6.1 4.4 nd 4.4 4 0.030 nd 0.11 0.051 nd 0.11 0.20 nd 0.20 p Value 1.3 nd 0.65 0.99 nd 0.65 0.45 nd 0.45 95% CI of 95 nd 57 77 nd 57 42 nd 43 OR Quart4

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 9 Comparison of marker levels in urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0, R, or I) and in urine samples collected from Cohort 2 (subjects who progress to RIFLE stage F) at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to the subject reaching RIFLE stage I. Thrombomodulin 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 17000 14000 17000 20000 nd nd Average 19000 19000 19000 20000 nd nd Stdev 14000 19000 14000 13000 nd nd p(t-test) 0.97 0.92 nd nd Min 790 2100 790 4300 nd nd Max 100000 51000 100000 48000 nd nd n (Samp) 333 7 333 10 nd nd n (Patient) 191 7 191 10 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median nd nd 17000 22000 nd nd Average nd nd 20000 22000 nd nd Stdev nd nd 14000 13000 nd nd p(t-test) nd nd 0.57 nd nd Min nd nd 790 4900 nd nd Max nd nd 75000 48000 nd nd n (Samp) nd nd 292 8 nd nd n (Patient) nd nd 161 8 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.43 nd nd 0.53 nd 0.59 nd nd nd SE 0.11 nd nd 0.094 nd 0.11 nd nd nd P 0.55 nd nd 0.73 nd 0.40 nd nd nd nCohort 1 333 nd nd 333 nd 292 nd nd nd nCohort 2 7 nd nd 10 nd 8 nd nd nd Cutoff 1 6400 nd nd 15000 nd 19000 nd nd nd Sens 1 71% nd nd 70% nd 75% nd nd nd Spec 1 16% nd nd 44% nd 56% nd nd nd Cutoff 2 4500 nd nd 11000 nd 11000 nd nd nd Sens 2 86% nd nd 80% nd 88% nd nd nd Spec 2 8% nd nd 33% nd 31% nd nd nd Cutoff 3 1800 nd nd 4800 nd 4800 nd nd nd Sens 3 100% nd nd 90% nd 100% nd nd nd Spec 3 2% nd nd 10% nd 8% nd nd nd Cutoff 4 23000 nd nd 23000 nd 24000 nd nd nd Sens 4 29% nd nd 40% nd 50% nd nd nd Spec 4 70% nd nd 70% nd 70% nd nd nd Cutoff 5 29000 nd nd 29000 nd 29000 nd nd nd Sens 5 29% nd nd 10% nd 12% nd nd nd Spec 5 80% nd nd 80% nd 80% nd nd nd Cutoff 6 38000 nd nd 38000 nd 38000 nd nd nd Sens 6 29% nd nd 10% nd 12% nd nd nd Spec 6 90% nd nd 90% nd 90% nd nd nd OR Quart 0 nd nd 0.99 nd 1.0 nd nd nd 2 na nd nd 0.99 nd 1.0 nd nd nd p Value na nd nd 0.14 nd 0.061 nd nd nd 95% CI of na nd nd 7.2 nd 16 nd nd nd OR Quart2 OR Quart 1.0 nd nd 2.0 nd 4.2 nd nd nd 3 1.0 nd nd 0.42 nd 0.21 nd nd nd p Value 0.14 nd nd 0.36 nd 0.45 nd nd nd 95% CI of 7.3 nd nd 11 nd 38 nd nd nd OR Quart3 OR Quart 1.5 nd nd 0.99 nd 2.0 nd nd nd 4 0.65 nd nd 0.99 nd 0.57 nd nd nd p Value 0.25 nd nd 0.14 nd 0.18 nd nd nd 95% CI of 9.3 nd nd 7.2 nd 23 nd nd nd OR Quart4 Immunoglobulin A 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 920 2300 920 3800 920 2300 Average 1800 3700 1800 5600 1800 3300 Stdev 3800 3600 3800 4900 3800 3000 p(t-test) 0.067 1.8E4 0.33 Min 1.0E9 120 1.0E9 410 1.0E9 500 Max 97000 14000 97000 18000 97000 8100 n (Samp) 930 14 930 15 930 6 n (Patient) 342 14 342 15 342 6 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKIstage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 970 3700 nd nd nd nd Average 2000 4900 nd nd nd nd Stdev 4700 4600 nd nd nd nd p(t-test) 0.098 nd nd nd nd Min 1.0E9 120 nd nd nd nd Max 97000 14000 nd nd nd nd n (Samp) 966 7 nd nd nd nd n (Patient) 352 7 nd nd nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 1000 2300 1000 3800 nd nd Average 1900 4000 1900 5900 nd nd Stdev 4100 4300 4100 5200 nd nd p(t-test) 0.13 6.3E4 nd nd Min 7.6 780 7.6 410 nd nd Max 97000 14000 97000 18000 nd nd n (Samp) 764 9 764 13 nd nd n (Patient) 251 9 251 13 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.73 0.76 0.73 0.83 nd 0.82 0.71 nd nd SE 0.077 0.11 0.096 0.065 nd 0.072 0.12 nd nd p 0.0031 0.017 0.017 4.5E7 nd 1.2E5 0.077 nd nd nCohort 1 930 966 764 930 nd 764 930 nd nd nCohort 2 14 7 9 15 nd 13 6 nd nd Cutoff 1 1900 2300 1300 2300 nd 1900 930 nd nd Sens 1 71% 71% 78% 73% nd 77% 83% nd nd Spec 1 73% 76% 57% 78% nd 71% 50% nd nd Cutoff 2 820 2100 820 1900 nd 1700 930 nd nd Sens 2 86% 86% 89% 80% nd 85% 83% nd nd Spec 2 46% 73% 43% 73% nd 67% 50% nd nd Cutoff 3 780 120 780 1500 nd 1500 500 nd nd Sens 3 93% 100% 100% 93% nd 92% 100% nd nd Spec 3 44% 5% 41% 65% nd 63% 29% nd nd Cutoff 4 1700 1900 1800 1700 nd 1800 1700 nd nd Sens 4 71% 86% 67% 80% nd 77% 67% nd nd Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% nd 70% 70% nd nd Cutoff 5 2600 2700 2700 2600 nd 2700 2600 nd nd Sens 5 43% 57% 33% 67% nd 62% 33% nd nd Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% nd 80% 80% nd nd Cutoff 6 4100 4700 4100 4100 nd 4100 4100 nd nd Sens 6 29% 43% 33% 40% nd 46% 33% nd nd Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% nd 90% 90% nd nd OR Quart 2.0 0 >2.0 0 nd 0 >1.0 nd nd 2 0.57 na <0.57 na nd na <1.00 nd nd p Value 0.18 na >0.18 na nd na >0.062 nd nd 95% CI of 22 na na na nd na na nd nd OR Quart2 OR Quart 3.0 1.0 >2.0 3.0 nd 3.0 >1.0 nd nd 3 0.34 1.0 <0.57 0.34 nd 0.34 <1.00 nd nd p Value 0.31 0.062 >0.18 0.31 nd 0.31 >0.062 nd nd 95% CI of 29 16 na 29 nd 29 na nd nd OR Quart3 OR Quart 8.2 5.1 >5.1 11 nd 9.3 >4.1 nd nd 4 0.048 0.14 <0.14 0.020 nd 0.035 <0.21 nd nd p Value 1.0 0.59 >0.59 1.5 nd 1.2 >0.45 nd nd 95% CI of 66 44 na 89 nd 74 na nd nd OR Quart4 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 5.8 26 5.8 37 5.8 8.1 Average 52 71 52 280 52 34 Stdev 830 160 830 640 830 47 p(t-test) 0.93 0.28 0.96 Min 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 Max 25000 620 25000 2500 25000 100 n (Samp) 938 14 938 15 938 6 n (Patient) 345 14 345 15 345 6 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 6.4 23 nd nd nd nd Average 55 160 nd nd nd nd Stdev 820 250 nd nd nd nd p(t-test) 0.74 nd nd nd nd Min 1.0E9 1.0E9 nd nd nd nd Max 25000 620 nd nd nd nd n (Samp) 974 7 nd nd nd nd n (Patient) 355 7 nd nd nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 6.5 35 6.5 49 nd nd Average 61 100 61 320 nd nd Stdev 910 200 910 690 nd nd p(t-test) 0.89 0.30 nd nd Min 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 nd nd Max 25000 620 25000 2500 nd nd n (Samp) 772 9 772 13 nd nd n (Patient) 254 9 254 13 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.68 0.69 0.75 0.79 nd 0.80 0.56 nd nd SE 0.080 0.11 0.095 0.070 nd 0.074 0.12 nd nd p 0.021 0.094 0.0098 2.9E5 nd 4.6E5 0.60 nd nd nCohort 1 938 974 772 938 nd 772 938 nd nd nCohort 2 14 7 9 15 nd 13 6 nd nd Cutoff 1 16 19 23 16 nd 16 0 nd nd Sens 1 71% 71% 78% 73% nd 77% 100% nd nd Spec 1 73% 75% 80% 73% nd 72% 0% nd nd Cutoff 2 0 0 0 12 nd 12 0 nd nd Sens 2 100% 100% 100% 80% nd 85% 100% nd nd Spec 2 0% 0% 0% 69% nd 67% 0% nd nd Cutoff 3 0 0 0 5.1 nd 5.1 0 nd nd Sens 3 100% 100% 100% 93% nd 92% 100% nd nd Spec 3 0% 0% 0% 46% nd 46% 0% nd nd Cutoff 4 13 14 15 13 nd 15 13 nd nd Sens 4 71% 71% 78% 73% nd 77% 50% nd nd Spec 4 70% 70% 70% 70% nd 70% 70% nd nd Cutoff 5 22 23 23 22 nd 23 22 nd nd Sens 5 57% 57% 78% 60% nd 62% 33% nd nd Spec 5 80% 80% 80% 80% nd 80% 80% nd nd Cutoff 6 37 39 39 37 nd 39 37 nd nd Sens 6 36% 43% 44% 47% nd 54% 33% nd nd Spec 6 90% 90% 90% 90% nd 90% 90% nd nd OR Quart 0 >2.0 >2.0 >3.0 nd 1.0 >3.0 nd nd 2 na <0.57 <0.57 <0.34 nd 1.0 <0.34 nd nd p Value na >0.18 >0.18 >0.31 nd 0.062 >0.31 nd nd 95% CI of na na na na nd 16 na nd nd OR Quart2 OR Quart 0.25 >0 >0 >3.0 nd 3.0 >1.0 nd nd 3 0.21 <na <na <0.34 nd 0.34 <1.00 nd nd p Value 0.027 >na >na >0.31 nd 0.31 >0.062 nd nd 95% CI of 2.2 na na na nd 29 na nd nd OR Quart3 OR Quart 2.3 >5.1 >7.2 >9.3 nd 8.3 >2.0 nd nd 4 0.17 <0.14 <0.066 <0.035 nd 0.048 <0.57 nd nd p Value 0.70 >0.59 >0.88 >1.2 nd 1.0 >0.18 nd nd 95% CI of 7.6 na na na nd 67 na nd nd OR Quart4

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 10 Comparison of marker levels in EDTA samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0, R, or I) and in EDTA samples collected from Cohort 2 (subjects who progress to RIFLE stage F) at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to the subject reaching RIFLE stage I. Thrombomodulin 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 6800 8700 6800 14000 nd nd Average 7400 9700 7400 14000 nd nd Stdev 3200 4500 3200 4300 nd nd p(t-test) 0.055 9.8E7 nd nd Min 28 5300 28 9100 nd nd Max 20000 17000 20000 20000 nd nd n (Samp) 306 7 306 6 nd nd n (Patient) 190 7 190 6 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median nd nd 6900 14000 nd nd Average nd nd 7600 14000 nd nd Stdev nd nd 3100 4300 nd nd p(t-test) nd nd 1.5E6 nd nd Min nd nd 1700 9100 nd nd Max nd nd 20000 20000 nd nd n (Samp) nd nd 269 6 nd nd n (Patient) nd nd 161 6 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.66 nd nd 0.91 nd 0.90 nd nd nd SE 0.11 nd nd 0.082 nd 0.084 nd nd nd P 0.17 nd nd 7.9E7 nd 2.0E6 nd nd nd nCohort 1 306 nd nd 306 nd 269 nd nd nd nCohort 2 7 nd nd 6 nd 6 nd nd nd Cutoff 1 6600 nd nd 11000 nd 11000 nd nd nd Sens 1 71% nd nd 83% nd 83% nd nd nd Spec 1 46% nd nd 85% nd 84% nd nd nd Cutoff 2 5500 nd nd 11000 nd 11000 nd nd nd Sens 2 86% nd nd 83% nd 83% nd nd nd Spec 2 31% nd nd 85% nd 84% nd nd nd Cutoff 3 5300 nd nd 9100 nd 9100 nd nd nd Sens 3 100% nd nd 100% nd 100% nd nd nd Spec 3 27% nd nd 76% nd 75% nd nd nd Cutoff 4 8300 nd nd 8300 nd 8500 nd nd nd Sens 4 57% nd nd 100% nd 100% nd nd nd Spec 4 70% nd nd 70% nd 70% nd nd nd Cutoff 5 9800 nd nd 9800 nd 9900 nd nd nd Sens 5 43% nd nd 83% nd 83% nd nd nd Spec 5 80% nd nd 80% nd 80% nd nd nd Cutoff 6 12000 nd nd 12000 nd 12000 nd nd nd Sens 6 29% nd nd 50% nd 50% nd nd nd Spec 6 90% nd nd 90% nd 90% nd nd nd OR Quart >3.1 nd nd >0 nd >0 nd nd nd 2 <0.33 nd nd <na nd <na nd nd nd p Value >0.32 nd nd >na nd >na nd nd nd 95% CI of na nd nd na nd na nd nd nd OR Quart2 OR Quart >1.0 nd nd >0 nd >1.0 nd nd nd 3 <0.99 nd nd <na nd <1.0 nd nd nd p Value >0.062 nd nd >na nd >0.061 nd nd nd 95% CI of na nd nd na nd na nd nd nd OR Quart3 OR Quart >3.1 nd nd >6.5 nd >5.3 nd nd nd 4 <0.33 nd nd <0.087 nd <0.13 nd nd nd p Value >0.31 nd nd >0.76 nd >0.60 nd nd nd 95% CI of na nd nd na nd na nd nd nd OR Quart4 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 2000 3600 2000 3400 nd nd Average 2300 3600 2300 2900 nd nd Stdev 1500 1500 1500 1400 nd nd p(t-test) 0.034 0.34 nd nd Min 510 1300 510 890 nd nd Max 13000 5700 13000 4600 nd nd n (Samp) 306 7 306 6 nd nd n (Patient) 190 7 190 6 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median nd nd 2100 3400 nd nd Average nd nd 2400 2900 nd nd Stdev nd nd 1600 1400 nd nd p(t-test) nd nd 0.42 nd nd Min nd nd 510 890 nd nd Max nd nd 13000 4600 nd nd n (Samp) nd nd 269 6 nd nd n (Patient) nd nd 161 6 nd nd 0 hr prior to AKI stage 24 hr prior to AKI stage 48 hr prior to AKI stage sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.75 nd nd 0.65 nd 0.64 nd nd nd SE 0.11 nd nd 0.12 nd 0.12 nd nd nd P 0.021 nd nd 0.23 nd 0.26 nd nd nd nCohort 1 306 nd nd 306 nd 269 nd nd nd nCohort 2 7 nd nd 6 nd 6 nd nd nd Cutoff 1 3300 nd nd 1700 nd 1700 nd nd nd Sens 1 71% nd nd 83% nd 83% nd nd nd Spec 1 81% nd nd 39% nd 38% nd nd nd Cutoff 2 2100 nd nd 1700 nd 1700 nd nd nd Sens 2 86% nd nd 83% nd 83% nd nd nd Spec 2 54% nd nd 39% nd 38% nd nd nd Cutoff 3 1300 nd nd 870 nd 870 nd nd nd Sens 3 100% nd nd 100% nd 100% nd nd nd Spec 3 23% nd nd 7% nd 7% nd nd nd Cutoff 4 2700 nd nd 2700 nd 2800 nd nd nd Sens 4 71% nd nd 67% nd 67% nd nd nd Spec 4 70% nd nd 70% nd 70% nd nd nd Cutoff 5 3300 nd nd 3300 nd 3400 nd nd nd Sens 5 71% nd nd 67% nd 50% nd nd nd Spec 5 80% nd nd 80% nd 80% nd nd nd Cutoff 6 4100 nd nd 4100 nd 4200 nd nd nd Sens 6 29% nd nd 17% nd 17% nd nd nd Spec 6 90% nd nd 90% nd 90% nd nd nd OR Quart 0 nd nd 1.0 nd 0.99 nd nd nd 2 na nd nd 1.0 nd 0.99 nd nd nd p Value na nd nd 0.061 nd 0.060 nd nd nd 95% CI of na nd nd 16 nd 16 nd nd nd OR Quart2 OR Quart 1.0 nd nd 0 nd 0 nd nd nd 3 1.0 nd nd na nd na nd nd nd p Value 0.061 nd nd na nd na nd nd nd 95% CI of 16 nd nd na nd na nd nd nd OR Quart3 OR Quart 5.2 nd nd 4.2 nd 4.1 nd nd nd 4 0.14 nd nd 0.21 nd 0.21 nd nd nd p Value 0.59 nd nd 0.45 nd 0.45 nd nd nd 95% CI of 46 nd nd 38 nd 38 nd nd nd OR Quart4

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 11 Comparison of marker levels in enroll urine samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0 or R within 48 hrs) and in enroll urine samples collected from Cohort 2 (subjects reaching RIFLE stage I or F within 48 hrs). Enroll samples from patients already at RIFLE stage I or F were included in Cohort 2. Thrombomodulin sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 16000 23000 nd nd 16000 23000 Average 18000 22000 nd nd 18000 23000 Stdev 14000 12000 nd nd 14000 12000 p(t-test) 0.18 nd nd 0.098 Min 1000 2100 nd nd 1000 4900 Max 70000 51000 nd nd 70000 51000 n (Samp) 109 26 nd nd 91 24 n (Patient) 109 26 nd nd 91 24 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.62 nd 0.65 SE 0.064 nd 0.066 P 0.054 nd 0.024 nCohort 1 109 nd 91 nCohort 2 26 nd 24 Cutoff 1 15000 nd 19000 Sens 1 73% nd 71% Spec 1 49% nd 62% Cutoff 2 13000 nd 13000 Sens 2 81% nd 83% Spec 2 43% nd 44% Cutoff 3 5100 nd 6200 Sens 3 92% nd 92% Spec 3 12% nd 14% Cutoff 4 22000 nd 22000 Sens 4 50% nd 54% Spec 4 71% nd 70% Cutoff 5 27000 nd 26000 Sens 5 23% nd 25% Spec 5 81% nd 80% Cutoff 6 36000 nd 36000 Sens 6 15% nd 17% Spec 6 91% nd 90% OR Quart 2 0.97 nd 0.96 p Value 0.96 nd 0.96 95% CI of 0.22 nd 0.18 OR Quart2 4.2 nd 5.2 OR Quart 3 3.0 nd 4.4 p Value 0.090 nd 0.041 95% CI of 0.84 nd 1.1 OR Quart3 11 nd 18 OR Quart 4 2.2 nd 3.2 p Value 0.23 nd 0.12 95% CI of 0.60 nd 0.75 OR Quart4 8.3 nd 14 Immunoglobulin A sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 780 1900 900 4100 790 2300 Average 1900 3100 2000 5300 2100 3200 Stdev 6000 3400 5600 5600 7000 3300 p(t-test) 0.13 0.047 0.26 Min 1.0E9 8.8 1.0E9 57 7.6 8.8 Max 97000 18000 97000 18000 97000 18000 n (Samp) 292 59 336 12 203 53 n (Patient) 292 59 336 12 203 53 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.67 0.67 0.69 SE 0.041 0.087 0.044 P 3.7E5 0.050 1.0E5 nCohort 1 292 336 203 nCohort 2 59 12 53 Cutoff 1 960 1300 960 Sens 1 71% 75% 72% Spec 1 55% 57% 54% Cutoff 2 570 170 650 Sens 2 81% 83% 81% Spec 2 40% 7% 42% Cutoff 3 340 120 390 Sens 3 92% 92% 91% Spec 3 26% 5% 27% Cutoff 4 1600 1900 1700 Sens 4 59% 67% 62% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 2600 2900 2600 Sens 5 42% 58% 42% Spec 5 80% 80% 80% Cutoff 6 4100 4400 3900 Sens 6 25% 42% 32% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 1.3 0 2.0 p Value 0.62 na 0.20 95% CI of 0.46 na 0.69 OR Quart2 3.7 na 5.8 OR Quart 3 2.9 0.66 2.7 p Value 0.023 0.65 0.058 95% CI of 1.2 0.11 0.97 OR Quart3 7.4 4.0 7.6 OR Quart 4 4.5 2.4 5.1 p Value 0.0010 0.21 0.0013 95% CI of 1.8 0.61 1.9 OR Quart4 11 9.8 14 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 5.1 20 6.2 42 5.1 19 Average 100 130 110 130 140 130 Stdev 1400 370 1300 190 1700 390 p(t-test) 0.90 0.95 0.98 Min 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 1.0E9 Max 25000 2500 25000 610 25000 2500 n (Samp) 297 59 341 12 208 53 n(Patient) 297 59 341 12 208 53 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.74 0.79 0.73 SE 0.039 0.079 0.042 P 1.0E9 3.0E4 8.9E8 nCohort 1 297 341 208 nCohort 2 59 12 53 Cutoff 1 12 17 12 Sens 1 71% 75% 72% Spec 1 70% 71% 66% Cutoff 2 9.4 16 9.5 Sens 2 81% 83% 81% Spec 2 64% 71% 61% Cutoff 3 0 1.6 0 Sens 3 100% 92% 100% Spec 3 0% 37% 0% Cutoff 4 12 16 15 Sens 4 71% 83% 60% Spec 4 70% 70% 70% Cutoff 5 22 24 23 Sens 5 47% 67% 45% Spec 5 80% 80% 81% Cutoff 6 37 43 37 Sens 6 34% 50% 34% Spec 6 90% 90% 90% OR Quart 2 0.55 >2.0 2.1 p Value 0.36 <0.56 0.31 95% CI of 0.16 >0.18 0.50 OR Quart2 2.0 na 8.8 OR Quart 3 3.4 >2.0 9.2 p Value 0.0091 <0.56 6.4E4 95% CI of 1.4 >0.18 2.6 OR Quart3 8.5 na 33 OR Quart 4 5.4 >8.7 12 p Value 2.2E4 <0.044 1.3E4 95% CI of 2.2 >1.1 3.3 OR Quart4 13 na 42

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 12 Comparison of marker levels in enroll EDTA samples collected from Cohort 1 (patients that did not progress beyond RIFLE stage 0 or R within 48 hrs) and in enroll EDTA samples collected from Cohort 2 (subjects reaching RIFLE stage I or F within 48 hrs). Enroll samples from patients already at stage I or F were included in Cohort 2. Thrombomodulin sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 6800 6700 nd nd 6900 6700 Average 7500 8300 nd nd 7800 8200 Stdcv 3100 4300 nd nd 3200 4400 p(t-test) 0.30 nd nd 0.66 Min 2300 3600 nd nd 2300 3600 Max 18000 20000 nd nd 18000 20000 n (Samp) 95 23 nd nd 80 22 n (Patient) 95 23 nd nd 80 22 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.53 nd 0.48 SE 0.068 nd 0.070 P 0.68 nd 0.81 nCohort 1 95 nd 80 nCohort 2 23 nd 22 Cutoff 1 6100 nd 6100 Sens 1 74% nd 73% Spec 1 36% nd 30% Cutoff 2 4700 nd 4700 Sens 2 83% nd 82% Spec 2 18% nd 12% Cutoff 3 4200 nd 4200 Sens 3 91% nd 91% Spec 3 11% nd 8% Cutoff 4 8500 nd 8800 Sens 4 30% nd 27% Spec 4 71% nd 70% Cutoff 5 9400 nd 9900 Sens 5 26% nd 23% Spec 5 80% nd 80% Cutoff 6 12000 nd 12000 Sens 6 13% nd 14% Spec 6 91% nd 90% OR Quart 2 0.96 nd 0.63 p Value 0.95 nd 0.53 95% CI of 0.27 nd 0.16 OR Quart2 3.4 nd 2.6 OR Quart 3 0.61 nd 1.0 p Value 0.49 nd 1.0 95% CI of 0.15 nd 0.28 OR Quart3 2.5 nd 3.6 OR Quart 4 1.2 nd 1.1 p Value 0.81 nd 0.94 95% CI of 0.34 nd 0.29 OR Quart4 4.0 nd 3.8 Immunoglobulin A sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 2.9E6 3.3E6 nd nd 2.6E6 3.3E6 Average 3.4E6 3.8E6 nd nd 3.3E6 3.8E6 Stdev 2.0E6 1.4E6 nd nd 2.0E6 1.4E6 p(t-test) 0.55 nd nd 0.45 Min 840000 2.0E6 nd nd 840000 2.0E6 Max 1.0E7 6.7E6 nd nd 1.0E7 6.7E6 n (Samp) 44 10 nd nd 37 10 n (Patient) 44 10 nd nd 37 10 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.62 nd 0.65 SE 0.10 nd 0.10 p 0.23 nd 0.14 nCohort 1 44 nd 37 nCohort 2 10 nd 10 Cutoff 1 3.1E6 nd 3.1E6 Sens 1 70% nd 70% Spec 1 61% nd 65% Cutoff 2 2.6E6 nd 2.6E6 Sens 2 80% nd 80% Spec 2 48% nd 51% Cutoff 3 2.6E6 nd 2.6E6 Sens 3 90% nd 90% Spec 3 48% nd 51% Cutoff 4 3.7E6 nd 3.5E6 Sens 4 40% nd 40% Spec 4 70% nd 70% Cutoff 5 4.9E6 nd 4.6E6 Sens 5 20% nd 20% Spec 5 82% nd 81% Cutoff 6 5.9E6 nd 5.9E6 Sens 6 10% nd 10% Spec 6 91% nd 92% OR Quart 2 2.0 nd 2.0 p Value 0.59 nd 0.59 95% CI of 0.16 nd 0.16 OR Quart2 25 nd 26 OR Quart 3 7.5 nd 3.3 p Value 0.090 nd 0.33 95% CI of 0.73 nd 0.29 OR Quart3 77 nd 38 OR Quart 4 2.0 nd 5.0 p Value 0.59 nd 0.19 95% CI of 0.16 nd 0.46 OR Quart4 25 nd 54 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 sCr or UO sCr only UO only Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Median 2200 3500 nd nd 2300 3400 Average 2600 3200 nd nd 2600 3200 Stdev 1500 1800 nd nd 1600 1800 p(t-test) 0.070 nd nd 0.17 Min 510 630 nd nd 510 630 Max 10000 8100 nd nd 10000 8100 n (Samp) 95 23 nd nd 80 22 n (Patient) 95 23 nd nd 80 22 At Enrollment sCr or UO sCr only UO only AUC 0.63 nd 0.61 SE 0.068 nd 0.071 P 0.064 nd 0.13 nCohort 1 95 nd 80 nCohort 2 23 nd 22 Cutoff 1 1600 nd 1600 Sens 1 74% nd 73% Spec 1 32% nd 32% Cutoff 2 1500 nd 1500 Sens 2 83% nd 82% Spec 2 24% nd 24% Cutoff 3 1200 nd 1200 Sens 3 91% nd 91% Spec 3 13% nd 11% Cutoff 4 3000 nd 3100 Sens 4 61% nd 59% Spec 4 71% nd 70% Cutoff 5 3600 nd 3600 Sens 5 43% nd 41% Spec 5 80% nd 80% Cutoff 6 4400 nd 4500 Sens 6 22% nd 18% Spec 6 91% nd 90% OR Quart 2 0.53 nd 0.52 p Value 0.42 nd 0.41 95% CI of 0.12 nd 0.11 OR Quart2 2.5 nd 2.5 OR Quart 3 1.0 nd 1.0 p Value 1.0 nd 1.0 95% CI of 0.26 nd 0.25 OR Quart3 3.9 nd 4.0 OR Quart 4 2.4 nd 2.1 p Value 0.16 nd 0.25 95% CI of 0.70 nd 0.59 OR Quart4 8.2 nd 7.5

[0132] While the invention has been described and exemplified in sufficient detail for those skilled in this art to make and use it, various alternatives, modifications, and improvements should be apparent without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The examples provided herein are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Modifications therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art. These modifications are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the claims.

[0133] It will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

[0134] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0135] The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms comprising, consisting essentially of and consisting of may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0136] Other embodiments are set forth within the following claims.