Modified Hemofiltration Method for Clearing Peripheral ?-synuclein Aggregates in Patient with Neurodegenerative Disease

Abstract

A modified hemofiltration method for clearing peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in patients with neurodegenerative diseases is provided, which falls into the field of medicine. Specifically, a ratio S of synuclein dimers in blood is obtained; a blood flow velocity and an exchange membrane area for hemofiltration are determined through clinical trial data or historical literature data; hemofiltration is performed by the determined blood flow velocity and exchange membrane area, a calculation model of the ratio S of different synuclein dimers and an exchange membrane aperture D required for hemofiltration is constructed by linear regression; a clearance rate of synuclein dimers can be estimated by setting hemofiltration parameters with the calculation model. It is found that hemofiltration is beneficial to reducing the level of peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the calculation model is constructed, which provides scientific data and a new solution for clinically relieving α-synuclein-related toxicity symptoms.

Claims

1. A modified hemofiltration method for building a model for calculating a clearance rate of peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in a patient with a neurodegenerative disease, comprising the following steps: taking a ratio S of α-synuclein dimers in blood; determining a blood flow velocity and an exchange membrane area for hemofiltration based on clinical trial data or historical literature data; performing hemofiltration based on the determined blood flow velocity and the exchange membrane area; analyzing a correlation between the ratio S of the α-synuclein dimers and an exchange membrane aperture D required for hemofiltration by linear regression, and building a calculation model for the ratio S and the exchange membrane aperture D; and performing hemofiltration based on the ratio S of the α-synuclein dimers and the exchange membrane aperture determined by the calculation model to expect a clearance rate of peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in a patient with a neurodegenerative disease.

2. The modified hemofiltration method according to claim 1, wherein a formula for the calculation model is as follows:
D=5.445+1.7376,R2=0.7671; where D is the exchange membrane aperture, S is the ratio of the α-synuclein dimers, and R.sup.2 is a correlation coefficient.

3. The modified hemofiltration method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio S of the α-synuclein dimers in blood is taken by one of molecular bioassays including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, biological activity assay and enzyme-linked immunospot assay.

4. An application method of the modified hemofiltration method according to claim 1, wherein the modified hemofiltration method is applied to a clearance of peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in a patient with a neurodegenerative disease.

5. The application method according to claim 4, wherein the modified hemofiltration method is applied to the clearance of α-synuclein aggregates in the patient with a spectrum of α-synuclein-related diseases.

6. A modified hemofiltration method for clearing peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in a patient with a neurodegenerative disease, comprising the following steps: taking a ratio S of α-synuclein dimers in blood; determining an exchange membrane aperture D required for hemofiltration through the calculation model according to claim 1; and selecting a dialysis membrane for hemofiltration according to the determined exchange membrane aperture, and then detecting a level of α-synuclein in blood to assess clearance of peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in a patient with a neurodegenerative disease.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] In order to clarify the technical solutions in the embodiments of the invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be introduced below. Obviously, the drawings in the following description serve as some embodiments of the invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0040] FIGS. 1a-1b show UPDRS and HY rating scores for a patient with Parkinson's disease before and after dialysis.

[0041] FIGS. 2a-2f show HAMA, HAMD, MMSE, MoCA, non-motor scale and ADL scores for a patient with Parkinson's disease before and after dialysis.

[0042] FIG. 3 shows distribution of exchange membrane aperture and ratio of α-synuclein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0043] The invention will now give a detailed account of its exemplary embodiments, which should not be construed as a limitation, but rather a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments thereof.

[0044] It should be understood that the terms mentioned herein are only intended to describe specific embodiments, instead of setting any restriction on the invention. Furthermore, the range of values in the invention should be understood as an intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intermediate value within a stated range and any other such value is also covered in the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can be included in or excluded from the scope separately.

[0045] Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art in the field of the invention. Although the invention describes only preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the invention. All documents mentioned in the specification are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In the event of any conflict with any incorporated document, the contents of the specification shall prevail.

[0046] It is readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes can be made to the specific embodiments of the specification without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Upon reading this disclosure, many alternative embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The specification and examples of this application are exemplary.

[0047] As used herein, the terms “including”, “comprising”, “having” and “containing” are all open terms, which means including but not limited to.

Embodiment 1

[0048] 1. It is validated by in vitro experiments that hemofiltration could reduce the level of peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

[0049] An in vitro hemofiltration model is built by using an HF-80S high-flux dialyzer produced by Fresenuis Medical Care Co., Ltd., and different filtration rates, filtration areas and exchange membrane apertures are set according to the experimental requirements. 3 L of fresh bovine whole blood with the hematocrit adjusted to (31±0.5)% is stored in a water bath at a constant temperature of (36.7±0.5°) C., and different combinations of α-synuclein dimers are added according to the experimental requirements to simulate the circulating blood of patient. The simulated blood is allowed to pass through the in vitro hemofiltration model, and the levels of α-synuclein before and after filtration are collected and tested to calculate a clearance efficiency.

[0050] 2. The following relations among dialysis speed, dialysis membrane area and clearance efficiency of α-synuclein dimers in the presence of α-synuclein dimers in different ratios were determined by the above test, as shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ratio of α- Dialysis speed Dialysis Ratio of clearance synuclein dimers (milliliter membrane efficiency of α- (cerebrospinal per minute area (square synuclein aggregates fluid) (ml/min)) meter (M.sup.2)) (cerebrospinal fluid) 0.001 150 1.30 0.23 0.005 180 1.33 0.24 0.01 210 1.36 0.24 0.05 240 1.39 0.25 0.1 270 1.42 0.24 0.2 300 1.48 0.24 0.4 330 1.51 0.23

[0051] As shown in Table 1, when different dialysis speeds and dialysis membrane areas were set for α-synuclein dimers in different ratios, the clearance efficiency is about 20% with little difference. In other words, dialysis speed and dialysis membrane area are not the key factors affecting the clearance efficiency of α-synuclein dimers.

[0052] Therefore, in order to keep the clearance efficiency of α-synuclein aggregates at 20±2%, the distribution of apertures of corresponding exchange membranes is investigated at different ratios of α-synuclein dimers when the dialysate flow rate is set at 200 ml/min and the filtration area is set at 1.35 m.sup.2, as shown in FIG. 3.

[0053] It can be easily derived from FIG. 3 that the formula for a calculation model for the correlation between the ratio of α-synuclein and the exchange membrane aperture is as follows: D=5.44S+1.7376, R.sup.2=0.7671; where D is the exchange membrane aperture, S is the ratio of α-synuclein dimers, and R.sup.2 is a correlation coefficient.

Embodiment 2

[0054] Method for Clinical Determination of α-Synuclein

[0055] 1. Collection of Peripheral Blood and Samples

[0056] A total of 50 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), aged 57-66 years old, from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University were diagnosed with PD based on United Kingdom (UK) Brain Bank Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease. A total of 40 cases in a control group were selected from the group subjected to routine physical examination in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. All the subjects, aged 55-68 years old, were excluded from diseases such as blood lipid metabolism and chronic degenerative diseases of the nervous system. All the subjects have signed the informed consent forms for the test item for UPDRS scoring, and peripheral blood was provided for the assay of α-synuclein.

[0057] 2. Preparation of an Assay Kit for Determination of α-Synuclein

[0058] (1) In order to quantitatively determine the content of α-synuclein, two different monoclonal anti-α-synuclein antibodies against human α-synuclein were used, including an anti-α-synuclein monoclonal antibody as a capture antibody and a biotinylated mouse anti-human α-synuclein monoclonal antibody as an assay antibody.

[0059] (2) An antibody captured on a 96-well assay plate was embedded in a phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS) at room temperature overnight at a final concentration of 4.0 micrograms per milliliter (μg/ml).

[0060] (3) After washing with a Wash Buffer (a PBS containing 0.05% Tween20, PH=7.2) for 3 times, the assay plate was sealed with Reagent Diluents (1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS) at 25° C. for 1 hour (h).

[0061] 3. Determination of Serum and Soluble α-Synuclein

[0062] (1) 250 microliters (μ1) (or 0.25 gram (g)) of whole blood were added to an RNase-Free filter column, and centrifuged at 13,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 2 minutes (min), and then supernatant was collected;

[0063] (2) soluble human TRME2-FC and human α-synuclein-FC were used as standards in all tests;

[0064] (3) 100 μl of fresh rewarmed serum and standards were added to a coated plate to be tested, and incubated at room temperature for 2 h; then added to 100 μl of soluble α-synuclein assay antibody (final concentration: 35.0 nanograms per milliliter (μg/ml)) and α-synuclein assay antibody (final concentration: 25.0 ng/ml) and incubated at room temperature for 2 h after washing with a Wash Buffer;

[0065] (4) after washing with the Wash Buffer, 100 μl of horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin was added and incubated away from light at room temperature for 20 min;

[0066] (5) after washing with the Wash Buffer, 100 μl of developing reagent (R&D Catalog #DY999) was added and incubated away from light at room temperature for 20 min;

[0067] (6) the color development was suspended by adding 50 μl of 2N sulfuric acid (R&D Catalog #DY994); and

[0068] (7) an optical density (OD) value of each well was measured at 450 nanometers (nm), and the OD value measured at 540 nm was used for calibration.

[0069] 4. Statistical Method

[0070] All tests were performed with three replicates, and the resulting data described as mean±standard deviation were subjected to statistical analysis by using Statistical Product and Service Solutions 21.0 (SPSS21.0) statistical software. The difference therebetween was tested by t-test, and considered to be statistically significant when P<0.05.

Embodiment 3

[0071] A modified hemofiltration method for building a model for calculating a clearance rate of peripheral α-synuclein aggregates in patients with neurodegenerative diseases is applied as follows:

[0072] 1. Specific Case

[0073] A female 81-year-old patient, married, was admitted to the hospital with tremor for 13 years. The female patient presented tremor in her left upper limb 13 years ago, and the symptom tended to appear at rest, and disappear with exercise and stress without obvious worsening or relieving factors. The female patient was then treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University and given 0.125 g of Madopar bis in die (BID, i.e., twice a day) and 10 mg of coenzyme Q10 quaque die (QD, once a day), and the tremor did not get worse. Three years ago, the patient's symptoms worsened and she had difficulty in getting asleep at night and needed to take “2 mg of clonazepam” orally to fall asleep. Two years ago, the patient also had static tremor in her right upper limb with a frequency the same as that in the female patient's left upper limb and an amplitude a bit smaller than that in the female patient's left upper limb. Moreover, she also had constipation, generally defecated once every 3-4 days, and sometimes even needed paraffin oil or Glycerine Enema, and therefore, she orally took 0.25 g of Madopar ter in die (TID, i.e., three times a day), 0.25 mg of Sifrol TID and 0.2 g of entacapone tablets TID. One year ago, the patient walked unsteadily, i.e., difficulty in making the first step, smaller and smaller strides during walking, and easy to fall when turning. In addition, she had lower jaw tremor which was obvious at rest, difficulty in moving neck and poor appetite, felt difficult in buttoning and putting on slippers and was depressed. The symptoms were not relieved significantly after she took one Flupentixol and Melitracen Capsule QD. One week ago, the patient felt more tired with dyspnea at 3 p.m., the symptom was not relieved after oxygen inhalation and disappeared at 8-9 p.m. The patient had good mental state, poor sleep and defecation (the same as above), and normal urination since the onset of the disease. Physical examination on admission showed: body temperature: 36.5° C., pulse: 78 beats/min, respiratory rate: 20 breaths/min, and blood pressure: 117/60 mmHg There was no special condition in heart, chest and abdomen. The patient had clear mind, vague speech, pertinent response, cooperation in physical examination, rigid face, festinating gait, short-term hypomnesia, roughly normal orientation and visual-spatial ability, decrease in executive ability, hyposmia, no defect in rough view, flexible eye movement, bilateral pupils which were equal in size and roundness (d=3 mm) and sensitive to light reflex and convergence reflex, rough binaural hearing loss with sound in the middle according to a weber's test (AC>BC), and lower jaw tremor. Physical examination of the remaining cranial nerves showed no abnormalities. The cervical muscle tone was at grade 3, increasing like a cogwheel, the chin-sternum straight distance was about two fingers in width, and the left alternating movements were not flexible. The left hand swing was smaller than the right hand swing during walking. According to a posterior drawer test (+), the muscle tone in both upper limbs increased like a cogwheel, where the muscular strength was at grade 5, and tendon reflex was +++; the muscle tone in both lower limbs was normal, where the muscular strength was at grade 5−, and tendon reflex was +. According to a straight leg raising test on the left lower limb (+), there is no obvious abnormality in superficial sensation, deep sensation and cortical combined sensation. No pathological sign was induced, and there was a negative meningeal irritation sign. Diagnosis on admission: Parkinson's disease; pathological sinus syndrome, for which a cardiac pacemaker was implanted; and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.

[0074] The female patient received relevant examinations and signed the informed consent form: as the female patient was in the middle and advanced stage of Parkinson's disease, the female patient had no obvious improvement after treatment. Recently, the symptoms worsened with unsteadiness in walking, lower jaw tremor as well as dyspnea and chest tightness in the afternoon to evening. Parkinson's disease is considered as one of a spectrum of α-synuclein-related diseases with immune disorders and neuroinflammation. Blood purification is effective in clearing toxic substances from the plasma, such as inflammatory factors, autoantibodies and toxic protein molecules. For example, plasma or peritoneal dialysis has been reported effective in clearing Aβ toxic proteins and inflammatory factors. Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease have similar pathogenesis due to neuroimmune disorders and inflammation resulting from α-synuclein clearance disturbance with similar Aβ-like diffusion properties. Currently, no effective method is available for clearing immune inflammation in clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease. Blood purification could be helpful in clearance of immune inflammatory molecules from peripheral nerves and play an important role in clinical prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Although the patient was old, she was able to tolerate clinical trials on blood purification for toxic proteins and immune inflammatory factors in peripheral blood of patients with a spectrum of α-synuclein-related diseases. The female patient and the female patient's family (daughter-in-law) were informed of the risks in blood purification and that the treatment outcome may not meet their expectations. After careful consideration, the patient and her family expressed their informed understanding and signed the informed consent form. Blood purification was to be performed in the following week.

[0075] 2. Implementation Solution

[0076] The ratio of α-synuclein in the blood of the subject was acquired by the method in the Embodiment 2, and the result showed that the ratio of α-synuclein dimers in the cerebrospinal fluid of the subject was about 0.035. According to the formula for the calculation model of the invention, the exchange membrane aperture was 1.928 nm. A treatment plan was then developed.

[0077] Blood purification was performed: parameters for hemoperfusion were determined as follows: the exchange membrane aperture was 2 nm, the blood flow velocity was 200 ml/min, and the exchange membrane area was 1.35 m.sup.2; and hemoperfusion was performed once every 2 h, 3 times in total.

[0078] Changes in symptoms before and after treatment: the female patient's tremor and slow movement turned better at admission. Physical examination: the patient had clear mind, vague speech, pertinent response, cooperation in physical examination, rigid face, festinating gait, short-term hypomnesia, roughly normal orientation and visual-spatial ability, decrease in executive ability, hyposmia, no defect in rough view, flexible eye movement, bilateral pupils which were equal in size and roundness (d=3 mm) and sensitive to light reflex and convergence reflex, rough binaural hearing loss with sound in the middle according to a weber's test (AC>BC), and lower jaw tremor. Physical examination of the remaining cranial nerves showed no abnormalities. The cervical muscle tone was at grade 2, increasing like a cogwheel, the chin-sternum straight distance was about the width of two fingers, and the left alternating movements were not flexible. The left hand swing was smaller than the right hand swing during walking. According to a posterior drawer test (−), the muscle tone in both upper limbs increased like a cogwheel, where the muscular strength was at grade 5, and tendon reflex was +++; the muscle tone in both lower limbs was normal, where the muscular strength was at grade 5−, and tendon reflex was +. According to a straight leg raising test on the left lower limb (+), there is no obvious abnormality in superficial sensation, deep sensation and cortical combined sensation. No pathological sign was induced, and there was a negative meningeal irritation sign.

[0079] The concentration of α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid was tested again after the treatment, and the clearance efficiency was about 0.232. Meanwhile, it was found through comparison among multiple scores for the symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease before and after dialysis that such symptoms were significantly relieved after dialysis, as shown in FIGS. 1a-1b and FIGS. 2a-2f.

[0080] The preferred embodiments described herein are for illustration purpose only, and are not intended to restrict the invention. Various modifications and changes on the technical solution of the invention made by those skilled in the art without departing from the design spirit of the invention shall fall within the protection scope set forth in claims of the invention.