Organic electroluminescent materials and devices

Abstract

A composition formed of a mixture of two compounds having similar thermal evaporation properties that are pre-mixed into an evaporation source that can be used to co-evaporate the two compounds into an emission layer in OLEDs via vacuum thermal evaporation process is disclosed. The first and second compounds can have an evaporation temperature T.sub.1 and T.sub.2, respectively, of 150 to 350 C., and the absolute value of T.sub.1T.sub.2 can be less than 20 C. The first compound can have a concentration C.sub.1 in the mixture and a concentration C.sub.2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 110.sup.6 Torr to 110.sup.9 Torr, at a 2 /sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the mixture being evaporated, where the absolute value of (C.sub.1C.sub.2)/C.sub.1 is less than 5%.

Claims

1. A composition comprising, a first compound and a second compound mixed together to form a stable evaporation source for use in a single sublimation crucible of a vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) process; wherein the first compound has a different chemical structure than the second compound; wherein the mixture of the first compound and the second compound is capable of functioning as an E-type delayed fluorescent system in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has an evaporation temperature T.sub.1 of 150 to 350 C.; wherein the second compound has an evaporation temperature T.sub.2 of 150 to 350 C.; wherein an absolute value of T.sub.1T.sub.2 is less than 20 C.; wherein the first compound has a concentration C.sub.1 in said mixture and a concentration C.sub.2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 110.sup.6 Torr to 110.sup.9 Torr, at a 2 /sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the mixture being evaporated; wherein absolute value of (C.sub.1C.sub.2)/C.sub.1 is less than 5%; wherein the first compound has the formula of D-L-A, where L is a direct bond, A is an electron acceptor group comprising a structure selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00317## wherein Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, Z.sup.5, Z.sup.6, Z.sup.7, and Z.sup.8 each independently comprise C or N; wherein at least two of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, Z.sup.5, Z.sup.6, Z.sup.7, and Z.sup.8 are N; wherein Y.sup.1 to Y.sup.8 independently comprise C or N; wherein A.sup.1 to A.sup.8 independently comprise C or N; wherein J.sup.1 and J.sup.2 independently comprise C or N; wherein L.sup.1 to L.sup.4 independently comprise C or N; wherein X.sup.1 is O, S, or NR.sup.14; wherein R.sup.14 is aryl or heteroaryl, wherein D is an electron donor group is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00318## ##STR00319## ##STR00320## ##STR00321## ##STR00322## ##STR00323## ##STR00324## ##STR00325## ##STR00326## ##STR00327## ##STR00328## ##STR00329## ##STR00330## ##STR00331## ##STR00332## ##STR00333## ##STR00334## ##STR00335## wherein the second compound (i) comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of anthracence, naphthylene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene, or (ii) is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00336## ##STR00337## ##STR00338## ##STR00339## ##STR00340## ##STR00341## ##STR00342## ##STR00343## ##STR00344## ##STR00345## ##STR00346##

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first compound has a vapor pressure of P.sub.1 at T.sub.1 at 1 atm, and the second compound has a vapor pressure of P.sub.2 at T.sub.2 at 1 atm; and wherein the ratio of P.sub.1/P.sub.2 is within the range of 0.90:1 to 1.10:1.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second compound is capable of functioning as a host in an organic light emitting device at room temperature.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second compound comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of anthracence, naphthylene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a third compound, wherein the third compound has a different chemical structure than the first and second compounds, wherein the third compound has an evaporation temperature T.sub.3 of 150 to 350 C., and wherein absolute value of T.sub.1-T.sub.3 is less than 20 C.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in liquid form at a temperature less than the lesser of T.sub.1 and T.sub.2.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the electron donor group comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of amino, indole, carbazole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzoselenophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the electron acceptor group is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00347## ##STR00348## ##STR00349## ##STR00350## ##STR00351## ##STR00352## ##STR00353##

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the donor group is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00354## ##STR00355## ##STR00356## ##STR00357## ##STR00358## ##STR00359## ##STR00360## ##STR00361## ##STR00362##

10. A method for fabricating an organic light emitting device comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first organic layer comprises a first composition comprising a mixture of a first compound and a second compound, the method comprising: providing a substrate having the first electrode disposed thereon; depositing the first organic layer over the first electrode; and depositing the second electrode over the first organic layer, wherein the first compound has different chemical structure than the second compound, wherein depositing the first organic layer comprises placing a composition of claim 1 in a single sublimation crucible of a vacuum thermal evaporative (VTE) process and evaporating the composition.

11. A composition comprising a first compound and a second compound mixed together to form a stable evaporation source for use in a single sublimation crucible of a vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) process; wherein the first compound has a different chemical structure than the second compound; wherein the mixture of the first compound and the second compound is capable of functioning as an E-type delayed fluorescent system in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has an evaporation temperature T.sub.1 of 150 to 350 C.; wherein the second compound has an evaporation temperature T.sub.2 of 150 to 350 C.; wherein an absolute value of T.sub.1-T.sub.2 is less than 20 C.; wherein the first compound has a concentration C.sub.1 in said mixture and a concentration C.sub.2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 110.sup.6 Torr to 110.sup.9 Torr, at a 2 /sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the mixture being evaporated; wherein the absolute value of (C.sub.1C.sub.2)/C.sub.1 is less than 5%; wherein the first compound is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00363## ##STR00364## ##STR00365## ##STR00366## ##STR00367## ##STR00368## ##STR00369## ##STR00370## ##STR00371## ##STR00372## ##STR00373## ##STR00374## ##STR00375## ##STR00376## ##STR00377## ##STR00378## ##STR00379## ##STR00380## ##STR00381## ##STR00382## ##STR00383## ##STR00384## ##STR00385## ##STR00386## ##STR00387## ##STR00388## ##STR00389## ##STR00390## ##STR00391##

12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the second compound is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00392## ##STR00393## ##STR00394## ##STR00395## ##STR00396## ##STR00397## ##STR00398## ##STR00399## ##STR00400## ##STR00401## ##STR00402##

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device that can incorporate the inventive materials system disclosed herein.

(2) FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that can incorporate the inventive materials system disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(3) Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an exciton, which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

(4) The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (fluorescence) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

(5) More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (phosphorescence) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices, Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (Baldo-I) and Baldo et al., Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (Baldo-II), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.

(6) FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a barrier layer 170. Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference.

(7) More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F.sub.4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

(8) FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed under anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an inverted OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

(9) The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an organic layer disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

(10) Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

(11) Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

(12) Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment including moisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited over, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any other parts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include compositions having a single phase as well as compositions having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate an inorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos. PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. To be considered a mixture, the aforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or at the same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

(13) Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, 3-D displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.), but could be used outside this temperature range, for example, from 40 degree C. to +80 degree C.

(14) The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

(15) The term halo or halogen as used herein includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

(16) The term alkyl as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyl radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and the like. Additionally, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted.

(17) The term cycloalkyl as used herein contemplates cyclic alkyl radicals. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms and includes cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

(18) The term alkenyl as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkene radicals. Preferred alkenyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted.

(19) The term alkynyl as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyne radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl group may be optionally substituted.

(20) The terms aralkyl or arylalkyl as used herein are used interchangeably and contemplate an alkyl group that has as a substituent an aromatic group. Additionally, the aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.

(21) The term heterocyclic group as used herein contemplates aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic radicals. Hetero-aromatic cyclic radicals also refer to heteroaryl. Preferred hetero-non-aromatic cyclic groups are those containing 3 or 7 ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom, and includes cyclic amines such as morpholino, piperdino, pyrrolidino, and the like, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and the like. Additionally, the heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted.

(22) The term aryl or aromatic group as used herein contemplates single-ring groups and polycyclic ring systems. The polycyclic rings may have two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are fused) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.

(23) The term heteroaryl as used herein contemplates single-ring hetero-aromatic groups that may include from one to three heteroatoms, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine and pyrimidine, and the like. The term heteroaryl also includes polycyclic hetero-aromatic systems having two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are fused) wherein at least one of the rings is a heteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

(24) The alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, cyclic amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(25) As used herein, substituted indicates that a substituent other than H is bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon. Thus, for example, where R.sup.1 is mono-substituted, then one R.sup.1 must be other than H. Similarly, where R.sup.1 is di-substituted, then two of R.sup.1 must be other than H. Similarly, where R.sup.1 is unsubstituted, R.sup.1 is hydrogen for all available positions.

(26) The aza designation in the fragments described herein, i.e. aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzonethiophene, etc. means that one or more of the CH groups in the respective fragment can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, for example, and without any limitation, azatriphenylene encompasses both dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoline. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivatives described above, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

(27) It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described as being a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name may be written as if it were a fragment (e.g. naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g. naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different ways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered to be equivalent.

(28) Often, the emissive layer (EML) of OLED devices exhibiting good lifetime and efficiency requires more than two components (e.g. 3 or 4 components). Fabricating such EMLs using vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) process then requires evaporating 3 or 4 evaporation source materials in separate VTE sublimation crucibles, which is very complicated and costly compared to a standard two-component EML with a single host and an emitter, which requires only two evaporation sources.

(29) Premixing two or more materials and evaporating them from one VTE sublimation crucible can reduce the complexity of the fabrication process. However, the co-evaporation must be stable and produce an evaporated film having a composition that remains constant through the evaporation process. Variations in the film's composition may adversely affect the device performance. In order to obtain a stable co-evaporation from a mixture of compounds under vacuum, one would assume that the materials must have the same evaporation temperature under the same condition. However, this may not be the only parameter one has to consider. When two compounds are mixed together, they may interact with each other and the evaporation property of the mixture may differ from their individual properties. On the other hand, materials with slightly different evaporation temperatures may form a stable co-evaporation mixture. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to achieve a stable co-evaporation mixture. So far, there have been very few stable co-evaporation mixture examples. Evaporation temperature of a material is measured in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure, normally between 110.sup.7 Torr to 110.sup.8 Torr, at a 2 /sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a set distance away from the evaporation source of the material being evaporated, e.g. sublimation crucible in a VTE tool. The various measured values such as temperature, pressure, deposition rate, etc. disclosed herein are expected to have nominal variations because of the expected tolerances in the measurements that produced these quantitative values as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

(30) Many factors other than temperature can contribute to the ability to achieve stable co-evaporation, such as the miscibility of the different materials and the phase transition temperatures of the different materials. The inventors found that when two materials have similar evaporation temperatures, and similar mass loss rate or similar vapor pressures, the two materials can co-evaporate consistently. Mass loss rate of a material is defined as the percentage of mass lost over time (percentage/minute or /min) and is determined by measuring the time it takes to lose the first 10% of the mass of a sample of the material as measured by thermal gravity analysis (TGA) under a given experimental condition at a given constant temperature for a given material after the a steady evaporation state is reached. The given constant temperature is one temperature point that is chosen so that the value of mass loss rate is between about 0.05 to 0.50%/min. A skilled person in this field should appreciate that in order to compare two parameters, the experimental condition should be consistent. The method of measuring mass loss rate and vapor pressure is well known in the art and can be found, for example, in Bull. et al. Mater. Sci. 2011, 34, 7.

(31) In the state of the art OLED devices, the EML may consist of three or more components. In one example, the EML can consist of two host-type compounds and an emitter combination (e.g. a hole transporting cohost (h-host), an electron transporting cohost (e-host), and a compound capable of functioning as an emitter in an OLED at room temperature). In another example, the EML can consist of one host-type compound and two emitter-type compounds (e.g., a host compound and two compounds each capable of functioning as an emitter in an OLED at room temperature). Conventionally, in order to fabricate such EMLs having three or more components using VTE process, three or more evaporation sources are required, one for each of the components. Because the concentration of the components are important for the device performance, typically, the rate of deposition of each component is measured individually during the deposition process. This makes the VTE process complicated and costly. Thus, it is desired to premix at least two of the components of such EMLs to reduce the number of VTE evaporation sources.

(32) As used herein, an emitter-type compound refers to a compound that is capable of functioning as an emitter in the EML of an OLED at room temperature. A host-type compound refers to a compound that is capable of functioning as a host material in the EML of an OLED at room temperature.

(33) If any two of the three or more components of the EMLs can be premixed and form a stable mixture of co-evaporation source, then the number of evaporation sources required for EML layer fabrication would be reduced. In order for materials to be premixable into an evaporation source, they should co-evaporate and deposit uniformly without changing the ratio. The ratio of the components in the mixture should be the same as the ratio of the components in the evaporation deposited films from these premixed materials. Therefore, the concentration of the two components in the deposited film is controlled by their concentration in the premixed evaporation source.

(34) The present disclosure describes premixed materials with P-type or E-type delayed fluorescent systems in the device. It is believed that the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of fluorescent OLEDs can exceed the 25% spin statistics limit through delayed fluorescence. As used herein, there are two types of delayed fluorescence, i.e. P-type delayed fluorescence and E-type delayed fluorescence.

(35) P-type delayed fluorescence is generated from triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). P-type delayed fluorescence characteristics can be found in a host-emitter system or in a single compound. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that in a host-emitter delayed fluorescent system, TTA can be generated in the host, and then transferred to emitter.

(36) On the other hand, E-type delayed fluorescence does not rely on the collision of two triplets, but rather on the thermal population between the triplet states and the singlet excited states. Compounds that are capable of generating E-type delayed fluorescence are required to have very small singlet-triplet gaps. Thermal energy can activate the transition from the triplet state back to the singlet state. This type of delayed fluorescence is also known as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). A distinctive feature of TADF is that the delayed component increases as temperature rises due to the increased thermal energy. If the reverse intersystem crossing rate is fast enough to minimize the non-radiative decay from the triplet state, the fraction of back populated singlet excited states can potentially reach 75%. The total singlet fraction can be 100%, far exceeding the spin statistics limit for electrically generated excitons.

(37) E-type delayed fluorescence characteristics can be found in an exciplex system or in a single compound. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that E-type delayed fluorescence requires the luminescent material to have a small singlet-triplet energy gap (E.sub.S-T). Organic, non-metal containing, donor-acceptor luminescent materials may be able to achieve this. The emission in these materials is often characterized as a donor-acceptor charge-transfer (CT) type emission. The spatial separation of the HOMO and LUMO in these donor-acceptor type compounds often results in small E.sub.S-T. These states may involve CT states. Often, donor-acceptor luminescent materials are constructed by connecting an electron donor moiety such as amino- or carbazole-derivatives and an electron acceptor moiety such as N-containing six-membered aromatic rings.

(38) According to the present disclosure, a composition comprising a mixture of a first compound with a different chemical structure than a second compound is disclosed. The mixture of the first compound and the second compound is capable of functioning as a delayed fluorescent system in an organic light emitting device at room temperature. In some embodiments, the first compound has an evaporation temperature T.sub.1 of 150 to 350 C., the second compound has an evaporation temperature T.sub.2 of 150 to 350 C., and the absolute value of T.sub.1T.sub.2 is less than 20 C. In some embodiments, the first compound has evaporation temperature T.sub.1 of 200 to 350 C. and the second compound has evaporation temperature T.sub.2 of 200 to 350 C.

(39) In some embodiments, the first compound has a concentration C.sub.1 in the mixture and a concentration C.sub.2 in a film formed by evaporating the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool at a constant pressure between 110.sup.6 Torr to 110.sup.9 Torr, at a 2 /sec deposition rate on a surface positioned at a predefined distance away from the mixture being evaporated. In some embodiments, the absolute value of (C.sub.1C.sub.2)/C.sub.1 is less than 5%. In some embodiments, the absolute value of (C.sub.1C.sub.2)/C.sub.1 is less than 4%, or less that 3%, or less than 2%, or less than 1%.

(40) The first compound can have a vapor pressure of P.sub.1 at T.sub.1 at 1 atm, and the second compound can have a vapor pressure of P.sub.2 at T.sub.2 at 1 atm. In some embodiments, the ratio of P.sub.1/P.sub.2 is within the range of 0.90:1 to 1.10:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of P.sub.1/P.sub.2 is within the range of 0.95:1 to 1.05:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of P.sub.1/P.sub.2 is within the range of 0.97:1 to 1.03:1.

(41) The first compound has a first mass loss rate and the second compound has a second mass loss rate. In some embodiments, the ratio between the first mass loss rate and the second mass loss rate is within the range of 0.90:1 to 1.10:1. In some embodiments, the ratio between the first mass loss rate and the second mass loss rate is within the range of 0.95:1 to 1.05:1. In some embodiments, the ratio between the first mass loss rate and the second mass loss rate is within the range of 0.97 to 1.03.

(42) In some embodiments, the second compound is capable of functioning as a host in an organic light emitting device at room temperature. In some embodiments, the host is a hole transporting host. In some embodiments, the host is an electron transporting host.

(43) In some embodiments, the second compound comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of anthracence, naphthylene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, carbazole, dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophen.

(44) In some embodiments, the first compound and the second compound each has a purity in excess of 99% as determined by high pressure liquid chromatography.

(45) In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a third compound. In such embodiments, the third compound has a different chemical structure than the first and second compounds, the third compound has an evaporation temperature T.sub.3 of 150 to 350 C. In some such embodiments, the absolute value of T.sub.1T.sub.3 is less than 20 C.

(46) In some embodiments, the composition is in liquid form at a temperature less than the lesser of T.sub.1 and T.sub.2.

(47) In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescent system is a P-type delayed fluorescent system. In some such embodiments, the first compound comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, benzofluorene, and stilbene.

(48) In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescent system is a P-type delayed fluorescent system, and the first compound is an emitter selected from the group consisting of:

(49) ##STR00002## ##STR00003## ##STR00004## ##STR00005## ##STR00006## ##STR00007## ##STR00008## ##STR00009## ##STR00010## ##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014## ##STR00015## ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021## ##STR00022## ##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030## ##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035##
Additional examples of emitters for use in P-type delayed fluorescent systems such as those described herein include, but are not limited, to those compounds disclosed in the following patents and patent applications: WO2010027181A2; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,488,856; 7,488,856; 7,919,197; 8,628,863; US2010117526; US2010127618; US2012013700; WO2010047403; WO2010067893; WO2014024687; JP2011037838; WO08091130; US2008306303; EP2161319; EP2182038; CN102232068; EP01604974; EP01860097; EP02008992; EP1860096; EP2085371; EP2159217; EP2700696; JP2008-069128; JP2013087090; US20060210830; US20070236137; US20080015399; US20090058284; U.S. Ser. No. 07/425,653; U.S. Pat. No. 7,705,183; US2009195149; US2012013244; US2014183500; US20110006289; WO2009102054; WO2010013675; WO2010018842; WO2010018843; WO2010122810; WO2011077689; WO2013042769; WO2013077385; WO2013077405; WO2014069602; EP01437395A2; WO07108666; US20090134781; US2004137270; WO06122630; WO2014111269; EP01818322; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,623,521; 8,771,844; US2014183468; US20130234118; KR0117694; and US2008203905, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.

(50) In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescent system is a P-type delayed fluorescent system, and the second compound is a host selected from the group consisting of:

(51) ##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039## ##STR00040## ##STR00041## ##STR00042## ##STR00043## ##STR00044## ##STR00045## ##STR00046## ##STR00047## ##STR00048## ##STR00049## ##STR00050## ##STR00051## ##STR00052## ##STR00053## ##STR00054## ##STR00055## ##STR00056## ##STR00057## ##STR00058## ##STR00059## ##STR00060## ##STR00061## ##STR00062## ##STR00063## ##STR00064##
Additional examples of hosts for use in P-type delayed fluorescent emitter systems such as those described herein include, but are not limited, to those compounds disclosed in the following patents and patent applications: US20070173658; WO2010071362; WO2011037380; EP2147962; WO2009066809; WO2012147568; EP01696015; EP01775783; EP2163550; US20080111473; US20080193799; US2014008641; WO07114358; WO2009063846; WO2009066641; WO2014034869; WO2014034891; US20050211958; US20050245752; U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,115; WO07086695; EP01972619; KR20090086015; US20140246657; and US20090169921, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.

(52) In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescent emitter system is an E-type delayed fluorescent emitter system. In some embodiments, the first compound has the formula of D-L-A, where D is an electron donor group, A is an electron acceptor group, and L is a direct bond or linker.

(53) In some embodiments, the electron donor group (D) comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of amino, indole, carbazole, benzothiohpene, benzofuran, benzoselenophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the electron donor group (D) comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of:

(54) ##STR00065## ##STR00066##

(55) where: n is an integer from 1 to 20; m is an integer from 1 to 20; X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, and NR.sup.14; and R.sup.11, R.sup.12, R.sup.13 and R.sup.14 are selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl.

(56) In some embodiments, the electron acceptor group (A) includes a structure selected from the group consisting of:

(57) ##STR00067##
In some embodiments, the electron acceptor group (A) includes the structure

(58) ##STR00068##
where Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, Z.sup.5, Z.sup.6, Z.sup.7, and Z.sup.8 each independently comprise C or N; and at least two of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, Z.sup.5, Z.sup.6, Z.sup.7, and Z.sup.8 are N. In some embodiments, exactly two of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, Z.sup.5, Z.sup.6, Z.sup.7, and Z.sup.8 are N. In some embodiments, the electron acceptor group (A) described above are further substituted.

(59) In some embodiments, the electron acceptor group (A) includes at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of:

(60) ##STR00069##
where Y.sup.1 to Y.sup.8 independently comprise C or N, A.sup.1 to A.sup.8 independently comprise C or N; J.sup.1 and J.sup.2 independently comprise C or N; L.sup.1 to L.sup.4 independently comprise C or N; X.sup.1 is O, S, or NR.sup.14; and R.sup.14 is aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the electron acceptor group (A) is further substituted.

(61) In some more specific embodiments, the donor group (D) is selected from the group consisting of

(62) ##STR00070## ##STR00071## ##STR00072## ##STR00073## ##STR00074## ##STR00075## ##STR00076## ##STR00077## ##STR00078## ##STR00079## ##STR00080## ##STR00081## ##STR00082## ##STR00083## ##STR00084##

(63) In some embodiments, the acceptor group (A) is selected from the group consisting of:

(64) ##STR00085## ##STR00086## ##STR00087## ##STR00088## ##STR00089## ##STR00090## ##STR00091##

(65) In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescence system is an E-type delayed fluorescent system. In some such embodiments, the first compound is an emitter selected from the group consisting of:

(66) ##STR00092## ##STR00093## ##STR00094## ##STR00095## ##STR00096## ##STR00097## ##STR00098## ##STR00099## ##STR00100## ##STR00101## ##STR00102## ##STR00103## ##STR00104## ##STR00105## ##STR00106## ##STR00107## ##STR00108## ##STR00109## ##STR00110## ##STR00111## ##STR00112## ##STR00113## ##STR00114## ##STR00115## ##STR00116## ##STR00117## ##STR00118## ##STR00119## ##STR00120##
Additional examples of emitters for use in E-type delayed fluorescent systems such as those described herein include, but are not limited, to those compounds disclosed in the following patents and patent applications: WO2013154064; WO2014104315; US2014145151; US2014145149; US2014158992; US2014138627; and US2014131665, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.

(67) In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescent system is an E-type delayed fluorescent system and the second compound is a host selected from the group consisting of:

(68) ##STR00121## ##STR00122## ##STR00123## ##STR00124## ##STR00125## ##STR00126## ##STR00127## ##STR00128## ##STR00129##
Additional examples of hosts for use in E-type delayed fluorescent systems such as those described herein include, but are not limited, to those compounds disclosed in the following patents and patent applications: WO2001039234; US20060280965; WO2008056746; WO2010107244; US20100187984; US20090167162; WO2009086028; US20090017330; US20100084966; US20050238919; EP2034538; US20140183503; WO2013081315; WO2014142472; WO2013191404; US20140225088; EP2757608; US2013105787; KR20100079458; KR20120088644; WO2014030872; US2014034914; US2012126221; US2014001446; KR20130115564; KR20120129733; US2013175519; TW201329200; WO2012133644; WO2011081431; WO2013035275; US2013009543; WO02013024872; US2012075273; WO2012133649; WO2011081423; WO2012128298; and US2010187984, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.

(69) According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a device that includes one or more organic light emitting devices is also provided. The one or more organic light emitting devices can include an anode, a cathode, and an emissive layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The emissive layer can include a delayed fluorescence composition including a first compound and a second compound as described herein. In some embodiments, the first device emits a luminescent radiation at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the organic light emitting device, and the luminescent radiation comprises a delayed fluorescence process. In some embodiments, the first device emits a white light.

(70) In some embodiments, the emissive layer further comprises a first phosphorescent emitting material. In some embodiments, the emissive layer further comprises a second phosphorescent emitting material.

(71) In some embodiments, the device comprises a second organic light emitting device, and the second organic light emitting device is stacked on the first organic light emitting device.

(72) In some embodiments, the device is selected from the group consisting of a consumer product, an electronic component module, an organic light emitting device, and a lighting panel.

(73) According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for fabricating an organic light emitting device comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode is described. The first organic layer can include a delayed fluorescence composition including a first compound and a second compound as described herein. The method can include providing a substrate having the first electrode disposed thereon; depositing a first organic layer over the first electrode; and depositing the second electrode over the first organic layer, where the first organic layer includes a delayed fluorescence composition including a first compound and a second compound as described herein.

(74) Combination with Other Materials

(75) The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

(76) HIL/HTL:

(77) A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but are not limited to: a phthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO.sub.x; a P-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.

(78) Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to, the following general structures:

(79) ##STR00130##

(80) Each of Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; the group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(81) In one aspect, Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.9 is independently selected from the group consisting of:

(82) ##STR00131##
wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; X.sup.101 to X.sup.108 is C (including CH) or N; Z.sup.101 is NAr.sup.1, O, or S; Ar.sup.1 has the same group defined above.

(83) Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to, the following general formula:

(84) ##STR00132##
wherein Met is a metal, which can have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y.sup.101-Y.sup.102) is a bidentate ligand, Y.sup.101 and Y.sup.102 are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L.sup.101 is an ancillary ligand; k is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k+k is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

(85) In one aspect, (Y.sup.101-Y.sup.102) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y.sup.101-Y.sup.102) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc.sup.+/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.

(86) Host:

(87) The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. While the Table below categorizes host materials as preferred for devices that emit various colors, any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.

(88) Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:

(89) ##STR00133##
wherein Met is a metal; (Y.sup.103-Y.sup.104) is a bidentate ligand, Y.sup.103 and Y.sup.104 are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L.sup.101 is an another ligand; k is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k+k is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

(90) In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

(91) ##STR00134##
wherein (ON) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.

(92) In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In a further aspect, (Y.sup.103-Y.sup.104) is a carbene ligand.

(93) Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; the group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

(94) In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

(95) ##STR00135## ##STR00136##
wherein R.sup.101 to R.sup.107 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or 1 to 20; k is an integer from 0 to 20. X.sup.101 to X.sup.108 is selected from C (including CH) or N. Z.sup.101 and Z.sup.102 is selected from NR.sup.101, O, or S.
HBL:

(96) A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.

(97) In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as host described above.

(98) In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

(99) ##STR00137##
wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; L.sup.101 is an another ligand, k is an integer from 1 to 3.
ETL:

(100) Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.

(101) In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

(102) ##STR00138##
wherein R.sup.101 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.3 has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 1 to 20. X.sup.101 to X.sup.108 is selected from C (including CH) or N.

(103) In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but are not limited to, the following general formula:

(104) ##STR00139##
wherein (ON) or (NN) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L.sup.101 is another ligand; k is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

(105) In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, any specifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, etc. encompasses undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes of substituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc. also encompass undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof.

(106) In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table A below. Table A lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials.

(107) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE A MATERIAL EXAMPLES OF MATERIAL PUBLICATIONS Hole injection materials Phthalocyanine and porphyrin compounds 0 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2160 (1996) Starburst triarylamines J. Lumin. 72-74, 985 (1997) CF.sub.x Fluorohydrocarbon polymer Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 673 (2001) Conducting polymers (e.g., PEDOT:PSS, polyaniline, polythiophene) Synth. Met. 87, 171 (1997) WO2007002683 Phosphonic acid and silane SAMs US20030162053 Triarylamine or polythiophene polymers with conductivity dopants EP1725079A1 Organic compounds with conductive inorganic compounds, such as molybdenum and tungsten oxides US200501237511 SID Symposium Digest, 37, 923 (2006) WO2009018009 n-type semiconducting organic complexes US20020158242 Metal organometallic complexes 0 US20060240279 Cross-linkable compounds US20080220265 Polythiophene based polymers and copolymers WO 2011075644 EP2350216 Hole transporting materials Triarylamines (e.g., TPD, -NPD) Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987) U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,569 EP650955 J. Mater. Chem. 3, 319 (1993) Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503 (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503 (2007) Triarylamine on spirofluorene core Synth. Met. 91, 209 (1997) Arylamine carbazole compounds 0 Adv. Mater. 6, 677 (1994), US20080124572 Triarylamine with (di)benzothiophene/ (di)benzofuran US20070278938, US20080106190 US20110163302 Indolocarbazoles Synth. Met. 111, 421 (2000) Isoindole compounds Chem. Mater. 15, 3148 (2003) Metal carbene complexes US20080018221 Phosphorescent OLED host materials Red hosts Arylcarbazoles Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001) Metal 8-hydroxyquinolates (e.g., Alq.sub.3, BAlq) Nature 395, 151 (1998) US20060202194 WO2005014551 WO2006072002 Metal phenoxybenzothiazole compounds 0 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 123509 (2007) Conjugated oligomers and polymers (e.g., polyfluorene) Org. Electron. 1, 15 (2000) Aromatic fused rings WO2009066779, WO2009066778, WO2009063833, US20090045731 , US20090045730. 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It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore include variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting.