SCREWED FASTENING SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY RAILS

Abstract

An improved screwed fastening system for railway rails is proposed to allow rail fastening clips to be moved onto and off the rail more easily, facilitating track installation and maintenance. One improvement comprises providing in the screwed fastening system a clip guiding device, for guiding the rail fastening clip whilst it is being driven, which has an asymmetrically-located hole for receiving the screw-threaded shank of a screwbolt. Another improvement comprises providing in the screwed fastening system a rail fastening clip and screwbolt assembly which have inter-engaging driving portions. In each case, rotation of the screwbolt in one direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing portion of the clip away from the screwbolt, and rotation of the screwbolt in the opposite direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing portion of the clip towards the screwbolt.

Claims

1. A screwed rail fastening system for fastening a railway rail to an underlying foundation using a railway rail fastening clip secured by a screwbolt, which system is configured such that rotation of the screwbolt in a first rotational direction brings about translational movement of a rail bearing portion of the railway rail fastening clip away from the screwbolt, and rotation of the screwbolt in a second rotational direction opposite to the first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing portion of the railway rail fastening clip towards the screwbolt.

2. A device, configured for use in a screwed rail fastening system with a railway rail fastening clip and a screwbolt assembly for securing the railway rail fastening clip at a desired location adjacent to a railway rail, the screwbolt assembly comprising a screwbolt having an elongate shank with a screw-threaded lower portion and an upper washer portion, the device having: a base; clip contact surfaces provided on upwardly-extending side faces of spaced-apart guide walls projecting from the base, the clip contact surfaces defining therebetween a clip receiving region for receiving the railway rail fastening clip, the clip receiving region having a centre line which extends in a first direction, and the clip contact surfaces being configured to contact the railway rail fastening clip so as to guide the railway rail fastening clip whilst the railway rail fastening clip is being driven in the first direction; and a hole which extends through the base of the device between the guide walls for receiving the screw-threaded lower portion of the screwbolt; wherein the hole has a centre line which is offset with respect to the centre line of the clip receiving region in a second direction which is transverse to the first direction such that the clip contact surfaces are asymmetrically disposed relative to the hole.

3. A device as claimed in claim 2, further comprising an upwardly-inclined ramp configured to support a rear portion of the railway rail fastening clip, the ramp being provided at one end of the clip receiving region and having a ramp surface facing the opposite end of the clip receiving region.

4. (canceled)

5. (canceled)

6. (canceled)

7. (canceled)

8. A screwbolt configured to secure a railway rail fastening clip to an underlying rail foundation, the screwbolt comprising a shank having a screw-threaded lower portion and a head on top of the shank, wherein an integrally-formed shaped flange portion is located on the shank between the head and the screw-threaded lower portion, the flange portion comprising: a central section having a cylindrical outer surface; an upper end section adjacent to the head of the screwbolt and a lower end section adjacent to the screw-threaded lower portion of the screwbolt, each of the upper and lower end sections having a cylindrical outer surface, the diameter of the cylindrical outer surface being greater than that of the central section but less than the diameter of the outer diameter of the head; an upper intermediate section connecting the upper end section and the central section; and a lower intermediate section connecting the lower end section and the central section, at least the lower intermediate section having an outer surface which is inclined such that it meets the outer surface of the central section at an oblique angle, wherein the upper and lower intermediate sections together with the central section define a recess for receiving a portion of a railway rail fastening clip.

9. A component configured for location on a screwbolt, for securing a railway rail fastening clip to an underlying rail foundation, between a head of the screwbolt and a screw-threaded lower portion on a shank of the screwbolt, the component comprising a body having a passageway therethrough for receiving the shank of the screwbolt, wherein the body comprises: a central section having a cylindrical outer surface, an upper end section for location adjacent to the head of the screwbolt and a lower end section for location adjacent to the screw-threaded lower portion of the screwbolt, each of the upper and lower end sections having a cylindrical outer surface, an upper intermediate section connecting the upper end section and the central section, and a lower intermediate section connecting the lower end section and the central section, at least the lower intermediate section having an outer surface which is inclined such that it meets the outer surface of the central section at an oblique angle, wherein the upper and lower intermediate sections together with the central section define a recess for receiving a portion of a railway rail fastening clip.

10. A component as claimed in claim 9, wherein the upper intermediate section also has an outer surface which is inclined such that it meets the outer surface of the central section at an oblique angle.

11. (canceled)

12. (canceled)

13. (canceled)

14. (canceled)

15. A screwed rail fastening system as claimed in claim 1, comprising a railway rail fastening clip, a screwbolt, and a device configured for use with the railway rail fastening clip and the screwbolt, the device having: a base; clip contact surfaces provided on upwardly-extending side faces of spaced-apart guide walls projecting from the base, the clip contact surfaces defining therebetween a clip receiving region for receiving the railway rail fastening clip, the clip receiving region having a centre line which extends in a first direction, and the clip contact surfaces being configured to contact the railway rail fastening clip so as to guide the railway rail fastening clip whilst the railway rail fastening clip is being driven in the first direction; and a hole which extends through the base of the device between the guide walls for receiving a screw-threaded lower portion of the screwbolt, wherein the hole has a centre line which is offset with respect to the centre line of the clip receiving region in a second direction which is transverse to the first direction such that the clip contact surfaces are asymmetrically disposed relative to the hole.

16. A system as claimed in claim 15, wherein the railway rail fastening clip is laterally-drivable and is 6 Preliminary Amendment asymmetric about a line parallel to a driving direction of the clip such that, when the clip is in position on a railway rail, load on the screwbolt is balanced.

17. A system as claimed in claim 16, wherein the screwbolt comprises: a shank having a screw-threaded lower portion; and a head on top of the shank, wherein an integrally-formed shaped flange portion is located on the shank between the head and the screw-threaded lower portion, the flange portion comprising: a central section having a cylindrical outer surface; an upper end section adjacent to the head of the screwbolt and a lower end section adjacent to the screw-threaded lower portion of the screwbolt, each of the upper and lower end sections having a cylindrical outer surface, the diameter of which is greater than that of the central section but less than the diameter of the outer diameter of the head; and an upper intermediate section connecting the upper end section and the central section, and a lower intermediate section connecting the lower end section and the central section, at least the lower intermediate section having an outer surface which is inclined such that it meets the outer surface of the central section at an oblique angle, wherein the upper and lower intermediate sections together with the central section define a recess for receiving a portion of a railway rail fastening clip.

18. A system as claimed in claim 16, further comprising a component configured for location on the screwbolt between a head of the screwbolt and a screw-threaded lower portion on a shank of the screwbolt, the component comprising a body having a passageway therethrough for receiving the shank of the screwbolt, wherein the body comprises: a central section having a cylindrical outer surface; an upper end section for location adjacent to the head of the screwbolt and a lower end section for location adjacent to the screw-threaded lower portion of the screwbolt, each of the upper and lower end sections having a cylindrical outer surface; and an upper intermediate section connecting the upper end section and the central section, and a lower intermediate section connecting the lower end section and the central section, at least the lower intermediate section having an outer surface which is inclined such that it meets the outer surface of the central section at an oblique angle, wherein the upper and lower intermediate sections together with the central section define a recess for receiving a portion of a railway rail fastening clip.

19. A screwed rail fastening system as claimed in claim 1, comprising rail fastening apparatus for use in a screwed rail fastening system, the apparatus comprising a railway rail fastening clip, having a rail bearing portion for bearing on a foot of a railway rail, and a screwbolt assembly configured to bear on the clip to secure the railway rail fastening clip at a desired location adjacent to the railway rail, the screwbolt assembly comprising a screwbolt extending along a longitudinal axis, wherein the railway rail fastening clip and the screwbolt assembly have respective inter-engaging driving portions at which the screwbolt assembly engages the clip, the inter-engaging portions being configured and arranged such that rotation of the screwbolt about the longitudinal axis of the screwbolt in a first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing portion of the clip away from the longitudinal axis of the screwbolt, and rotation of the screwbolt about the longitudinal axis of the screwbolt in a second rotational direction opposite to the first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing portion of the clip towards the longitudinal axis of the screwbolt.

20. A system as claimed in claim 19, further comprising a device configured for use with the railway rail fastening clip and the screwbolt, the device having: a base; clip contact surfaces provided on upwardly-extending side faces of spaced-apart guide walls projecting from the base, the clip contact surfaces defining therebetween a clip receiving region for receiving the railway rail fastening clip, the clip receiving region having a centre line which extends in a first direction, and the clip contact surfaces being configured to contact the railway rail fastening clip so as to guide the railway rail fastening clip whilst the railway rail fastening clip is being driven in the first direction; and a hole which extends through the base of the device between the guide walls for receiving a screw-threaded lower portion of the screwbolt, wherein the hole has a centre line which is offset with respect to the centre line of the clip receiving region in a second direction which is transverse to the first direction such that the clip contact surfaces are asymmetrically disposed relative to the hole.

21. A screwbolt as claimed in claim 4, wherein the upper intermediate section also has an outer surface which is inclined such that it meets the outer surface of the central section at an oblique angle.

22. A system as claimed in claim 16, wherein two portions of the railway rail fastening clip which are adapted to bear on a railway rail, and are on opposite sides of the line respectively, are of unequal length.

23. A system as claimed in claim 16, wherein two portions of the railway rail fastening clip which are adapted to bear on a railway rail, and are on opposite sides of the line respectively, extend at respective angles which are different in magnitude to one another.

24. A system as claimed in claim 16, wherein the railway rail fastening clip is made of a rod of resilient material bent so as to have: a securing part, comprising two straight arms joined at one end by a curved portion so that the securing part is shaped like the letter U; a rail bearing portion comprising two straight legs; and two downwardly-extending bent portions connected respectively between free ends of the U and the straight legs.

25. A system as claimed in claim 17 or 18, wherein the upper intermediate section also has an outer surface which is inclined such that it meets the outer surface of the central section at an oblique angle.

26. A system as claimed in claim 19, wherein the inter-engaging driving portions are configured such that: (i) an initial stage of rotation of the screwbolt in the first rotational direction is effective to translate the rail bearing portion of the clip from a first position, in which the rail bearing portion of the clip does not overlie the rail foot, into a second position, in which the clip overlies the rail foot, and a subsequent stage of rotation of the screwbolt in the first rotational direction does not translate the rail bearing portion of the clip but is effective to increase load on the rail bearing portion of the clip; whereas (ii) an initial stage of rotation of the screwbolt in the second rotational direction, whilst the rail bearing portion of the clip is in the second position, is effective to decrease load on the rail bearing portion of the clip without translating the rail bearing portion of the clip, and a subsequent stage of rotation of the screwbolt in the second rotational direction is effective to translate the rail bearing portion of the clip from the second position to the first position.

27. A system as claimed in claim 19, wherein the inter-engaging portions of the railway rail fastening clip and the screwbolt assembly comprise regions of the clip and screwbolt assembly where friction is high enough that rotation of the screwbolt whilst the inter-engaging portions of the clip and screwbolt assembly are in contact is sufficient to bring about the translational movement of the clip.

28. A system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the device further comprises an upwardly-inclined ramp configured to support a rear portion of the railway rail fastening clip, the ramp being provided at one end of the clip receiving region and having a ramp surface facing the opposite end of the clip receiving region.

Description

[0029] Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0030] FIGS. 1A and 1B are respective plan and cross-sectional views of a first device embodying the second aspect of the present invention, shown adjacent to a railway rail;

[0031] FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram for use in explaining the operation of a device embodying the second aspect of the present invention;

[0032] FIGS. 3A and 3B are respective plan and cross-sectional views of a second device embodying the second aspect of the present invention, shown adjacent to a railway rail;

[0033] FIGS. 4A and 4B are respective perspective and cross-sectional views of the device of FIGS. 3A and 3B together with a railway rail fastening clip and a screwbolt assembly;

[0034] FIG. 5A is a screwbolt with an integral shaped flange embodying the fourth aspect of the present invention;

[0035] FIG. 5B is a shaped flange component embodying the fifth aspect of the present invention for use with a flangeless screwbolt;

[0036] FIG. 5C is a perspective view of rail fastening apparatus employing the screwbolt of FIG. 5A;

[0037] FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C show respective perspective, rear end and plan views of a first asymmetric railway rail fastening clip embodying the third aspect of the present invention;

[0038] FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C show respective perspective, rear end and plan views of a second asymmetric railway rail fastening clip embodying the third aspect of the present invention;

[0039] FIGS. 8A and 8B are respective perspective and cross-sectional views of rail fastening apparatus embodying the sixth aspect of the present invention;

[0040] FIGS. 9A and 9B are respective cross-sectional and partial enlarged views of rail fastening apparatus embodying the sixth aspect of the present invention;

[0041] FIGS. 10A to 10D are simplified diagrams for use in explaining respective stages of use of rail fastening apparatus embodying the sixth aspect of the present invention; and

[0042] FIGS. 11A and 11B (described above) show respective rear end and plan views of a prior art railway rail fastening clip.

[0043] A screwed rail fastening system embodying the present invention is configured such that rotation of the screwbolt in a first rotational direction brings about translational movement of a rail bearing portion of the railway rail fastening clip away from the screwbolt, and rotation of the screwbolt in a second rotational direction opposite to the first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing portion of the railway rail fastening clip towards the screwbolt. That is, interaction between the screwbolt (or a component carried by the screwbolt) and the clip as the screwbolt is rotated directly causes lateral movement of the clip, towards or away from the rail depending on whether the screwbolt is tightened or loosened.

[0044] Various implementations of a screwed rail fastening system embodying the present invention will now be described. Such a screwed rail fastening system may comprise one or more of: a device embodying the second aspect of the present invention; a laterally-drivable railway rail fastening clip embodying the third aspect of the present invention; a screwbolt embodying the fourth aspect of the present invention; a component embodying the fifth aspect of the present invention; and a rail fastening apparatus embodying the sixth aspect of the present invention. In each case the system is configured such that rotation of the screwbolt in a first rotational direction brings about translational movement of a rail bearing portion of the railway rail fastening clip away from the screwbolt, and rotation of the screwbolt in a second rotational direction opposite to the first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing portion of the railway rail fastening clip towards the screwbolt.

[0045] Devices embodying the second aspect of the present invention will now be described. It should be noted that the devices described below are designed for use with the afore-mentioned prior art SD clip or rail fastening clips similar in shape to the SD clip, but it is not essential that embodiments of the second aspect of the invention be used with an SD clip or a clip of shape similar to the SD clip, and the devices described may be modified if necessary to accommodate a range of alternative shapes of clip whilst retaining all the features necessary for the invention.

[0046] As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, a first device 100 embodying the second aspect of the present invention, which is preferably made of electrically-insulating material, comprises a base 110 from which two spaced-apart guide walls 111A, 111B project. The guide walls 111A, 111B are joined at the rear of the device 100 (i.e. the end of the device which is distal from the rail 4 when the device is in use) to a curved rear wall 112, upwardly-extending inner side faces 113 of the guide walls 111A, 111B and curved rear wall 112 together providing a substantially U-shaped clip abutment surface 113. Portions of the clip abutment surface on the guide walls 111A, 111B provide respective clip contact surfaces 114 between which a clip receiving region 115 for receiving a railway rail fastening clip 2 (not shown) is defined. A centre line CL1 of the clip receiving region 115 extends in a first direction A which is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a railway rail 4 when the device 100 is located adjacent thereto. The clip contact surfaces 114 are configured to contact the railway rail fastening clip 2 so as to guide the railway rail fastening clip 2 whilst the railway rail fastening clip 2 is being driven towards (or away from) the rail foot 41 in (or opposite to) the first direction A. A hole 116 extends through the base 110 of the device 100 between the guide walls 111A, 111B for receiving a screw-threaded lower portion 31 of a screwbolt 3 (not shown). In the guide wall 111A, close to its free end, a recess 118 is provided to provide clearance for a washer 33 (as described later) carried by the screwbolt 3. A ledge 120 for supporting a rear portion of the clip 2 is provided between the hole 116 and the rear wall 112. The hole 116 has a centre line CL2 which is slightly offset with respect to the centre line CL1 of the clip receiving region 115 in a second direction B which is perpendicular to the first direction A such that the clip contact surfaces 114 are asymmetrically disposed relative to the hole 116. Typically the offset of the two lines CL1, CL2 is of the order of a few millimetres. In one example, the offset is 2 mm, which equates to approximately 3.4% of the overall width of the clip receiving region 115. A simplified version of the device 100, denoted by reference numeral 100A, is shown in FIG. 2. The device 100A has a hole 116A through which a lower portion 31A of a screwbolt 3A extends into an underlying foundation 5A. Guide walls 111A which position side portions 211A, 212A of a rail clip 2A are provided on either side of the hole 116A such that the guide walls 111A are asymmetrically disposed relative to the hole 116A. The frictional force applied to one side 211A of the clip 2A by a head 32A of the screwbolt 3A as the screwbolt 3A is rotated acts in the opposite direction to that applied by the head 32A to the other side 212A of the clip. In the prior art these opposed forces are equal in magnitude and therefore cancel each other out. However, because of the asymmetrically-arranged hole 116A in the device 100A, the head 32A of the screwbolt 3A has a larger contact area with one side portion 211A of the clip 2A than the other side portion 212A, and therefore the frictional force applied to the clip 2A by the head 32A of the screwbolt 3A as the screwbolt 3A is rotated is greater on the side portion 211A than on the other side portion 212A. Thus, the greater force on one side of the clip 2A, together with the difference in direction of the force, will cause the clip 2A to move towards or away from the foot of the rail, depending on the direction of rotation of the screwbolt 3A.

[0047] A second device 1000 embodying the second aspect of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B. The device 1000, which is preferably made of electrically-insulating material, comprises a base 1010 from which two spaced-apart, substantially straight guide walls 1011A, 1011B project. The guide walls 1011A, 1011B are joined adjacent to the rear of the device 1000 (i.e. the end of the device which is to be distal from the rail when the device is in use) to a curved rear wall 1012, upwardly-extending inner side faces 1013 of the guide walls 1011A, 1011B and curved rear wall 1012 together providing a substantially U-shaped clip abutment surface. In the guide wall 1011A, close to its free end, a recess 1018 is provided. Portions of the clip abutment surface on the guide walls 1011A, 1011B provide respective clip contact surfaces 1014 between which a clip receiving region 1015 for receiving a railway rail fastening clip 2 (not shown) is defined. A centre line CL21 of the clip receiving region 1015 extends in a first direction A which is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a railway rail 4 when the device 1000 is located adjacent thereto. The clip contact surfaces 1014 are configured to contact the railway rail fastening clip 2 so as to guide the railway rail fastening clip 2 whilst the railway rail fastening clip 2 is being driven towards (or away from) the rail foot in (or opposite to) the first direction A. A hole 1016 extends through the base 1010 of the device 1000 between the guide walls 1011 for receiving a screw-threaded lower portion 31 of a screwbolt 3 (not shown). A projection 1019 for inhibiting overdriving of the railway rail fastening clip 2 towards the rail 4 extends from the base 1010 adjacent to the hole 1016. The hole 1016 has a centre line CL22 which is slightly offset with respect to the centre line CL21 of the clip receiving region 1015 in a second direction B which is perpendicular to the first direction A such that the clip contact surfaces 1014 are asymmetrically disposed relative to the hole 1016. Typically the offset of the two lines CL21, CL22 is of the order of a few millimetres. In one example, the offset is 2 mm, which equates to approximately 3.4% of the overall width of the clip receiving region 1015.

[0048] The main difference between the second device 1000 and the first device 100 is that, where the first device 100 had a ledge 120, the second device 1000 has a ramp 1017 adjoining the rear wall 1012 of the device 1000. The ramp 1017 has a ramp surface extending from a position below the top of the rear wall 1012 to the base 1010 of the device 1000, adjacent to the projection 1019, so as to face the end of the clip receiving region 1015 which is to be proximal to the rail 4 when the device 1000 is in use.

[0049] FIGS. 4A and 4B show the device 1000 in use in a screwed rail fastening system 500A with a rail clip 20 (similar in shape to the SD clip 2 of FIGS. 11A and 11B) and a screwbolt assembly 30. The screwbolt assembly 30 includes an elongate screwbolt 3 with a screw-threaded lower portion 31 and a head 32, a washer 33 (having a diameter larger than the outer diameter of the head 32 of the screwbolt 3 and approximately equal to the distance between the outer edges of a U-shaped part of the clip 20) which is carried by the screwbolt 3 beneath its head 32, a coil spring 34 carried by the screwbolt 3 between its head 32 and the washer 33, and a flange component 35 carried by the screwbolt 3 beneath the washer 33. The washer 33 is free to move up and down an unthreaded portion of the screwbolt 3 beneath its head 32, but is constrained to rotate with rotational movement of the screwbolt. The flange component 35 (which in some embodiments may not be required, as described later) is joined to the screwbolt 3 either by interference fit or another form of mechanical join. The device 1000 is configured such that, when the rail clip 20 is held by the screwbolt assembly 30 in its pre-assembly position in the clip receiving region 1015, a curved rear portion 213 of the rail clip 20 is located at the top of the ramp 1017 so as to abut the clip abutment surface along the rear wall 1012, and straight portions 211, 212 of the rail clip 20 which adjoin the ends of the curved rear portion 213 abut the clip abutment surface at the clip contact surfaces 1014 on the guide walls 1011. The ramp 1017 is arranged such that, as the screwbolt 3 is tightened and the washer 33 presses against the straight portions 211, 212 of the rail clip 20, the rail clip 20 is pushed downwards such that the rear portion 213 of the clip 20 moves down the ramp 1017 and legs 221, 222 at the front of the rail clip 20 move towards and onto the foot of the rail 4, assisted by the frictional force applied to the rail clip 20 by the asymmetrically-located washer 33. Once the coil spring 34 is fully compressed, the rail clip 20 no longer moves forward, but further tightening of the screwbolt 3 causes the clip legs 221, 222 to be pressed towards the rail foot.

[0050] Withdrawal of the rail clip 20 from the rail foot is achieved by loosening the screwbolt 3, firstly to release the compressive force applied to the clip legs 221, 222 and then to draw the clip off the rail foot using the frictional force between the asymmetrically-located washer 33 and the clip portions 211, 212. Flange component 35 provides additional contact with the clip to assist clip withdrawal and to lift the clip once the clip is released from its compressed state.

[0051] As mentioned above, a device embodying the second aspect of the present invention, such as the first and second devices described above, can be used with a conventional screwbolt assembly and/or a conventional railway rail fastening clip, so it may be possible to use existing clips and screwbolt assemblies when retrofitting devices embodying the invention to rail track in place of a conventional guide device.

[0052] On the other hand, it may be desirable in some circumstances to use a modified screwbolt and/or modified rail clip with a device embodying the second aspect of the present invention.

[0053] For example, FIG. 5A shows a screwbolt 30 embodying the fourth aspect of the present invention. The screwbolt 30 has an elongate shank with a screw-threaded lower portion 31, a head 32 on top of the shank, and an integrally-formed shaped flange portion 35 located on the shank between the head 32 and the screw-threaded lower portion 31. The flange portion 35 comprises a central section 351 having a cylindrical outer surface, upper and lower end sections 352A, 3526 each having a cylindrical outer surface the diameter of which is greater than that of the central section 351 but less than the diameter of the outer diameter of the head 32, an upper intermediate section 353A connecting the upper end section 352A and the central section 351, and a lower intermediate section 353B connecting the lower end section 3526 and the central section 351, the upper and lower intermediate sections 353A, 3536 having outer surfaces which are inclined such that they meet the outer surface of the central section 351 at an oblique angle. In one example, the outer surface of the lower intermediate section 3536 is angled at 130? with respect to the outer surface of the central section 351. The angle of the outer surface of the upper intermediate section 353A in this embodiment is also 130? but the choice of this angle is arbitrary, since this surface is masked by a washer (washer 33 described below) and indeed may not be oblique. The shaping and spacing of the upper and lower intermediate sections 353A and 3536 is such that together with the central section 351 they define a recess for receiving the U-shaped portion of an SD clip 20 or the like, as shown in FIG. 5C. The inclined surface of the lower intermediate section 3536 effectively forms a rotating ramp that encourages the clip back off the rail, i.e. as the screwbolt 30 is loosened, frictional contact between one side of the clip 20 and the inclined surface of the lower intermediate section 3536, as it rotates together with the screwbolt 30, drags and lifts the clip 20 back off the rail.

[0054] As also shown in FIG. 5C, a screwbolt assembly 3A including the screwbolt 30 also includes a washer 33 (having a diameter larger than the outer diameter of the head 32 of the screwbolt 30 and approximately equal to the distance between the outer edges of the U-shaped part of the clip 20 which is carried by the screwbolt 30 beneath its head 32). Washer 33 is fitted to the screwbolt 30 by passing it over the flange portion 35, so washer 33 requires a larger inside diameter than that of washer 33 in FIG. 4A, and is a clearance fit with the upper end section 352A. Provision of the flange portion 35 on the screwbolt 30 avoids the need to provide a coil spring 34 and a flange component 35 like those carried by the screwbolt 30 in FIGS. 4A and 4B, although in some circumstances it may be preferable to provide a separate collar 35 to be carried by a conventional screwbolt 3 instead of a modified screwbolt 30 with an integrally-formed flange portion 35. Such a separate collar 35, which embodies the fifth aspect of the present invention, is shown in FIG. 5B, from which it can be seen that the outer shape of the collar 35 is the same as that of the integrally-formed flange portion 35. The separate collar 35 is joined to a conventional screwbolt 3 (not shown) either by interference fit or another form of mechanical joining such that it is constrained to turn with the screwbolt 3. In FIG. 5C device 1000 is a modification of the device 1000 of FIGS. 3A and 3B. The device 1000 differs from the device 1000 in that it does not have a rear wall 1012. Instead the top of the ramp 1017 (not shown in FIG. 5C) ends in an open ledge 1020 that is provided to support the clip 20 when the clip is in its parked position. In the absence of the rear wall 1012, the clip 20 is prevented from moving too far rearwards by stops (not shown) and the guide walls 1011A, 1011B.

[0055] On existing sleepers (and probably also on new ones, where a centrally-located screwbolt hole position would most likely be retained for reasons of compatibility), slightly offsetting the clip position from the centre line of the sleeper will cause the loading of the clip on the rail to be disposed unequally relative to the sleeper centre line, although this in itself is unlikely to make any difference or cause any problem in practice. However the clip, when installed, will also be in a slightly asymmetric position relative to the bolt, so the loading on the screwbolt (and the reaction on the clip) will in turn be slightly asymmetric, which might in some circumstances be significant. In order to compensate for this asymmetric loading it may be desirable to provide an asymmetric rail fastening clip so that the loads on the screwbolt balance out.

[0056] A first such asymmetric railway rail fastening clip 2B embodying the third aspect of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 6A to 6C. In this embodiment clip 2B is similar in shape to that of the conventional SD clip 2 shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, in that clip 2B has a securing part 21B, comprising two straight portions 211B, 212B joined at one end by a curved portion 213B so that the securing part 21B is shaped like the letter U, and a rail bearing portion 22B comprising straight legs 221B, 222B extending from each free end of the U via downwardly-extending bent portions 223B. Clip 2B differs from clip 2 in that, unlike clip 2 where the legs 221 and 222 are each of the same length d, one of the legs (in this example leg 222B), is of length d.sub.2 which is longer than the length d.sub.1 of the other leg (in this example leg 221B), by an amount designed to balance the loads on the screwbolt. For example, the difference in length between the legs may be around 10 mm, but could be less than this or as much as around 20 mm.

[0057] A second such asymmetric railway rail fastening clip 2C embodying the third aspect of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 7A to 7C. In this embodiment clip 2C is also similar in shape to that of the conventional SD clip 2 shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, in that clip 2C has a securing part 21C, comprising two straight portions 211C, 212C joined at one end by a curved portion 213C so that the securing part 21C is shaped like the letter U via downwardly-extending bent portions 223, and a rail bearing portion 22C comprising straight legs 221C, 222C extending from each free end of the U via downwardly-extending bent portions 223C. Clip 2C differs from clip 2 in that, unlike clip 2 where each of the legs 221 and 222 are inclined to the horizontal at the same angle magnitude ?, one of the legs (in this example leg 221C) is inclined to the horizontal at an angle ? the magnitude of which is larger than that of an angle ? at which the other leg (in this example leg 222C) is inclined to the horizontal, ? being offset from ? by an amount designed to balance the loads on the screwbolt. For example ?:? may be around 2:1. Although not shown in FIGS. 11A and 7B, angle ? may also be larger in magnitude than angle ?, such that one side of the clip 2C will be biased towards the screwbolt.

[0058] The clips 2B and 2C are examples of how the conventional SD clip 2 may be made asymmetric, but other modifications of the SD clip may be possible in order to achieve balancing of load on the screwbolt. For example, a clip (not shown) with legs of unequal length like those of clip 2B might also have legs with an angular offset like those of clip 2C. Alternatively, or in addition to one or more of the modifications mentioned above, the clip 2 may be modified such that the bend angles of bent portions 223 are unequal, so as to allow the arm 211 or 212 to be lengthened or shortened. It is also possible to imagine other forms of laterally-drivable rail fastening clip, suitable for a screwed fastening system with an asymmetrically-located screwbolt hole, which are asymmetric about a line parallel to a driving direction of the clip such that load on the screwbolt is balanced.

[0059] A screwed fastening system may, instead of or in addition to a device embodying the second aspect of the present invention, employ rail fastening apparatus embodying the sixth aspect of the present invention. Examples of such rail fastening apparatus will now be described.

[0060] FIGS. 8A and 8B show an embodiment of rail fastening apparatus in a screwed fastening system 500B embodying the sixth aspect of the present invention. In this embodiment the rail fastening apparatus comprises a railway rail fastening clip 200 and a screwbolt assembly 300 configured to bear on the clip 200 to secure the railway rail fastening clip 200 at a desired location adjacent to a railway rail 4. The rail clip 200 comprises a substantially U-shaped securing part, consisting of two substantially straight portions 220 joined at one end by a bent rear portion 210, and a rail bearing part, consisting of two, partially-bent legs 230 connected to respective free ends of the straight portions 220 so as to extend outwardly therefrom. The screwbolt assembly 300 comprises an elongate screwbolt 305 having a lower screw-threaded portion 310 and an upper unthreaded portion with a head 320, an upper washer portion 330 carried by the screwbolt 305 beneath its head 320 which is constrained to rotate with the screwbolt 305 but can move up and down its length, a coil spring 340 carried by the screwbolt 305 between its head 320 and the upper washer portion 330, and a lower washer portion 350 carried by the screwbolt 305 beneath the upper washer portion 330. The lower washer portion 350 can be held up by a coil spring (not shown) between the base of a clip guide device (described below) and the lower washer portion 350, or by other suitable means, for example a deformation in the screwbolt or a circlip.

[0061] The railway rail fastening clip 200 and the screwbolt assembly 300 have respective inter-engaging driving portions 220A, 330A at which the screwbolt assembly 300 engages the clip 200. The inter-engaging portions 220A, 330A are regions of high friction which are such that rotation of the screwbolt 305 about its longitudinal axis in a first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing part of the clip 200 away from the longitudinal axis of the screwbolt 305, and rotation of the screwbolt 305 about its longitudinal axis in a second rotational direction opposite to the first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing part of the clip 200 towards the longitudinal axis of the screwbolt 305.

[0062] In an alternative embodiment of the rail fastening apparatus of the sixth aspect of the present invention the inter-engaging driving portions may comprise a gear mechanism. One example of a suitable gear mechanism may be a rack and pinion drive, and such a mechanism is shown in the screwed fastening system 500C illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B. In this embodiment the rail fastening apparatus comprises a railway rail fastening clip 2000 and a screwbolt assembly 3000 configured to bear on the clip 2000 to secure the railway rail fastening clip 2000 at a desired location adjacent to a railway rail 4. The rail clip 2000 comprises a substantially U-shaped securing part, consisting of two substantially straight portions 2200 joined at one end by a bent rear portion 2100, and a rail bearing part, consisting of two, partially-bent legs 2300 connected to respective free ends of the straight portions 2200 so as to extend outwardly therefrom. The screwbolt assembly 3000 comprises an elongate screwbolt 3050 having a lower screw-threaded portion 3100 and an upper unthreaded portion with a head 3200, an upper washer portion 3300 carried by the screwbolt 3050 beneath its head 3200 which is constrained to rotate with the screwbolt 3050 but can move up and down its length, and a coil spring 3400 carried by the screwbolt 3050 between its head 3200 and the upper washer portion 3300. The screwbolt assembly 3000 may also comprise a lower washer portion (not shown) carried by the screwbolt 3050 beneath the upper washer portion 3300. The lower washer portion could be held up by a coil spring (not shown) between the base of a clip guide device (described below) and the lower washer portion, or by other suitable means, for example a deformation in the screwbolt or a circlip.

[0063] The railway rail fastening clip 2000 and the screwbolt assembly 3000 have respective inter-engaging driving portions 2201, 3305 at which the screwbolt assembly 3000 engages the clip 2000. The inter-engaging portions 2201, 3305 consist of a rack and pinion drive arranged such that rotation of the screwbolt 3050 about its longitudinal axis in a first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing part of the clip 2000 away from the longitudinal axis of the screwbolt 3050, and rotation of the screwbolt 3050 about its longitudinal axis in a second rotational direction opposite to the first rotational direction brings about translational movement of the rail bearing part of the clip 2000 towards the longitudinal axis of the screwbolt 3050.

[0064] In both embodiments the inter-engaging driving portions 220A, 330A, 2201, 3305 of the clip 200, 2000 and screwbolt assembly 300, 3000 are configured such that an initial stage of rotation of the screwbolt 305, 3050 in the first rotational direction is effective to translate the rail bearing part of the clip 200, 2000 from a first position, in which the rail bearing part of the clip 200, 2000 does not overlie the rail foot 4A, into a second position, in which the clip 200, 2000 overlies the rail foot 4A. However, a subsequent stage of rotation of the screwbolt 305, 3050 in the first rotational direction does not translate the rail bearing part of the clip 200, 2000 but is effective to increase load on the rail bearing part of the clip. On the other hand, an initial stage of rotation of the screwbolt 305, 3050 in the second rotational direction, whilst the rail bearing part of the clip 200, 2000 is in the second position, is effective to decrease load on the rail bearing part of the clip 200, 2000 without translating the rail bearing part of the clip 200, 2000, and a subsequent stage of rotation of the screwbolt 305, 3050 in the second rotational direction is effective to translate the rail bearing part of the clip 200, 2000 from the second position to the first position.

[0065] An explanation of these processes will now be made with reference to FIGS. 10A to 10D, using as an example inter-engaging driving portions comprising a rack and pinion drive, where teeth 221A are provided on the inner surface of an arm 220A of a clip 200A and teeth 330A are provided around the periphery of a screwbolt 305A above its screw-threaded portion 310A (screw thread not shown). Screwbolt assembly 300A also comprises a weak coil spring 340A beneath head 320A of the screwbolt 305A. Only part of the clip 200A is shown in the Figures, and a clip guide device, rail and rail foundation are not shown.

[0066] In the initial configuration shown in FIG. 10A, which represents the clip 200A in its pre-assembly position, the coil spring 340A is uncompressed, and the teeth 221A and 330A are not engaged.

[0067] As the screwbolt 305A is rotated in a first rotational direction (i.e. so as to tighten the screw-threaded portion 310A in the rail foundation), as shown in FIG. 10B, the teeth 221A and 330A come into engagement, and the coil spring 340A begins to compress.

[0068] As the screwbolt is further rotated (not shown in FIG. 10B) in the first rotational direction the inter-engaged teeth 221A, 330A cause the rail bearing part 230A of the clip 200A to move towards the rail (to the right in the Figure). However, as shown in FIG. 10C, a preset amount of rotation of the screwbolt 305A in the first rotational direction causes the clip 200A to move forward such a distance that the teeth 221A move past and no longer engage the teeth 330A, after which further rotation of the screwbolt 305A in the first rotational direction does not move the rail bearing part 230A of the clip 200A towards the rail. At this time the rail bearing part 230A of the clip 200A overlies the rail foot and the coil spring 340A is coil bound.

[0069] As the coil spring 340A is now coil bound, as shown in FIG. 10D further rotation of the screwbolt 305A in the first rotational direction causes the head 320A of the screwbolt 305A to apply a compressive force to the clip 200A, which causes the clip 200A to deflect such that the rail bearing part 230A of the clip 200A is pressed against the rail foot generating clamping force.

[0070] Although in the example discussed with reference to FIGS. 10A to 10D the teeth 220A on the clip 200A disengage completely from the teeth on the screwbolt 305A, in practice it is desirable, in order to ensure that the clip 200, 2000 can be withdrawn from the rail foot simply by rotating the screwbolt 305A in the second rotational direction (i.e. so as to loosen the screw-threaded portion 310A), the inter-engaging driving portions are arranged such that, at the end of the initial stage of rotation in the first rotational direction, there is still some small amount of overlap between them such that, as soon as the screwbolt 305A has been loosened enough to decompress the clip 200A, further rotation of the screwbolt 305A in the second rotational direction will cause the inter-engaging driving portions to pull the clip back into the pre-assembly position.

[0071] For example, in the case of the rail fastening apparatus of FIGS. 9A and 9B, at the end of the initial stage of rotation in the first rotational direction the pinion 3305 runs out of rack teeth 2201 to engage with and contacts the portion of the clip adjacent to the rack. Further tightening of the screwbolt 305 then tightens through the gear. Thus, when the screwbolt is later loosened, the teeth of the rack and pinion are still engaged and able to pull the clip back.

[0072] The rail fastening apparatuses of FIGS. 8A and 8B and FIGS. 9A and 9B are both used with a clip guide device 6. The clip guide device 6 is shaped to accommodate the rail clips 200, 2000, and a clip guide device intended for use with a different shape of clip to that of clips 200, 2000 may therefore have a different configuration. The clip guide device 6, which is preferably made of electrically-insulating material, comprises a base 60 from which two spaced-apart, substantially straight guide walls 65 project. The guide walls 65 are joined adjacent to the rear of the device 6 (i.e. the end of the device 6 which is distal from the rail when the device is in use) to a curved rear wall 64, upwardly-extending inner side faces 62 of the guide walls 65 and curved rear wall 64 together providing a substantially U-shaped clip abutment surface. Portions of the clip abutment surface on the guide walls 65 provide respective clip contact surfaces between which a clip receiving region for receiving the railway rail fastening clip 200, 2000 is defined. The clip contact surfaces are configured to contact the railway rail fastening clip 200, 2000 so as to guide the railway rail fastening clip 200, 2000 whilst the railway rail fastening clip 200, 2000 is being driven towards or away from the rail foot. A hole 63 extends through the base 60 of the device 6 between the guide walls 65 for receiving the screw-threaded lower portion 310 of the screwbolt 305, 3050 such that the clip contact surfaces are symmetrically disposed relative to the hole 63. A ledge 61 projects inwardly from the rear wall 64, and the rear portion 210, 2100 of the rail clip 200, 2000 lies over the ledge 61 when the clip is in its pre-assembly position. As the screwbolt 305, 3050 is rotated in the first rotational direction, the action of the inter-engaging driving portions 220A, 330A, 2201, 3305 moves the rail clip 200, 2000 from its pre-assembly position over the ledge 61 until the clip 200, 2000 reaches its operative position with the rail bearing part of the clip 200, 2000 overlying the rail foot. The clip 200, 2000 is then compressed by further tightening of the screwbolt 305, 3050 to apply clamping load to the rail, pushing the rear portion 210, 2100 of the clip 200, 2000 below the level of the ledge 61.

[0073] Rotation of the screwbolt 305, 3050 in the second rotational direction firstly decompresses the clip and then brings the rear portion 210, 2100 of the clip 200, 2000 into abutment with the edge of the ledge 61. Subsequent loosening of the screwbolt 305, 3050 allows the clip 200, 2000 to be lifted (for example by means of lower washer portion 350 and an underlying coil spring attached to the screwbolt 305, 3050) until the bottom of the rear portion 210, 2100 of the clip 200, 2000 is above the edge of the ledge 61, allowing further retraction of the clip 200, 2000 back into its pre-assembly position.