FOAM-BASED RFID LABEL

Abstract

A foam based RFID label and a method of installing the same. The method includes of forming a recess having a predetermined shape on an outermost or innermost surface of the tire; providing the foam-based RFID label configured to identify the tire and/or to sense conditions of the tire and communicate the same to an RFID reader; and affixing the foam-based RFID label within the recess of the tire by contacting and adhering an adhesive surface of the foam-based RFID label to a surface of the recess to identify the tire and/or sense conditions of the tire.

Claims

1. A method of installing a foam-based RFID label in or on a vulcanized tire comprising the steps of: (a) forming either during vulcanization or post-vulcanization a recess having a predetermined shape on an outermost or innermost surface of the tire; (b) providing the foam-based RFID label configured to identify the tire and/or to sense conditions of the tire and communicate the same to an RFID reader when within a predetermined proximity of the RFID reader; and (c) affixing the foam-based RFID label within the recess of the vulcantized tire by contacting and adhering an adhesive surface of the foam-based RFID label to a surface of the recess to identify the tire and/or sense conditions of the tire, wherein: an RFID device is positioned within the RFID label and disposed between a foam layer and a face layer that are adhered to one another.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the recess is formed during vulcanization by molding a predetermined shape within an outermost surface of a sidewall of the tire, the recess formed by a base, a plurality of connected sidewalls, and an opening formed opposite the base.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the adhesive surface of the foam-based RFID label is adhered to the base of the recess and completely positioned within the recess such that the face layer of the RFID device is flush with or slightly depressed relative to other outermost surfaces of the sidewall of the tire.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein peripheral edges of the foam-based RFID label are spaced apart from each sidewall of the plurality of sidewalls of the recess.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising (d) applying a concealing composition over the foam based RFID label to conceal the face layer of the foam based RFID label within the tire.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the RFID device maintains RFID operability between 300 MHz to 3 GHz and identifies and/or senses conditions of the tire and further communicates the same to an RFID reader when within the predetermined proximity of the RFID reader.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the recess is formed by milling an outermost surface of the tire into a predetermined shape, the recess having a base, a plurality of connected sidewalls, and an opening formed opposite the base.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the adhesive surface of the foam-based RFID label is adhered to the base of the recess and completely positioned within the recess such that the face layer of the RFID device is flush with or slightly depressed relative to other outermost surfaces of the sidewall of the tire.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein peripheral edges of the foam-based RFID label are spaced apart from each sidewall of the plurality of sidewalls of the recess.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising (d) applying a concealing composition over the foam based RFID label to conceal the face layer of the foam based RFID label within the tire.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the RFID device maintains RFID operability between 300 MHz to 3 GHz and identifies and/or senses conditions of the tire and further communicates the same to an RFID reader when within a predetermined proximity of the RFID reader.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam-based RFID label further comprises: a first adhesive layer between the face layer and foam layer that adhere the face layer and foam layer to one another and further encase the RFID device therein; a second foam layer adhered to the foam layer by a second adhesive layer disposed between the foam layers; a rubber adhesion layer coating an outer surface of the second foam layer that is opposite the second adhesive layer, the rubber adhesion layer configured to adhere and permanently affix the foam-based RFID label to the vulcanized tire; and an optional removable liner configured to be removed from the foam-based RFID label before affixing the foam-based RFID label to the vulcanized tire.

13. A foam-based RFID label comprising: an RFID device positioned within the foam-based RFID label and disposed between a foam layer and a face layer that are adhered to one another, the RFID device configured to identify and/or sense conditions of a vulcanized tire and further communicate the same to an RFID reader when within a predetermined proximity of the RFID reader.

14. The foam-based RFID label of claim 13, wherein the RFID device includes a polyester planar substrate having an antenna and IC positioned therein with the RFID device configured to maintain operability between 300 MHz to 3 GHz to identify and/or sense conditions of a vulcanized tire and further communicates the same to an RFID reader when within a predetermined proximity of the RFID reader, and the face layer formed of a polyester planar substrate that is more rigid than the polyester planar substrate of the RFID device.

15. The foam-based RFID label of claim 14, further comprising a first adhesive layer between the face layer and foam layer that adhere the face layer and foam layer to one another and further encase the RFID device therein; a second foam layer adhered to the foam layer by a second adhesive layer disposed between the foam layers; a rubber adhesion layer coating an outer surface of the second foam layer that is opposite the second adhesive layer, the rubber adhesion layer configured to adhere and permanently affix the foam-based RFID label to the vulcanized tire; and an optional removable liner configured to be removed from the foam-based RFID label before affixing the foam-based RFID label to the vulcanized tire.

16. The foam-based RFID label of claim 15, wherein each layer is planar and substantially parallel to one another within the foam-based RFID label.

17. A vulcanized tire comprising a foam-based RFID label affixed within a recess of the vulcanized tire, wherein the foam-based RFID label comprises: an RFID device positioned within the foam-based RFID label and disposed between a foam layer and a face layer that are adhered to one another, the RFID device configured to identify and/or sense conditions of a vulcanized tire and further communicate the same to an RFID reader when within a predetermined proximity of the RFID reader.

18. The vulcanized tire of claim 17, wherein the RFID device includes a polyester planar substrate having an antenna and IC positioned therein with the RFID device configured to maintain operability between 300 MHz to 3 GHz to identify and/or sense conditions of a vulcanized tire and further communicates the same to an RFID reader when within a predetermined proximity of the RFID reader, and the face layer formed of a polyester planar substrate that is more rigid than the polyester planar substrate of the RFID device.

19. The vulcanized tire of claim 18, wherein the foam-based RFID label further comprises a first adhesive layer between the face layer and foam layer that adhere the face layer and foam layer to one another and further encase the RFID device therein; a second foam layer adhered to the foam layer by a second adhesive layer disposed between the foam layers; a rubber adhesion layer coating an outer surface of the second foam layer that is opposite the second adhesive layer, the rubber adhesion layer configured to adhere and permanently affix the foam-based RFID label to the vulcanized tire; and an optional removable liner configured to be removed from the foam-based RFID label before affixing the foam-based RFID label to the vulcanized tire.

20. The vulcanized tire of claim 19, further comprising a concealing composition applied over the foam-based RFID label that completely conceals the foam-based RFID label within the the vulcanized tire.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention are better understood when the following detailed description of the invention is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0032] FIG. 1 schematically depicts a first embodiment of the foam-based RFID label;

[0033] FIG. 2 is another schematic depiction of the first embodiment of the foam-based RFID label;

[0034] FIG. 3 schematically depicts a second embodiment of the foam-based RFID label;

[0035] FIG. 4 depicts a tire mold and an insert positioned therein for forming a recess in a tire sidewall for subsequent affixing of a foam-based RFID label therein;

[0036] FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C sequentially depict providing a tire with a recess (FIG. 5A), inserting the foam-based RFID label within the recess and affixing the label to the tire (FIG. 5B), and subsequently concealing the affixed foam-based RFID label within the tire with a concealing composition (FIG. 5C);

[0037] FIG. 6 depicts a tire having a foam-based RFID label affixed to a recess formed with a tire sidewall; and

[0038] FIG. 7 depicts a tire having a foam-based RFID label affixed to an outermost surface of a tire sidewall without a recess being formed on the tire.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown. However, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the representative embodiments set forth herein. The exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be both thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention and enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make, use and practice the invention. Like reference numbers refer to like elements throughout the various drawings.

[0040] RFID labels according to the present invention enable various tire tracking solutions that include electronic identification provisions such as, for example, RFID devices incorporated in/onto a foam substrate(s)/layer(s) such that the labels are configured to withstand temperatures and stresses associated with a wide variety of tire uses.

[0041] The foam-based RFID label can be affixed to and/or incorporated on the sidewall of a wide array of tires. Depending on the type of tire, the stretch of the tire (sidewall) or the use of the tire (e.g. racing tires), the thickness of the foam substrate may vary. For example, the thicker the tire sidewall, the lesser the stress and thinner the foam substrate may be.

[0042] As will be appreciated, tires are typically used in combination with rims of a vehicle. The rubber-based tire provides support and gripping for the vehicle with a road or ground surface. The foam-based RFID label may be used with bias tires, belted bias tires, radial tires, solid tires, semi-pneumatic tires, pneumatic tires, airless tires, truck and bus tires, airplane tires, agro tires, racing tires, mining tires, etc.

[0043] In certain embodiments the foam-based RFID label can withstand conditions/stresses typically associated with the environment of the article (tire) encountered throughout its lifetime. The articles disclosed herein constantly flex, expand, contract, and/or are constantly exposed to other external factors external factors such as debris, bumps, water/rain, snow, and/or ice and can withstand these throughout the lifetime of its attachment to the tire.

[0044] As discussed further below, the foam-based RFID label generally includes at least one RFID device. The at least one RFID device generally includes an antenna for wirelessly transmitting and/or receiving RF signals and analog and/or digital electronics operatively connected thereto. The RFID device can include passive RFID devices, or active or semi-passive RFID devices including a battery or other power source. The electronics can be implemented via an integrated circuit (IC) or microchip or other suitable electronic circuit and inlay include, for example, communications electronics, data memory, control logic, etc.

[0045] The RFID device can operate in a variety of frequency ranges including, but not limited to, a low frequency (LF) range (i.e., from approximately 30 kHz to approximately 300 kHz), a high frequency (HF) range (i.e., from approximately 3 MHz to approximately 30 MHz) and an ultra-high frequency (UHF) range (i.e., from approximately 300 MHz to approximately 3 GHz). A passive device can operate in any one of the aforementioned frequency ranges. In particular, for passive devices, LF systems can operate at about 124 kHz, 125 kHz or 135 kHz, HF systems can operate at about 13.56 MHz, and UHF systems can use a band from 8601 MHz to 960 MHz. Alternately, passive device systems can use 2.45 GHz and other areas of the radio spectrum. Active RFID devices can operate at about 455 MHz, 2.45 GHz, or 5.8 GHz. Semi-passive devices can operate at a frequency of about 2.4 GHz.

[0046] The read range of the RFID device (i.e., the range at which the RFID reader can communicate with the RFID device) can be determined by the type of device (i.e., active, passive, etc). Passive LF RFID devices (also referred to as LFID or LowFID devices) can typically be read from within approximately 12 inches (0.33 meters); passive HF RFID devices (also referred to as HFID or HighFID devices) can typically be read from up to approximately 3 feet (1 meter); and passive UHF RFID devices (also referred to as UHFID devices) can typically be read from approximately 10 feet (3.05 meters) or more. One factor influencing the read range for passive RFID devices is the method used to transmit data from the device to the reader, i.e., the coupling mode between the device and the readerwhich can be either inductive coupling or radiative/propagation coupling. Passive LFID devices and passive HFID devices can use inductive coupling between the device and the reader, whereas passive UHFID devices can use radiative or propagation coupling between the device and the reader.

[0047] Alternatively, in radiative or propagation coupling applications (e.g., as are conventionally used by passive UHFID devices), rather than forming an electromagnetic field between the respective antennas of the reader and device, the reader can emit electromagnetic energy that illuminates the device. In turn, the device gathers the energy from the reader via an antenna, and the device's IC or microchip uses the gathered energy to change the load on the device antenna and reflect back an altered signal, i.e., backscatter. UHFID devices can communicate data in a variety of different ways, e.g., increase the amplitude of the reflected wave sent back to the reader (i.e., amplitude shift keying), shift the reflected wave out of the phase received wave (i.e., phase shift keying), or change the frequency of the reflected wave (i.e., frequency shift keying). The reader in turn picks up the backscattered signal and converts the altered wave into data understood by the reader or adjunct computer.

[0048] The antenna employed in the RFID device can be affected by numerous factors, e.g., the intended application, the type of device (i.e., active, passive, semi-active, etc.), the desired read range, the device-to-reader coupling mode, the frequency of operation of the device, etc. For example, insomuch as passive LFID devices are normally inductively coupled with the reader, and because the voltage induced in the device antenna is proportional to the operating frequency of the device, passive LFID devices can be provisioned with a coil antenna having many turns in order to produce enough voltage to operate the device IC or microchip. Comparatively, a conventional HFID passive device can be provisioned with an antenna which is a planar spiral (e.g., with 5 to 7 turns over a credit-card-sized form factor), to provide read ranges on the order of tens of centimeters. HFID antenna coils can be less costly to produce (e.g., compared to LFID antenna coils), since they can be made using techniques relatively less expensive than wire winding, e.g., lithography or the like. UHFID passive devices can be radiatively and/or propagationally coupled with the reader antenna and consequently can employ conventional dipole-like antennas.

[0049] The foam-based RFID label of the present invention can utilize any of the aforementioned RFID devices, as well as others not specifically mentioned. In one embodiment, the RFID device is a passive or active device.

[0050] The foam-based RFID label according to the invention can be installed during tire manufacture (after vulcanization) such that the label becomes as integral, inseparable part of the tire. It should be noted that the phrases during manufacture and during tire manufacture as used herein specifically refer to any processes occurring post-vulcanization of the tire. In the event that the foam-based RFID label becomes inoperable, breaks or otherwise fails, the existing label can be removed (e.g., by milling out the old label) and inserting a new label into the existing recess of the article/vulcanized tire.

[0051] The foam-based RFID label can also be affixed to and/or incorporated within a wide array of tires. As discussed in detail below, the label can be incorporated into the sidewall to facilitate reading from alongside the tire as well as avoid damage impact damage.

[0052] The foam-based RFID label is suitable for use with other articles, including other rubber-based and non-rubber-based articles. Non-limiting examples of other rubber-based articles include suspension components, cushions, shoe soles, hoses, hockey pucks, conveyor belts, musical mouth pieces, bowling balls, rubber mats, jewelry molds, etc., and may be affixed to these articles using the installation methods further disclosed herein.

[0053] FIGS. 6 and 7 depict the foam-based RFID labels 20, 120 disclosed herein affixed to a tire 300. FIG. 6 specifically depicts a tire 300 having an outer sidewall 301 and an inner sidewall (not shown) opposite the outer sidewall. A recess 302 is formed on the outer sidewall 302 between the tire tread 33 and the portion of the tire immediately adjacent the tire rim with one of the foam-based RFID labels 20, 120 being permanently affixed within the recess and substantially flush or slightly depressed relative to other portions 305, 306, 307, 308 of the sidewall immediately adjacent recess 302. In certain aspects and instead of forming a recess on the tire sidewall, FIG. 7 depicts one of the foam-based RFID labels 20, 120 directly and permanently affixed to (on top of) a tire wall 301 such that the foam-based RFID label protrudes above and/or extends beyond an outermost surface of the sidewall 301.

[0054] Referring to FIGS. 1-3, various examples of the foam-based RFID labels are shown at reference numerals 20, 120, and each generally include an RFID device 24 disposed, encased, or sandwiched between one or more foam substrate(s) 22 and a face 26 material. The RFID device, such as a passive RFID device, generally includes an antenna and an IC.

[0055] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the foam-based RFID label 20 includes a foam substrate layer 22, an RFID device 24, and a face layer 26. The RFID device 24 is disposed between/intermediate the foam substrate layer 22 (also referred to as a foam layer, the foam layer, or the first foam layer herein) and the face layer 26. In a particular embodiment, the foam substrate layer 22 includes open cell foam such as reticulated foam, polyalklylene foam (e.g., either a polyethylene foam or polypropylene foam), polyurethane foam or open cell rubber, all of which are resiliently deformable and flexible allowing the RFID label to easily expand and contract when affixed to a tire without the label being torn and/or damaged and while concurrently maintaining operability of the RFID device disposed within the label such that the RFID device may communicate with an RFID reader identifying and sensing conditions of the article/vulcanized tire throughout the life of the article vulcanized tire. The foam substrate layer 22 can also include closed cell foam or at least one layer of open cell foam and/or closed cell foam in any layer arrangement. The foam substrate layer 22 can be in direct physical contact and adhesively bonded to the face layer 26. In one embodiment, the RFID device 24 encompasses less than the total surface area of the foam substrate layer 22 and the portion of the foam substrate layer 22 outside of or surrounding the RFID device 24 is adhesively bonded to the face layer 26. The face layer 26 can have a larger surface area than the foam substrate layer 22 such that portions of the face layer 26 overhang the underlying foam substrate layer 26. In certain aspects the face layer 26 comprises a planar layer of polyester and the RFID device 24 may further include a polyester planar substrate having an antenna and IC positioned therein. Although, the face layer 26 and RFID device 24 may include polyesters that each aid in maintaining operability and readability of the RFID device, it should be further noted that the polyester comprising the face layer 26 (regardless of overall layer thickness) is preferably more rigid and stronger than the polyester included in the RFID device to further protect and support the exterior of the label to prevent and/or reduce the likelihood of damage to the RFID device from external, physical stress(es). For example, the polyester of the face layer 26 may be a thermoforming type of polyester typically used in tire cord while the polyester included RFID device may be chosen from a staple fiber or non-woven type of polyester. Polyester used within the RFID device is an excellent insulator due to its low outgassing rate and further aids in insulating and protecting the RFID capabilities of the RFID device. The face layer 26 and foam substrate layer 22 are bonded/adhered to one another. In certain aspects and in view of FIGS. 1, 2, 6, and 7, the outermost surface of foam substrate layer 22 further includes an adhesive and/or surface treatment 22 such that the label 20 may be affixed directly within a recess 302 formed on the tire sidewall 301 or directly on tire sidewall 301. As shown in FIG. 2, the RFID device 24 may be positioned within a recess 28 formed in the foam substrate layer 22.

[0056] The foam-based RFID label 20 is preferably configured to be permanently affixed to the tire or other article. The terms affix or affixed as used herein refers to attaching, adhering or incorporating the label to or within or on an outer surface of the article. Affixed also includes embedding the label within the article such only the face layer 26 is visible on the finished article. For example, as shown in FIG. 6 and as previously discussed above, the label 20, 120 is disposed on the tire such that the face layer 26 is aligned flush with or slightly depressed relative to the tire sidewall 302.

[0057] FIG. 3 depicts another foam-based RFID label 120 contemplated herein that includes the face layer 26 (e.g., made from and/or including polyester as discussed above in view of FIGS. 1 and 2), the RFID device 24, and a first foam substrate layer 22 (first foam layer). With regard to the RFID device 24, FIG. 3 further depicts the antenna and IC 24 positioned on a planar substrate 24 (also referred to as polyester planar substrate as previously discussed above in view of FIGS. 1 and 2) that is preferably made from and/or includes polyester with the RFID device configured to maintain operability between 300 MHz to 3 GHz to identify and/or sense conditions of a vulcanized tire and further communicates the same to an RFID reader when within a predetermined proximity of the RFID reader, and the face layer 26 formed of a polyester planar substrate that is more rigid than the polyester planar substrate of the RFID device. As further depicted in FIG. 3, the foam-based RFID label 120 further includes a first adhesive layer 121 between the face layer 26 and foam layer 22 that adhere the face layer 26 and foam layer 22 to one another and further encase the RFID device 24 therein. The foam-based RFID label 120 of FIG. 3 further includes a second foam layer 122 adhered to the foam layer 22 (first foam layer) by a second adhesive layer (e.g., 22) disposed between the two foam layers. In certain aspects, the second adhesive layer (not shown) is an adhesive coating that coats an outer surface of either the foam layer 22 or second foam layer 122, thus allowing foam layer and second foam layer 122 to be adhered to one another. A rubber adhesion layer coating 122 is further included on an outer surface of the second foam layer 122 that is opposite the second adhesive layer, the rubber adhesion layer is configured to adhere and permanently affix the foam-based RFID label to the vulcanized tire. The foam-based RFID label 120 further includes a removable liner 126 configured to be removed from the foam-based RFID label 120 before affixing the foam-based RFID label to the vulcanized tire. In certain aspects, each layer included within the labels 20, 120 of FIGS. 1-3 are substantially planar. Furthermore each foam layer disclosed herein may be a foam tape having a single-sided or double-sided adhesive applied thereon to adhere various layers of the labels 20, 120 as disclosed above.

[0058] In view of the above disclosures, FIGS. 5A-5C sequentially depict methods of installing and using the foam-based RFID label(s) 20, 120 in or on a sidewall 301 of a vulcanized tire 300. As shown in FIG. 5A, the method includes forming either during vulcanization or post-vulcanization a recess 302 having a predetermined shape on an outermost or innermost surface of the tire (e.g., an outer sidewall 301 or an inner side wall (not shown) of tire 300). Next, at least one of the foam-based RFID labels 20, 120 that is configured to identify the tire and/or to sense conditions of the tire and communicate the same to an RFID reader when within a predetermined proximity of the RFID reader is provided. As further shown in FIG. 5B, the foam-based RFID labels 20, 120 are subsequently affixed within the recess 302 of the vulcanized tire 300 by contacting and adhering an adhesive surface of the foam-based RFID label to a surface of the recess 302 to subsequently identify the tire and/or sense conditions of the tire.

[0059] As further depicted in FIGS. 4, 5A, 5B, and 6, in certain aspects, the recess is formed during vulcanization by molding a predetermined shape within an outermost surface of a sidewall 302 of the tire. Referring specifically to FIG. 4, a tire mold 200 for molding and vulcanizing a green, unvulcanized tire may be provided. Within the mold 200 of FIG. 4, plate 201 is further provided to form recess having a predetermined shape in tire sidewall 301 as shown for example in FIGS. 5B and 6. As shown in FIG. 5B, in certain aspects, the recess 302 is defined by/formed by a base, a plurality of connected sidewalls, and an opening formed opposite the base such that the recess has dimensions slightly larger than the label 20, 120 so that the label may be placed therein and affixed to the tire such that gaps/clearance exists between the sidewalls of the recess and the sides of the label. In other alternative aspects, the recess 302 is formed by milling an outermost surface of the tire into a predetermined shape, the recess formed by milling also having a base, a plurality of connected sidewalls, and an opening formed opposite the base that form a predetermined shape with the milled recess having dimensions slightly larger than the label 20, 120 so that the label may be placed therein and affixed to the tire.

[0060] As further shown in FIGS. 5B and 6, the adhesive surface of the foam-based RFID label is adhered to the base of the recess and completely positioned within the recess such that the face layer of the RFID device is either flush with or slightly depressed relative to other outermost surfaces 305, 306, 307, 308 of the sidewall that are immediately adjacent the recess. In certain aspects, the RFID device is flush with the other outermost surfaces of the sidewall of the tire. In certain aspects, RFID device is slightly depressed relative to other outermost surfaces of the sidewall of the tire

[0061] As further shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C, in certain aspects, it may be aesthetically desirable to conceal the RFID label within the tire. In this aspect and as further shown in FIG. 5C, a concealing composition 50 (e.g., an epoxy resin mixed with a colorant that matches the color of the article/tire or a rubber based resineither a green rubber based resin or a curable rubber based resin) may be applied over the foam based RFID label to conceal and further encase the face layer of the foam based RFID label, as well as the all portions of the RFID label, within the tire. In each of the aspects discussed above, the RFID device preferably maintains RFID operability between 300 MHz to 3 GHz and identifies and/or senses conditions of the tire and further communicates the same to an RFID reader when within the predetermined proximity of the RFID reader.

[0062] The inventive concepts disclosed herein are further directed to methods of identifying a rubber-based article (e.g., tires post-vulcanization). The methods can include affixing one or more foam-based RFID labels to a rubber-based article, the label including an RFID component configured to provide a unique identifier or other information upon being read or otherwise interrogated. Once the label is affixed to the rubber-based article, the unique identifier is thus associated with that particular article. As further disclosed herein, in certain aspects, the inventive concepts further include a vulcanized tire having at least one of the disclosed foam-based RFID labels affixed thereon (e.g., within a recess of the tire sidewall or directly on top of the tire sidewall).

[0063] The article can be identified by use of an RFID reader as previously described herein. Identification of the article enables a wide array of applications to be performed such as tracking the article in a manufacturing or production system, monitoring the location of the article, performing inventory operations, etc.

[0064] The foregoing description provides embodiments of the invention by way of example only. It is envisioned that other embodiments may perform similar functions and/or achieve similar results. Any and all such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the scope of the present invention and are intended to be covered by the appended claims.