COATING COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING DIAMOND AND EITHER CATIONIC CURABLE RESIN SYSTEM OR THIOL-ENE CURABLE SYSTEMS

Abstract

Disclosed are cationic cure resin systems and thiol-ene cure systems, which include abrasion resistant material such as diamond material. The systems are coated onto substrates. Floor coverings comprising the coated substrates are also disclosed.

Claims

1. A cationic cured resin system, comprising: A. at least one resin; B. at least one polyol; C. a photoinitiation system; D. at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material; and optionally E. at least one dispersing agent.

2. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, wherein the at least one resin is selected from the group consisting of vinyl ether resins, epoxy resins, and combinations thereof.

3. The cationic cured resin system of claim 2, wherein the vinyl ether resin is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether; 1,3-propanediol ether; 1,6-hexanediol divinyl ether; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylol divinyl ether; diethyleneglycol divinyl ether; triethyleneglycol divinyl ether; n-butyl vinyl ether; tert-butyl vinyl ether; cyclohexyl vinyl ether; dodecyl vinyl ether; octadecyl vinyl ether; trimethylolpropane diallyl ether; allyl pentaerythritol; trimethylolpropane monoallyl ether; and combinations thereof.

4. The cationic cured resin system of claim 2, wherein the epoxy resin is selected from the group consisting of 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate; bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) adipate; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-methyl-oxetane; 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether; 1,6 hexanediol diglycidyl ether; ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether; polyglycol diglycidyl ether; propoxylated glycerin triglycidyl ether; monoglycidyl ester of neodecanoic acid; epoxidized soy; epoxidized linseed oil; epoxidized polybutadiene resins; and combinations thereof.

5. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, wherein the at least one resin is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether; 1,3-propanediol divinyl ether; 1,6-hexanediol divinyl ether; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylol divinyl ether; diethyleneglycol divinyl ether; triethyleneglycol divinyl ether; n-butyl vinyl ether; tert-butyl vinyl ether; cyclohexyl vinyl ether; dodecyl vinyl ether; octadecyl vinyl ether; trimethylolpropane diallyl ether; allyl pentaerythritol; trimethylolpropane monoallyl ether; 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate; bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) adipate; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-methyl-oxetane; 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether; 1,6 hexanediol diglycidyl ether; ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether; polyglycol diglycidyl ether; propoxylated glycerin triglycidyl ether; monoglycidyl ester of neodecanoic acid; epoxidized soy; epoxidized linseed oil; epoxidized polybutadiene resins; and combinations thereof.

6. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, wherein the at least one polyol is selected from the group consisting of diethylene glycol; neopentyl glycol; glycerol; trimethylol propane; polyether polyols; polyester polyols; aliphatic polyester polyols derived from diacids or dials; aromatic polyester polyols derived from diacids or dials; 1,3-propanediol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylol; derivatives thereof; and combinations thereof.

7. The cationic cured resin system of claim 6, wherein the at least one polyol is selected from the group consisting of: A. a polyether polyol selected from the group consisting of polytetramethylene ether glycol; B. a polyester polyol selected from the group consisting of caprolactone dial: caprolactone trial; and combinations thereof; and C. combinations thereof.

8. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, wherein the photoinitiation system comprises: A. at least one photo initiator; and B. optionally, at least one photosensitizer.

9. The cationic cured resin system of claim 8, wherein the at least one photoinitiator is a cationic photoinitiator.

10. The cationic cured resin system of claim 9, wherein the cationic photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of iodonium salts; sulfonium salts; and combinations thereof.

11. The cationic cured resin system of claim 10, wherein the cationic photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of: A. an iodonium salt selected from the group consisting of bis(4-methylphenyl) hexafluorophosphate-(1)-iodonium; B. a sulfonium salt selected from the group consisting of triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salts; triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salts; and combinations thereof; and C. combinations thereof.

12. The cationic cured resin system of claim 8, wherein the at least one photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of isopropyl thioxanthone; 1-chloro-4-propoxythioxanthone; 2,4-diethylthioxanthone; 2-chlorothioxanthone; and combinations thereof.

13. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, wherein the diamond material is selected from the group consisting of diamond particles, diamond dust, diamond shards, diamond fragments, whole diamonds, and combinations thereof.

14. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, wherein the diamond material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.1 nm to about 1,000 nm.

15. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, wherein the diamond material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.01 m to about 100 m.

16. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, further comprising at least a second abrasion resistant material comprising at, least one selected from the group consisting of (i) a second diamond material, (ii) a non-diamond material having a Mohs hardness value of at least 6, and (iii) combinations thereof, wherein: A. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.1 nm to about 1,000 nm; B. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.01 m to about 100 m; C. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.1 nm to about 1,000 nm; D. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.01 m to about 100 m; optionally wherein the cationic cured resin system further comprises at least a third abrasion resistant material selected from the group, consisting of (i) a third diamond material, (ii) a second non-diamond material preferably having a Mohs hardness value of at least 6 and even more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, feldspar, a spinel, topaz, quartz and combinations thereof, wherein the third abrasion resistant material has an average diameter in the range of the at least one abrasion resistant material and/or the second abrasion resistant material.

17. The cationic cured resin system of claim 16, wherein: A. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 2.0 nm to about 500 nm, and the second abrasion resistant material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.5 m to about 100 m; or B. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.5 m to about 100 m, and the second abrasion resistant material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 2.0 nm to about 500 nm; or C. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 2.0 m to about 500 nm, and the second abrasion resistant material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 2.0 nm to about 500 nm; or D. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.5 m to about 100 m, and the second abrasion resistant material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 0.5 m to about 100 m; optionally, wherein the third abrasion resistant material has an average diameter in the range of the at least one abrasion resistant material and/or the second abrasion resistant material.

18. The cationic cured resin system of claim 16, wherein: A. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm, and the second abrasion resistant material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 6 m to about 30 pin; or B. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 6 m to about 30 m, and the second abrasion resistant material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm; or C. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm, and the second, abrasion resistant material is a nanoparticle having an average diameter of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm; or D. the at least one abrasion resistant material comprising diamond material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 6 m to about 30 m, and the second abrasion resistant material is a microparticle having an average diameter of from about 6 m to about 30 m; optionally, wherein the third abrasion resistant material has an average diameter in the range of the at least one abrasion resistant material and/or the second abrasion resistant material.

19. The cationic cured resin system of claim 1, wherein the composition is curable by UV light.

20. The cationic cured resin system of claim 19, wherein the UV light is produced by a UV LED light or a UV arc lamp.

21-82. (canceled)

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0079] Non-acrylate based curing systems, which include abrasion resistant materials, are disclosed herein. In particular, the curing systems are based on cationic chemistry or thiol-ene chemistry. Moreover, the abrasion resistant material in each system is at least a diamond material; however, it is envisioned that additional abrasion resistant materials, such as a second diamond material or another secondary material, may also be included. In some instances the secondary material may be aluminum oxide (also known as corundum), feldspar, spinels, topaz, or quartz, or combinations of the foregoing. In other instances, the secondary material may be any material that has a hardness of at least about a 6 or higher on the Mohs hardness scale.

Cationic Curing

[0080] Cationic curing is a well-known chemical process; however, it has never before been combined with abrasion resistant material, such as diamond material, in a coating for use on surfaces, e.g., floors. The results of such combination have been surprising, especially considering that the coatings can be applied in the field, i.e., under normal oxygen-level conditions.

[0081] Cationic curing requires the combination of a resin, a polyol, and a photoinitiation system. The present invention also requires the presence of an abrasion resistant material, comprising diamond material. Optionally, a dispersing agent may be included, which serves to distribute, or to assist in distributing, the abrasion resistant material. There are at least two methods by which the cationic cured coating may be applied to a substrate.

[0082] In the first cationic cure method, the resin, polyol and photoinitiation system are combined together to form a first pre-resin system. The abrasion resistant material is then added to the first pre-resin system to create a second pre-resin system. The second pre-resin system is then applied to the substrate, after which the curing process may be initiated by application of light, generally UV light. The dispersing agent may be added to either the first or second pre-resin system. Under this method, in practice, the order in which the ingredients are combined does not matter. Therefore, even though the above method is described as combining the resin, polyol and photoinitiation system first, it is envisioned that the abrasion resistant material may be added in at any time. Importantly, the combination of the ingredients must be completed, resulting in the second pre-resin system, prior to application to a substrate. Once the curing process has partially or substantially completed to form a coating layer on the substrate, a second, third, etc. layer may be added by repeating the above steps or by following the other methods described herein (e.g., a thiol-ene cure method). It is also envisioned that a layer based on a different chemistry (e.g., polyacrylate chemistry) may also be included.

[0083] In the second cationic cure method, the resin, polyol and photoinitiation system are combined to form a first pre-resin system. The first pre-resin system is then applied to the substrate, i.e., before the addition of the abrasion resistant material. Once the substrate has received the first pre-resin system, the abrasion resistant material is then added, e.g., by sprinkling or spraying methods; this results in the formation of the second pre-resin system. The curing process may then be initiated by application of light, generally UV light. The dispersing agent, if present, may be added to either the first or second pre-resin system. Importantly, this second cationic cure method requires that the first pre-resin system be created and applied to a substrate prior to combination with the abrasion resistant material. Significantly, this allows for the use of pre-mixed first pre-resin systems. Once the curing process has partially or substantially completed to form a coating layer on the substrate, a second layer may be added by repeating the above steps or by following the other methods described herein (e.g., a thiol-ene cure method). It is also envisioned that a layer based on a different chemistry (e.g., polyacrylate chemistry) may also be included.

[0084] The resin itself may be any resin known to a skilled artisan. Useful resins include, but are not limited to, vinyl ether resins and epoxy resins. Examples of vinyl ether resins include, but are not limited to, 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether; 1,3-propanediol divinyl ether; 1,6-hexanediol divinyl ether; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylol divinyl ether; diethyleneglycol divinyl ether; triethyleneglycol divinyl ether; n-butyl vinyl ether; tert-butyl vinyl ether; cyclohexyl vinyl ether; dodecyl vinyl ether; octadecyl vinyl ether; trimethylolpropane diallyl ether; allyl pentaerythritol; and trimethylolpropane monoallyl ether. Examples of epoxy resins include, but are not limited to, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate; bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) adipate; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-methyl-oxetane; 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether; 1,6 hexanediol diglycidyl ether; ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether; polyglycol diglycidyl ether; propoxylated glycerin triglycidyl ether; monoglycidyl ester of neodecanoic acid; epoxidized soy; epoxidized linseed oil; and epoxidized polybutadiene resins. Any combination of any of the foregoing resins (or any other useful resin known to a skilled artisan) is also envisioned.

[0085] The polyol may be any polyol known to a skilled artisan. Useful polyols include, but are not limited to, diethylene glycol; neopentyl glycol; glycerol; trimethylol propane; polyether polyols (e.g., polytetramethylene ether glycol); polyester polyols (e.g., caprolactone diol; caprolactone triol); aliphatic polyester polyols derived from diacids or diols; aromatic polyester polyols derived from diacids or diols; 1,3-propanediol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylol; and derivatives thereof. Any combination of any of the foregoing polyols (or any other useful polyol known to a skilled artisan) is also envisioned.

[0086] The photoinitiation system for the cationic cure system includes at least a photoinitiator, which should be a cationic photoinitiator. Examples include, but are not limited to, iodonium salts (e.g., bis(4-methylphenyl)-hexafluorophosphate-(1)-iodonium) and sulfonium salts (e.g., triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salts; triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salts). Any combination of any of the foregoing photoinitiators (or any other useful photoinitiators known to a skilled artisan) is also envisioned.

[0087] The photoinitiation system for the cationic cure system may optionally include a photosensitizer. Examples include, but are not limited to, isopropyl thioxanthone; 1-chloro-4-propoxy-thioxanthone; 2,4-diethylthioxanthone; and 2-chlorothioxanthone. Any combination of any of the foregoing photosensitizers (or any other useful photosensitizers known to a skilled artisan) is also envisioned.

[0088] Other useful additives known to those of skill in the art may also be included in the cationic cured resin system of the present invention. One such useful additive is a gloss adjuster. The invention may further include comprising a catalyst, a stabilizer, a modifier, a processing aid, an internal and external lubricant package, an ultraviolet absorber, tint, pigments, other specialty additives, or any combination thereof. Additional wear resistant additives such as aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) particles, crystalline classes of silicon carbide, hard plastics, reinforced polymers, nylon, organics, or any combination thereof may also be included in the invention.

[0089] The cationic cure resin system may be cured through the application of light. UV light is preferred, especially UV light produced by a UV LED light or by a UV arc lamp. In some instances, the UV light may have germicidal properties. In general, the UV light should have a wavelength of from about 160 to about 450 nm. It is preferred that the UV light be applied for a time period of about 1 second to about 180 seconds.

Thiol-ene Curing

[0090] Thiol-ene curing is also a well-known chemical process; however, it has never before been combined with abrasion resistant material, such as diamond material, in a coating for use on surfaces, e.g., floors. The results of such combination have been surprising, especially considering that the coatings can be applied in the field, i.e., under normal oxygen-level conditions.

[0091] Thiol-ene curing requires the combination of a thiol and an alkene. Under thiol-ene curing, the photoinitiation system is optional. The present invention also requires the presence of an abrasion resistant material, comprising diamond material. Optionally, a dispersing agent may be included, which serves to distribute, or to assist in distributing, the abrasion resistant material. There are at least two methods by which the thiol-ene cured coating may be applied to a substrate.

[0092] In the first thiol-ene cure method, the thiol and alkene, and optionally the photoinitiation system, are combined together to form a first pre-thiol-ene cured system. The abrasion resistant material is then added to the first pre-thiol-ene cured system to create a second pre-thiol-ene cured system. The second pre-thiol-ene cured system is then applied to the substrate, after which the curing process may be initiated by application of light, generally UV light. The dispersing agent may be added to either the first or second pre-thiol-ene cured system. Under this method, in practice, the order in which the ingredients are combined does not matter. Therefore, even though the above method is described as combining the thiol and alkene, and optionally the photoinitiation system, first, it is envisioned that the abrasion resistant material may be added in at any time. Importantly, the combination of the ingredients must be completed, resulting in the second pre-thiol-ene cured system, prior to application to a substrate. Once the curing process has partially or substantially completed to form a coating layer on the substrate, a second, third, etc. layer may be added by repeating the above steps or by following the other methods described herein (e.g., a cationic cure method). It is also envisioned that a layer based on a different chemistry (e.g., polyacrylate chemistry) may also be included.

[0093] In the second thiol-ene cure method, the thiol and alkene, and optionally the photoinitiation system, are combined to form a first pre-thiol-ene cured system. The first pre-thiol-ene cured system is then applied to the substrate, i.e., before the addition of the abrasion resistant material. Once the substrate has received the first pre-thiol-ene cured system, the abrasion resistant material is then added, e.g., by sprinkling or spraying methods; this results in the formation of the second pre-thiol-ene cured system. The curing process may then be initiated by application of light, generally UV light. The dispersing agent, if present, may be added to either the first or second pre-thiol-ene cured system. Importantly, this second thiol-ene cure method requires that the first pre-thiol-ene cured system be created and applied to a substrate prior to combination with the abrasion resistant material. Significantly, this allows for the use of pre-mixed first pre-thiol-ene cured systems. Once the curing process has partially or substantially completed to form a coating layer on the substrate, a second, third, etc. layer may be added by repeating the above steps or by following the other methods described herein (e.g., a cationic cure method). It is also envisioned that a layer based on a different chemistry (e.g., polyacrylate chemistry) may also be included.

[0094] The thiol itself may be any thiol known to a skilled artisan. Useful thiols include, but are not limited to, alkyl 3-mercaptopropionates (e.g., pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) and trimethylolpropane tri(3-mercaptopropionate)), alkythioglycolates (e.g., butyl thioglycolate and 2-Ethylhexyl thioglycolate), and alkyl thiols (e.g., 2-ethylhexyl thiol, 1-Butanethiol and 2-methyl-2-propanethiol). Any combination of any of the foregoing thiols (or any other useful thiol known to a skilled artisan) is also envisioned.

[0095] The alkene itself may be a monomer or oligomer, or a combination thereof. The alkene should include at least one vinyl group, at least one allyl group, or at least one of each. Useful alkenes include, but are not limited to, diethylene glycol divinyl ether (DEGDVE), triethyleneglycol divinyl ether (TEGDVE), butanediol divinyl ether (BDDVE), pentaerythritol allyl ether (PETAE), triallyl iscocyanurate (TAIL), and tris[4-(vinyloxy)butyl)trimellitate. Any combination of any of the foregoing alkenes (or any other useful alkene known to a skilled artisan) is also envisioned.

[0096] The optional photoinitiation system for the thiol-ene cure system includes at least a photoinitiator. The photoinitiator should be either a Norrish type I photoinitiator, a Norrish type II photoinitiator, or a combination thereof. However, any photoinitiator known to be useful with thiol-ene curing may be used.

[0097] The optional photoinitiation system for the thiol-ene cure system may optionally include a photosensitizer, which may be any useful photosensitizer known to a skilled artisan.

[0098] Other useful additives known to those of skill in the art may also be included in the thiol-ene cured resin system of the present invention. One such useful additive is a gloss adjuster. The invention may further include comprising a catalyst, a stabilizer, a modifier, a processing aid, an internal and external lubricant package, an ultraviolet absorber, tint, pigments, other specialty additives, or any combination thereof. Additional wear resistant additives such as aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) particles, crystalline classes of silicon carbide, hard plastics, reinforced polymers, nylon, organics, or any combination thereof may also be included in the invention

[0099] The thiol-ene cure resin system may be cured through the application of light. UV light is preferred, especially UV light produced by a UV LED light or by a UV arc lamp. In some instances, the UV light may have germicidal properties. In general, the UV light should have a wavelength of from about 160 nm to about 450 nm. It is preferred that the UV light be applied for a time period of about 1 second to about 180 seconds.

Abrasion Resistant Material

[0100] Both the cationic cure and thiol-ene cure systems of the present invention require the presence of at least one abrasion resistant material, which is preferably a diamond material. The diamond material may be of synthetic or natural origin and may be in any form known to a skilled artisan. Useful forms include, but are not limited to, diamond particles, diamond dust, diamond shards, diamond fragments, and whole diamonds. Any combination of any of the foregoing diamond forms (or any other useful forms known to a skilled artisan) is also envisioned.

[0101] The diamond material may be of any useful size. In some instances, the diamond material may be a nanoparticle measured on the nanoscale. For example, the diamond nanoparticle may have an average diameter of from about 0.1 nm to about 1,000 nm; preferably from about 0.2 nm to about 900 nm; more preferably from about 0.5 nm to about 800 nm; even more preferably from about 1 nm to about 600 nm; yet even more preferably from about 2 nm to about 500 nm; and most preferably from about 10 nm to about 500 nm, from about 20 nm to about 500 nm, from about 20 nm to about 200 nm, from about 25 nm to about 250 nm, from about 35 nm to about 175 nm, from about 50 nm to about 150 nm, from about 75 nm to about 125 nm or from about 20 nm to about 40 nm. It should be noted that the term nanoparticle refers to size measurements only and not to the form of the diamond material. For example, it is possible that diamond particles are measured as being nanoparticles; however, it is also possible that diamond dust, diamond shards, diamond fragments and even whole diamonds are measured as being nanoparticles. Additionally, any other material used as abrasion resistant material may also have the average diameters described above.

[0102] In other instances, the diamond material may be a microparticle measured on the microscale. Fore example, the diamond microparticle may have an average diameter of from about 0.01 m to about 100 m; preferably from about 0.1 m to about 75 m; more preferably from about 0.5 m to about 100 m, from about 0.5 m to about 50 m, or from about 6 m to about 30 m; even more preferably from about 0.75 m to about 25 m; yet even more preferably from about 1 m to about 10 m; and most preferably from about 1 m to about 5 m, from about 5 m to about 10 m, from about 2.5 m to about 7.5 m, or from about 6 m to about 10 m. It should be noted that the term microparticle refers to size measurements only and not to the form of the diamond material. For example, it is possible that diamond particles are measured as being microparticles; however, it is also possible that diamond dust, diamond shards, diamond fragments and even whole diamonds are measured as being microparticles. Additionally, any other material used as abrasion resistant material may also have the average diameters described above.

[0103] In some embodiments of the invention, a first abrasion resistant material is measured on the nanoscale while a second abrasion resistant material is measured on the microscale. In other embodiments, both the first and second abrasion resistant materials are measured on either the nanoscale or the microscale. Either the first or second abrasion resistant material (or both) may be diamond material. In other embodiments, there may be a third abrasion resistant material; the third abrasion resistant material may be measured on the same scale as either the first or the second abrasion resistant material. The third abrasion resistant material may also be diamond.

[0104] Other materials useful as abrasion resistant materials include aluminum oxide (also known as corundum), feldspar, spinels, topaz, or quartz, or combinations of the foregoing. Other useful materials include any material that has a hardness of at least about a 6 or higher on the Mohs hardness scale.

Coatings and Coating Layers

[0105] In some instances, the composition formed by the combination of the various ingredients to form either the cationic cured resin system or the thiol-ene cured system may be considered to be a coating composition.

[0106] The coating composition may be layered on substrates by any of the above-described methods, as well as any other method known to those of skill in the art. In general, each coating layer should have an average thickness of from about 0.1 m to about 500 m; preferably from about 0.5 m to about 250 m; more preferably from about 1 m to about 150 m; yet even more preferably from about 2 m to about 100 m; and most preferably from about 2 m to about 50 m, from about 4 m to about 40 m, or from about 6 m to about 20 m.

[0107] The amount of abrasion resistant material in a coating layer may be measured by weight of the abrasion resistant material compared to the weight of the coating layer, i.e., a wt. %. In general, it is preferred that the abrasion resistant material be present in a coating layer in an amount of less than 12.0 wt. %, preferably less than 10.0 wt. %, even more preferably less than 5.50 wt. %, based on the weight of the coating layer. In other instances, it is preferred that the abrasion resistant material be present in a coating layer in an amount of at least 1.50 wt. %, preferably at least 2.0 wt. %, even more preferably at least 6.0 wt. %, based on the weight of the coating layer. In order to determine wt. %, a sample size of a cured coating layer may be tested. The sample may be of any size, e.g., 1 cm.sup.2, 10 cm.sup.2, 100 cm.sup.2, or any other size useful for testing. The thickness of the coating layer sample being tested should, statistically, have the same average thickness as the rest of the coating layer.

[0108] In some embodiments, the abrasion resistant material may protrude past the top surface of a layer. For example, the abrasion resistant material may protrude past the top surface of a layer by about 1-50% of the average coating thickness of the layer. In some instances, the ratio of the average coating thickness of the layer to the average diameter of the abrasion resistant material may be in the range of from about 0.6:1 to about 2:1.

[0109] In other embodiments, the abrasion resistant material may be submerged beneath the top surface of a layer. For example, the abrasion resistant material may be submerged beneath the top surface of a layer by about 1-50% of the average coating thickness of the layer. In some instances, the abrasion resistant material may be submerged beneath the top surface of a layer by about 1-25% of the average coating thickness of the layer, with the abrasion resistant material being vertically offset from the bottom surface of the layer by about 1-25% of the average coating thickness of the layer. In some instances of the present invention, the ratio of the average coating thickness of a layer to the average diameter of the abrasion resistant material in that layer may be in the range of from about 0.6:1 to about 2:1.

[0110] Moreover, it is envisioned that the abrasion resistant material may be spread at least somewhat uniformly throughout the coating layer, such that each piece of abrasion resistant material is, on average, separated from another piece of the abrasion resistant material by an average of from about 20 m to about 75 m.

Substrates and Floor Coverings

[0111] The substrate coated with either of the above-described systems may be any substrate known to be useful. Examples include, but are not limited to, tile (e.g., vinyl tile, ceramic tile, porcelain tile, wood tile); linoleum; laminate; engineered wood; wood (e.g., ash, birch, cherry, exotic, hickory, maple, oak, pecan, walnut); cork; stone; bamboo; and vinyl sheet. Any combination of any of the foregoing substrates (or any other useful substrate known to a skilled artisan) is also envisioned.

[0112] It is envisioned that various types of floor coverings can be produced, either by any of the above-described methods or by other methods known to those of skill in the art. In particular, the floor covering should include a substrate that has been coated with at least one coating layer as described above.

[0113] In some embodiments, the floor covering includes two or more layers. In these embodiments, at least one of the layers should be in accordance with the coating layers described above. For example, a floor covering may include a substrate coated with a cationic cured resin system layer as a base layer, and then further coated with either (i) the same or different cationic cured resin system layer, (ii) with a thiol-ene cured system layer, or (iii) with a blank layer based on different chemistry than as described above, e.g., polyacrylate chemistry. The blank layer may optionally include abrasion resistant material.

[0114] In some instances, the thiol-ene cured system layer may be the base layer, which is then further coated with either (i) the same or different thiol-ene cured system layer, (ii) with a cationic cured resin system layer, or (iii) with a blank layer based on different chemistry than as described above, e.g., polyacrylate chemistry. The blank layer may optionally include abrasion resistant material.

[0115] In other instances, the base layer may be a blank layer based on different chemistry than as described above, e.g., polyacrylate chemistry. On top of the blank base layer may then be at least one coating layer according to the invention as described above.

[0116] That is, a floor covering may include a substrate with a single coating layer or with multiple coating layers. Regardless of the number of, or order of, the coating layers on the substrate, at least one of the coating layers must be according to the invention as described above. The additional coating layer(s) may or may not be according to the invention as described above.

[0117] In some embodiments of the floor covering that includes multiple coating layers, at least one of the layers may be a print layer which includes decorative or informative designs, pictures, symbols, characters or words. In other embodiments of the floor covering that includes multiple layers, at least one of the layers may be a wear layer that is designed to protect the floor covering by wearing away with use.

Examples

[0118] The invention is further illustrated by the following cationic-cured Examples. These Examples should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way and are provided merely to clarify the invention and exemplify some embodiments of the invention.

[0119] Polyols

[0120] Polyols used in accordance with the present invention may be any now known or later discovered; exemplary polyols may be prepared from the components listed in Table 1A below. While the exemplary polyols may be prepared (from the below listed components) according to any method known to those skilled in the art, the exemplary polyols were prepared using a LabMax program: (1) mix the listed ingredients together; (2) heat the mixture to about 80 C.; (3) charge the heated mixture; (4) ramp up the temperature of the charged, heated mixture to about 150 C. over the course of about two hours; (5) ramp up the temperature of the charged, heated mixture to about 230 C. over the course of about twelve hours; and (6) hold the temperature of the charged, heated mixture at about 230 C. for about four hours.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1A Polyol Example Number* (prepared by the above method, using the below components) (all amounts in grams, g) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sebacic 639.18 648.31 663.10 672.94 Acid Succinic 539.50 551.69 557.92 570.97 Acid 1,3- 360.72 291.48 336.80 264.57 460.40 360.65 441.99 338.32 Propanediol Glycerine 60.10 62.39 87.56 90.61 **Fascat 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 4100 1,6 889.00 Hexanediol Phthalic 234.50 Anhydride Trimellitic 376.50 Anhydride Phosphorous 0.55 Acid Triethyl 15.01 Phosphite (TEP) Total: 1000.00 999.99 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.01 1000.00 1515.56 *Polyol Example No. 1 is also known by its tradename of DTBioPE03302008-1; Polyol Example #2 is also known by its tradename of DTBioPE03302008-2; etc. Polyol Example #9 is also known by its tradename of P979. **Fascat 4100 = butylstannoic acid

[0121] Polyol Example Nos. 1-5 and 9 were each tested and discovered to have the following properties, as shown in Table 1B:

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1B Polyol Example Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 9 Acid No. 0.28 0.28 0.561 2.78 0.58723 5.83 (AN) Hydroxyl 178.78 73.21 130.32 0 172.91 221.75 No. (OH) Viscosity* 80.5 389 142 n/a 2315 5580 (cP): 5500 *Viscosity test conditions: Polyol Example 1: 10 g, 21 spindle, 70 C., 100 RPM, 15.9% torque Polyol Example 2: 10 g, 21 spindle, 70 C., 100 RPM, 77.7% torque Polyol Example 3: 10 g, 21 spindle, 70 C., 100 RPM, 28.4% torque Polyol Example 5: 8.11 g, 24.8 C., 10 RPM, 46.3% torque Polyol Example 9, Trial 1: 21 spindle, 130.1 F., 2.5 RPM, 27.7% torque Polyol Example 9, Trial 2: 21 spindle, 130.1 F., 4.5 RPM, 49.4% torque

[0122] Coatings

[0123] Twenty coatings in accordance with the invention were prepared, with the compositions of each being listed in Tables 2A-2D below. As defined in the below, Ingredients A1 and A2, e.g., are used either in combination with each other or in the alternative to each other and may be referred to generally as Ingredient A, etc. Therefore, the term Ingredient A (or Ingredient B, etc.) should be used in conjunction with the appropriate Table to determine which of Ingredient A1 and/or A2 (or Ingredient B1, B2, and/or B3, etc.) is present.

[0124] The method used to prepare the coatings was as follows: (1) mix together Ingredients A, B, C, and D (if present) to form mixture; (2) mix the mixture at about 130 F. until at least Ingredient D (if present) is completely or substantially dissolved; (3) cool mixture to about room temperature, i.e., about 20-25 C.; (4) slowly add ingredients E and F (if present) to mixture while stirring; (5) stir mixture for at least about five minutes; (6) slowly add Ingredient H (if present) to mixture; and (6) stir mixture at high RPM (i.e., approximately 2000 RPM) for at least about fifteen minutes. Viscosities of the coatings should be measured at about room temperature, i.e., about 20-25 C.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2A Coating Example Number* Ingredient (all amounts in grams, g) (function) Chemical Name 1 2 3 4 6 8 A1 Polyol Ex. 5 Polyol 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 (reactant) B1 Syna-Epoxy 21 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl- 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 (reactant) methyl 3,4-epoxycyclo- hexanecarboxylate (CAS No. 2386-87-0) C Tego Wet 270 Polyethersiloxane 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.193 (surfactant) D1 Genocure ITX Isopropyl 0.313 0.313 (photoinitiator) Thioxanthone D2 Genocure DETX 2,4-Diethylthioxanthone 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.313 (photoinitiator) E2 Syna-P16976 Mixed type 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 (photoinitiator) triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salts (CAS Nos. 89452-37-9, 71449-78-0, 108-32-7) F Disperbyk 2008 Acrylic Block- 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156 (dispersing agent) copolymer H2 SCMD-B 15-20 Diamond 3.13 3.13 1.56 (abrasive agent) H3 CA15 Aluminum Oxide 3.13 1.56 (abrasive agent) Total: 66.76 66.76 70.04 70.04 70.04 70.03 *Coating Example No. 1 is also known as DTD10C09042017-1; Coating Example No. 2 is also known as DTD10C09042017-2; etc.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2B Coating Example Number* Ingredient (all amounts in grams, g) (function) Chemical Name 10 12 13 15 19 A1 Polyol Ex. 5 Polyol 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 (reactant) A2 Polyol Ex. 9 Polyol 12.5 B1 Syna-Epoxy 21 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl- 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 (reactant) methyl 3,4-epoxycyclo- hexanecarboxylate (CAS No. 2386-87-0) B2 Syna-Epoxy 28 Bis((3,4-epoxycyclo- 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 (reactant) hexyl)methyl)adipate (Cas No. 3130-19-6) B3 Syna-Epoxy 06E 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl- 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 (reactant) methyl 3,4-epoxycyclo- hexanecarboxylate (CAS No. 2386-87-0) C Tego Wet 270 Polyethersiloxane 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.193 (surfactant) D2 Genocure DETX 2,4-Diethylthioxanthone 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.625 (photoinitiator) E2 Syna-P16976 Mixed type 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 (photoinitiator) triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salts (CAS Nos. 89452-37-9, 71449-78-0, 108-32-7) E3 Syna-P16992 Mixed type 3.75 (photoinitiator) triarylsulfonium hexafluoro phosphate salts (Cas Nos. 68156-13-8, 74227-35-3, 103-32-7) F1 Disperbyk 2008 Acrylic Block- 0.156 0.156 0.344 0.344 0.344 (dispersing agent) copolymer H1 Acematt 3600 Silica 3.75 3.75 3.75 (matting agent) H2 SCMD-B 15-20 Diamond 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 (abrasive agent) Total: 70.04 70.04 73.97 73.66 74.29 *Coating Example No. 10 is also known as DTD10C09042017-10; Coating Example No. 12 is also known as DTD10C09042017-12; etc.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 2C Coating Example Number* Ingredient (all amounts in grams, g) (function) Chemical Name 5 7 9 11 14 16 A1 Polyol Ex. 5 Polyol 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 (reactant) B1 Syna-Epoxy 21 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl- 50.00 50.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 (reactant) methyl 3,4-epoxycyclo- hexanecarboxylate (CAS No. 2386-87-0) B2 Syna-Epoxy 28 Bis((3,4-epoxycyclo- 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 (reactant) hexyl)methyl)adipate (Cas No. 3130-19-6) B3 Syna-Epoxy 06E 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl- 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 (reactant) methyl 3,4-epoxycyclo- hexanecarboxylate (CAS No. 2386-87-0) C Tego Wet 270 Polyethersiloxane 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.193 (surfactant) D1 Genocure ITX Isopropyl 0.313 0.313 0.313 (photoinitiator) Thioxanthone D2 Genocure DETX 2,4-Diethylthioxanthone 0.625 (photoinitiator) D3 Speedcure CPTX 1-chloro-4- 0.313 (photoinitiator) propoxythioxanthone E2 Syna-P16976 Mixed type 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 (photoinitiator) triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salts (CAS Nos. 89452-37-9, 71449-78-0, 108-32-7) E3 Syna-P16992 Mixed type 3.75 (photoinitiator) triarylsulfonium hexafluoro phosphate salts (Cas Nos. 68156-13-8, 74227-35-3, 103-32-7) F Disperbyk 2008 Acrylic Block- 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.344 0.344 (dispersing agent) copolymer H1 Acematt 3600 Silica 0.375 0.375 (matting agent) H2 SCMD-B 15-20 Diamond 1.56 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 (abrasive agent) H3 CA15 Aluminum Oxide 3.13 1.56 (abrasive agent) Total: 70.04 70.04 70.04 70.04 74.29 73.66 *Coating Example No. 5 is also known as DTD10C09042017-5; Coating Example No. 7 is also known as DTD10C09042017-7; etc.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 2D Coating Example Number* Ingredient (all amounts in grams, g) (function) Chemical Name 17 18 20 A2 Polyol Ex. 9 Polyol 12.50 12.50 12.50 (reactant) B1 Syna-Epoxy 21 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl- 50.00 50.00 10.00 (reactant) methyl 3,4-epoxycyclo- hexanecarboxylate (CAS No. 2386-87-0) B2 Syna-Epoxy 28 Bis((3,4-epoxycyclo- 20.00 (reactant) hexyl)methyl) adipate (Cas No. 3130-19-6) B3 Syna-Epoxy 06E 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl- 20.00 (reactant) methyl 3,4-epoxycyclo- hexanecarboxylate (CAS No. 2386-87-0) C Tego Wet 270 Polyethersiloxane 0.193 0.193 0.193 (surfactant) D2 Genocure DETX 2,4-Diethylthioxanthone 0.313 0.313 (photoinitiator) E2 Syna-PI6976 Mixed type 3.75 3.75 3.75 (photoinitiator) triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salts (CAS Nos. 89452-37-9, 71449-78-0, 108-32-7) F Disperbyk 2008 Acrylic Block- 0.156 0.344 (dispersing agent) copolymer H1 Acematt 3600 Silica 3.75 (matting agent) H2 SCMD-B 15-20 Diamond 3.13 3.13 (abrasive agent) Total: 66.76 70.04 73.66 *Coating Example No. 17 is also known as DTD10C09042017-17; Coating Example No. 18 is also known as DTD10C09042017-18; etc.

[0125] Application

[0126] After preparation of the twenty coatings examples, each coating example was applied to two substantially identical substrates, in particular, to Medintech FPH 5300271, a homogenous vinyl flooring; the coatings were applied using a draw-down rod #8 at about 30 C. This resulted in twenty sets of coated substrates, each set including two identical samples, i.e., an A sample and a B sample. The coated substrates were then cured.

[0127] Curing

[0128] The A samples were cured using a first method, and the B samples were cured using a second method (with a caveat described below); with each method having several variables. The first method (Arc Lamp Cure) required both a precure and final cure using an arc lamp with a regular mercury bulb, resulting in Sample Nos. 1A-20A. Sample Nos. 1B-12B, 14B, 16B-18B, and 20B were prepared using a second method (Baldwin LED Cure) which required only a final cure using an LED 385 nm light. Sample Nos. 13B, 15B, and 19B underwent the same precure as the A samples and then underwent the same final cure as the other B samples.

[0129] The time between precure (if performed) and final cure was approximately six seconds.

[0130] Precure

[0131] The precure was conducted using a blue AETEK arc lamp having the following parameters (measured by EIT UV Power Puck) and under the following conditions, shown in Table 3:

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 3 Parameter/Condition Value N.sub.2 or Air Air No. of Passes 1 Line Speed 49 feet/minute Lamp Power 25% Lamp Height Above 10 inches Coated Substrate UVA Energy Density 0.114 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.225 W/cm.sup.2 UVB Energy Density 0.119 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.225 W/cm.sup.2 UVC Energy Density 0.020 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.038 W/cm.sup.2 UVV Energy Density 0.056 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.130 w/cm.sup.2
(Precuring was conducted on Sample Nos. 1A-20A, 13B, 15B, and 19B.)

[0132] Arc Lamp Cure

[0133] Under the Arc Lamp Cure method, the final cure was conducted using a green AETEK arc lamp having the following parameters (measured by EIT UV Power Puck) and under the following conditions, shown in Table 4A:

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 4A Parameter/Condition Value N.sub.2 or Air Air No. of Passes 1 Line Speed 23 feet/minute Lamp Power 2 31, 2 50 Lamp Height Above 9 inches Coated Substrate UVA Energy Density 0.923 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.278 W/cm.sup.2 UVB Energy Density 0.930 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.270 W/cm.sup.2 UVC Energy Density 0.138 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.038 W/cm.sup.2 UVV Energy Density 0.536 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.177 w/cm.sup.2
(Arc Lamp final cure was conducted on Sample Nos. 1A-20A.)

[0134] Baldwin LED Cure

[0135] Under the Baldwin LED Cure method, the final cure was conducted using a Baldwin 385 nm LED lamp having the following parameters (measured by EIT UV Power Map) and under the following conditions, shown in Table 4B:

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 4B Parameter/Condition Value N.sub.2 or Air Air No. of Passes 1 Line Speed 20 feet/minute Lamp Power 100% Lamp Height Above 0.5 inches Coated Substrate Wavelength 385 nm UVA Energy Density 1.006 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 3.734 W/cm.sup.2 UVB Energy Density 0.029 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.068 W/cm.sup.2 UVC Energy Density 0.027 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 0.890 W/cm.sup.2 UVV Energy Density 2.239 J/cm.sup.2 Irradiance 8.316 w/cm.sup.2
(Baldwin LED final cure was conducted on Sample Nos. 1B-20B.)

[0136] The above steps resulted in forty different cured samples, i.e., Cured Sample Nos. 1A-20A and 1B-20B. For the avoidance of doubt, Cured Sample No. 1A refers to Coating Example No. 1 that was applied to the substrate and then underwent the Arc Lamp Cure process (both pre cure and final cure), etc.; Cured Sample No. 1B refers to Coating Example No. 1 that was applied to the substrate and then underwent the Baldwin LED Cure process, etc. As described above, all A samples underwent the precure and final cure Arc Lamp Cure processes only; all B samples underwent the Baldwin LED Cure process with the caveat that Cured Sample Nos. 13B, 15B, and 19B also underwent the precure process from the Arc Lamp Cure process.

[0137] The following Cured Samples were then tested at about 30 C. using a gloss meter at a 60 angle to obtain an initial gloss value: Cured Samples 1A-4A, 6A, 8A, 10A, 12A, 13A, 15A, and 19A; and similarly, Cured Samples 1B-4B, 6B, 8B, 10B, 12B, 13B, 15B, and 19B. The initial gloss values, along with viscosity data and temperature data recorded during the curing processes, are provided in Table 5:

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 5 Substrate Temperature, F. Cured LED LED Arc Sample Precure Precure Cure Cure Lamp Initial No. Viscosity* start finish start finish finish Gloss** 1A 1150 88 95 133 78 2A 1100 88 97 128 78 3A 1150 89 99 131 61 4A 1150 89 97 129 60 5A 1100 89 97 132 59 6A 1100 88 97 129 62 10A 1250 89 97 130 65 12A 1100 89 97 133 58 13A 2150 88 97 135 66 15A 2150 89 97 135 65 19A 5100 88 98 135 76 1B 1150 73 88 75 2B 1100 73 88 74 3B 1150 73 88 62 4B 1150 72 87 62 5B 1100 73 88 67 6B 1100 73 88 68 10B 1250 74 88 69 12B 1100 74 88 65 13B 2150 89 99 90 101 61 15B 2150 90 100 92 102 58 19B 5100 89 101 91 103 63 *Viscosity measured at about 15.5 C., using a #6 Spindel at 100 RPM; measured in centipoise, cPs. **Gloss measured at 60 angle (average profile readings)

Testing

[0138] Each of the Cured Samples in Table 5 were then tested for gloss retention after undergoing an abrasion test. The testing used a GARDNER abrasion tester; each Cured Sample was abraded with thirty passes using 100-grit sandpaper under a two pound weight. The gloss of each tested Cured Sample was then measured using the aforementioned gloss meter at a 60 angle; the results are listed in Table 6, below, wherein the % of gloss retained was calculated by: gloss value after test/initial gloss value*100.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 6 Cured % Gloss Sample No. Retained 1A 31.4 2A 16.3 3A 79.5 4A 84.8 6A 64.0 7A 78.6 10A 85.5 12A 80.1 13A 65.4 15A 73.0 19A 80.5 1B 38.8 2B 36.7 3B 82.6 4B 83.4 6B 48.2 7B 78.0 10B 82.8 12B 80.0 13B 89.5 15B 77.9 19B 79.0

[0139] The foregoing illustrates some of the possibilities for practicing the invention. Therefore, although specific example embodiments have been described, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader scope of the invention; many other embodiments are possible within the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, although the coatings and coating layers, as shown and described herein as being used in conjunction with substrates, which are related to floor coverings, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the, e.g., coatings and coating layers could be used in conjunction with substrates which are related to other types of coverings, such as for walls, countertops, automobile structures, furniture surfaces, protective case surfaces, and the like, and still exhibit the same added abrasion resistance properties.

[0140] Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

[0141] Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term invention merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of any of the above-described embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, may be used and are fully contemplated herein. For example, if a specific photoinitiator is described as being useful in the described cationic cure system, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that the photoinitiator may also be envisioned as being useful in the described thiol-ene cure system, even if such description is not specifically provided herein. The same holds true for, e.g., a specific photoinitiator described as useful in the described thiol-ene cure system but not described as such in the described cationic cure system.

[0142] In the foregoing description of the embodiments, various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting that the claimed embodiments have more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the above Description of the invention, with each claim standing on its own as a separate example embodiment.

[0143] The term comprising as may be used in the following claims is an open-ended transitional term that is intended to include additional elements not specifically recited in the claims. The term consisting essentially of as may be used in the following claims is a partially closed transitional phrase and is intended to include the recited elements plus any unspecified elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claims. The term consisting of as may be used in the following claims is intended to indicate that the claims are restricted to the recited elements.

[0144] It should be noted that it is envisioned that any feature or element that is positively identified in this document may also be specifically excluded as a feature or element of an embodiment of the present invention as defined in the claims. It should also be noted that it is envisioned that any feature or element that is positively identified (or that is excluded, either specifically or by implication) may be used in combination with any other feature or element that is positively identified (or that is excluded, either specifically or by implication).