Wastewater Treatment with In-Film Microbial Heating

Abstract

A technique for wastewater treatment involves ensuring that all paths for wastewater must pass through at least one porous microbial support to go from the inlet to the outlet, and allowing a biofilm to grow on the porous microbial support under microaerobic conditions (concentration of oxygen between 0.05 and 0.35 mg/L). The biofilm formed comprises a population of anaerobic microbes for digesting organics in the wastewater including methanogenic microbes, and an aerobic methanotrophic and heterotrophic population that catabolizes methane from the methanogenic microbes, and oxygen from the injector, to produce heat. The support may be an electrode, and the technique is applied in a microbial electrolysis cell, with substantial COD removal rates.

Claims

1. A method for wastewater treatment comprising: placing at least one porous microbial support within a reactor such that the supplied wastewater must pass through the at least one porous microbial support to exit; supplying a wastewater at an inlet of the reactor; supplying oxygen into the reactor, so that the concentration of oxygen is between 0.05 and 0.35 mg/L averaged over the tank volume in an operating interval of 12 min. or less, to permit a consortium of microbes to define a biofilm on the at least one porous microbial support, the biofilm comprising anaerobic methanogenic microbes covered, and protected from oxygen, by a layer of aerobic methanotrophs and heterotrophs; wherein the methanotrophs catabolize methane produced by the methanogenic microbes and oxygen from the supply, to provide heat within the film for the growth of the film and decomposition of organics within the wastewater.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the placement of the at least one porous microbial support defines in the reactor at least one sludge and/or scum collection region; or the wastewater is drawn through the reactor by gravity alone.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein placing at least one porous microbial support within the reactor comprises placing two porous microbial supports in parallel or series, and the oxygen is supplied adjacent to at least one of the two porous microbial supports.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the two porous microbial supports are conductive, and a power supply is provided between the conductive porous microbial supports to define anodic and cathodic microbial supports, forming a microbial electrolysis cell, the method further comprising suppling at 0.5-1.5 V at 0 to 10 A between the anodic and cathodic microbial supports.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the supplied electricity is intermittent, having a period of less than 20 min. and a duty cycle of at least 10%.

6. The method of claim 3 wherein the two porous microbial supports are conductive, and at least one power supply is provided between each anodic and cathodic microbial support to form a respective microbial electrolysis cell, and operating the microbial electrolysis cell so that the biofilm naturally formed exhibits bioelectrochemical activity.

7. The method of any one of claim 4 wherein a wastewater treatment control processor is adapted to monitor parameter of the wastewater by coupling to the power supply.

8. A flow-through wastewater treatment reactor comprising: a reactor tank having an inlet for wastewater, an outlet for treated water, and intermediate the inlet and outlet, at least one porous microbial support through which the wastewater must pass to go from the inlet to the outlet; an air injector for introducing oxygen into the reactor tank to microaerate the wastewater, so that the concentration of oxygen is between 0.05 and 0.35 mg/L averaged over the tank volume in an operating interval of 12 min. or less; and a biofilm formed on the microbial support comprising a population of anaerobic microbes for digesting organics in the wastewater including methanogenic microbes, and an aerobic methanotrophic and heterotrophic population that catabolizes methane from the methanogenic microbes, and oxygen from the injector, to produce heat.

9. The reactor of claim 8 wherein one of the porous supports is a part of a cartridge insertable in the tank in a slot thereof.

10. The reactor of claim 8 wherein two of the at least one porous supports are arranged in parallel or series, and the air injector is located proximate at least one of the two porous supports.

11. The reactor of claim 8 further comprising a power supply coupled to two of the at least one porous supports, wherein the two porous supports are conductive, and separated by a porous insulator, the power supply adapted to supply electrical power to the porous supports at 0.5-1.5 V at 0 to 10 A, and wherein the biofilm further comprises an anodophilic microorganism layer intimate with the conductive porous supports that underlies the methanogenic microbes.

12. The reactor of claim 8 wherein the supplied electricity is intermittent, having a period of less than 20 min. and a duty cycle of at least 10%.

13. The reactor of claim 8 further comprising: a vent for collecting biogas from the reactor; at least one sludge and/or scum collection region spatially separated from the at least one porous microbial support; or a spent sludge trap for collecting inert solids.

14. The reactor of claim 8 wherein the biofilm further comprises: H.sub.2S oxidizing aerobic heterotrophic microbes; or a population of ammonium nitrifying aerobic and/or anodophilic microbes.

15. The reactor of claim 11 further comprising a wastewater treatment control processor adapted to monitor a parameter of the wastewater by determining one of power, current, resistance, or voltage of a lead of the power supply.

16. The reactor of claim 8 wherein wastewater is drawn through the reactor by gravity alone.

17. The reactor of claim 9 wherein the injector is a part of the cartridge, the injector adapted to supply volumes of the air so that an aeration to wastewater flow ratio of 3.5 to 14 (L/L) is maintained.

18. The reactor of claim 8 wherein the biofilm is less than 1 mm thick and bioelectrochemical decomposition at the electrodes is performed, by: oxidation of organics at the anode; production of H.sub.2 at the cathode; production of CH.sub.4 at the anode or cathode; and/or and CH.sub.4 oxidation by the aerobic methanotrophic and heterotrophic population.

19. In a biofilm for wastewater treatment on a porous microbial support: anaerobic microbes for digesting organics in the wastewater including methanogenic microbes; and an aerobic methanotrophic and heterotrophic population that catabolizes methane from the methanogenic microbes, overlying, and protecting from oxygen, the anaerobic microbes; wherein a composition of the biofilm is consistent with growth in an environment with a concentration of oxygen between 0.05 and 0.35 mg/L.

20. In the biofilm of claim 19, a population of anodophilic microbes in a layer closest the support.

21. A flow-through wastewater treatment reactor comprising: a reactor tank having an inlet for wastewater, an outlet for treated water, and intermediate the inlet and outlet, at least one porous microbial support through which the wastewater must pass to go from the inlet to the outlet, the at least one porous microbial support including at least two conductive porous microbial supports coupled to a power supply to produce anodic and cathodic supports; an air injector for introducing oxygen into the reactor tank to microaerate the wastewater, so that the concentration of oxygen is between 0.05 and 0.35 mg/L averaged over the tank volume in an operating interval of 12 min. or less; and a biofilm formed on the microbial support comprising: a population of anodophilic microbes; covered by anaerobic microbes for digesting organics in the wastewater, the anaerobic microbes including methanogenic microbes; and an aerobic methanotrophic and heterotrophic population that catabolizes methane from the methanogenic microbes, and oxygen from the injector.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] In order that the invention may be more clearly understood, embodiments thereof will now be described in detail by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0045] FIGS. 1A,B are schematic illustrations respectively of top plan and side elevation views of a wastewater treatment system (WWTS) in accordance with a first embodiment;

[0046] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a variant of the first embodiment having a plurality of porous media support compartments, including a scum collecting compartment;

[0047] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a variant of the first embodiment showing porous media support compartments: with microaeration; with microaeration and coupled electrodes to form a MEC; and without microaeration coupled electrodes to form a MEC;

[0048] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a variant of the first embodiment showing two conductive porous media support compartments coupled to a power supply to define a MEC, with an anode compartment thereof having microaeration, and a scum collector;

[0049] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a variant of the first embodiment showing a parallel arrangement of porous media support compartments;

[0050] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a variant of the first embodiment with a cylindrical multi-inlet WWTS;

[0051] FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a variant of the first embodiment with a columnar bioelectrochemical WWTS;

[0052] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a variant of the first embodiment with anode and cathode compartments and a porous media support with charge distributors; and

[0053] FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of an equivalent electric circuit for use in modeling a bioelectrochemical WWTS.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0054] FIGS. 1A,B schematically illustrate a first embodiment of a wastewater treatment WWTS 10 in use, in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, respectively showing a top plan, and side elevation views with respective outer walls removed. The WWTS 10 is defined as a single reactor chamber 12 that is partitioned into 3 areas, at least below a fill line separating an air gap 13 from a wastewater treatment level; the 3 areas including a porous media support compartment 15 shown filled with a porous media that defines a very high surface area solid scaffold for biofilm support, and preliminary and tertiary compartments 14,16. The preliminary compartment 14 typically has two principal collection zones: a scum collection region near the interface between air gap 13 and wastewater 17 for collecting froth and buoyant particles; and a preliminary sludge collection region for accreting solid particulate material. Tertiary compartment 16 does not typically accumulate much buoyant particulate material, but does typically accumulate sludge. While the compartments 14-16 are schematically illustrated as equal volume compartments, it will be appreciated that the porous media support compartment 15 may be substantially larger than the other two, and further that a design of the compartments may be substantially different. For example, the outer wall of the reactor chamber 12 may be curved to minimize a space in preliminary compartment 14 for the wastewater 17, away from the scum and sludge regions, respectively. Likewise the tertiary compartment 16 may take up less volume than the porous media support 15, and may provide modest space for the outlet 20, and spent sludge collection 21. Any one of the compartments 14-16 may be provided by a removable cartridge for modular replacement. The porous media support 15 may be supplied in a wire basket or like porous mesh or container that retains the porous media support 15 in position to occupy the requisite volume, such that every path from the inlet 18 to the outlet 20 passes through some part of the porous media support 15.

[0055] An inlet 18 for the WWTS 10 is provided for the supply of the wastewater 17 to a level below the fill line, and an outlet 20 is provided for removal of the treated water. The water may advantageously be sufficiently clean to pass standards for release into a water supply, into a lagoon, or into another treatment system. As is conventional, the inlet 18 allows for a gravitationally separated flow of solids liquids and gasses, and the interface between solids and gas may align with the fill line as shown. Alternatively, the inlet 18 can be strictly above the fill line, as shown in FIG. 4 variant, although in such embodiments it may be preferred to provide a flow distributor for improving consistency of particulate loading throughout a liquid phase 17.

[0056] The outlet 20 may be of any form known in the art. It is noted that conventionally some attention is paid to ensuring that the outlet 20 draws none of the sludge collected in the clarifying region. As such spatial separation of a sludge collection region and the outlet 20, and mechanical filtration means are typically used. Furthermore, controlled depth of draw may be provided by straw structures, buoyant elements, and anchors to compensate for variation in fill volumes in use.

[0057] An injector port 22 is provided in communication with the porous media support compartment 15, to inject a controlled supply of oxygen to the porous media support 15. The oxygen supply is reasonably limited to supplying air, although the air could be any oxygen rich air pollution, and may in part be processed by bubbling through the porous media support 15. The air gap 13 will naturally accumulate biogas in operation. A biogas port 24 may be provided for venting biogas, which may be collected in sufficient quantity to make harvesting cost effective.

[0058] FIG. 1B shows a cross-sectional view of a controlled oxygen supply system 25 with a plenum 26 in communication with the injector port 22 (possibly via a check valve for ensuring one-way flow, and a solenoid valve for electronic control over the oxygen delivery rate). The gas in the plenum 27 percolates through a distributor 27 which is in contact with the porous media support 15. The percolating gas is therefore introduced into pores of the media support 15 as bubbles or microbubbles. There are several means available for diffusing oxygen or air bubbles into a porous medium known in the art.

[0059] The first embodiment also features 4 sludge ports 21, two in communication with preliminary compartment 14, and two with tertiary compartment 16. An elevation of the sludge ports 21 may be selected to automatically remove excess or spent sludge once the sediment exceeds a certain level. It will be appreciated that the principal way to grow a biofilm involves subjecting the porous media support 15 to wastewater with a certain period with a minimal amount of sludge for a prolonged period, prior to flow through treatment. However, depending on a WWTS's 10 efficiency of COD removal, sludge will typically accrete beyond the decomposition rate, and sludge ports 21 may be useful for removing this before too much of the chamber 12 is replete with sludge. That said, Applicant has found a surprisingly high level of COD removal, specifically with the combination of the electrode-based porous media support 15 and microaeration regimes combined in a single reactor 12.

[0060] The operative feature of the WWTS 10 is a biofilm 19 supported by the porous media support 15, interfacing the wastewater 17, as shown enlarged in FIG. 1B. The biofilm 19 is generally a gas-permeable membrane composed of microbes (bacteria, archaea, fungi) extracellular polymeric substances, and floc. Typical mature biofilms have a thickness ranging from about 0.1-1 um.

[0061] In the embodiment of FIG. 1A,B, a single porous media support 15 is provided, and the film includes at least an anaerobic methanogenic microbial film 19a covered, and protected from oxygen, by a layer of aerobic methanotrophs and heterotrophs 19b. The methanogenic microbes, or methanogens of 19a, and other anaerobic microbes are responsible for COD decomposition and the production of methane (via acetate). The methane is shared with the aerobic layer of methanotrophs and heterotrophs 19b. A thickness of the aerobic layer 19b is dictated by oxygen infiltration. It will be appreciated that oxygen availability decreases with depth in the biofilm 19, and the methanotrophs and heterotrophs are expected to be substantially confined to within about 20-30 um of the biofilm 19. It will be also appreciated that COD permeates the aerobic layer 19b with little resistance, as does methane. As a result, the methanogens of 19a are supplied organic materials to be removed from the wastewater 17 (COD), and produce methane, while the methanotrophs and heterotrophs scavenge the oxygen, and catabolize the oxygen with the methane. As far as heat is concerned, the catabolization of oxygen and methane provides in-film heating to support the anaerobic 19b and aerobic 19a layers of the biofilm 19. Additional COD removal by heterotrophs of the aerobic layer 19b, and additional heat generated therefrom may be substantial.

[0062] Each of FIGS. 2-8 schematically illustrates a respective variant of the embodiment of FIG. 1. FIGS. 5,6,8 are shown in top plan view, whereas the remainder are in side elevation view. Herein features of variants identified by like reference numerals are associated with like feature of the embodiment, and their descriptions are not repeated herein except to note variances.

[0063] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a variant of the embodiment of FIGS. 1A,B in which second and third porous media support compartments 15a,b,c are provided. This results in three regions in which particulate matter falls to sludge: a preliminary sludge collection region beneath extending from the inlet 18 to porous media support compartments 15b; between porous media support compartments 15b and 15c; and between porous media support compartments 15c and the outlet 20; the second of these having regions similar to the last.

[0064] Porous media support compartment 15a is shown of a different dimension. While every path from the inlet 18 to outlet 20 must pass through porous media support, all such paths need not pass through all porous media support compartments. Compartment 15a is shown operative to define a scum collection barrier, and also shows injector port 22 supply tube for the controlled oxygen supply system 25: the injector port 22 supply tube would occupy a negligible volume of the compartment and would not prevent flow of the wastewater 17 under the compartment 15a. In an alternative embodiment what is identified as the injector port 22 supply tube could be a flow obstruction that precludes flow below the compartment 15a except possibly within the sludge.

[0065] The variant shown in FIG. 3 shows a 3 porous media support compartment 15 WWTS with a first of which being substantially identical to that of the embodiment of FIGS. 1A,B, and two porous media support compartments 15 in which the porous media support are electrically conductive media. While a very large variety of materials can be used, in principal ranging from porous metal foams to packings of metal, or conductive ceramic particles, foams of highly conductive polymers, especially those laden with conductive powders, and folded perforated sheet structures.

[0066] It will be noted that each of the two conductive support compartments 15 is divided into two chambers, that are mutually separated by a high impedance porous dielectric 29, permitting the definition of both anode and cathode chambers. A power supply 28 is connected to each conductive porous media support chamber to produce a cell therefrom. Either of the two supports 15, with their porous dielectric and power supply makes the WWTS formally a microbial electrolysis cell. By supply of electrical current thereto, anodophilic and cathodophilic microbes are encouraged to proliferate in a neighbourhood of the support 15. Surprisingly Applicant has found that a separation of the chambers by more than a thin (less than 2 mm) high impedance porous dielectric 29 is not required, and not particularly advantageous. Also surprisingly, energy conservation by intermittent application of the current supply has produced substantially equal COD degradation, and thus intermittent current supply is a preferred power supply 28. Specifically the period for the power supply 28 is preferable less than 20 min., more preferably less than 15, 12, 10, 8, 5, 3, 2, or 1 minute, and is preferably more than a few microseconds. A duty cycle is preferably between 10 and 95%, more preferably from 50 to 80%. A voltage of the power supply 28 is below the effective electrolysis limit of 1.6-1.8 V, preferably between 0.8 and 1.5 V, more preferably from 1.2 to 1.4 V.

[0067] The biofilm 19 naturally produced on the conductive support compartment 15 with microaeration is shown in the enlargement to basically include the aerobic and anaerobic layers 19a,b and further comprise an anodophilic layer 19c that is in contact with the conductive support 15. Generally the anodophilic layer 19c includes extracellular matrix ECM and other exuded support materials, including biopolymeric conductive rods for contacting the conductive support 15, and are generally limited to a distance of less than 50 um from the conductive support 15.

[0068] The biofilm 19 naturally produced on the conductive support compartment 15 with microaeration is shown in the enlargement (left) to basically include the aerobic and anaerobic layers 19a,b and further comprise an anodophilic layer 19c that is in contact with the conductive support 15. Generally the anodophilic layer 19c includes extracellular matrix ECM and other exuded support materials, including biopolymeric conductive rods for contacting the conductive support 15, and are generally limited to a distance of less than 50 um from the conductive support 15.

[0069] The biofilm 19 naturally produced on the conductive support compartment 15 without microaeration is shown in the enlargement (right) to basically include the anaerobic layers 19a and further comprise the anodophilic layer 19c that is in contact with the conductive support 15. The advantages of anodophilic bacteria in conjunction with microaeration do not have to be provided on a same biofilm of a reactor to achieve the advantages of increased COD decomposition, and lower temperature operation. While anodophilic bacteria have been shown to improve bioelectrochemical decomposition, at least some pollutants of wastewater are likely to be ameliorated by cathodophilic microbial activity, with or without microaeration.

[0070] The variant of FIG. 4 shows separated anode and cathode conductive support 15 compartments, only the anode of which being subject to microaeration. As previously indicated, the inlet 18 is shifted above the fill line for dropped influx. A non-porous scum collector 31 is used to direct the wastewater, increase homogenization of the particle loading, break up larger particles, and/or accelerate separation of volatiles from froth.

[0071] FIG. 5 is a variant showing a plurality of porous media support compartments 15d that are ganged in series to produce a barrier between the inlet 18 and outlet 20. While the compartments 15d are shown as not necessarily conductive, and not coupled to a power supply, in an alternative embodiment they are, and separated by a possibly porous and possibly non-porous dielectric. An advantage of the series chamber cell architectures (e.g. FIGS. 3,4,7,8) is that wastewater treatment by both anodic and cathodic chambers are assured, whereas in a parallel chamber cell architecture proposed as this alternative, wastewater may be treated by either anodic or cathodic chambers. An advantage of the parallel arrangement is that the dielectric need not be porous.

[0072] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a variant of cylindrical design, which may be preferred when a fixed piping arrangement is provided from a plurality of wastewater sources. FIG. 6 shows 8 inlets 18 circumscribing an outer cylindrical wall of the reactor chamber. A scum collector region and preliminary sludge compartment are provided before the porous media support 15, which takes up a bulk of the volume of the reactor chamber. While the porous media support 15 is illustrated as a single annular cylindrical body, it may be practical to divide this into a plurality of cartridges of any convenient shape and size. The porous media support 15 may alternatively be conductive and part of one or more cells. A central outlet 20 is provided via a straw structure that ensures the outlet 20 does not withdraw sludge.

[0073] FIG. 7 shows a variant with a columnar flow through design. The wastewater 17 is introduced via top opening 18 from which an only path leads through an anodic conductive porous media support 15 that is coupled with a controlled oxygen supply system 25 for bubbling gas to provide microaerobic conditions in the anodic support 15. Note that the wastewater passes through the supply system 25, and the plenum is preferably provided as an array of fine tubes around which the wastewater flows.

[0074] A sludge trap is provided underneath the supply system 25 which also provides for communication of the wastewater between the anodic and cathodic supports 15. While the cathodic support 15 is shown without a respective controlled oxygen supply system 25, in another embodiment a second supply system 25 is provided for the cathodic support 15, or a unified supply system 25 is provided around or under the sludge trap. The wastewater, after rising through the cathodic support 15 exits via the outlet 20 as treated water. In this embodiment the dielectric 29 between the supports 15 are non-porous such that the only fluid path from the inlet 18 to outlet 20 passes through the full length of both supports 15.

[0075] FIG. 8 is a (possibly portable) WWTS consisting of a container partitioned by porous dielectric walls 32, into 3 compartments. Each of the compartments is intended to be filled with a porous media support, but the first compartment may be non-conductive, as aeration is provided for each of the 3 compartments. In alternative embodiments spacing may be provided around compartments for sludge traps, and fewer or more compartments may be provided. The second and third compartments include electrical distributors 33 for enhancing contact with conductive porous media support (not shown for ease of illustration), for reliable contact with respective electrodes of the power supply.

[0076] FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of an equivalent electrical circuit model for real-time monitoring of reactor performance. As visual inspection of WWTSs is undesirable, especially in cold climates where these are preferably buried for improved insulation, and as detection of treated water contamination outside of standards are somewhat too late to remediate, it is highly advantageous, apart from the surprisingly improved COD removal rates offered by combining bioelectrochemical microbial activity with aerobic microbial activity for in-film heating, to monitor the COD density at the electrodes using the same power supply. Doing so calls for a minor investment in electronics for measuring current at a few positions in the power supply, providing some memory for storage, and possibly logging data, and also control processes to vary the power supply, or alert operators of a spike in COD density, for example.

[0077] A publication entitled REAL-TIME MONITORING 1 OF A MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL USING AN ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL that is currently accepted but pending by the Applicant teaches how internal capacitance and resistance can be estimated, and shows that these two parameters as well as the current are correlated with COD concentration. The content of this reference is incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES

[0078] The present invention has been demonstrated using a design shown in FIG. 8. The reactor contained a microbial support compartment, a cathode compartment and an anode compartment. Non-conductive perforated dividers 32 were used for compartment separation. The cathode and anode compartments were filled with granular activated carbon (15), which is electrically conductive. The microbial support compartment contained biorings made of a non-conductive plastic material (15). Stainless steel mesh was inserted in each electrode compartment and used as current distributors 33. The reactor had a 20 L capacity without the microbial supports or distributes, and 15 L liquid volume in use. The reactors were operated at an applied voltage of 1.4 V DC. The voltage was maintained using a power supply PW18-1.8AQ (Kenwood Corp, Tokyo, Japan). Air spargers (25) were installed at the bottom of the microbial support and anode compartments as shown in FIG. 1 (in this test, the cathode compartment micro-aeration was not activated). Air supply was provided by a peristaltic pump (Masterflex Model 7551-20, Cole Parmer, USA).

[0079] The reactors were inoculated with 2 L of waste activated sludge (Ste-Catherine wastewater treatment plant, QC, Canada) containing 18-20 g L.sup.1 total suspended solids. Experiments were carried out in 6 phases as outlined in Table 1. All tests were conducted at room temperature of approximately 23 C.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Experimental results: Reactors were operated at an Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 2.1 day and influent COD concentration of 1200-1400 mg/L. Compartments were micro-aerated at an air flow rate of 20 L/day, as compared to an influent flow rate of 7.5 L/day. Operational conditions Biorings electrodes Effluent Phase/ COD Voltage anode current COD Reactor aeration mg/L V aeration mA mg/L 1/1 No 990 1.4 No 40 370-420 2/1 No 600 1.4 Yes 20 150-194 3/1 No 940 0 No 0 450-550 4/2 Yes 660 1.4 Yes 15 90-140

[0080] Results shown in Table 1 demonstrate the effect of bioelectrochemical conditions and micro-aeration on COD degradation. In the absence of electrical current and micro-aeration, the effluent COD concentration was as high as 450 to 550 mg/L. Under bioelectrochemical conditions (current of 40 mA) the CODs decreased to below 420 mg/L. Application of microaeration at the last (anode) compartment reduced the effluent concentration to below 200 mg/L. Finally, by aerating both the microbial support (biorings) and the anode compartment the effluent CODs were decreased to less than 150 mg/L. BOD.sub.5 measurements showed a value of 15 mg/L in phase 4/2 (140 mg/L COD).

[0081] A second set of experiments were performed to assess use of intermittent power supply on COD decomposition rates. It was found that intermittent supply with a voltage of 1.4 V, a period of 5 s. and a duty cycle of 95%, led to a factor of 2 reduction in COD effluent concentration.

[0082] Other advantages that are inherent to the structure are obvious to one skilled in the art. The embodiments are described herein illustratively and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. Variations of the foregoing embodiments will be evident to a person of ordinary skill and are intended by the inventor to be encompassed by the following claims.