Method for the production of an element subject to wear, element subject to wear and temporary aggregation structure to produce said element subject to wear

Abstract

The method for the production of an element subject to wear, comprising a metal matrix and at least a core of hard material. The method provides a first step in which a temporary aggregation structure is prepared with at least partly open pores, which volatilize or in any case eliminate at least partly when subjected to heating. A second step in which, on the whole internal and external surface of said temporary aggregation structure, a liquid mixture of a binder with metal powders which contain hard elements or their precursors is uniformly distributed. A third step in which the temporary aggregation structure is deteriorated by means of a thermal action of controlled heating, so as to take at least part of the temporary aggregation structure to evaporation, rendering free a volume inside the core, and to consolidate the mixture according to the conformation of the temporary aggregation structure. A fourth step in which the core is disposed in a mold so as to only partly occupy the free volume of the mold. A fifth step in which a molten metal material is cast in the mold, which metal occupies the free volume and the volume that has been made free, both inside and outside the core, so as to anchor to the latter and thus form a single body.

Claims

1. A method for the production of an element subject to wear comprising a metal matrix and at least a core of hard material, wherein the method comprises: a first step in which a temporary aggregation structure is a spatial reticular structure that has open and intercommunicating pores, and is able to volatilize or be at least partially eliminated when subjected to heating, and in which the spatial reticular structure geometrically conforms in a coherent manner to the geometric conformation of the core; a second step in which, on the whole internal and external surface of said temporary aggregation structure, a liquid mixture of a binder with metal powders which contain hard elements or their precursors is uniformly distributed, and in which the temporary aggregation structure is immersed in the liquid mixture in an elastically compressed form and then released, such that the temporary aggregation structure is soaked in a compressed condition in a bath of the liquid mixture and is then released; a third step in which said temporary aggregation structure is deteriorated by means of a thermal action of controlled heating, so as to take at least part of said temporary aggregation structure to evaporation or partial melting, forming the core with a free volume therein, wherein the liquid mixture is consolidated according to the conformation of said temporary aggregation structure; a fourth step in which said core is disposed in a mold so as to only partly occupy the free volume of the mold; a fifth step in which a molten metal material is cast in said mold, which metal occupies the free volume and the volume that has been made free, both inside and outside said core, so as to anchor to the latter and thus form an element subject to wear having a single body, wherein prior to the casting of said molten metal material, both said core and said mold are at ambient temperature and wherein the metal powders undergo a chemical-physical reaction when contacting the molten metal material; and a sixth step in which said element is subjected to tempering.

2. The method as in claim 1, wherein during the second step the temporary aggregation structure is subjected to vacuum action and then the liquid mixture is introduced.

3. The method as in claim 1, wherein, during said third step in which the core is formed, the deterioration provides a heating of the temporary aggregation structure from a temperature comprised between about 50 C. to about 150 C. to a temperature comprised between about 300 C. and about 800 C. with a gradient comprised between about 0.5 C./h and about 3 C./h.

4. The method as in claim 3, wherein the heating of the temporary aggregation structure is from a temperature of about 100 C. to a temperature between about 500 C. and about 700 C.

5. The method as in claim 3, wherein the heating of the temporary aggregation structure has a gradient comprised between about 1 C./h and about 2 C./h.

6. The method as in claim 1, wherein, during said first step, on the external surface of the temporary aggregation structure, spacer elements are present which protrude from said external surface.

7. The method as in claim 1, wherein, during the fourth step, before the casting of said molten metal material, the core is clamped by means of attachment elements which are anchored between walls of said mold and said core.

8. The method as in claim 1, wherein the element subject to wear is selected from the group consisting of a mechanical member, an abrasion tool, and a crushing tool.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten material comprises manganese steel, martensitic steel or chromium cast iron.

10. A method for the production of an element subject to wear comprising a metal matrix and at least a core of hard material, wherein the method comprises: a first step in which a temporary aggregation structure is prepared with at least partly open pores, and is able to volatilize or be at least partially eliminated when subjected to heating; a second step in which the temporary aggregation structure is immersed in an elastically compressed form in a bath of a liquid mixture of a binder with metal powders which contain hard elements or their precursors, and is then released such that the liquid mixture is uniformly distributed on the whole internal and external surface of the temporary aggregation structure; a third step in which said temporary aggregation structure is deteriorated by means of a thermal action of controlled heating, so as to take at least part of said temporary aggregation structure to evaporation or partial melting, forming the core with a free volume therein, wherein the liquid mixture is consolidated according to the conformation of said temporary aggregation structure; a fourth step in which said core is disposed in a mold so as to only partly occupy the free volume of the mold; a fifth step in which a molten metal material is cast in said mold, which metal occupies the free volume and the volume that has been made free, both inside and outside said core, so as to anchor to the latter and thus form an element subject to wear having a single body, wherein prior to the casting of said molten metal material, both said core and said mold are at ambient temperature and wherein the metal powders undergo a chemical-physical reaction when contacting the molten metal material; and a sixth step in which said element is subjected to tempering.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) These and other characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of a preferential form of embodiment, given as a non-restrictive example with reference to the attached drawings wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional view of an element subject to wear according to the present invention;

(3) FIG. 2a is a cross section of a sand mold in a first step of the method to make the element in FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 2b is an enlarged schematic section of a part of the temporary aggregation structure;

(5) FIG. 3a is a cross section of a sand mold in a second step of the method to make the element in FIG. 1;

(6) FIG. 3b is an enlarged schematic section of a part of the temporary aggregation structure.

(7) To facilitate comprehension, the same reference numbers have been used, where possible, to identify identical common elements in the drawings. It is understood that elements and characteristics of one form of embodiment can conveniently be incorporated into other forms of embodiment without further clarifications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(8) With reference to FIG. 1, a method according to the present invention for the production of an element 10 subject to wear, such as a mechanical member, an abrasion or crushing tool or similar, comprising a core 12, or panel, of hard material and a metal matrix 14, provides a step of preparing and molding the core 12, in which a temporary aggregation structure 17 is prepared on which a mixture of a liquid binder and metal powders which contain hard elements or their precursors, such as for example titanium, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum or others in a single or combined form, are aggregated.

(9) The mixture is uniformly aggregated both on the internal surface and also on the external surface of the temporary aggregation structure 17, which has an open intercommunicating pore structure, of the spongy type.

(10) The mixture can consist of two or more metal powders, according to different percentages of mix in weight so as to obtain, on each occasion, a core 12 having determinate characteristics of toughness, heat dilation, resistance to abrasion and others, depending on the type of application for which the element 10 is intended.

(11) The temporary aggregation structure 17 is made of polymeric material, in this case, polymeric foams. However, it cannot be excluded that it can be made of any other similar or comparable material, which evaporates if subjected to heating.

(12) In an alternative form of embodiment, the temporary aggregation structure 17 is made of metal material.

(13) In any case, the temporary aggregation structure 17 has a geometric reticule conformation coherent with that which is to be given to the core 12, so as to precisely maintain the metal powders in determinate zones of the volume of the mold 16 and therefore of the element 10 once casting has been carried out.

(14) In this case the mixture provides to use suitable glues, advantageously from 1% to 3% in weight, with respect to the metal powders provided.

(15) One example provides that the temporary aggregation structure 17 is soaked in a compressed condition in a bath of mixture and then released, so that the mixture penetrates into the pores of the temporary aggregation structure 17, being distributed in a substantially uniform way onto the temporary aggregation structure 17 and inside the intercommunicating open pores.

(16) As shown schematically in FIG. 2a, in this condition each segment of the temporary aggregation structure 17 is externally enveloped by the mixture of powders 13, kept together and in aggregation to the temporary aggregation structure 17 by the layer of glue 15.

(17) In the preliminary molding step of the core 12, spacer elements 18 are provided, in one piece or a single body, which are disposed uniformly on the external surface of the temporary aggregation structure 17.

(18) In the following first step, the temporary aggregation structure 17 with the mixture of aggregated powders is inserted inside the sand mold 16 for casting, so that the spacers 18 are stably positioned in corresponding lateral walls 22 of the mold 16.

(19) The spacers 18 have substantially a double advantage: they confer on the temporary aggregation structure 17 a self-bearing characteristic, avoiding the need for a bearing framework inserted at the center of the temporary aggregation structure 17, with the advantage of reducing the production costs and times; they define a correct position of the temporary aggregation structure 17, determining a free volume around the core 12 inside the mold 16.

(20) Before effecting the casting of the molten metal material inside the mold 16, the temporary aggregation structure 17 is deteriorated thermally, for example by taking the temporary aggregation structure 17 with the mixture of aggregated powders, from a temperature comprised between about 50 C. and about 150 C., advantageously about 100 C., up to a temperature comprised between about 300 C. and about 800 C., advantageously between about 500 C. and about 700 C., with a gradient comprised between about 0.5 C./h and about 3 C./h, advantageously between about 1 C./h and about 2 C./h.

(21) In the solution in which the temporary aggregation structure 17 is made of polymeric material, the temperatures reached are sufficient to determine a substantially complete melting and evaporation of the temporary aggregation structure 17, so that at the end of the controlled heating a volume inside the core 12 remains free and only the mixture of metal powders remains in the initial conformation conferred originally by the temporary aggregation structure 17.

(22) In the solution in which the temporary aggregation structure 17 is made of metal material, the temperatures reached are sufficient to determine a partial melting of the temporary aggregation structure 17, so that at the end of the controlled heating a volume inside the core 12 remains free and the melted part acts as a binder to keep the mixture of metal powders in the initial conformation conferred originally by the temporary aggregation structure 17.

(23) The molten metal material is therefore cast, through a casting channel, not shown in the drawings, so as to penetrate inside the interstices of the spongy structure of the core 12, so as to envelop the powders or possibly react with them.

(24) In the variant solution in which the initial support structure 17 was made of metal, the remaining part of the temporary aggregation structure 17 melts together with the metal material cast.

(25) This condition determines the amalgamation of the core 12 inside the matrix 14 forming a single body of the two parts, in which there is a structural continuity but with variations in hardness in correspondence with the reticular disposition of the powders, according to the spongy conformation of the temporary aggregation structure 17.

(26) Simply to give an example, in FIG. 3a a hypothetical shaping of the core 12 inside the matrix 14 is shown by a line of dashes, while the section signs, which have been deliberately extended, go to ideally define a communion zone between the core 12 and the matrix 14.

(27) In FIG. 3b the same sectioned part as in FIG. 2b is shown, but after the casting of the metal material making up the matrix 14.

(28) As can be seen from a comparison, the metal material 14 has completely taken the place of the temporary aggregation structure 17 and of the layer of glue 15. The position of the powders 13 remains, instead, reticular and substantially unchanged according to the disposition originally defined by the temporary aggregation structure 17.

(29) Advantageously the sand of the mold 16 is made up of olivine, that is, iron and magnesium silicate, which does not develop free silica, and does not therefore cause silicosis, and is particularly suitable for the casting of molten metal material.

(30) The temporary aggregation structure 17 can also be temporarily attached to the mold 16 by means of attachment elements 24, such as nails, screws or similar, which are disposed between the temporary aggregation structure 17 and the walls 22 in order to firmly anchor the temporary aggregation structure 17 in the position defined by the spacers 18.

(31) Both the temporary aggregation structure 17 and the mold 16 are at ambient temperature before casting is carried out.

(32) The molten metal material is, in this case, a mix of martensitic steel. Alternatively chromium cast iron is used.

(33) In this case, the element 10 is cooled slowly in the mold to a temperature of less than 300 C., this in order to reduce internal tensions; it is then dug out and subjected to hardening at about 950-1,100 C., preferably at 1,000 C., for a determinate period of time, depending on the thickness of the element 10, and cooled in forced air, or in water or according to other known methods. In a preferential solution, during hardening the element 10 is progressively heated for about 10 hours up to 950-1,100 C., following a determinate temperature ramp, and then kept at temperature for about 2-6 hours.

(34) After cooling the element 10 is worked, in order to carry out flattening, leveling or other workings so that it can then be assembled on a crushing member, such as for example the rotor of a mill. The element 10 shown in the drawings has a substantially parallelepiped shape for example, but it is clear that this shape is not limiting for the present invention, because it depends on the subsequent application of the element 10.

(35) It is clear that modifications and/or additions of steps or parts may be made to the method, the temporary aggregation structure 17 and the element subject to wear 10 as described heretofore, without departing from the field and scope of the present invention.

(36) It is also clear that, although the present invention has been described with reference to some specific examples, a person of skill in the art shall certainly be able to achieve many other equivalent forms of method for the production of an element subject to wear, element subject to wear and temporary aggregation structure for the production of the element subject to wear, having the characteristics as set forth in the claims and hence all coming within the field of protection defined thereby.