APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR FORMING THIN GLASS ARTICLES

Abstract

Embodiments of a method of forming a glass article are disclosed. The methods include supplying a glass ribbon in a first direction and redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction different from the first direction without contacting the glass ribbon with a solid material. The glass ribbon may exhibit a viscosity of less than about 10.sup.8 Poise and a thickness of about 1 mm or less. Embodiments of a glass or glass-ceramic forming apparatus are also disclosed. The apparatus may include a glass feed device for supplying a glass ribbon in a first direction and a redirection system disposed underneath the glass feed device for redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction. In one or more embodiments, the redirection system comprising at least one gas bearing system for supplying a gas film to support the glass ribbon.

Claims

1.-13. (canceled)

14. A glass ribbon forming apparatus comprising: a glass feed device for supplying a glass ribbon in a first direction, at least a portion of the glass ribbon exhibiting a viscosity of less than about 10.sup.8 Poise; and a redirection system disposed underneath the glass feed device for redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction, the redirection system comprising at least one gas bearing system for supplying a gas film for supporting the glass ribbon.

15. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one gas bearing system comprises one of: a curved support for providing an arcuate gas film that redirects the glass ribbon to the second direction, wherein the curved support is stationary or rotatable around a first axis in a direction in which the glass ribbon is supplied; and a horizontally disposed, planar support for providing a planar gas film that redirects the glass ribbon to the second direction.

16. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a second gas bearing system comprising a horizontally disposed, planar support for providing a planar gas film that supports the redirected glass ribbon in the second direction.

17. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 14, further comprising a system comprising a sensor for detecting a shape of the redirection of the glass ribbon in communication with a speed control, wherein the sensor signals an increase or decrease to the speed control based on the shape of the redirection of the glass ribbon.

18. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 17, wherein the sensor comprises an optical detector and the speed control is in communication with the at least one of the glass feed device and the at least one gas bearing.

19. (canceled)

20. A glass-ceramic formed according to a method comprising: supplying a glass ribbon in a first direction, at least a portion of the glass ribbon exhibiting a viscosity of less than about 10.sup.8 Poise; redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction different from the first direction without contacting the glass ribbon with a solid material to provide a precursor glass ribbon exhibiting a thickness of about 1 mm or less in the second direction; and ceramming the precursor glass ribbon to form a glass-ceramic.

21. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one gas bearing system comprises a curved support for providing an arcuate gas film that redirects the glass ribbon to the second direction, wherein the curved support is stationary or rotatable around a first axis in a direction in which the glass ribbon is supplied.

22. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one gas bearing system comprises a horizontally disposed, planar support for providing a planar gas film that redirects the glass ribbon to the second direction.

23. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 14, further comprising a forming body comprising a plurality of walls defining an open channel and overflowing the flowing molten glass over the walls of the forming body into two individual flows of molten glass that combine to form the glass ribbon.

24. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 14, further comprising a forming body comprising an open slot.

25. The glass ribbon forming apparatus of claim 14, further comprising at least one pair of forming rolls.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 is a side view of an apparatus for forming a glass ribbon, according to one or more embodiments.

[0016] FIG. 2 is a front view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

[0017] FIG. 3 is a side view of an apparatus including a single pair of forming rolls, according to one or more embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 4 is a side view of an apparatus including a single pair of forming rolls and a single pair of sizing rolls, according to one or more embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 5 is a side view of an apparatus including a single pair of forming rolls, a single pair of sizing rolls and a single pair of, according to one or more embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 5.

[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates an apparatus for redirecting a glass ribbon, according to one or more embodiments.

[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative embodiment of an apparatus for redirecting a glass ribbon.

[0023] FIG. 9 illustrates the apparatus shown in FIG. 8 and additional downstream apparatuses, according to one or more embodiments.

[0024] FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of a horizontal support, according to one or more embodiments.

[0025] FIG. 11 shows a side view of the horizontal support shown in FIG. 10.

[0026] FIG. 12 shows a perspective view of a curved support according to one or more embodiments.

[0027] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of a curved support according to one or more alternative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiment(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

[0029] A first aspect of this disclosure pertains to a method for forming a glass sheet in which a glass ribbon is formed in a first direction (e.g., vertical) and redirected to a second direction different from the first direction (e.g., horizontal), while maintaining the surface quality of the glass ribbon. In some embodiments, the method includes redirecting the glass ribbon when the glass ribbon is viscous (e.g., has a viscosity less than about 10.sup.8 poise) and/or by completing the redirection of the glass ribbon along a turn or curve having a horizontal length of less than about 1.5 m. In one or more embodiments, the method includes redirection of the glass ribbon from a vertical or essentially vertical direction to a horizontal direction along a horizontal length of about 200 mm or less.

[0030] Known processes in which a glass ribbon is redirected from a vertical process to a horizontal process typically utilize higher viscosity glasses. For example, known processes and apparatus may use glasses with viscosities of greater than 10.sup.8 poise and such glasses may develop significant and undesirable elastic stresses during processing. Moreover, the higher viscosity glasses may still require use of an apparatus with a larger layout. For example, the radius of the turn or redirection may need to be great enough (e.g., greater than about 1.5 m) to enable redirection of the glass ribbon formed from higher viscosity glasses using an air bearing. Significant elastic stresses will therefore possibly develop. The embodiments of the methods described herein address these issues.

[0031] In one or more embodiments, the method includes supplying a glass ribbon in the first direction, where at least a portion of the glass ribbon exhibits a low viscosity. As used herein, low viscosity includes a viscosity of less than about 10.sup.8 poise, less than about 10.sup.7.8 poise, less than about 10.sup.7.6 poise, less than about 10.sup.7.4 poise, less than about 10.sup.7.2 poise, less than about 10.sup.7 poise and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass ribbon has a low viscosity that is greater than about 10.sup.6 poise.

[0032] The method may include supplying a glass ribbon in the first direction by a number of ways. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, supplying the glass ribbon may include flowing molten glass 120 through a forming body 110 including an open slot 112. The molten glass 120 may be flowed in a vertical direction or allowed to free flow in a vertical direction to land on a roll pair 130, which rotates to form the glass ribbon 140.

[0033] As shown in FIG. 3, supplying a glass ribbon in the first direction may include flowing molten glass 210 between at least one pair of forming rolls 220. A glass feed unit 200 may supply the molten glass 210 at a temperature of 1000 C. or higher. In one embodiment, the pair forming rolls may be heated and may, for example, be maintained at a surface temperature of about 250 C. or higher, 500 C. or higher, or 600 C. or higher. The pair of forming rolls 220 may be located vertically below the glass feed unit 200 and forms the molten glass into a formed glass ribbon 230 having a thickness near a desired thickness. In some embodiments, more than one pair of forming rolls 220 may be utilized to form the glass ribbon (e.g., two, three, four or more pairs of forming rolls). In a more specific embodiment, the method may include reducing the thickness of the glass ribbon 230 by supplying the formed glass ribbon 230 between at least one pair of sizing rolls 222, as shown in FIG. 4. In one or more embodiments, more than one pair of sizing rolls 222 may be utilized to reduce the thickness of the glass ribbon (e.g., two, three, four or more pairs of sizing rolls). The method may include maintaining the surface temperature of the sizing rolls at about 400 C. or lower, 300 C. or lower, or 200 C. or lower. The sizing rolls 222 may be located vertically below the forming rolls 220 and receives the formed glass ribbon 230 and thins it to produce a sized glass ribbon 232 having a desired thickness and a desired thickness uniformity. The thickness of the sized glass ribbon 232 may vary by no more than +/0.025 mm. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, a pair of pulling rolls 224 may be located vertically below the sizing rolls 222 for receiving the sized glass ribbon 232 and creating a tension on the formed glass ribbon 230 and/or the sized glass ribbon 232. An optional notch may be disposed on one or more of the rolls to create a local imprint on the glass ribbon that facilitates later processing, such as separating or cutting the glass sheet into separate glass articles.

[0034] In one or more alternative embodiments, supplying the glass ribbon may include forming the glass ribbon by a fusion forming process (not shown). In one or more specific embodiments, the method includes flowing molten glass from a forming body including an open channel (not shown) defined by a plurality of walls (not shown). The molten glass flows into the open channel and overflows the walls thereof, thereby separating into two individual flows of molten glass that flow over the converging forming surfaces (not shown). When the individual flows of molten glass are flowed vertically and are recombined to form a single ribbon of molten glass that descends from the forming body. In this manner, the method includes drawing the glass ribbon in a first direction, which may be vertical.

[0035] In one or more embodiments, the method includes redirecting the glass ribbon from a first direction to a second direction different from the first direction, without contacting the glass ribbon with a solid material. As shown in FIGS. 7-9, redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction different from the first direction without contacting the glass ribbon may include supporting the glass film on a gas film supplied by directing gas at the glass ribbon at a pressure in the range from about 110.sup.5 Pa to about 310.sup.5 Pa, from about 1.210.sup.5 Pa to about 310.sup.5 Pa, from about 1.410.sup.5 Pa to about 310.sup.5 Pa, from about 1.610.sup.5 Pa to about 310.sup.5 Pa, from about 1.810.sup.5 Pa to about 310.sup.5 Pa, from about 110.sup.5 Pa to about 2.810.sup.5 Pa, from about 110.sup.5 Pa to about 2.610.sup.5 Pa, from about 110.sup.5 Pa to about 2.410.sup.5 Pa, from about x 10.sup.5 Pa to about 2.210.sup.5 Pa, from about 110.sup.5 Pa to about 210.sup.5 Pa and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. The gas may include compressed nitrogen, compressed air or a mixture thereof.

[0036] As shown in FIG. 7, the method may include directing the gas at the glass ribbon by supplying or guiding the glass ribbon 300 along at least a portion of a gas bearing 312 including a curved support 310, through which the gas is directed to the glass ribbon. The gas forms a gas film 313 on which the glass ribbon is supported. In some embodiments, the method includes heating the gas supplied through the gas bearing 312 by heating the curved support 310. In one or more embodiments, the curved support 310 may be heated to a temperature such that the gas supplied through the gas bearing 312 is also heated to a temperature within about 10 C. of the temperature of the curved support. For example, as will be discussed below, the method may include heating the curved support 310 to a temperature in the range from about 200 C. to about 400 C. and as a result, heating the gas to a temperature within about 10 C. of the temperature of the curved support.

[0037] As shown in FIG. 7, the method includes redirecting the glass ribbon 300 along a turn 320 that may have a horizontal length 322 of about 200 mm or less, 100 mm or less, 90 mm or less, 80 mm or less, 70 mm or less, 60 mm or less, 50 mm or less and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. The horizontal length 322 of the turn 320 indicates a small radius turn may be achieved by the process and apparatus shown in FIG. 7, thus minimizing the size of the process and apparatus layout. In one or more embodiments, the glass ribbon 300 is redirected while still viscous. In some embodiments, the method may include allowing viscosity of the redirected glass ribbon 302 to increase as the glass ribbon cools; however, in other embodiments, the method includes the redirected glass ribbon 302 viscosity to substantially the same viscosity as the glass ribbon 300 before redirection.

[0038] In one or more embodiments, the method includes rotating the curved support 310 or providing a stationary curved support 310. The method may also include directing gas through the gas bearing 312 of the curved support in one direction (as shown in FIG. 7) along a portion of its arcuate surface 314 or in all directions (not shown) through all of its arcuate outer surface 314. The gas directed on the arcuate surface 314 forms an arcuate gas film 313 for supporting the glass ribbon 300 during redirection at the turn 320. In embodiments in which the gas bearing 312 directs gas in one direction, the method may specifically include rotating the curved support 310 to homogenize the temperature distribution of the curved support. A homogenized temperature distribution prevents bowing of the curved support often caused by temperature variations. The method may include positioning the curved support 310 on the internal side of the turn 320. In one or more embodiments, the method may include providing a second support (not shown) including an air bearing to guide the glass ribbon 300 with the curved support 310 during redirection.

[0039] As shown in FIG. 7, the method may further include supplying the redirected glass ribbon 302 onto a second gas bearing 332 including a horizontally disposed, planar support 330. The method includes directing gas from the second gas bearing 332 to form a gas film 333 supporting the redirected glass ribbon 330 on one side.

[0040] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the method may include redirecting the glass ribbon 400 from the first direction to the second direction by supporting the glass ribbon on a gas film 433 supplied by directing gas to the glass ribbon from only one gas bearing 432 directing air upward in the opposite direction as the glass ribbon, as it falls in a vertical direction. In the embodiment shown the gas bearing 432 may include a horizontally disposed, planar support 430 which provides a planar gas film 433. In such embodiments, the method includes allowing the glass ribbon 400, in contrast to the embodiment in FIG. 7, to fall unguided, due to gravity and its own viscosity and/or thickness, toward the horizontally disposed, planar support 430. The method includes directing gas upward from the gas bearing 432 and forming the planar gas film 433 to support the glass ribbon during redirection from the first direction to the second direction. In one or more embodiments, the method includes redirecting the glass ribbon 400 at turn 420 using the gas film 433. In some embodiments, the method includes redirecting the glass ribbon 400 at the turn 420 over the same or similar length as the turn 320 in FIG. 7 (e.g., 200 mm or less, 100 mm or less, 90 mm or less, 80 mm or less, 70 mm or less, 60 mm or less, 50 mm or less and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween). In one or more embodiments, the glass ribbon 400 is redirected while still viscous. In some embodiments, the method may include allowing viscosity of the redirected glass ribbon 402 to increase as the glass ribbon cools; however, in other embodiments, the method includes the redirected glass ribbon 402 viscosity to substantially the same viscosity as the glass ribbon 400 before redirection.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, the method may include modifying the speed (e.g., increased or decreased) of supplying the glass ribbon. In one or more embodiments, the method includes modifying the speed, without the use of a curved support. As shown in FIG. 8, a system 400 including a sensor and a speed control in communication with one another can be utilized to modify the speed of supplying the glass ribbon. For example, a sensor may be used to optically detect the shape of the redirection, and send a signal to increase or decrease the speed of the line or the method by which the glass ribbon is supplied.

[0042] With respect to the gas bearing(s) 312, 332, the curved support 310 and the horizontally disposed, planar support 330 may be formed at least partially from a pressurized, porous material through which the gas from the gas bearing is flowed. The porous material which may include graphite, ceramic, partially sintered metal, high temperature tolerant metal oxide(s), silicon carbide and other similar materials through which gas may be flowed at the recited pressures. The permeability of the porous material may be in the range from about 10.sup.15 m.sup.2 to about 10.sup.13 m.sup.2. The method may include supplying a gas to the porous material through a feed or a plurality of feeds as shown in FIGS. 10-12. In FIG. 10, the method includes supplying the gas through a series of feeds 434, having one open end 436 and one closed end 438. The open and closed ends alternate along the length of each side of the horizontally disposed, planar support. The feeds may be disposed near or adjacent to the upper surface 440 of the horizontally disposed, planar surface. For example, the feeds are disposed within 3 mm or 5 mm from the upper surface 400.

[0043] As shown in FIG. 11, the curved support 600 may include a first end 610, a second end 620 and an annular feed 630 extending from the first end 610 to the second end 620 defining an annular space through which gas is supplied for the gas bearing. Alternatively, the curved support 700 may include a first end 710, a second end 720 and discrete longitudinal feeds 730 extending from the first end 710 to the second end 720 through which gas is supplied for the gas bearing. The method may include supplying gas through the annular feed 630 or longitudinal feeds 730 for the gas bearing.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, the method includes introducing a minimal or no tension to the glass ribbon during redirection. In one or more alternative embodiments, the method includes applying a tension to the glass ribbon during redirection to further reduce the thickness of the glass ribbon. The thickness may be reduced by up to about 20%, up to about 25%, or even up to about 30%. In one or more embodiments, the tension in the glass ribbon is created between supplying the glass ribbon along at least a portion of a curved support (e.g., 310) and supplying the glass ribbon to the horizontally disposed, planar support (e.g., 330).

[0045] In one or more embodiments of the method, redirecting the glass ribbon includes maintaining the temperature of the glass ribbon such that the glass ribbon exhibits a desired viscosity (e.g., less than about 10.sup.8 poise, about 10.sup.7.8 poise or less, about 10.sup.7.6 poise or less, about 10.sup.7.4 poise or less, about 10.sup.7.2 poise or less, about 10.sup.7 poise or less). In some embodiments, the method includes maintaining the temperature of the portion of the glass ribbon exhibiting a low viscosity, at the first temperature, as defined herein. The temperature of the glass ribbon or the portion of the glass ribbon exhibiting a low viscosity may be maintained by directing gas to glass ribbon, thus creating a gas bearing effect where the gas bearing and/or the gas film generated by the gas bearing have a temperature in the range from about 200 C. to about 400 C. Additionally or alternatively, the method may include controlling the environment and specifically controlling the temperature of the environment during at least the redirection.

[0046] In one or more embodiments, the redirected glass ribbon exhibits a thickness in the range from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 3 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 2 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, from about 0.75 mm to about 5 mm, from about 1 mm to about 5 mm, from about 1.5 mm to about 5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.9 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.7 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.6 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In some instances, the method includes reducing the thickness of the glass ribbon during redirection of the glass ribbon from the first direction to the second direction. In one variant, the method includes reducing the thickness of the glass ribbon by about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% during redirection of the glass ribbon from the first direction to the second direction. In one or more alternative embodiments, the method includes substantially maintaining the thickness of the glass ribbon. In one variant, the method includes maintaining the thickness of the glass ribbon during redirection such that the glass ribbon in the second direction is no more than 5% less than the thickness of the glass ribbon in the first direction.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, the methods described herein can form and redirect a glass ribbon having a thickness of about 1 mm or about 1.1 mm, a width in the range from about 60 mm to about 70 mm at a speed of about 11 m/minute. In some embodiments, the glass ribbons were thus formed and redirected using a gas bearing system as described herein directing gas at the glass ribbon at a pressure of about 0.2 MPa. The resulting glass ribbon exhibits a superior flatness, is free of optical distortions and shows no visual damage indicating possible contact between the glass ribbon and a solid material.

[0048] The method according to one or more embodiments may include cooling the glass ribbon into a glass sheet. The embodiment shown in FIG. 9 illustrates a glass ribbon 400 supplied via a thin rolling process. In particular, the method includes supplying molten glass from a glass feed device 500 to a pair of forming rolls 510 and forming a glass ribbon 400 having a thickness near a desired thickness. The method includes supplying the glass ribbon 400 to a pair of sizing rolls 520 to modify the thickness of the glass ribbon. The method includes redirecting the glass ribbon 400 from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction at turn 420 by supporting the glass ribbon 400 on a gas film supplied by the gas directed at the glass ribbon 400 by the air bearing of the horizontally disposed, planar support 430. The gas film supports and transports the glass ribbon 400 onto conveyors 540 for thermal processing in a furnace 530, controlled cooling 550, separation into discrete sheets (e.g. by score and break) 560 and final cooling 570. The glass sheet may be optionally processed by one or more of a ceramming process or an ion exchange process.

[0049] A second aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a glass or glass-ceramic forming apparatus. In one or more embodiments, the apparatus includes glass feed device for supplying a glass ribbon exhibiting a viscosity of less than about 10.sup.8 poise in a first direction (e.g., vertical) and a redirection system for redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction (e.g., horizontal). As shown in FIGS. 1-6 and mentioned herein, the glass feed device may include a number of configurations and systems for supplying a glass ribbon. As shown in FIGS. 1-2, the glass feed device may include a forming body 110 including an open slot 112 for flowing molten glass 120 vertical direction on a roll pair 130, which rotate to form the glass ribbon 140.

[0050] As shown in FIGS. 3-6, the glass feed device may include a thin rolling system. The glass feed device may include a glass feed unit 200, a heater (not shown) for supplying the molten glass 210 at a temperature of 1000 C. or higher and may include at least one pair forming rolls 220 (which may be heated, for example, at a surface temperature of about 250 C. or greater, 500 C. or greater, or 600 C. or greater) located vertically below the glass feed unit 200. The glass feed device may optionally include at least one pair of sizing rolls 222, as shown in FIG. 4, located vertically below the forming rolls 220 to reduce the thickness of the glass ribbon received from the forming rolls 220. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the glass feed device may optionally include a pair of pulling rolls 224 may be located vertically below the sizing rolls 222 for receiving the sized glass ribbon 232 and creating a tension on the formed glass ribbon 230 and/or the sized glass ribbon 232.

[0051] In one or more alternative embodiments, the glass feed system may include a fusion forming system (not shown). In one or more specific embodiments, the fusion forming system may include a melting furnace (not shown) for melting batch material to produce molten glass in communication with a fining vessel that heats the molten glass. The fusion forming system may include a stirring vessel (not shown) in communication with the fining vessel for homogenizing the molten glass and a forming body (not shown) in communication with the stirring vessel. The forming body may an open channel (not shown) defined by a plurality of walls (not shown), a pair of converging forming surfaces (not shown) that converge at a bottom of the forming body. In operation, the molten glass from the stirring vessel into the open channel of the forming body and overflows the walls thereof, thereby separating into two individual flows of molten glass that flow over the converging forming surfaces (not shown). When the individual flows of molten glass are flowed vertically and are recombined to form a single ribbon of molten glass that descends from the forming body. In this manner, fusing forming system provides a drawn glass ribbon in a first direction, which may be vertical.

[0052] The apparatus of one or more embodiments includes a redirection system disposed underneath the glass feed device for redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction. In one or more embodiments, the redirection system includes at least one gas bearing system for supplying a gas film for supporting the glass ribbon during redirection. The at least one gas bearing system 310 may include a curved support 310 having an outer curved surface 314 for providing an arcuate gas film surface that redirects the glass ribbon to the second direction. In one or more embodiments, the curved support 310 may be rotatable around a first axis in a direction in which the glass ribbon is supplied. In one or more alternative embodiments, the curved support 310 may be stationary.

[0053] As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 7, the apparatus may include a second gas bearing 332. The second gas bearing 322 may include a horizontally disposed, planar support 330 for providing a planar gas film 333 that supports the redirected glass ribbon in the second direction. In one or more embodiments, the apparatus includes a gas bearing including a horizontally disposed, planar support but does not include a gas bearing including a curved support.

[0054] In one or more embodiments, the apparatus includes system for monitoring the redirection of the glass ribbon. As shown in FIG. 8, the system 400 may be positioned to monitor the shape of the glass ribbon 400 as it is redirected at turn 420. The system 400 may include a sensor for detecting a shape of the redirection of the glass ribbon. The sensor may include an optical detector. In one or more embodiments, the sensor may be in communication with a speed control. The sensor may provide a signal to the speed control to increase or decrease the supply of the glass ribbon. In one or more embodiments, the speed control is in communication with the glass feed device and/or the gas bearing(s).