Non-leaching styrene-free cured-in-place pipe system suitable for potable water applications

Abstract

Styrene-free unsaturated polyester resin and vinyl ester resin compositions are provided which contain low amounts of hazardous air pollutants, good mechanical and physical properties, and good corrosion resistant characteristics. The resin systems are such that minimal or no component is leachable after completion of the curing process. The resins are suitable for repair of sewer pipes and potable water pipe systems as part of a cured-in-place pipe application. Additionally, the invention is suitable for relining of storage tanks. A process for the manufacture of these resin compositions is also provided.

Claims

1. A curable resin composition, comprising: (a) a vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester; (b) a (meth)acrylate monomer having an olefin functionality of greater than or equal to 3 in an amount of about 20-80% by weight; based on the total weight of the composition, and (c) a synthesis catalyst for the production of the vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester which contains at least one reactive double bond; wherein components (a) and (c) combined are present in an amount of about 20-80% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein (b) is present in an amount of about 30-70% by weight.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein (b) is present in an amount of about 35-60% by weight.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein (b) is present in an amount of about 40-50% by weight.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein (b) is present in an amount of about 42-48% by weight.

6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one di-functional reactive diluent.

7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the di-functional reactive diluent is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, neopentylglycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol 200 dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol 400 dimethacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, tripropylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, neopentylglycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol 200 diacrylate, polyethylene glycol 400 diacrylate, triethyleneglycol diacrylate and/or tripropylene glycol diacrylate.

8. The composition of claim 6, wherein said di-functional reactive diluent is present in an amount of less than 9% by weight.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the component (b) is selected from the group consisting of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, propoxlated glycerine trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate trimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propoxlated glycerine triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the synthesis catalyst is selected from the group consisting of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate methyl chloride.

11. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one initiator.

12. The composition of claim 1 or 11, further comprising at least one inhibitor.

13. A flexible, sleeve-shaped supporting or reinforcing material which is impregnated with the curable resin of claim 1, at least one of the surfaces of said material being provided with a barrier layer that is impermeable to the resin composition.

14. A method for (re)lining a tube, tank, or vessel with a thermoset resin composite structure, said method comprising the steps: (a) introducing into said tube, tank, or vessel, a flexible sleeve containing the composition of claim 1; (b) pressurizing said tube, tank, or vessel, whereby said flexible sleeve is forced against the wall of said tube, tank, or vessel, and (c) said flexible sleeve is subjected to free radical polymerization to afford a structural thermoset resin lining.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein said tube, tank, or vessel holds or carries potable water.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(1) In one embodiment, the present invention provides a curable resin composition, comprising:

(2) (a) a vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester in an amount of about 20-80% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition;

(3) (b) a (meth)acrylate monomer having an olefin functionality of >3 in an amount of about 20-80% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and

(4) (c) a synthesis catalyst for the production of the vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester which contains at least one reactive double bond. In the compositions of the invention as set forth above, the total amount of components (a), (b), and (c) equal 100 weight percent. As will be appreciated, component (c) is utilized in the manufacture of component (a) and thus is present as residual minor component of (a), the vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester. In other words, the combination of the vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester and the synthesis catalyst comprise the 20-80 weight percent referred to above. As noted below, in certain embodiments, the synthesis catalyst portion of (a) is generally present in an amount of about 0.05 to less than about 0.2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition, but this amount is not otherwise critical as the synthesis catalyst is generally utilized in amounts which are effective in catalyzing the reaction which forms the vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester.

(5) The vinyl ester resins and unsaturated polyester resins used according to the present invention may be selected from the unsaturated polyester resins and vinyl ester resin as are known to a person skilled in the art of composites. The compositions may comprise one vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester or may utilize mixtures of vinyl esters and/or unsaturated polyesters. Malik et al., in J. M. S.-Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., C40(2&3), p. 139-165 (2000), describes examples of suitable unsaturated polyester or vinyl ester resins to be used as base resin systems in the resins of the present invention, which can be subdivided into the following categories. (1) Ortho-resins: these are based on phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, or fumaric acid and glycols, such as 1,2-propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol or hydrogenated bisphenol-A. Commonly the ones derived from 1,2-propylene glycol are used in combination with a reactive diluent such as styrene. (2) Iso-resins: these are prepared from isophthalic acid, maleic anhydride or fumaric acid, and glycols. These resins may contain higher proportions of reactive diluent than the ortho resins. (3) Terephthalic resins: these are prepared from terephthalic acid, maleic anhydride or fumaric acid, and glycols. This class of resins also includes resins in which poly(ethylene terephthalate) is used as a starting material and is converted to monomers through glycolysis in situ. (4) Bisphenol-A-fumarates: these are based on ethoxylated bisphenol-A and fumaric acid. (5) Chlorendics: are resins prepared from chlorine/bromine containing anhydrides or phenols in the preparation of the UP resins. (6) Vinyl ester resins: these are resins having unsaturated sites only in the terminal position. For example introduced by reaction of epoxy resins (e.g. diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, epoxies of the phenol-novolac type, or epoxies based on tetrabromobisphenol-A) with (meth)acrylic acid. Instead of (meth)acrylic acid also (meth)acrylamide may be used. The vinyl ester may also be a vinyl ester urethane which may be obtained by reacting a polyfunctional isocyanate with a polyhydric alcohol and/or a polyvalent amine and with a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate. Examples are known from U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,297,745, 3,772,404, 4,618,658, GB-A-2217722, DE-A-3744390 and EP-A-534197, incorporated herein by reference. Further examples of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins include those available commercially from AOC, LLC under the VIPEL® and ECOTEK™ marks.

(6) As used herein, the term “a (meth)acrylate monomer having an olefin functionality of >3” in certain embodiments refers to (meth)acrylate monomers such as trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, propoxlated glycerine tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate tri(meth)acrylate.

(7) In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one difunctional reactive diluent. Examples of difunctional reactive diluents include 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 2,3-butanedioldi(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate and its isomers, diethyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, tripropyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, PPG250 di(meth)acrylate, tricyclodecane dimethylol di(meth)acrylate, 1,10-decanediol di(meth)acrylate and/or tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate. Preferred difunctional reactive diluents are 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, dipropyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, neopentylglycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,3-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, PEG200 di(meth)acrylate, triethyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, PEG400 di(meth)acrylate, and/or tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate.

(8) In a further embodiment, the composition comprises at least one initiator. Such initiators can be chosen from initiators which are suitable for thermal curing and/or are suitable for curing by photo-initiation. Thermal curing is understood to be using the means of heat to cure a resin composition. In the case of the resin composition being applied for relining, the heat is originated from heated water or gas used to pressurize the (re)lining. Photo-curing is understood to be curing of the resin composition using irradiation with light of a suitable wavelength (photo irradiation) to initiate the curing. This is sometimes also referred to as light cure. In case of relining, the light energy is generally supplied via lamps which are placed or moved forward through the center of the tubular objects. The quantity of initiator utilized in the composition according to the invention in one embodiment lies between about 0.00001-5 wt %, and in another embodiment, this amount lies between 0.1 and 5 wt %.

(9) In one embodiment of the invention, the initiator is a photo-initiator, for example an α-hydroxy aryl ketone, or a cleavage type photo-initiator, for example Irgacure 184, Irgacure 369, Darocure 1173 (Ciba) or acyl phosphine oxides, for example Lucerine TPO, Lucerine TPO-L (BASF), Irgacure 819 (Ciba) or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the photoinitiator is an acyl phosphine oxide. The acyl phosphine oxide is a mono acyl phosphine oxide or a bis acyl phosphine oxide. In another embodiment, the bis acyl phosphine oxide is bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Irgacure 819). In certain embodiments, the quantity of photo-initiator is between 0.1 and 2 wt. % or between 0.2 and 1 wt. %.

(10) In another embodiment of the invention, the initiator is a thermal initiator. Examples of suitable thermal initiators are azo compounds like azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and derivatives thereof, and organic peroxides. The thermal initiator is preferably an organic peroxide, or a combination of two or more organic peroxides. Examples of suitable peroxides are, for instance, peroxyesters (of the formula —C(O)OO—), peroxy carbonates (of the formula —OC(O)O—), diacylperoxides (of the formula —C(O)OOC(O)—), dialkylperoxides (of the formula —OO—), etc. Oligomeric or polymeric peroxides are also possible. An extensive listing of examples of suitable peroxides can be found, for instance, in US 2002/0091214-A1, paragraph [0018]. The skilled person can easily obtain information about the peroxides and the precautions to be taken in handling the peroxides in the instructions as given by the peroxide producers.

(11) Examples of suitable organic peroxides are: peroxyesters or peracids (such as, for instance, t-butyl peresters, benzoyl peroxide, peracetates and perbenzoates, tertiary alkyl hydroperoxides (such as, for instance, t-butyl hydroperoxide), other hydroperoxides (such as, for instance, cumene hydroperoxide), the special class of hydroperoxides formed by the group of ketone peroxides (perketones, being an addition product of hydrogen peroxide and a ketone, such as, for instance, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and acetylacetone peroxide), lauryl peroxide, including (di)peroxyesters), perethers (such as, for instance, peroxy diethyl ether). The most common organic peroxides used as curing agent are tertiary peresters- or tertiary hydroperoxides, i.e. peroxy compounds having tertiary carbon atoms directly united to an —OO-acyl or —OOH group. Mixtures of these peroxides with other peroxides may be used in the context of the present invention. The peroxides may also be mixed peroxides, i.e. peroxides containing any two of different peroxygen-bearing moieties in one molecule). In the case of a solid peroxide being used for the curing, the peroxide is in certain embodiments benzoyl peroxide (BPO) or peroxy carbonate peroxide.

(12) Examples of suitable ketone peroxides are cyclohexanone peroxide, methyl-ethyl-ketone peroxide (MEKP), acetylacetone peroxide, and methyl-isobutyl-ketone peroxide. Examples of suitable hydroperoxides are cumene hydroperoxide and tert butyl hydroperoxide.

(13) The resin compositions according to the invention which contain a thermal initiator may further comprise an accelerator, which is in certain embodiments a transition metal compound and/or organic compound. Examples of suitable transition metal compounds are iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, chromium compounds. The transition metal compound is preferably a cobalt compound or mixtures of cobalt compound with other metal salts. A suitable cobalt compound is for example cobalt octoate or cobalt naphthenate.

(14) The organic compound can be any organic compound that can be oxidized or reduced. Suitable examples are 1,2-dioxo compounds, 1,3-dioxo compounds, N containing compounds like amides and amines, and thiols. In certain embodiments, the organic compound is an N-containing compound. Examples of N-containing compounds are triethanol amine, diethylaniline, dimethylparatoluidine, diethylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylacetoacetamide, benzyl amine, p-toluidine, 2-(N-ethylanilino)ethanol, triethyl amine, dimethylaniline, and Jeffamines, like for example Jeffamine D-2000.

(15) In a further embodiment, the compositions according to the invention further comprise one or more inhibitors. The inhibitor can be any radical inhibitor known to the one skilled in the art of composites and can in certain embodiments be chosen from the group of phenolic compounds, stable radicals like N-oxyl based compounds and phenothiazines and/or galvinoxyl. Suitable examples of inhibitors that can be used in the compositions according to the invention are, for instance, methylbenzoquinone, 2-methylhydroquinone, 2-methoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, 2,4,6-trimethyl-phenol, 2,4,6-tris-dimethylaminomethyl phenol, 4,4′-thio-bis(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 4,4′-isopropylidene diphenol, 2,4-di-t-butylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6,6′-di-t-butyl-2,2′-methylene di-p-cresol, hydroquinone, 2-t-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone, 2,6-di-t-butylhydroquinone, 2,6-dimethylhydroquinone, 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone, catechol, 4-t-butylcatechol, 4,6-di-t-butylcatechol, benzoquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone, napthoquinone, 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-ol (a compound also referred to as TEMPOL), 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-one (a compound also referred to as TEMPON), 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-carboxyl-piperidine (a compound also referred to as 4-carboxy-TEMPO), 1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine, 1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-carboxylpyrrolidine (also called 3-carboxy-PROXYL), aluminium-N-nitrosophenyl hydroxylamine, diethylhydroxylamine, phenothiazine and/or derivatives or combinations of any of these compounds.

(16) In certain embodiments, the amount of inhibitor in the resin composition according to the invention is in the range of from 0.00001 to 5% by weight, from 0.0001 to 2% by weight, or from 0.001 to 1% by weight.

(17) As used herein, the term “synthesis catalyst” means a compound used in the synthesis of polyesters or vinyl esters which increases the rate of the reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change. Example classes of compounds include stannous compounds, amines, phosphonium salts, and ammonium salts. Specific examples include stannous oxalate, stannous oxoate, stannous dichloride, butyl stannoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoate, dibutylin diacetate, dibutylin oxide, dibutylin dilaurate, dibutylin dichloride, dimethylamylamine, dimethylbutylamine, triphenyl phosphine, butyltriphenylphosphonium formate, ethyltriphenylphosphonium formate, butyltriphenylphosphonium oxalate, ethyltriphenylphosphonium phosphate, ethyltriphenylphosphonium succinate, ethyltriphenylphosphonium malonate, acetylcholine chloride, (2-aminoethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, benzyltributylammonium bromide, diallyldimethylammonium chloride, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate methyl chloride. In general terms, the synthesis catalyst component (c) is present in an amount of less than about 0.2 weight percent, or in a range of about 0.05 weight percent to about 0.2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition components (a), (b), and (c), although this amount is not generally critical and is merely chosen as to what amount is effective in catalyzing the reaction involved in the formation of the vinyl ester or unsaturated polyester (component (a)).

(18) The invention also relates to the use of the resin composition according to the invention in a flexible, sleeve-shaped object for use in (re)lining. According to the invention the flexible, sleeve-shaped objects contain a supporting or reinforcing material that is impregnated with the curable resin composition, at least one of the surfaces of the sleeve-shaped object being provided with a barrier layer that is impermeable to the resin composition.

(19) The supporting or reinforcing material of which the flexible, sleeve-shaped object is manufactured from, for example, a fibrous web or needle felt of glass fibers, polyester fibers, carbon fibers, boron fibers, metal fibers, silica fibers, asbestos fibers, polyamide fibers (for example Kevlar® from Du Pont), cotton fibers, quartz fibers, silk fibers, polyethylene fibers and jute fibers. The person skilled in the art can readily determine the suitable fibers for a specific application or desired property of the structural element to be formed. Carbon fibers may be used, for example, when the application requires low weight and a high rigidity.

(20) The barrier layer that is impermeable to the curable resin composition and that is provided at least one of the surfaces of the sleeve-shaped object can be a film layer of comprised of a thermoplastic which is commonly polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, etc. Accordingly, in a further aspect, the invention provides a flexible, sleeve-shaped supporting or reinforcing material which is impregnated with the curable resin of the invention, at least one of the surfaces of said material being provided with a barrier layer that is impermeable to the resin composition.

(21) The resin composition according to the invention in addition optionally contains a filler in a weight ratio of 0.05:1 to 20:1 or in a weight ratio of 0.2:1 to 3:1, relative to the total weight of the components in the resin, the total of the weight percentages of the components being 100. Suitable fillers include calcium carbonate, alumina trihydrate, microcrystalline silica, mica, quartz powder, barite, fibers and/or talc.

(22) In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for (re)lining a tube, tank, or vessel with a thermoset resin composite structure, said method comprising the steps:

(23) (a) introducing into said tube, tank, or vessel, a flexible sleeve containing the composition of the invention;

(24) (b) pressurizing said tube, tank, or vessel, whereby said flexible sleeve is forced against the wall of said tube, tank, or vessel, and

(25) (c) said flexible sleeve is subjected to free radical polymerization to afford a structural thermoset resin lining.

(26) Whenever used in this application, the term “styrene-free” will be understood to mean that the resin compositions of this invention contain neither styrene nor an analogue of styrene. The term “(meth)acrylate” will be understood to include both “acrylate” and “methacrylate” and the term “molecular weight” will be understood to mean weight average molecular weight.

(27) Further, we have found that the use of trifunctional materials enhances the cure of the composite and allows for a much lower percentage of unreacted materials in the composite pipe. Difunctional materials have two reactive groups, whereas trifunctional materials have three groups capable of reacting by free radical cure. With a 50% increase in the reactive sites per molecule, the opportunities for a pipe with material fully reacted and no “free material” is greatly enhanced. As a consequence, the use of trifunctional materials provides improved mechanical properties that can be surprisingly more rigid than provided with styrene alternatives including monomers, difunctional reactives, multifunctional acrylates and methacrylates.

(28) This invention can be further illustrated by the following Examples of certain embodiments thereof, although it will be understood that these Examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated.

EXAMPLES

(29) Example 1. Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin was produced by the following procedure. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and methacrylic acid were combined at 68.6 wt % and 31.2 wt %, respectively, in a resin kettle with diallyldimethylammonium chloride and butylated hydroxytoluene at 1300 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively. The mixture was heated to 120° C. under air and held at a constant temperature, with agitation, until an acid number of 11 mg KOH/g and a viscosity of 40 P @ 60° C. were achieved. The resin was then added to ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate until a solids content of 60 wt % was achieved. This resin, which contains 40 wt % trifunctional acrylate diluent, was the base for the formulations found in Tables 1-18.

(30) Example 2. Novolac vinyl ester resin is produced by the following procedure. Phenol Novolac epoxy and methacrylic acid are combined at 66.6 wt % and 33.1 wt %, respectively, in a resin kettle with diallyldimethylammonium chloride and butylated hydroxytoluene at 1500 ppm and 2000 ppm, respectively. The mixture is heated to 117° C. under air and held at a constant temperature, with agitation, until an acid number of 28 mg KOH/mg and viscosity of 55 at 80° C. are achieved. The resin is then added to ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate until a solids content of 60 wt % is achieved. This resin, which contains 40 wt % trifunctional acrylate diluent, is the base for the formulations found in Tables 19-36.

(31) The (re)lining resin composition of the present invention uses a base epoxy resin-polymer precursor described in Examples 1 and 2.

Example Formulations

(32) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 33.8 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.5 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Alumina Trihydrate 56.9 Total 100

(33) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 58.9 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.5 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Alumina Trihydrate 31.8 Total 100

(34) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 87.5 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Alumina Trihydrate 11.7 Total 100

(35) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 83.7 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.5 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Alumina Trihydrate 7 Total 100

(36) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 90.7 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.5 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(37) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 78.6 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 18.6 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(38) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 61.9 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 35.3 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(39) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 45.2 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 52 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(40) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 28.6 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 68.6 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(41) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 50 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Alumina Trihydrate 40.7 Total 100

(42) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 75 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Alumina Trihydrate 15.7 Total 100

(43) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 90.8 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(44) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 84.4 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.3 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(45) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 76.1 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 14.6 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(46) TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 67.7 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 23 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(47) TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 51.1 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 39.6 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(48) TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 34.5 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 56.2 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(49) TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Ingredient % Example 1 Bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin 17.7 (contains 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 73 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(50) TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 33.8 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.5 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Alumina Trihydrate 56.9 Total 100

(51) TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 58.9 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.5 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Alumina Trihydrate 31.8 Total 100

(52) TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 87.5 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Alumina Trihydrate 11.7 Total 100

(53) TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 83.7 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.5 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Alumina Trihydrate 7 Total 100

(54) TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 90.7 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.5 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(55) TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 78.6 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 18.6 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(56) TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 61.9 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 35.3 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(57) TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 26 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 45.2 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 52 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(58) TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 27 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 28.6 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 68.6 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 2 Total 100

(59) TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 28 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 50 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Alumina Trihydrate 40.7 Total 100

(60) TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 29 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 75 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Alumina Trihydrate 15.7 Total 100

(61) TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 30 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 90.8 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(62) TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 31 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 84.4 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 6.3 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(63) TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 32 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 76.1 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 14.6 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(64) TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 33 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 67.7 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 23 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(65) TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 34 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 51.1 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 39.6 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(66) TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 35 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 34.5 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 56.2 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100

(67) TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 36 Ingredient % Example 2 Novolac vinyl ester resin (contains 17.7 40 wt % ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) Butadiene copolymer air release agent 0.2 AEROSIL 200 HV 0.5 Hydroquinone monomethyl ether - HQMME 0.1 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate 73 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 8.5 Total 100