COATED BI-DIRECTIONALLY ORIENTED MULTILAYER FILM

Abstract

A multilayer film includes an inner layer system having a first surface and a second surface; a first layer bound to the inner layer system at the first surface of the inner layer system; and a second layer comprising a first surface and a second surface, wherein the second layer is with its first surface bound to the inner layer system at the second surface of the inner layer system; a coating layer bound to the second layer at the second surface of the second layer; wherein the inner layer system consists of a polymer formulation (A) comprising: ?10.0 and ?90.0 wt % of a first ethylene-based polymer being LLDPE-A; and ?10.0 and ?90.0 wt % of HDPE having a density of ?940 and ?970 kg/m.sup.3; the first layer contains a polymer formulation (B) including LLDPE-A, the second layer contains a polymer formulation (C) including a modified polyethylene; and the coating layer includes a polyurethane; wherein the multilayer film is a bi-directionally oriented film, and the orientation in both directions is introduced in the solid state. Such multilayer film exhibits reduced oxygen transmission rates and/or water vapour transmission rates.

Claims

1. A multilayer film comprising: an inner layer system comprising a first surface and a second surface; a first layer bound to the inner layer system at the first surface of the inner layer system; and a second layer comprising a first surface and a second surface, wherein the second layer is with its first surface bound to the inner layer system at the second surface of the inner layer system; a coating layer bound to the second layer at the second surface of the second layer; wherein the inner layer system consists of a polymer formulation (A) comprising ? 10.0 and ? 90.0 wt % of a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-A) and ? 10.0 and ? 90.0 wt % of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) having a density of ? 940 and ? 970 kg/m.sup.3, as determined in accordance with ASTM D792 (2008); the first layer consists of a polymer formulation (B) comprising a linear low-density polyethylene, the second layer consists of a polymer formulation (C) comprising or consisting of a modified polyethylene; and the coating layer comprises or consists of a polyurethane; wherein the multilayer film is a bi-directionally oriented film wherein the orientation in both directions is introduced in the solid state.

2. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the LLDPE-A has: a density of ?918 and <940 kg/m.sup.3 as determined in accordance with ASTM D792 (2008); a melt mass-flow rate of ? 0.5 and ? 5.0 g/10 min, as determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 (2013) at a temperature of 190? C. under a load of 2.16 kg; a fraction that is eluted in analytical temperature rising elution fractionation (a-TREF) at a temperature ?30.0? C. of ? 3.0 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the LLDPE-A; and/or a fraction eluted in a-TREF at a temperature >94.0? C. of ?20.0 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the LLDPE-A.

3. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the polymer formulation (C) comprises LLDPE-A and ? 5.0 and ? 25.0 wt % of a modified LLDPE-A, with regard to the total weight of the polymer formulation (C).

4. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the modified polyethylene is a polyethylene comprising moieties derived from maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, methacrylic anhydride, maleic anhydride, or itaconic anhydride.

5. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the modified polyethylene is a composition comprising a polyethylene comprising ? 0.5 and ? 5.0 wt % of moieties derived from maleic anhydride, with regard to the total weight of the polyethylene.

6. The multilayer film according to claim 5, wherein the modified polyethylene is a modified LLDPE-A.

7. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the high-density polyethylene is a homopolymer of ethylene.

8. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the inner layer system consists of a single layer, or wherein the inner layer system consists of 3, 5 or 7 layers.

9. The multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the film has a thickness of ?5 ?m and ? 200 ?m.

10. A process for production of the multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the process comprises the steps in this order of: (a) manufacturing an unoriented multilayer film via cast extrusion, the unoriented film comprising an inner layer system comprising a first surface and a second surface; a first layer bound to the inner layer system at the first surface of the inner layer system; and a second layer comprising a first surface and a second surface, wherein the second layer is with its first surface bound to the inner layer system at the second surface of the inner layer system; wherein the inner layer system consists of a polymer formulation (A) comprising ? 10.0 and ? 90.0 wt % of a first ethylene-based polymer being a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-A) and ? 10.0 and ? 90.0 wt % of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) having a density of ?940 and ? 970 kg/m.sup.3, as determined in accordance with ASTM D792 (2008); the first layer consists of a polymer formulation (B) comprising a linear low-density polyethylene, the second layer consists of a polymer formulation (C) comprising or consisting of a modified polyethylene; (b) subjecting the unoriented film to heat to bring the film to a temperature of >70? C. and <T.sub.pm of the LLDPE-a, T.sub.pm being determined as peak melting temperature in accordance with ASTM D3418 (2008); (c) stretching the heated cast film applying a stretching force in the machine direction (MD) to induce a drawing in the machine direction; (d) applying a liquid dispersion comprising a polyurethane onto the second surface of the second layer; (e) thermally drying the applied liquid dispersion to obtain a coating layer; (f) subjecting the obtained film to heat to bring the film to a temperature of between T.sub.pm-25? C. and T.sub.pm of the LLDPE-A, under application of a stretching force in the transverse direction (TD) to induce a drawing in the transverse direction; (g) maintaining the stretching forces and temperature to ensure drawing in TD is maintained to a level of >85% of the drawing in TD as applied; and (h) cooling the stretched film to obtain a bi-directionally oriented film.

11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the degree of drawing in each of the MID and TD direction is at least 4.5, wherein the degree of drawing is the ratio between the dimension in the corresponding direction before and after the film is subjected to the orientation step in that particular direction.

12. The process according to claim 10, wherein the liquid dispersion is an aqueous dispersion.

13. The process according to claim 10, wherein the liquid dispersion comprises ? 5.0 and ? 25.0 wt % of the polyurethane, with regard to the total weight of the liquid dispersion.

14. The process according to claim 10, wherein the liquid dispersion is applied in step (d) in a quantity of ? 3.0 and ? 20.0 g/m.sup.2 of the film.

15. A package comprising the multilayer film according to claim 1.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The modified polyethylene may for example be a polyethylene comprising moieties derived from maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, methacrylic anhydride, maleic anhydride, or itaconic anhydride, preferably from maleic anhydride. The modified polyethylene may for example comprise ? 0.5 and ? 5.0 wt % of moieties derived from maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, methacrylic anhydride, maleic anhydride, or itaconic anhydride, preferably ? 1.0 and ? 2.5 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the polyethylene. Preferably, the modified polyethylene comprises ? 0.5 and ? 5.0 wt % of moieties derived from maleic anhydride, preferably ? 1.0 and ? 2.5 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the polyethylene. The polymer composition (C) may for example be a composition comprising ? 0.1 and ? 1.0 wt % of moieties derived from maleic anhydride, preferably ?0.1 and ? 0.5 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the modified polyethylene.

[0022] In a preferred embodiment, the LLDPE-A has a density of ? 918 and <940 kg/m.sup.3, preferably of ? 918 and <930 kg/m.sup.3, more preferably of ? 918 and <925 kg/m.sup.3, as determined in accordance with ASTM D792 (2008).

[0023] In a preferred embodiment, the LLDPE-A has a melt mass-flow rate of ? 0.5 and ? 5.0 g/10 min, as determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 (2013) at a temperature of 190? C. under a load of 2.16 kg, preferably of ? 0.5 and ? 3.0 g/10 min, more preferably of ? 1.0 and ? 2.5 g/10 min.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment, the LLDPE-A has a fraction that is eluted in analytical temperature rising elution fractionation (a-TREF) at a temperature ?30.0? C. of ? 3.0 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the LLDPE-A, preferably of ? 3.0 and ? 20.0 wt %, more preferably of ? 5.0 and ? 15.0 wt %.

[0025] In a preferred embodiment, the LLDPE-A has a fraction eluted in a-TREF at a temperature >94.0? C. of ?20.0 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the LLDPE-A, preferably of ? 20.0 and ? 50.0 wt %, more preferably of ? 30.0 and ? 45.0 wt %.

[0026] In a preferred embodiment, the LLDPE-A has: [0027] a density of ?918 and <940 kg/m.sup.3 as determined in accordance with ASTM D792 (2008); [0028] a melt mass-flow rate of ? 0.5 and ? 5.0 g/10 min, as determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 (2013) at a temperature of 190? C. under a load of 2.16 kg; [0029] a fraction that is eluted in analytical temperature rising elution fractionation (a-TREF) at a temperature ?30.0? C. of ? 3.0 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the LLDPE-A; and/or [0030] a fraction eluted in a-TREF at a temperature >94.0? C. of ? 20.0 wt %, with regard to the total weight of the LLDPE-A.

[0031] According to the invention, analytical temperature rising elution fractionation, also referred to as a-TREF, may be carried out using a Polymer Char Crystaf-TREF 300 equipped with stainless steel columns having a length of 15 cm and an internal diameter of 7.8 mm, with a solution containing 4 mg/ml of sample prepared in 1,2-dichlorobenzene stabilised with 1 g/l Topanol CA (1,1,3-tri(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)butane) and 1 g/l Irgafos 168 (tri(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite) at a temperature of 150? C. for 1 hour. The solution may be further stabilised for 45 minutes at 95? C. under continuous stirring at 200 rpm before analyses. For analyses, the solution was crystallised from 95? C. to 30? C. using a cooling rate of 0.1? C./min. Elution may be performed with a heating rate of 1? C./min from 30? C. to 140? C. The set-up may be cleaned at 150? C. The sample injection volume may be 300 ?l, and the pump flow rate during elution 0.5 m.sup.1/min. The volume between the column and the detector may be 313 ?l. The fraction that is eluted at a temperature of ?30.0? C. may in the context of the present invention be calculated by subtracting the sum of the fraction eluted ?30.0? C. from 100%, thus the total of the fraction eluted ?30.0? C., and the fraction eluted >30.0? C. to add up to 100.0 wt %.

[0032] Particularly, a-TREF may be carried out using a Polymer Char Crystaf-TREF 300 using a solution containing 4 mg/ml of the polymer in 1,2-dichlorobenzene, wherein the solution is stabilised with 1 g/l 1,1,3-tri(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)butane and 1 g/l tri(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite) at a temperature of 150? C. for 1 hour, and further stabilised for 45 minutes at 95? C. under continuous stirring at 200 rpm, wherein the prior to analyses the solution is crystallised from 95? C. to 30? C. using a cooling rate of 0.1? C./min, and elution is performed at a heating rate of 1? C./min from 30? ? C. to 140? C., and wherein the equipment has been cleaned at 150? C.

[0033] The fraction that is eluted at a temperature of ?30? C. may in the context of the present invention be calculated by subtracting the sum of the fraction eluted >94? C. and the fraction eluted >30? C. and ? 94? C. from 100%, thus the total of the fraction eluted ?30? C., the fraction eluted >30? C. and ? 94? C. and the fraction eluted >94? C. to add up to 100.0 wt %.

[0034] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the modified polyethylene is a modified LLDPE-A. The polymer formulation (C) may for example comprise LLDPE-A and ? 5.0 and ? 25.0 wt % of a modified LLDPE-A, with regard to the total weight of the polymer formulation (C), preferably wherein the polymer formulation (C) comprises ?75.0 and ? 95.0 wt % of LLDPE-A. Preferably, the polymer formulation (C) comprises ?75.0 and ? 95.0 wt % of LLDPE-A, and ? 5.0 and ? 25.0 wt % of a modified LLDPE-A, wherein the modified LLDPE-A comprises ? 0.5 and ? 5.0 wt %, more preferably ? 1.0 and ? 2.5 wt %, of moieties derived from maleic anhydride, with regard to the total weight of the modified LLDPE-A.

[0035] LLDPE-A may for example be a copolymer of ethylene and an ?-olefin comonomer selected from 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene, preferably wherein LLDPE-A comprises ? 5.0 and ? 25.0 wt %, more preferably ? 5.0 and ? 15.0 wt %, of moieties derived from the ?-olefin. For example, LLDPE-A may be a copolymer of ethylene and 1-hexene, preferably wherein LLDPE-A comprises ? 5.0 and ? 25.0 wt %, more preferably ? 5.0 and ? 15.0 wt %, of moieties derived from 1-hexene.

[0036] The LLDPE-A may for example have a molecular weight distribution as expressed by M.sub.w/M.sub.n of ? 4.0 and ? 10.0, preferably of ? 5.0 and ? 7.5, wherein M.sub.w and M.sub.n each are determined in accordance with ASTM D6474 (2012).

[0037] The HDPE may be a homopolymer of ethylene or a copolymer of ethylene and an an ?-olefin comonomer selected from 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene, for example wherein the HDPE comprises ? 0.5 and ? 5.0 wt %, or ? 0.5 and ? 1.5 wt %, of moieties derived from the ?-olefin. It is particularly preferred that the high-density polyethylene is a homopolymer of ethylene. The HDPE preferably has a density of ?955 and ? 970 kg/m.sup.3. The HDPE may for example have a molecular weight distribution as expressed by M.sub.w/M.sub.n of ? 5.0 and ? 15.0, preferably of ? 6.0 and ? 12.5.

[0038] In the multilayer film according to the invention, the inner layer system may for example consist of a single layer, or may consist of 3, 5 or 7 layers. The multilayer film may for example have a thickness of ? 5 ?m and ? 200 ?m, preferably ?10 ?m and ? 75 ?m. The coating layer may for example have a thickness of ? 25 and ? 500 nm, preferably of ? 25 and ? 250 nm, more preferably of ? 100 and ? 250 nm.

[0039] In a certain embodiment, the inner layer system consists of a polymer formulation (A) comprising ?60.0 and ? 90.0 wt % of the LLDPE-A and ? 10.0 and ? 40.0 wt % of the HDPE, preferably comprising ? 60.0 and ? 80.0 wt % of the LLDPE-A and ? 20.0 and ? 40.0 wt % of the HDPE. In yet another embodiment, the inner layer system consists of a polymer formulation (A) comprising ? 10.0 and ? 40.0 wt % of the LLDPE-A and ?60.0 and ? 90.0 wt % of the HDPE, preferably comprising ? 20.0 and ? 40.0 wt % of the LLDPE-A and ? 60.0 and ? 80.0 wt % of the HDPE.

[0040] In certain embodiments, the present invention also relates to a process for production of the multilayer film according to the invention, wherein the process involves the steps in this order of: [0041] (a) manufacturing an unoriented multilayer film via cast extrusion, the unoriented film comprising [0042] an inner layer system comprising a first surface and a second surface; [0043] a first layer bound to the inner layer system at the first surface of the inner layer system; and [0044] a second layer comprising a first surface and a second surface, wherein the second layer is with its first surface bound to the inner layer system at the second surface of the inner layer system; [0045] wherein [0046] the inner layer system consists of a polymer formulation (A) comprising ? 10.0 and ? 90.0 wt % of a first ethylene-based polymer being a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-A) and ? 10.0 and ? 90.0 wt % of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) having a density of ? 940 and ? 970 kg/m.sup.3, preferably of ? 955 and ? 970 kg/m.sup.3, as determined in accordance with ASTM D792 (2008); [0047] the first layer consists of a polymer formulation (B) comprising a linear low-density polyethylene, preferably being the LLDPE-A, preferably wherein (B) comprises ? 80.0 wt % of the LLDPE-A [0048] the second layer consists of a polymer formulation (C) comprising or consisting of a modified polyethylene, preferably comprising LLDPE-A and modified LLDPE-A; [0049] (b) subjecting the unoriented film to heat to bring the film to a temperature of >70? C. and <T.sub.pm of the LLDPE-a, T.sub.pm being determined as peak melting temperature in accordance with ASTM D3418 (2008); [0050] (c) stretching the heated cast film applying a stretching force in the machine direction (MD) to induce a drawing in the machine direction; [0051] (d) applying a liquid dispersion comprising a polyurethane onto the second surface of the second layer; [0052] (e) thermally drying the applied liquid dispersion to obtain a coating layer [0053] (f) subjecting the obtained film to heat to bring the film to a temperature of between T.sub.pm-25? C. and T.sub.pm of the LLDPE-A, under application of a stretching force in the transverse direction (TD) to induce a drawing in the transverse direction; [0054] (g) maintaining the stretching forces and temperature to ensure drawing in TD is maintained to a level of >85% of the drawing in TD as applied; and [0055] (h) cooling the stretched film to obtain a bi-directionally oriented film.

[0056] It is preferred that the degree of drawing in each of the MD and TD direction is at least 4.5, wherein the degree of drawing is the ratio between the dimension in the corresponding direction before and after the film is subjected to the orientation step in that particular direction.

[0057] The liquid dispersion as applied in the coating step (d) preferably is an aqueous dispersion. It is preferred that the liquid dispersion comprises ? 5.0 and ? 25.0 wt %, preferably ? 10.0 and ? 25.0 wt %, more preferably ? 10.0 and ? 20.0 wt %, of the polyurethane, with regard to the total weight of the liquid dispersion. Preferably, the liquid dispersion comprises ? 0.1 and ? 3.0 wt % of a crosslinking agent, preferably wherein the crosslinking agent is a polyfunctional aziridine. Preferably, the liquid dispersion comprises ? 0.1 and ? 3.0 wt % of silica nanoparticles, particularly preferably wherein the silica nanoparticles have an average particle size of 50-200 nm, preferably of 50-150 nm, and more particularly preferably wherein the silica nanoparticles have a BET surface of 10-100 m.sup.2/g, preferably of 20-80 m.sup.2/g. The BET surface may be determined in accordance with the method of ISO 9277-2010. The average particle size may be determined in accordance with the method of ISO 13320-2009.

[0058] It is preferred that the liquid dispersion is applied in step (d) in a quantity of ? 3.0 and ? 20.0 g/m.sup.2 of the film, preferably of ? 5.0 and ? 15.0 g/m.sup.2.

[0059] The invention in an embodiment also relates to a package comprising the multilayer film, preferably wherein the package contains foodstuff products.

[0060] Onto the coated surface, a metal layer, an aluminium layer or a silicon dioxide layer may be further applied. Such further layer may additionally contribute to the reduction of the oxygen transmission rate and/or the water vapour transmission rate.

[0061] In a certain embodiment, the film may have a tensile modulus in the MD direction of >500 MPa, and/or a shrinkage in the MD direction of <3.0%. In certain embodiments, the first skin layer may comprise a plastomer, preferably an ethylene-1-octene copolymer having a density of ? 885 and ? 915 kg/m.sup.3.

[0062] In the context of the present invention, it is to be understood that a bi-directionally oriented film wherein the orientation in both directions is introduced in the solid state is not a blown film. In a blow film, the orientation is introduced in molten state. It is preferred that the orientation of the film of the present invention is performed at a temperature of at least 10? C. below the melting temperature of the film.

[0063] The invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

TABLE-US-00001 Polyethylene materials LLDPE-A SABIC LLDPE BX202, a linear low-density polyethylene HDPE SABIC F04660, a high density polyethylene

[0064] In the table below, key properties of the polyethylene materials are presented.

TABLE-US-00002 Material HDPE LLDPE-A MFR2 0.7 2.1 Density 961 921 T.sub.pm 134 124 T.sub.c 118 111 Ethylene units content 100.0 89.0 Comonomer units content 0.0 11.0 Comonomer type C6 M.sub.n 9 18 M.sub.w 105 115 M.sub.z 670 450 M.sub.w/M.sub.n 11.3 6.3 M.sub.z/M.sub.w 6.3 3.9 M.sub.z/M.sub.n 74 25.0 a-TREF <30 0.0 13.5 a-TREF 30-94 0.0 50.9 a-TREF >94 100.0 35.6

Wherein

[0065] the MFR2 is the melt mass flow rate as determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 (2013) at a temperature of 190? C. under a load of 2.16 kg, expressed in g/10 min; [0066] the density is determined in accordance with ASTM D792 (2008), expressed in kg/m.sup.3; [0067] T.sub.pm is the peak melting temperature as determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with ASTM D3418 (2008), expressed in ? C.; [0068] T.sub.c is the crystallisation temperature as determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with ASTM D3418 (2008), expressed in ? C.; [0069] the amount and type of comonomer is determined using .sup.13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance on a Bruker Avance 500 spectrometer equipped with a cryogenically cooled probe head operating at 125? C., whereby the samples are dissolved at 130? C. in C.sub.2D.sub.2Cl.sub.4 containing DBPC as stabiliser. [0070] the ethylene units content indicates the weight quantity of units present in the polymer that are derived from ethylene, also referred to as the quantity of moieties derived from ethylene, with regard to the total weight of the polymer, expressed in weight %; [0071] the comonomer content indicates the weight quantity of units present in the polymer that are derived from the comonomer, also referred to as the quantity of moieties derived from the comonomer, with regard to the total weight of the polymer, expressed in wt %; [0072] the comonomer type indicates the type of comonomer used in the production of the polymer, where C6 is 1-hexene; [0073] M.sub.n is the number average molecular weight, M.sub.w is the weight average molecular weight, and M.sub.z is the z-average molecular weight, wherein M.sub.n, M.sub.w, and M.sub.z and determined in accordance with ASTM D6474 (2012); [0074] a-TREF <30 indicates the fraction of the polymer that is eluted in a-TREF according to the method presented above in the temperature range ?30.0? ? C., expressed in wt %, and represents the amorphous fraction of the polymer, calculated by subtracting the a-TREF 30-94 and the a-TREF >94 fraction from 100.0 wt %; [0075] a-TREF 30-94 indicates the fraction of the polymer that is eluted in a-TREF in the temperature range of >30.0 and ? 94.0? C., expressed in wt %, and represents the branched fraction of the polymer; [0076] a-TREF >94 indicates the fraction of the polymer that is eluted in a-TREF in the temperature range of >94.0 and <140? C., expressed in wt %, and represents the linear fraction of the polymer.

[0077] The a-TREF analyses were be carried out using a Polymer Char Crystaf-TREF 300 with a solution containing 4 mg/ml of sample prepared in 1,2-dichlorobenzene stabilised with 1 g/l Topanol CA (1,1,3-tri(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)butane) and 1 g/l Irgafos 168 (tri(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite) at a temperature of 150? C. for 1 hour. The solution was stabilised for 45 minutes at 95? C. under continuous stirring at 200 rpm before analyses. For analyses, the solution was crystallised from 95? C. to 30? C. using a cooling rate of 0.1? C./min. Elution was performed with a heating rate of 1? C./min from 30? C. to 140? C. The set-up was cleaned at 150? C.

Preparation of Modified Polyethylene (PE-g-MAH)

[0078] PE-g-MAH is produced using a twin screw extruder with a screw diameter of 27 mm. A quantity of LLDPE-A was fed to the twin screw extruder under a nitrogen atmosphere. A quantity of polar monomer composition was dosed via 57 wt % solution of maleic anhydride in acetone. After that the free radical initiator composition was dosed as 5 wt % solution of cumyl hydroperoxide in acetone. The polar monomer and the free radical initiator were dosed to the extruder in the melt zone. The polyethylene (LLDPE-A), polar monomer composition and the free radical initiator were melt mixed in the extruder which was set at a temperature of 290? C. The twin screw extruder was operated at a screw speed of 650 rpm and fed with such quantities of polyethylene, polar monomer and free radical initiator to ensure a total throughput of 22 kg/h.

[0079] The quantity of free radical initiator was 0.13 weight % of the pure peroxide fed to the extruder compared to the weight of the polyethylene fed to the extruder, multiplied by 100%.

[0080] The quantity of polar monomer was 2.5 weight % of the pure monomer fed to the extruder compared to the weight of the polyethylene fed to the extruder, multiplied by 100%.

[0081] The free radical initiator was a commercially available peroxide having the chemical name cumyl hydroperoxide and CAS registry number 80-15-9, having a half-life time at 260 C of 5.9 seconds.

[0082] The polar monomer was a commercially available monomer having the chemical name maleic anhydride (MAH) and CAS registry number 108-31-6.

[0083] The amount of grafted MAH is measured according to the FTIR and titration method described in M. Sclavons et al, Polymer 41 (2000) 1989-1999.

[0084] The obtained PE-g-MAH contained 1.9 wt % of maleic anhydride and an MFR2 of 4.0 g/10 min.

[0085] Using the obtained PE-g-MAH, the polymer composition C (PE-C) was produced via compounding a composition of 15 wt % of the PE-g-MAH and 85 wt % of the LLDPE-A using a twin-screw extruder at a temperature of 235? C. and a screw speed of 200 rpm. The PE-C so obtained contained 0.3 wt % maleic anhydride, with regard to the total weight of the PE-C, and had an MFR2 of 2.1 g/10 min.

TABLE-US-00003 Coating dispersion formulations PU 48.0 wt % Takelac WPB341, obtainable from Mitsui Chemical comprising 30% polyurethane dispersed in water; 1.2 wt % Levasil 30/50, obtainable from AkzoNobel, comprising 50 wt % SiO.sub.2 nanoparticles dispersed in water; and 50.8 wt % water

Manufacturing of Films

[0086] Multilayer biaxially oriented films with the structures shown in the table below were produced using a three-layer cast film line in combination with a tenter frame and an in-line coating unit positioned between the machine direction drawing unit and the transverse direction drawing unit. The total throughput is around 140 kg/h and the extrusion temperatures are 250? C. Three-layer films were obtained comprising a first layer (layer A), an inner layer (layer B) and a second layer (layer C). The three-layer cast film is cooled on the chill roll to a temperature between 40 and 55? C. After cooling, the cast film is stretched into the machine direction using a set of rolls for preheating (90-110? C.), drawing to a draw ratio of 5.5 (at 90-105? C.) followed by an annealing step at 92? C.

[0087] After drawing into the machine direction, the films of example 1 was coated using a Br?ckner reverse gravure in-line coating unit, installed between the machine direction drawing unit and the transverse direction drawing unit. The temperature was below 100? C.

[0088] The film was drawn into the transverse direction with a draw ratio of 7 at an oven temperature ranging from 160? C. at the beginning of the oven to 90? C. at the end of the drawing oven. A corona treatment was performed on the layer C for the uncoated comparative examples 2 and 3. A biaxially oriented multilayer film with a thickness of 25 ?m was obtained. The thickness of the coating layer was ca. 150 nm.

TABLE-US-00004 Layer Example Layer Material composition weight 1 + 3 A 91.0% LLDPE-A, 4.0% AB, 5.0 wt % SL 10.0 B 35.0% LLDPE-A, 65.0% HDPE 80.0 C 100% PE-C 10.0 2 A 91.0% LLDPE-A, 4.0% AB, 5.0 wt % SL 10.0 B 65.0% LLDPE-A, 35.0% HDPE 80.0 C 100% PE-C 10.0

[0089] In example 1, a PU coating was applied.

[0090] Of the thus obtained films, a set of properties were determined as indicated in the table below.

TABLE-US-00005 Example 1 2 3 Thickness, ?m 26.5 24.7 24.3 Haze 15.5 13.0 10.8 Tensile modulusMD 969 565 1008 Tensile modulusTD 1099 631 1153 Tensile strengthMD 100 89 112 Tensile strengthTD 74 58 83 Elongation at breakMD 188 195 173 Oxygen transmission rate 365 7909 4371 Water vapour transmission rate 11.2 17.5 10.0 Shrinkage at 100? C.MD 1.2 1.4 2.4 Shrinkage at 100? C.TD 0.7 1.8 2.0

Wherein:

[0091] Haze is determined in accordance with ASTM D1003 (2013), expressed in %; [0092] Tensile modulus is determined in the machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD) of the film, expressed in MPa, determined as 1% secant modulus in accordance with ASTM D882-18, using an initial sample length of 250 mm and a testing speed of 25 mm/min, at room temperature, using preload of 1 N; [0093] Tensile strength at break is determined in accordance with ASTM D882-18, in both machine direction (MD) and in transverse direction (TD), expressed in MPa, determined at room temperature using an initial sample length of 50 mm and a testing speed of 500 mm/min; [0094] Elongation at break is determined in accordance with ASTM D882-18, in both machine direction (MD) and in transverse direction (TD), expressed in MPa, determined at room temperature using an initial sample length of 50 mm and a testing speed of 500 mm/min; [0095] Oxygen transmission rate is determined according ASTM D3985 (2010) at 23? C.-50% relative humidity and expressed in cm.sup.3/m.sup.2.Math.day.Math.bar; [0096] Water vapour transmission rate is determined according ASTM F1249 (2013) at 38? C.-100% relative humidity and expressed in g/m.sup.2.Math.day; [0097] Shrinkage is determined in accordance with ISO 11501-1995, at a temperature of 100? C. for 5 minutes using a sample of 50?50 mm.

[0098] From the above, one can observe that the coated films according to the invention demonstrate a reduced oxygen transmission rate and/or a reduced water vapour transmission rate.