Bio-based and biodegradable elastomer for cosmetic and personal care
11534389 · 2022-12-27
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
A61Q17/04
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K2800/54
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K8/361
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
Abstract
A polyurethane elastomeric rubber composition containing a bio-based polyol cross-linked with a bio-based isocyanate using a urethanation catalyst such as a bismuth catalyst in the presence of a cosmetic emollient is disclosed. The cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber is in further aspect of the invention included in a gel after being milled in the presence of a bio-based emollient or mixture of bio-based emollients. The polyurethane elastomeric gel has good compatibility with cosmetic and natural oils and can be used as a gelling agent for these oils among other desirable cosmetic formulary roles.
Claims
1. A non-aqueous gel composition comprising a mixture of a cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber composition, comprising (a) a cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber; (b) a cosmetic emollient and (c) a urethanation catalyst, wherein the cosmetic emollient forms a solvent matrix substantially surrounding the cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber in micronized form and at least one cosmetic emollient.
2. The non-aqueous gel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the micronized cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber composition is from about 30 to about 5 weight %.
3. The non-aqueous gel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the cosmetic emollient is from about 70 to about 95 weight %.
4. The non-aqueous gel composition of claim 1, further comprising a secondary solvent.
5. The non-aqueous gel composition of claim 4, wherein the secondary solvent is selected from the group consisting of triheptanoin; undecane; tridecane; or wherein the secondary solvents are naturally derived alkanes or naturally derived esters.
6. The non-aqueous gel composition of claim 1, further comprising an active composition, optionally selected from the group consisting of selected from vitamins, sunscreens, plant extracts, fragrances and mixtures thereof.
7. The non-aqueous gel composition of claim 1, further comprising a member of the group consisting of fragrances, colorants, preservatives, active compositions, and mixtures thereof.
8. The non-aqueous gel composition of claim 1, wherein the micronized cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber composition has a cross-sectional diameter of from about 1 to about 61 microns.
9. The non-aqueous gel composition of claim 1, having a viscosity ranging from about 15,000 cP to about 1,000,000 cP.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
(1)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(2) In one aspect, the present invention relates to a polyurethane elastomeric rubber composition which comprises a bio-based polyol cross-linked with a bio-based isocyanate using a urethanation catalyst such as a bismuth catalyst in the presence of a cosmetic emollient. Isocyanates are compounds containing the isocyanate group (—NCO). They react with compounds containing alcohol (hydroxyl) groups to produce polyurethane polymers. The cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber is in further aspect of the invention included in a gel after being milled in the presence of a bio-based emollient or mixture of bio-based emollients. The polyurethane elastomeric gel has good compatibility with cosmetic and natural oils and can be used as a gelling agent for these oils among other desirable cosmetic formulary roles. The increased polarity of the polyurethane elastomer gel versus silicone elastomer counterparts allows for its incorporation into increasingly polar formulation media in which silicone elastomers would otherwise not be compatible.
(3) The cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber compositions of the invention preferably are those in which the prepolymer, the polyisocyanate, and the cosmetic emollient are bio-based and biodegradable. In some preferred aspects of the invention, the cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber composition is comprised of greater than about 85%, preferably greater than about 95% and in some alternative embodiments, greater than about 99% renewable, bio-based feedstocks or, stated alternatively, plant-derived (non-petroleum based) feedstocks. In an alternative embodiment, the rubber composition can be made using a polyester pre-polymer which is derived from entirely synthetic or petroleum-based feedstocks rather than bio-based feedstocks. Similarly, the emollient or mixture of emollients and/or the isocyanate can, in alternative embodiments, be derived from synthetic or petroleum based feedstocks rather than bio-based feedstocks.
(4) Through a milling and dilution process, the polyurethane rubber composition is converted into an elastomeric gel that provides a smooth, non-tacky, non-oily, moisturizing skin-feel with enhanced playtime on the skin. The elastomeric gel of this invention is an elegant addition to the cosmetic formulator's toolbox for creating stable cosmetic formulas with improved compatibility toward more polar cosmetic emollients, actives, and additives that are commonly incorporated into the oil phase of oil-based cosmetics.
(5) In this invention, a generalized process for preparing the polyurethane rubber composition and its subsequent conversion to a polyurethane elastomeric gel follows these steps: First, a bio-based prepolymer is reacted with a bio-based isocyanate using a urethanation catalyst such as a bismuth catalyst at a suitable, controlled temperature, e.g. from about 20° C. to about 100° C. in a reaction medium of bio-based emollient or a mixture of bio-based emollients which act as solvent(s) to form an elastomeric polyurethane rubber composition. Alternatively, the process can include forming the rubber composition without stirring at room temperature over about 24 hours.
(6) As a result of the reaction conditions, the emollient forms a solvent matrix which substantially surrounds and/or swells the polyurethane rubber.
(7) Second, the formed rubber is converted to a dispersion via high shear milling whereby an optional additional charge of the same or different bio-based emollient is added to the rubber composition before or after milling. The mixture is preferably milled into a polyurethane gel concentrate, using a suitable device known to those of ordinary skill, for example, a high-shear disperser mixer. The milling preferably reduces the particle size of the rubber composition to preferably less than about 100 microns, and more preferably to a range of from about 1 to about 60 microns in cross-sectional diameter.
(8) Third, the elastomer concentrate is finished to a cosmetically appropriate viscosity by further dilution with a secondary solvent which can be a bio-based emollient having either volatile or non-volatile properties depending on the targeted application and desired skin-feel properties of the finished elastomer gel. Thus, the gels may include a bio-based emollient or mixture of emollients which enhances aesthetic skin feel and/or enhance cosmetic formulation compatibility.
(9) In some aspects, the rubber composition is comprised of a pre-polymer, in amounts of from about 5 to about 25 weight percent. The pre-polymer contains at least 2 hydroxyl groups. The preferably bio-based isocyanate can be present in amounts of from about 1 to about 20 weight percent and optionally the isocyanate contains from about 15 to about 38% or, alternatively, from about 15 to about 28% —NCO group. The overall molar ratio of —NCO of the isocyanate to —OH of the polyol can be from about 2:1 to about 1:2. The polyol can optionally have a hydroxyl value between 50-200, or alternatively 90-200 mg KOH/g.
(10) The rubber composition also can include from about 0.1 to about 2.5 weight percent of the catalyst.
(11) Other preferred aspects of the inventive rubber include that it has a hardness force greater than 200 g or, alternatively greater than 500 g, and less than 4000 g as measured by a texture analyzer prior to any milling or dilution and that it has a resilience greater than or equal to 70%, or alternatively 90%.
(12) The rubber of the invention can in some aspects be classified as Ultimate Biodegradable/Inherent Biodegradable according to OECD 301-B and it can be made to contain as high as >97.0% Bio-based Carbon in accordance with ASTM D6866-18.
(13) Formation of a millable elastomeric rubber than can be converted into a cosmetically elegant and stable gel requires consideration of several physical parameters inherent to the rubber formation. The hardness of the polyurethane rubber is an important factor that determines if it can be readily processed into a gel. If the polyurethane rubber is too hard, the rubber granules will not swell properly or grind into a smooth gel upon processing with an emollient. On the other hand, if the polyurethane rubber is too soft it will not easily process into a gel due to stickiness and lack of swellable granules. Three important factors determine the hardness of the polyurethane rubber:
(14) First, the ratio of polymer content to carrier fluid is essential to consider to synthesize an optimal polyurethane rubber. The total weight percent of biobased emollients should range between 70-95%, or alternatively between 70-90% in the polyurethane rubber. If too much carrier fluid is used, the density of the elastomeric network will be too low to maintain viscosity. If too little carrier fluid is used, the polymer content may be too dense to properly disperse when milled.
(15) Second, the ratios of bio-based hydroxyl functionality of the bio-based pre-polymer to the NCO functionality of the polyisocyanate can be between 2:1 to 1:2, and preferably 1:1.
(16) Third, the amount of catalyst used in the synthesis of the polyurethane rubber is another factor that determines its ability to be processed into a gel. If too much catalyst is used the rubber will over-cure and will be too hard for processing into a gel. If too little catalyst is used the rubber will not form. In practice, the amount of catalyst can be about 0.1-2.5% by weight.
(17) The gel composition of the invention can have a viscosity ranging from about 15,000 to about 1,000,000 cP in many embodiments of the invention and from about 40,000 to about 1,000,000 cP in alternative embodiments. The gels are optionally those which can be classified as Ultimate Biodegradable/Inherent Biodegradable according to OECD 301-B and/or contain up to 97% Bio-based Carbon in accordance with ASTM D6866-18. Optionally, a finisher containing an alcohol or optionally an amine may be added to quench unreacted isocyanate groups to the compositions of the invention. The gels of the invention can be a non-Newtonian fluid or a thixotropic fluid. The gels of the invention can include an optional personal or healthcare active, such as without limitation a vitamin such as vitamin C, and Vitamin A, sunscreen, plant extract, and/or fragrance.
(18) Definitions
(19) Thixotropic Gel Properties
(20) The preferred polyester and/or polyurethane linkages in the elastomeric gel allow for the ability for hydrogen bonding to form over time. This behavior of the gel allows for a thixotropic property.
(21) A thixotropic fluid displays non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavioral change as a dependence on time. Under static conditions these types of gels (within the scope of this invention) will appear as a “pseudo-plastic” but will begin to flow and have a reduction in viscosity when a constant force (agitation, mixing, shaking, shear) is applied. When there is no force applied and after a period of time the gel will recover to its initial steady state. Common examples of thixotropic fluids are yogurt and polyvinyl alcohol adhesive glue gel. There are many formulation advantages when incorporating a thixotropic gel into a formula compared to conventional oils, waxes, rubbers, or powders. Examples include but are not limited to maintaining film thickness upon application and improving spreadability of the cosmetic product during application and usage to impart a soft and elegant feel.
(22) Thixotropic gels offer many advantages for formulators, such behaving as a suspending and thickening agent in sprays as well as memory type applications in both skin care and personal care. Additionally, thixotropic materials are considered process aids, and can offer enhanced stability, and controlled spreadability of the personal care product. Compared to silicone elastomers the shear thinning behavior may enhance the ease of mixing when incorporating other ingredients into the formula. The reduced viscosity would require less strain on mixing and shear dispersing processing equipment and a more rapid incorporation of personal care actives, thereby leading to a reduction in cost and timesaving in production. Another benefit of the thixotropic gel is to stabilize the formula and minimize phase separation and potentially stabilize particle suspensions, i.e. pigments.
(23) Ultimate Biodegradability—The level of degradation achieved when the test compound is totally utilized by microorganisms resulting in the production of carbon dioxide, water, and mineral salts, and new microbial cellular constituents (biomass).
(24) Inherent Biodegradability—A classification of chemicals for which there is unequivocal evidence of biodegradation (primary or ultimate) in any test of biodegradability.
(25) Elastic—able to encompass variety and change; flexible and adaptable.
(26) Elastomer—a natural or synthetic polymer/macromolecular material having elastic properties which can return to shape when distorted by physical stress, e.g. rubber.
(27) Polymer—a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins; Proteins have polypeptide molecules, which are natural polymers made from various amino acid monomer units. Nucleic acids are huge natural polymers made up of millions of nucleotide units.
(28) Appropriate polymers and prepolymers include but are not limited to: Azelate Polyols Butanediol/adipic acid copolymer Butanediol/azelaic acid copolymer Butanediol/sebacic acid copolymer Capryloyl Glycerin/sebacic acid copolymer Capryloyl glycerin/sebacic acid copolymer Capryloyl Glycerin/Sebacic Acid Copolymer Castor oil derived Polyhydroxystearic acid Cellulose Collagen Diheptyl succinate (and) capryloyl glycerin/sebacic acid copolymer Dilinoleic acid/propanediol copolymer Dimer acid diol Lecithin Poly(polyol sebacate) Polybutylene succinate Polycaprolactone Polyester Polyethylene Glycol Polyglycerol Polyglycolides Polyhydroxyalkanoates Polyhydroxybutyrates Polylactic acid and Polylactides Polylactide-co-glycolides Polysaccharides Propanediol/adipic acid copolymer Propanediol/azelaic acid copolymer Propanediol/sebacic acid copolymer Propylene glycol/adipic acid copolymer Propylene glycol/azelaic acid copolymer Propylene glycol/sebacic acid copolymer Pullulan Starch Trimethylpentanediol/adipic acid copolymer, and mixtures thereof.
(29) The preferred polyol for the synthesis of the elastomeric rubber is a diol- or polyol-functionalized polyester with an effective molecular weight between 280-3000 g/mol and alternatively between 500-3,000 g/mol. The polyol should have an acid value <2 (mg KOH/g), a hydroxyl value between 50-200 or 90-200 (mg KOH/g), and water content <0.1 (K.F., w/w %). A preferred prepolymer is dilinoleic acid/propanediol copolymer is derived from 100% bio-based sources and has good compatibility with cosmetic oils. Preferably the copolymer should be terminated in hydroxyl groups and have a low acid value, as hydroxyl groups react more readily with isocyanates than carboxylic acids. Castor oil can also be used as polyol for the synthesis of polyurethane rubbers because it naturally contains multiple hydroxyl groups. In addition, there are many polyols available that can be used in the synthesis of polyurethane elastomer gels.
(30) Appropriate polyols include but are not limited to:
(31) 1,2-ethanediol
(32) 1,2-propanediol
(33) 1,3-propanediol
(34) caprylyl glycol
(35) castor oil
(36) corn oil
(37) diethylene glycol
(38) ethylene glycol
(39) ethylene oxide
(40) glycerol
(41) heptanediols
(42) Hexanediols
(43) hydrogenated or epoxidized vegetable oil
(44) Isomeric butanediols
(45) isosorbide
(46) linseed oil
(47) olive oil
(48) other hydroxy containing compounds
(49) pentaerythritol
(50) Pentanediols
(51) polytetramethylene ether glycol
(52) propylene glycol
(53) propylene oxide
(54) silanol
(55) sugar alcohols
(56) Triethylene glycolether gylcol,
(57) and mixtures thereof.
(58) Appropriate Carboxylic Acids include but are not limited to
(59) Azelaic acid
(60) Citric acid
(61) Dilinoleic acid
(62) Dimer acid
(63) Itaconic Acid
(64) Lactic acid
(65) Polylactic acid
(66) Sebacic acid
(67) Trilinoleic acid,
(68) and mixtures thereof.
(69) The emollients used in the synthesis of the polyurethane rubber can be esters, ethers, alkanes, or mixtures thereof. The emollients used in the processing of this rubber into a gel can be esters, ethers, alkanes, or mixtures thereof. The emollients preferably have a viscosity between 1-65 at 20° C. (mPas). The spreading value (mm.sup.2/10 min) of the emollient is preferably between 500-2500.
(70) Appropriate emollients or solvents include but are not limited to: Butyl Lactate Butylene glycol C12-15 Alkyl Lactate C12-C15 Alkyl benzoate C13-C15 alkanes C16-18 alkanes C18-C22 alkanes Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride Caprylic/Capric/Succinic Triglyceride Caprylyl-Caprylate/Caprate Castor oil Cetyl Ethylhexanoate Coco-Caprylate/Caprate Cocoglycerides Decyl oleate Dibutyl adipate Dicaprylyl Carbonate Dicaprylyl Ether Diheptyl Succinate Dodecane Ethyl lactate Ethylhexyl Isononanoate Glycerin Glyceryl trihexanoate Glyceryl triheptanoate Glyceryl trioctanoate. Hemisqualane Heptyl Undecylenate Isododecane Isononyl Isononanoate Isopropyl Myristate Isopropyl palmitate Jojoba oil Mirystyl Myristate Neopentyl Glycol Diheptanoate Octyl palmitate Oleyl Eurcate Olive squalane Polybutene Propylene carbonate Propylene glycol Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate Shea butter ethyl esters Squalane Tridecane Triethylhexanoin Triheptanoin Undecane, and mixtures thereof.
(71) A 1,5-pentamethylene diisocyanate trimer was used as the preferred isocyanate for the synthesis of the polyurethane elastomer. This isocyanate, derived from bio-based feedstocks, readily reacts with polyols in the presence of a polyurethane catalyst and emollient to form polyurethane rubbers. In addition, a plethora of di-functional isocyanates are available that are widely utilized in industry.
(72) Appropriate functionalized isocyanates include but are not limited to: 1,1′-Methylenebis(4-isocyanatocyclohexane) 1,3,3-Trimethyl-1-(isocyanatomethyl)-5-isocyanatocyclohexane 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 1,3,5-tris[(5-isocyanato-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexyl)methyl] 1,3-Bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane 1,3-Diazetidine-2,4-dione, 1,3-bis[4-[(2-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]phenyl] 1,3-Diazetidine-2,4-dione, 1,3-bis[4-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]phenyl] 1,3-Phenylene diisocyanate 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-, reaction products 5-isocyanato-1-(isocyanatomethyl)-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexane 1,4-Phenylene diisocyanate 1,5-Diisocyanato-2-methylpentane 1,5-Pentamethylene diisocyanate 1,5-Pentamethylene diisocyanate dimer 1,5-Pentamethylene diisocyanate trimer 1,6-Hexamethylene diisocyanate 1,8-Diisocyanato-2,4-dimethyloctane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 1,6-diisocyanate 2,2′-Diisocyanatodiphenylmethane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 1,6-diisocyanate 2,4,6-triisopropyl-m-phenylene diisocyanate 2,4′-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate trimer 2,4-Toluenediisocyanate dimer 2,5(6)-Bis(isocyanatomethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 2,6-Toluene diisocyanate 3,3′-Dimethoxy-4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanate 3,3′-Dimethyl-4,4′-biphenylene isocyanate 4,4′,4″-Triisocyanatotriphenylmethane 4,4-MDI uretidinone 4,4′-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate 80% 2,4-TDI; 20% 2,6-TDI, blend of isomers Benzene, 1-[(2,4-diisocyanatophenyl)methyl]-3-isocyanato-2-methyl Bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane Diphenyl oxide 4,4′-diisocyanate Diphenylmethanediisocyanate Hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret Hexamethylene diisocyanate dimer Hexamethylene diisocyanate isocyanurate Methyl 2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate Naphthalene, 1,5-diisocyanato Octahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indenedimethyl diisocyanate Polymethylenepolyphenyl polyisocyanate Tris(4-isocyanatophenyl) thiophosphate, and mixtures thereof.
(73) Bismuth or zinc based polyurethane catalysts are preferred for the synthesis of the polyurethane rubber due to their relatively low-toxicity. However, organometallic and amine based polyurethane catalysts can also be used. Bismuth based catalysts are preferred for cosmetic applications due to low toxicity relative to amine, mercury, or tin-based catalyst.
(74) Possible urethanation catalysts include but not limited to:
(75) Lead Compounds
(76) Mercury compounds (i.e. mercury salts, mercury hydroxide, mercury decanoate, bis(phenyl mercury) dodecenyl succinate), and
(77) Stannous compounds (i.e. stannous octoate, stannous chloride).
(78) Preferred urethanation catalysts with reduced toxicity relative to tin, mercury and lead include but are not limited to:
(79) Acid Phosphate complex
(80) Aluminum
(81) Bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-ether
(82) Bismuth carboxylate
(83) Bismuth esters
(84) Bismuth Citrate
(85) Bismuth alkanoates
(86) Bismuth neodecanoate
(87) Dimethylaminopropylamine
(88) DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and DABCO derivative
(89) Metal complex
(90) Mixed carboxylate
(91) N-methylimidazole
(92) N-methylmorpholine
(93) Tertiary amines
(94) Triethylamine
(95) Zinc acetate
(96) Zinc acetylacetonate
(97) Zinc complex
(98) Zinc esters and alkanoates
(99) Zinc neodecanoate
(100) Zinc octoate
(101) Zinc oxalate
(102) Zirconium,
(103) and mixtures thereof.
(104) Cosmetic powders may be combined with the invented elastomer to enhance the performance of the gel by altering its texture, absorbency, formula stability, and soft-focus features desirable in finished cosmetic products. The powders may be used to provide structural support or behave as fillers or alter the final appearance of the gel to have a more “mattifying, soft focus” appearance. The powders can be used to provide a good slip and smoothness to the final formulation of the product, but not limited to, press powders, lotions, creams, hair gels, hair creams, mascaras, body creams, serums, lip care etc. The powders can also be used to modify the viscosity of the final formula due to its inherent nature to absorb a finite amount of liquid from the formula.
(105) Appropriate powders include but are not limited to (synthetic and natural) and blends thereof:
(106) Acrylate copolymer
(107) Alumina
(108) Aluminum Oxide
(109) Aluminum Silicate
(110) Boron Nitride
(111) Butter coated powders (where the Butter can be, but are not limited to, Shea, Mango, Cocoa, Almond, where the powders are but not limited to, Mica, Talc, Aluminum, Cellulose, Polyhydroxyal kanoate)
(112) Calcium Starch Octenylsuccinate
(113) Cellulose
(114) Cellulose Acetate
(115) DimethiconeNinyl dimethicone crosspolymer
(116) Glass beads
(117) Kaolin Clay
(118) Mica
(119) Natural waxes (such as but not limited to, Carnauba Wax, Beeswax, Castor oil etc.)
(120) Nylon
(121) Polybutylene Succinate
(122) Polyester
(123) Polyethylene
(124) Polyhydroxyalkanoate
(125) Polylactic acid
(126) Polymethylsilsequioxane
(127) Polypropylene
(128) Polytetrafluoroethylene
(129) Polyurethane powder (such as the powder of a copolymer of hexamethylene diisocyanate and of trimethylol hexyl lactone)
(130) Polyvinylalcohol
(131) Polyvinylchrloride
(132) Sericite
(133) Silica
(134) Starch
(135) Synthetic waxes
(136) Paraffin wax
(137) Talc
(138) Trimethoxysilicate
(139) Zeolite
(140) Zinc Stearate
(141) Zinc oxide and
(142) Titanium dioxide.
(143) When processing the polyurethane elastomer rubber into a gel, a compatible emollient must be used in order for the newly forming polymeric microparticles to react. Triglycerides, esters, and ethers with high polarity can be used to swell the particles during the reaction and milling process. Preferable emollients include plant origin medium chain triglycerides (MCT) such as glyceryl trihexanoate, glyceryl triheptanoate, and glyceryl trioctanoate, or mixtures thereof. Once the elastomer rubber is processed into a concentrated gel, volatile emollients with a dry skin feel can be added to the gel until the desired viscosity is achieved. Triglycerides, esters, ethers, and alkanes can be used during this process.
(144) The stability of polyurethane elastomer gel is dependent on the emollient or mixture of emollients used in the synthesis of the rubber and the processed gel. If the polarity of the emollient/s is too low, the gel may initially form but will separate over time. Generally, triglycerides, esters, ethers, and alkanes can be used in various combinations. Preferably a mixture of plant origin emollients such as medium chain triglycerides, C9-C12 alkanes, and esters derived from short-chain fatty acids and alcohols such as caprylate/caprate. In some aspects, the emollients can be considered secondary solvents and be selected from among for example, triheptanoin; undecane; tridecane. Alternatively, the secondary solvents are naturally derived alkanes or naturally derived esters.
(145) The gel compositions can include a mixture of the cross-linked polyurethane elastomer compositions described herein, preferably in micronized form and a cosmetic emollient. For example, some gel compositions can include from about 5 to about 30 weight % or from about 5 to about 17 weight % of the micronized cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber composition.
(146) The gel compositions can also include one or more cosmetically acceptable ingredients or emollients in amount from about 70 to about 95 weight % or from about 83 to about 95 weight %.
EXAMPLES
(147) In the following examples, we describe a bio-based and biodegradable cross-linked polyurethane elastomer rubber and a bio-based and biodegradable cross-linked polyurethane elastomer gel. The elastomer rubber is processed into the elastomer gel which can be further processed for optimal performance as a cosmetic ingredient.
(148) As outlined in the description of the invention, the formation of a polyurethane rubber involves the cross-linking of a bio-sourced pre-polymer containing at least two hydroxyl groups with a polyisocyanate in the presence of a catalyst and sufficient amounts of bio-based cosmetic emollients. The pre-polymer selected for the examples was a copolymer of C18-unsaturated fatty acid dimers and 1,3-propanediol (DAPD) with a hydroxyl value within the range of 60-80 mg KOH/g and a bio-based aliphatic polyisocyanate, pentylene diisocyanate trimer (PDT) containing around 20% NCO content. The bismuth catalyst was bismuth neodecanoate. The cosmetic emollient was a mixture of coco-caprylate/caprate and glyceryl triheptanoate.
Example 1: Synthesis of Polyurethane Rubber
(149) To an 8 oz glass jar was added 11.25 g (12.5 wt %) DAPD polyol, 3.15 g (3.5 wt %) PDT, 18.81 g (20.9 wt %) of glyceryl triheptanoate and 56.34 g (62.6 wt %) of coco-caprylate/caprate. The mixture was stirred by a propeller mixer for 10 minutes and 0.45 g (0.5 wt %) of a bismuth catalyst was added. After stirring the mixture for an additional 5 minutes, stirring was stopped and the reactor was placed in an oil bath and heated to 60° C. The mixture was heated until a cured rubber is formed whereupon the reactor is removed from heat. Typical gelling times range between 5 minutes and 2 hours.
Example 2: Synthesis of High-Density Polyurethane Rubber
(150) To an 8 oz glass jar was added 17.05 g (18.9 wt %) DAPD polyol, 4.77 g (5.3 wt %) PDT, 16.9 g (18.78 wt %) of glyceryl triheptanoate and 50.6 g (56.2 wt %) of coco-caprylate/caprate. The mixture was stirred by a propeller mixer for 10 minutes and 0.68 g (0.76 wt %) of a bismuth neodecanoate was added. After stirring the mixture for an additional 5 minutes, stirring was stopped and the reactor was placed in an oil bath and heated to 60° C. The mixture was heated until a cured rubber is formed whereupon the reactor is removed from heat. Typical gelling times range between 5 minutes and 2 hours.
Example 3: Synthesis of Low-Density Polyurethane Rubber
(151) To an 8 oz glass jar was added 6.82 g (7.58 wt %) DAPD polyol, 1.91 g (2.12 wt %) PDT, 20.27 g (22.5 wt %) of glyceryl triheptanoate and 60.73 g (67.5 wt %) of coco-caprylate/caprate. The mixture was stirred by a propeller mixer for 10 minutes and 0.27 g (0.3 wt %) of a bismuth neodecanoate. After stirring the mixture for an additional 5 minutes, stirring was stopped and the reactor was placed in an oil bath and heated to 60° C. The mixture was heated until a cured rubber is formed whereupon the reactor is removed from heat. Typical gelling times range between 5 minutes and 2 hours.
Example 4: Synthesis of Polyurethane Rubber in Glyceryl Triheptanoate
(152) To an 8 oz glass jar was added 11.25 g (12.5 wt %) DAPD polyol, 3.15 g (3.5 wt %) PDT, and 75.15 g (83.5 wt %) of glyceryl triheptanoate. The mixture was stirred by a propeller mixer for 10 minutes and 0.45 g (0.5 wt %) of bismuth neodecanoate was added. After stirring the mixture for an additional 5 minutes, stirring was stopped and the reactor was placed in an oil bath and heated to 60° C. The mixture was heated until a cured rubber is formed whereupon the reactor is removed from heat. Typical gelling times range between 5 minutes and 2 hours.
Example 5: Synthesis of Polyurethane Rubber in Coco-Caprylate/Caprate
(153) To an 8 oz glass jar was added 11.25 g (12.5 wt %) DAPD polyol, 3.15 g (3.5 wt %) PDT, and 75.15 g (83.5 wt %) of coco-caprylate/caprate. The mixture was stirred by a propeller mixer for 10 minutes and 0.45 g (0.5 wt %) of bismuth neodecanoate catalyst was added. After stirring the mixture for an additional 5 minutes, stirring was stopped and the reactor was placed in an oil bath and heated to 60° C. The mixture was heated for 24 hours during which time no elastomeric gel was formed.
(154) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Experimental parameters and characterization data for the formation of rubbers described in Examples 1-5. Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Rubber Rubber Rubber Rubber Rubber Material wt % Mass wt % Mass wt % Mass Wt % Mass Wt % Mass DAPD 12.5 11.25 18.94 17.05 7.58 6.82 12.5 11.25 12.5 11.25 PDT 3.5 3.15 5.3 4.77 2.12 1.91 3.5 3.15 3.5 3.15 Bismuth 0.5 0.45 0.76 0.68 0.3 0.27 0.5 0.45 0.5 0.45 neodecanoate Coco- 20.9 18.81 18.78 16.9 22.52 20.27 0 0 83.5 75.1 Caprylate/Caprate Glyceryl 62.6 56.34 56.22 50.6 67.48 60.73 83.5 75.15 0 0 Triheptanoate Total 100 90 100 90 100 90 100 90 100 90 Appearance Moderately Firm, hazy Soft, hazy Moderately Clear solution, firm, hazy rubber rubber firm, clear no gelation rubber rubber Texture Analyzer, 1269.8 3234.2 230.82 1176.9 No Rubber Force, (Grams (g)) Formed Texture Analyzer, 12.45 31.72 2.26 11.54 No Rubber Force, (Newtons (N)) Formed Resilience, % 96.4 95.3 82.3 96.3 No Rubber Formed
Example 6: Process for Preparing an Elastomer Gel Containing a Volatile Cosmetic Emollient
(155) A mixing vessel is charged with 100 g of Example 1 rubber and 11.1 g of glyceryl triheptanoate. The mixture is milled by applying high shear mixing to generate a viscous paste to generate a viscous paste containing generally sub-100 micron particles. The mixture is further diluted with 12.3 g of glyceryl triheptanoate to form a soft, concentrated pre-elastomer by high shear mixing which is then dispersed through a high shear mill to render the polyurethane particles to less than about 60 microns. The particle concentrate is further diluted with mixing by adding 18 g of C9-C12 alkanes (Vegelight 1214, Grant Industries, USA) to produce a smooth cosmetic elastomer with a slightly volatile texture profile and a viscosity of 102,440 cP (Brookfield DV-I+, Spindle TD, 1.5 RPM). This elastomer gel will be commercially available as a part of the Gransense™ product line from Grant Industries (Elmwood Park, N.J., USA).
Example 7. Process for Preparing an Elastomer Gel Containing a Non-Volatile Cosmetic Emollient
(156) A mixing vessel is charged with 100 g of/Example 1 rubber and 11.1 g of glyceryl triheptanoate. The mixture is milled as described in the preceding example. The mixture is diluted with 12.3 g of glyceryl triheptanoate to form a soft, concentrated pre-elastomer by high shear mixing to reduce the polyurethane particles to less than about 60 microns. The particle concentrate is further diluted with mixing by adding 30 g of glyceryl triheptanoate to produce a bouncy cosmetic elastomer with a moisturizing skin feel and a viscosity of 416,667 cP (Brookfield DV-I+, Spindle TE, 0.6 RPM). This elastomer gel will be commercially available as a part of the Gransense™ product line from Grant Industries (Elmwood Park, N.J., USA).
(157) Example 8. Process for preparing a low-viscosity elastomer containing a non-volatile cosmetic emollient
(158) A mixing vessel is charged with 100 g of/Example 1 rubber and 11.1 g of glyceryl triheptanoate. The mixture is milled as described in the preceding example. The mixture is diluted with 12.3 g of glyceryl triheptanoate to form a soft, concentrated pre-elastomer by high shear mixing to reduce the polyurethane particles to less than about 60 microns. The particle concentrate is further diluted with mixing by adding 58.4 g of glyceryl triheptanoate to produce a pourable cosmetic elastomer with a moisturizing and velvety skin feel and a viscosity of 37,500 cP (Brookfield DV-I+, Spindle TC, 3.0RPM). This elastomer gel will be commercially available as a part of the Gransense™ product line from Grant Industries (Elmwood Park, N.J., USA).
(159) As outlined in the description of the invention, the formation of a polyurethane rubber is not limited to the components provided in Examples 1-5. For Example 9, the prepolymer was a copolymer of C18 unsaturated fatty acid dimers and bio-derived 1,4-butanediol (DABD) with a hydroxyl value within the range of 80-100 mg KOH/g. For Example 10, the cosmetic emollient was a mixture of isododecane and coco-caprylate/caprate. For Example 11, the selected pre-polymer was castor oil (CO). For Example 12, the catalyst selected was zinc neodecanoate. For Example 13, the polyisocyanate used was hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (HDT). Rubbers were prepared from the reaction equivalents provided in Table 2 by following the protocol described for Examples 1-5.
(160) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Experimental parameters and characterization data for the formation of rubbers described in Examples 9-13. Example 9 Example 10 Example 11 Example 12 Example 13 Material wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % Pre-Polymer DAPD 0 12.5 0 11.25 12.35 DABD 11.88 0 0 0 0 CO 0 0 10.8 0 0 Polyisocyanate PDT 4.04 3.5 7 3.15 0 HDT 0 0 0 0 3.6 Catalyst Bismuth 0.58 0.5 0.5 0 0.52 Neodecanoate Zinc 0 0 0 1.8 0 Neodecanoate Emollient Coco- 62.62 41.75 0 61.48 62.63 Caprylate/Caprate Glyceryl 20.88 0 81.7 20.52 20.86 Triheptanoate Isododecane 0 41.75 0 0 0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Appearance Moderately Soft hazy Firm Hazy soft Moderately firm hazy rubber clear rubber firm hazy rubber rubber rubber Texture Analyzer, Force, 830.44 226.59 2993.06 300.81 926.33 (Grams (g)) Texture Analyzer, Force, 8.14 2.22 29.35 2.95 9.08 (Newtons, (N))
Example 14. Process for Preparing an Elastomer Gel Containing a Personal Care Active
(161) A mixing vessel equipped with side-sweep is charged with 90 g of Example 6 and stirred at 120 RPM. To this is added 20 g of finely milled ascorbic acid in portions over 1 hour. The mixture is stirred until homogenous to generate a viscous, opaque white paste.
Example 15. SPF-50 Sunscreen
(162) To prepare an SPF-50 sunscreen, the ingredients in Phase A, including the elastomer from Example 6, were combined in the main kettle with homogenizer and mixed until uniform. Then Phase B was added to the main kettle while mixing with a side sweep agitator blade until uniform. The SPF was measured in vitro based on the usage recommendations for zinc oxide and titanium dioxide products from Grant Industries.
(163) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Formula for the preparation of an SPF-50 sunscreen containing the Gransense ™ elastomer gel from Example 6. Ingredient Phase Trade Name Description (Manufacturer) Weight % A Purolan IDD Isododecane (Lanxess) 13.50 Cetiol LC Coco-caprylate/caprate (BASF) 2.00 Bentone Gel Isododecane & Disteardimonium Hectorite & 12.50 ISD V Propylene carbonate (Elementis) Granpowder Divinyldimethicone/Dimethicone/ 4.00 EDC-600 phenylsilsesquioxa ne crosspolymer (Grant Industries) UV Cut TIO2- Titanium dioxide & caprylic/capric 20.00 55-CG triglyceride & stearic acid & alumina & polyhydroxystearic acid (Grant Industries) UV Cut ZNO- Zinc oxide & caprylic/capric triglyceride & 25.00 68-CG polyhydroxystearic acid (Grant Industries) Granresin Polymethylsilsesquioxane & Isododecane 5.00 PMSQ-ID (Grant Industries) EXAMPLE 6 Gransense ™ Elastomer Gel 15.00 Pelemol PHS-8 Polyhydroxystearic acid (Phoenix Chemical) 2.00 B Aerosil 200 Silica (Evonik) 1.00 Formula Total 100.00
Example 16. W/O Emulsion Cream
(164) Incorporation of the elastomer from this invention allows for the stabilization of a W/O emulsion cream with a viscosity ranging between 5,000-50,000 cPs. The presence of the invented elastomer provided higher compatibility with the polar oil phase of this formula as well as the natural polyglyceryl-based emulsifier while achieving the desirable cushion/cloud-like feel that is usually only attainable with silicone elastomer formulations. There is a market demand for higher natural content in cosmetic formulas with formulators opting for naturally derived surfactants, emollients, and thickening aids. As demonstrated by this formulation, the elastomer of this invention provides broader formulating possibilities in the natural and bio-derived formulation landscapes and will also enable the development of products with desirable textural and performance profiles.
(165) To prepare the W/O emulsion cream containing the Gransense™ elastomer from Example 6, first combine the Phase A ingredients from Table 4 in a vessel and mix with a homogenizer at room temperature until a uniform consistency is obtained. In a side vessel, combine the Phase B ingredients. Add the Phase B ingredients to Phase A while homogenizing and mix until uniform.
(166) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Formula for the preparation of a W/O emulsion cream containing the Gransense ™ elastomer gel from Example 6. Ingredient Phase Trade name Description (Manufacturer) Weight % A Cetiol LC Coco-Caprylate/caprate (BASF) 12.40 Naturesoft 800 Cellulose (Micropowders Inc) 2.00 Zea Mays (Corn) Agenaflo 9050 (Agrana) 2.00 Starch EXAMPLE 6 Gransense ™ Elastomer gel 15.00 Gransurf PG-14 Polyglyceryl-6 polyricinoleate 7.00 & polyglyceryl-10 dioleate (Grant Industries) Aerosil 200 Silica (Evonik) 0.20 B Deionized Water 50.20 Glycerin Glycerin 5.00 Butylene Glycol Butylene Glycol 3.00 Sodium Chloride Sodium Chloride 0.70 Nipaguard SCM Methylisothiazolinone & propylene 1.00 glycol & sorbitan caprylate Formula Total 100.00
Example 17. Cream-to-Powder Foundation
(167) Incorporation of the elastomer from this invention allows for the stabilization of a W/O emulsion cream with a viscosity ranging between 500,000-1,000,000 cPs. Presence of the invented elastomer from Example 6 allowed the use and stabilization of Amino Acid treated inorganic pigments. Amino acid treated pigments are commonly used in color cosmetics however a high percentage and myriad combinations of difference emulsifiers and wetting agents are generally required for their stabilization. Combination of the invented elastomer gel from Example 6 with natural polyglyceryl and phospholipid-based emulsifiers in the presence of a polar oil phase allowed a stable W/O, while achieving known silicone elastomer cushion/cloud-like feel. To prepare the cream-to-powder foundation containing the Gransense™ elastomer from Example 6, combine ingredients from Phase A listed in Table 5 in the main vessel and mix with a homogenizer until uniform. In a separate container, combine Phase B ingredients and micro-pulverize until the color is fully blended and uniform. Add Phase B to Phase A while homogenizing until uniform. In a side vessel, combine Phase C ingredients and mix with a homogenizer. Add Phase C to Phase AB while homogenizing until a uniform foundation cream is obtained.
(168) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Formula for the preparation of a cream-to-powder foundation containing the Gransense ™ elastomer gel from Example 6. Ingredient Phase Trade Name Description (Manufacturer) Weight % A Cetiol LC Coco-caprylate/caprate (BASF) 10.00 Vegelight 1214 Coconut alkanes & coco-caprylate/caprate 1.00 (Grant Industries) EXAMPLE 6 Gransense ™ Elastomer Gel 15.00 Gransurf PG-14 Polyglyceryl-6 polyricinoleate & 8.00 polyglyceryl-10 dioleate (Grant Industries) Lecithin Lecithin 1.50 B NAI-TR-10 Titanium dioxide & disodium stearoyl 7.2 glutamate & aluminum hydroxides (Miyoshi) NAID-Y-77492 Iron oxides (CI 77492) & disodium stearoyl 2.10 glutamate & aluminum hydroxides (Miyoshi America) NAID-R-77491 Iron oxides (CI 77492) & disodium stearoyl 0.47 glutamate & aluminum hydroxides (Miyoshi America) NAID-B-77499 Iron oxides (CI 77499) & disodium stearoyl 0.19 glutamate & aluminum hydroxides (Miyoshi America) Sericite DNN Mica (Ikeda) 6.00 Silica Silica 0.70 C Deionized Water 34.87 Bentone Hydroclay Hectorite (Elementis) 2.00 2000 Glycerin Glycerin 5.00 Butylene Glycol Butylene Glycol 1.00 Solagum AX Acacia Senegal gum & xanthan gum (Seppic) 0.07 Lexgard Natural Glyceryl caprylate & glyceryl undecylenate 1.00 (Inolex) Sodium chloride Sodium chloride 0.70 Formula total 100.00
Example 18. Luminous Lipstick
(169) The invented elastomer is ideal for lip-care applications due to its good compatibility with common cosmetic waxes and pigments. When added to a lip care formulation, the invented elastomer provides moisturization, cushiony feel, and improved compatibility between the varyingly polar and apolar ingredients.
(170) To prepare a luminous lipstick containing the Gransense™ Elastomer from Example 6, the ingredients from Table 6 were weighed into the main kettle, which was equipped with a 3-prong blade. The vessel was heated to 90-95° C. and mixed until uniform. The lipstick is poured into a lipstick applicator package at 75-80° C.
(171) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Formula for the preparation of a luminous lipstick containing the Gransense ™ elastomer gel from Example 6. Ingredient Phase Trade Name Description (Manufacturer) Weight % A Refined Candelilla Wax Euphoria Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax 13 MD-21 (Ikeda) Carnauba Wax Copernica Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax 3 (Koster Keunen) NF Yellow Beeswax Beeswax (Koster Keunen) 2 423 G Rita SAO Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis 18 (Sweet Almond) Oil (Rita Corporation) Eutanol G Octyldodecanol (BASF) 5 Coconut Oil Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) oil (Jeen) 1.5 EXAMPLE 6 Gransense ™ Elastomer gel 15 (Grant Industries) D&C Red No. 7, 40% in Ricinus Communis Seed Oil & Red 7 30 Castor Oil (Miyoshi) TIO2, 50% in Castor Oil Titanium dioxide (and) Castor Oil 8 (Miyoshi) Aerosil 200 Silica (Evonik) 0.4 Sucralose Sucralose 0.1 Covi-OX T-90 EU C Tocopherol (BASF) 1 Kester Wax K-60P Polyhydroxystearic Acid 3 (Koster Keunen) Formula Total 100
Example 19. Repairing Shampoo
(172) To prepare a repairing shampoo containing the Gransense™ Elastomer from Example 8, the ingredients from Table 7 were weighed into the main kettle and homogenized. Phase B was sprinkled into Phase A with mixing. Phase C was weighed in a side kettle and heated to a proper temperature whereupon it was added to Phase AB and mixed for 10-15 minutes. Then Phase D was added and mixed for 5-10 minutes. To finish, Phase E was added and mixed into the formula.
(173) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Formula for the preparation of a repairing shampoo containing the Gransense ™ elastomer gel from Example 8. Ingredient Phase Trade Name Description (Manufacturer) Weight % A Deionized Water Water 47.7 Carbopol Aqua SF-1 Acrylates Copolymer (Lubrizol) 5 Polymer B Jaguar C-14S Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride 0.3 (Solvay) C Iselux Ultra Mild Water (and) Sodium Methyl Isethionate 37 (and) Cocamidopropyl Betaine (and) Sodium Methyl Oleyl Taurate (and) Lauryl Glucoside (and) Coco-Glucoside (Innospec) Chembetaine C Cocamidopropyl Betaine (Lubrizol) 2 Jeemide HCA-RC3 Cocamide DEA (Jeen) 3 D EXAMPLE 8 Gransense ™ Elastomer Gel 2 (Grant Industries) Euperlan PK 771 Glycol Distearate (and) Sodium Laureth 3 Sulfate (and) Cocamide MEA (and) Laureth-10 (BASF) E Lexguard Natural Glyceryl Caprylate (and) Glyceryl 1 Undecylenate (Inolex) Orchidia Gras Ocean Fragrance 0.5 Waves Fragrance ORC1500049 Formula Total 100
Example 20. Anhydrous Formulation
(174) The invented elastomer gel can be used in anhydrous cosmetic and personal care formulations when advantageous. To prepare an anhydrous formula containing the Gransense™ elastomer gel from Example 6, the ingredients from Table 8 were combined together by mixing until homogenous. The anhydrous formulation described below can serve as a carrier for cosmetic active ingredients in other anhydrous formulations.
(175) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Formula for the preparation of an anhydrous formula containing the Gransense ™ elastomer gel from Example 6. Ingredient Phase Trade Name Description (Manufacturer) Weight % A EXAMPLE 6 Gransense ™ Elastomer gel 70.0 Cetiol B Dibutyl Adipate (BASF) 30.0 Formula Total 100.0
(176) Compatibility with Common Personal Care Ingredients
(177) To demonstrate the unique compatibility of the polyurethane elastomer of this invention with common personal care ingredients and emollients, the elastomer from Example 6 was mixed with the selected personal care ingredients in ratios of 1:9, 1:1, and 9:1. When a solid or wax is used, the elastomer and wax were heated to the melting point of the wax and then combined and allowed to cool. The mixtures are evaluated and ranked according to the keys in the footnote of the following table. A commercial silicone elastomer blend from Grant Industries was used as reference. The results are shown below. Compared to a conventional silicone elastomer gel, the polyurethane elastomer gel of this invention can be dispersed in cosmetic esters as well as common cosmetic waxes. Interestingly, the polyurethane elastomer gel is more compatible with sunscreen actives than the silicone elastomer.
(178) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Summary of compatibility results of various cosmetic raw materials with Gransense ™ elastomer gel from Example 6 as compared to a common silicone elastomer. Gransense ™ Elastomer (Example 6) Gransil DMCM-5 Raw Material 9:1 1:1 1:9 9:1 1:1 1:9 Dimethicone, 5 cst I I OD T HD C/T Isododecane I I OD C C C Ethylhexyl methoxy- T HD OD I I OD cinnamate Castor Oil HD HD HD I I OD C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate T OD OD I OD C Coco-Caprylate/Caprate HD HD HD I OD C Beeswax* D* C* C* I* C* C* Carnauba Wax* D* D* C* I* C* I* Avobenzone* D* D* C* I* I* I* C = clear, T = translucent, HD = Hazy/Dispersible, OD = Opaque/Dispersible, I = Incompatible, *= wax (heated to melting point then mixed), C* = Compatible (homogenous), D* = dispersible (some crystallization), I* = incompatible (separation)
(179) Evaluation of Rubber Hardness
(180) Elastomeric rubbers and the gelled compositions prepared from the rubbers can be characterized by their hardness or firmness. The Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America employs equipment such as a “texture analyzer” (Model TA.XT Plus, Stable Micro Systems Inc., Godalming, England) to quantify the hardness or firmness of materials with similar properties to the compositions of rubbers and gels described in this invention. By using a texture analyzer, the surface of the rubbers and gels are subjected to compression by a probe with a 5.0 kg weight as the load cell, at a determined speed of 1.0 mm/s, and to a programmed depth of 10 mm into the rubber or gel, followed by retreat at the same speed. The resistance force detected by the probe of the Texture Analyzer during the compression of the gel or rubber defines the “hardness” as taught by Lin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 8,222,363 B2). The hardness value measured by the Texture Analyzer is recorded by Gram (g) force and can be converted to Newton (N) by dividing by 101.97.
(181) In this invention, the hardness of the rubber, measured by the Texture Analyzer as the force in grams applied by the rubber when compressed, is a determining factor in the successful formation of elastomeric gels from the respective elastomeric rubber precursor. By varying the concentration of the polyurethane-forming components of rubber composition (i.e. pre-polymer and polyisocyanate moieties), rubbers of varying hardnesses were formed. Additionally, the identity of the cosmetic emollient chosen as a matrix had an effect on the rubber hardness. It was determined that suitably hard gels were formed when mixtures of the required components were combined to form a gel with a minimum hardness of 200.0 g, preferably 500.0 g, to maximally 4000 g, as determined by Texture analysis prior to milling or diluting the formed rubber When the rubber hardness was below 200.0 g, or above 4000 g hardness, a suitable elastomeric rubber could not be yielded through the above described milling procedures.
(182) An additional parameter provided by the texture analyzer was the resilience of the rubber. We defined the resilience as the area of the force curve after release of compression (Force-Time area 2-3), divided by the area of the force curve during the compression (Force-Time area 1-2), multiplied by 100%. A resilience value of 100% would represent an idealized elastic material. Through experimentation, it was determined that a suitable polyurethane rubber, as described by this invention, requires a resilience value of at least 70%, preferably at least 90%.
Example 21—Testing the Ultimate Biodegradability/Inherent Biodegradability of the Gransense™ Elastomer Gel
(183) The elastomer gel of Example 6 was submitted for biodegradation testing in accordance with OECD 301 B: CO.sub.2 Evolution (Modified Sturm Test) at Situ Biosciences (Wheeling, Ill.).
(184) A sample was submitted, and the results data and graph were analyzed by curve fit to establish a plateau for the rate of biodegradation. Referring now to
(185) In conclusion, the sample achieved the requirements for Ultimate Degradation/Inherent Biodegradation by exceeding the 60% threshold before the end of the 28-day test time frame.
Example 22: Testing for the % Bio-Based Carbon Content of the Gransense™ Elastomer Gel
(186) The elastomer gel of Example 6 was submitted for % Biobased Carbon in accordance with ASTM D6866-18 Method B using Radiocarbon Isotope Analysis at Beta Analytic Inc (Miami, Fla.). A naturally occurring isotope of carbon that is radioactive and decays in such a way that there is none left after about 45,000 years following the death of a plant or animal. Interpretation and application of the results is straightforward. A value of 100% biobased or biogenic carbon would indicate that 100% of the carbon came from plants or animal by-products (biomass) living in the natural environment and a value of 0% would mean that all of the carbon was derived from petrochemicals, coal, and other fossil sources. A value between 0-100% would indicate a mixture. The higher the value, the greater the proportion of naturally sourced components in the material.
(187) A sample was submitted, and the results data concluded that the sample contained 100% Biobased Carbon Content (as a fraction of total organic carbon).