High temperature thermal modification process of wood in a vacuum autoclave

Abstract

A process for the thermal-chemical modification treatment of wood is described, in which such a modification is obtained through multiple chemical reactions of the substances comprising the wood structure generated by exposing the wood to temperatures at which the pyrolysis phenomenon begins, i.e., in the range of 180 C.-240 C., in a vacuum autoclave-cell while always maintaining the internal pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, in a range of values of 70-350 mBar of absolute pressure, consisting in the steps of pre-heating, actual heat treatment, and cooling of a wood mass.

Claims

1. A process for the thermal-chemical modification treatment of wood, the process comprising the steps of: (a) drying the wood at one or more temperatures in the range of 50 C.-100 C. and one or more absolute pressures in the range of 50-350 mBar; and (b) heating the wood by exposing the wood to one or more temperatures in the range of 180 C.-240 C., at which point pyrolysis begins, in a vacuum autoclave-cell while maintaining an absolute pressure in the range of 70-350 mBar; the heating of the wood being accomplished by transfer of thermal energy by one or more fans to circulate the air within the cell; the heating of the wood comprising eliminating the oxygen in the vacuum autoclave-cell by first reducing the oxygen present in the cell with a partial vacuum; and then converting all remaining oxygen present in the cell into carbon dioxide by reacting it with carbon contained in the wood.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein all steps occur within a single vacuum autoclave-cell.

3. The process according to claim 1, wherein one of step (a) or step (b) occur within a single vacuum autoclave-cell.

4. The process according to claim 1, wherein one of steps (a)-(b) is carried out in a partial vacuum through a forced circulation of a mix of inert gases in a closed circuit through the wood including a source of thermal energy selected from the following: electricity, diathermic oil or superheated water.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the source of thermal energy is diathermic oil heated by an external boiler in internal radiators; and further comprising the step of: (c) cooling the wood to a temperature of below 100 C. by deflecting the diathermic oil flow from the external boiler to an external cooling radiator, so as to establish a flow of thermal energy from the internal radiators to the environment air.

6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the partial vacuum maintained in the vacuum autoclave-cell during the treatment is used both to prevent vapours or gases from escaping from the cell, and to lower the evaporation temperature, and consequently the dew point of the vapours or gases, so that the vapours or gases during the cycle are converted into the liquid phase through a condenser, allowing them to be recovered for disposal.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: (c) cooling the wood to a temperature of below 100 C. by subjecting the entire outer surface of the cell to a forced flow of fresh environment air while maintaining no contact or mixing between the fresh environment air and the air contained within the cell.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the source of thermal energy is an internal cylindric jacket in the wall of the cell and filled with diathermic oil; and further comprising the step of: (c) cooling the wood to a temperature of below 100 C. by circulating the diathermic oil through an external cooling radiator to establish a thermal exchange with the air within the cell.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1a-1c schematically show sectional views of a first embodiment of an apparatus for the heat treatment of wood;

(2) FIGS. 2a-2c schematically show sectional views of a second embodiment of an apparatus for the heat treatment of wood;

(3) FIGS. 3a-3c schematically show sectional views of a third embodiment of an apparatus for the heat treatment of wood;

(4) the FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) The process described herein below aims to overcome all, or most of, the negative implications of the currently existing processes, while maintaining a far superior quality of the final product, and more precisely: drying: carried out in a watertight cell, preferably devised so as to perform the dual function of vacuum drier and heat treatment device, so as to avoid the transposition of the wood stack from a machine to another, with great saving of time, labor force, and above all thermal energy. heating: carried out in a partial vacuum through forced circulation of rarefied air (closed circuit) through the wood stack and special heat exchangers that use any source of thermal energy (electricity, diathermic oil, superheated water) without the need for any injection of vapour and/or nitrogen and/or other gas. inertization: according to a SELF-INERTIZATION process of the wood, thus not needing any injection of vapour and/or nitrogen and/or other gas to make the interior of the cell inert.

(6) In order to understand the dynamics of the self-inertization phenomenon, first consider that the interior of the autoclave-cell (insulated and perfectly watertight) is a virtually adiabatic system, that is, it does not allow energy exchanges with the outside.

(7) This means that, once the wood has been loaded into the cell, the system appears to be completely insulated and contains only the following elements: the wood to be heat-treated and the air that fills the remaining internal free volume.

(8) When the wood reaches the pyrolysis temperature (180 C.-230 C.) at a pressure of 70-350 mBar, the internal atmosphere of the cell is formed by air that is made very rarefied, as seen, by the combined effect of vacuum and temperature, yet having an oxygen content that, while now being very low, could still induce a triggering of combustion of the wood.

(9) Therefore, to assess the extent, therefore the potential hazard of the above-mentioned combustion phenomenon, it is desirable to know the amount of wood mass that could be induced to burn by the oxygen existing in the residual air contained within the autoclave-cell, once the operative point of the treatment has been reached.

(10) Due to constructive causes of geometry, mechanics, and aerodynamics, whatever the internal dimensions of the autoclave-cell are, the ratio between the free volume of internal air and the net volume of the stowed wood is about 3:1=3. This means that per each m3 actually stowed wood, an amount of oxygen approximately equal to that contained in 3 m3 air at a room temperature of 25 C. and at an atmospheric pressure of 1013 mbar is available.

(11) Physics teaches that air density varies when the temperature and pressure vary, and, in particular, it decreases when temperature increases and pressure decreases.

(12) Some significant values for the present discussion are set forth in the following Table 1:

(13) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Coeff. of air density reduction. Coeff. of air density Temperature Pressure Air density reduction State of the cell C. mBar Kg/m3 % Normal initial state 25 C. 1013 mBar 1.185 Kg/m3 1 point of treatment 180 C. 350 mBar 0.269 Kg/m3 77% 2 point of treatment 180 C. 200 mBar 0.154 Kg/m3 87% 3 point of treatment 180 C. 70 mBar 0.054 Kg/m3 95%

(14) From the Table, it follows that the air density reduction during the process is drastic and ranges between 77% and 95% compared to the density at normal temperature and pressure.

(15) Applying such observation to the ratio of volume of internal air to volume of stowed wood (which initially was 3:1=3), it is as if the amount of available air would be reduced by a value equal to the coefficient of density reduction, i.e., according to the Table 2:

(16) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Ratio of volume of internal air to volume of stowed wood. Coeff. density Ratio Temperature Pressure reduction m3 air/m3 State of the cell C. mBar % wood Normal initial state 25 C. 1013 mBar 0% 3 1 point of treatment 180 C. 350 mBar 77% 0.69 2 point of treatment 180 C. 200 mBar 87% 0.39 3 point of treatment 180 C. 70 mBar 95% 0.15

(17) From the analysis of the different values of the ratio air volume/wood volume in various operative points, it is seen that by increasing the temperature and reducing the pressure, the amount of available air is dramatically reduced together with the amount of available oxygen for a possible combustion.

(18) Chemistry teaches that the amount of oxygen required to generate the combustion of 1 Kg wood mass under standard conditions (i.e., atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 25 C.) is approximately equal to that contained in 5 m3 air, from which the amount of burnable wood mass per m3 of stowed wood within the autoclave-cell depending on the parameters of temperature and pressure used during the treatment can be easily obtained:

(19) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Amount of combustible wood. Ratio Amount of Temperature Pressure m3 air/m3 combustible State of the cell C. mBar wood wood Kg/m3 Normal initial state 25 C. 1013 mBar 3 0.6 Kg/m3 1 point of treatment 180 C. 350 mBar 0.69 0.138 Kg/m3 2 point of treatment 180 C. 200 mBar 0.39 0.06 Kg/m3 3 point of treatment 180 C. 70 mBar 0.15 0.03 Kg/m3

(20) Given that the Specific Gravity of the dry wood varies, for the European species, from 400 to 650 kg/m3, it is evident that the amount of wood mass possibly sacrificed in the combustion phenomenon due to the residual oxygen is infinitesimal, and it may be calculated as follows:

(21) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Silver fir wood ( 400 Kg/m3): % mass loss by combustion. Amount of % mass combustible loss by Temperature Pressure wood combus- State of the cell C. mBar Kg/m3 tion Normal initial state 25 C. 1013 mBar 0.6 Kg/m3 0.15% 1 point of treatment 180 C. 350 mBar 0.138 Kg/m3 0.0345% 2 point of treatment 180 C. 200 mBar 0.06 Kg/m3 0.015% 3 point of treatment 180 C. 70 mBar 0.03 Kg/m3 0.0075%

(22) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Oak wood (650 Kg/m3): % mass loss by combustion. Amount of % mass combustible loss by Temperature Pressure wood combus- State of the cell C. mBar Kg/m3 tion Normal initial state 25 C. 1013 mBar 0.6 Kg/m3 0.09% 1 point of treatment 180 C. 350 mBar 0.138 Kg/m3 0.021% 2 point of treatment 180 C. 200 mBar 0.06 Kg/m3 0.0092% 3 point of treatment 180 C. 70 mBar 0.03 Kg/m3 0.0046%

(23) In order to assess the dangers inherent in the combustion of the aforementioned tiny wood masses, it is necessary to know the amount of thermal energy released by the exothermic chemical process during the combustion thereof.

(24) Given that the calorific value of wood is, as a maximum, equal to 4200 Kcal/kg, one can easily calculate the thermal energy released by the combustion process:

(25) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Specific thermal energy released by the combustion of wood during the process. Amount of Total Temper- combustible thermal ature Pressure wood energy State of the cell C. mBar Kg/m3 Kcal/m3 Normal initial state 25 C. 1013 mBar 0.6 Kg/m3 2520 Kcal/m3 1 point of treatment 180 C. 350 mBar 0.138 Kg/m3 580 Kcal/m3 2 point of treatment 180 C. 200 mBar 0.06 Kg/m3 252 Kcal/m3 3 point of treatment 180 C. 70 mBar 0.03 Kg/m3 126 Kcal/m3

(26) This energy, even if it were released instantaneously, is not capable of producing any significant temperature variation of the internal environment of the cell, and thereby it cannot create any danger either to the mechanical structure, or the wood, nor to the control staff.

(27) In reality, the oxygen OR has not disappeared, but it is combined with the carbon C of the wood during the exothermic chemical reaction of the combustion:
C+O2=CO2+thermal energy

(28) being converted into carbon dioxide, which, being an inert gas, prevents each additional combustion: from this the initial definition derives according to which the described process is a process of SELF-INERTIZATION of the wood.

(29) It is clear that, this percentage of burnable wood being absolutely insignificant, the redox phenomenon which is the basis of the combustion of this small amount makes the internal atmosphere of the cell totally inert, since the small percentage of oxygen still present in the residual air before the combustion, combining with the carbon contained in the wood, is converted into carbon dioxide CO2, totally eliminating the number of oxygen molecules present in the cell, and making the final mixture of gases contained in the autoclave-cell totally inert.

(30) It is worth analyzing the different compositions of the gas mixture within the cell before reaching the pyrolysis temperature and during the wood self-inertization process caused by the process described:

(31) BEFORE: 78% nitrogen; 21% oxygen; 0.9% argon; 0.04% carbon dioxide; 0.06 others.

(32) DURING: 78% nitrogen; 0.9% argon; 21.04% carbon dioxide; 0.06% others. cooling: through a new and original method, for example, heat exchangers provide to transfer the heat of the wood from within the cell (which is constantly kept in partial vacuum and in a self-inertized environment) to the external atmosphere without supply of water and/or other gases and without production of pollutant vapor. pollution: the apparatus does not produce any pollution to the external environment, since no gas and/or vapour can escape from its autoclave-cell, which is always at a pressure less than the atmospheric one. The possible small amount of residual water vapour and/or gases generated during the heat treatment are conveyed, before being sucked by the vacuum pump, through a suitable condenser that provides to reconvert them into the liquid phase, allowing an easy recovery thereof in a special reservoir, so as to be able to be subsequently discarded according to the laws in force. safety: the only real danger that is run when heating the wood at temperatures above 160 C. is to trigger the combustion of the wood when air enters the treatment cell due to accidental causes.

(33) Such event can occur due to causes that are external to the apparatus (temporary interruption due to failure of the power supply) or due to causes intrinsic to the machinery itself (failure or maloperation of a component of the machinery).

(34) The possible external and internal faults, and an example of a technique practiced by the described procedure, are analyzed herein below.

(35) In accordance with an embodiment, in order to obviate this drawback, because of which all the organs and sensors of the apparatus would be arrested, the apparatus has been provided with a safety system comprising the following elements: a UPS continuity unit, capable of intervening continuously at the time of the general lack of voltage and supplying the control (PLC) and safety devices of the apparatus described herein below for a continuous period of at least 6 hours; a telephone dialer that immediately alerts the managers (up to 4 persons) of the occurred lack of tension by voicemail and alert SMS; a safety vacuum pump, having a relatively small capacity, suitable to maintain the vacuum existing in the cell at the right value, preventing the pressure in the cell from rising, ensuring that the oxygen concentration remains at insignificant values.

(36) Given that the safety vacuum pump certainly has not a continuous operation, but, thanks to the perfect sealing of the autoclave, will have short periods of running alternated with long shutdown periods, the supply capacity of the UPS continuity unit will allow the apparatus to be in a stand-by step for a time even above 24 hours, and anyhow, in the case of a continuous operation, for a period of time not less than 6 hours.

(37) This solution provides the great advantage of preserving the wood material, keeping it under the current conditions, so as to allow the apparatus to automatically restart the heat treatment cycle from the interruption point, without losing any information about the current state of the apparatus and the wood, and with the maximum safety.

(38) To overcome the problem of a possible failure of one of the electrical components of the apparatus (motors, valves, sensors, etc.), in accordance with an embodiment, each component is supervised by a device (for example: magneto-thermal protections, auxiliary probes, etc.) that immediately alerts the PLC controller of the occurred failure, so that the PLC can take the appropriate measures: immediate stop of all the components; activation of the UPS continuity unit; sending of telephonic alerts to operators via telephone dial; activation of the safety vacuum pump to maintain the pressure in the cell at the desired value.

(39) In this case again, the system immediately reacts, ensuring the preservation of the wood and allowing the technicians to intervene in order to obviate the drawback and restart the system.

(40) In accordance with an embodiment, in any case the apparatus can be provided with an emergency system against the possibility of fire of the wood contained in the cell: such system provides for the inertization of the interior of the cell by means of an input of nitrogen or water.

(41) Should the remote event of a fire ignition within the cell occur, for a cause such as, for example, a loss of watertight seal that makes the environment air to enter the cell, resulting in an increased concentration of oxygen, therefore the initiation of a combustion, special pressure and temperature sensors alert the PLC controller, which provides to activate the RAPID INERTIZATION process, substantially consisting in the following operations: immediate stop of all the components; activation of the UPS continuity unit; sending of telephonic alerts to the operators via a telephone dialer; feeding of nitrogen or spraying of water into the cell via a special electro valve, so as to saturate the internal volume of the cell with a gas or a vapour, until when the internal pressure of the cell is equal to or slightly above the atmospheric pressure, thereby preventing the environment air from entering the cell and suffocating in any case the combustion of the wood; Activation of the cooling system, so as to quickly lower the temperature of the cell to values below 100 C., which are well below the combustion temperature (160 C.).

(42) From the foregoing, it shall be apparent that the described apparatus is capable of implementing a process suitable to carry out in sequence and/or separately the two physical processes:

(43) 1. Drying, preferably in vacuum, of the wood at temperatures ranging between 50 C. and 100 C., depending on whether it is hardwood or softwood, with a pressure ranging between 50-350 mbar, for example, ranging between 125 and 250 mbar;

(44) 2. heat treatment of wood in vacuum with absolute pressures ranging between 70-350 mBar and with temperatures ranging between 160-240 C., and comprising the three steps of: pre-heating, until the operative temperature has been reached; actual heat treatment; cooling of the wood mass by means of a new method that does not provide for the use of water evaporation to cool the wood.

(45) With reference to the annexed Figures, in accordance with an embodiment, the apparatus 100 comprises the following elements: 1. a vacuum-tight treatment chamber (internal chamber of the autoclave-cell 1) suitable to contain the wood, that is, the wood mass 3 to be treated, provided with a watertight door 4 for feeding and withdrawing wood; 2. a carriage 2 supporting the wood stack that has to be subjected to the treatment; 3. a heating system of the interior of the autoclave-cell 1, which can comprise electrical batteries 5A, 5B, or radiators with finned tubes for a heating by means of vapour and/or diathermic oil, or a diathermic oil jacket external to the drying cell; 4. a ventilation system comprising a series of fans 6A, 6B suitable to transfer the thermal energy from the heating system to the wood material by circulation of the gas within the cell; 5. a vacuum pump unit 13-15, comprising a vacuum pump, and a condenser 14 that is interposed between the pump and the treatment chamber of the autoclave-cell 1, so as to condense any vapours and/or gases exiting the wood, in order to be able to provide for the storage thereof in a suitable reservoir, so as to be able to provide for the disposal thereof according to the law requirements; 6. a wood cooling system, which may vary in the implementation thereof according to the heating method type, but which still does not use water spraying within the cell; 7. a safety and alarm system that allows managing potential danger situations.

(46) Three possible non-limiting embodiments of the apparatus 100 will be described herein below: CONFIGURATION 1: as per Example in FIGS. 1a-1c, with direct electrical resistor heating and air jacket cooling; CONFIGURATION 2: as per Example in FIGS. 2a-2c, with heating and cooling using air-oil heat exchangers; CONFIGURATION 3: as per Example in FIGS. 3a-3c, with diathermic oil jacket heating and air-oil heat exchanger cooling.

(47) After anticipating the three possible configurations, let us consider the descriptive analysis in more detail for each individual intended application:

(48) CONFIGURATION 1: Apparatus with Heating by Electrical Batteries and Air Interspace Cooling

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS

(49) With reference to FIGS. 1a-1b, in the Example illustrated the apparatus 100 comprises the following elements: a vacuum-tight treatment cell 1 (also referred to as autoclave-cell) comprising a cylinder 6 preferably in stainless steel defining a treatment chamber suitable to house the wood mass; a loading carriage 2 on which the wood stack to be thermo-chemically treated 3 is arranged, formed by layers of wood planks and/or semifinished articles separated one from the other by spacer strips to allow the passage of the heating fluid; a vacuumtight port 4; a heating system comprising electrical resistor batteries 5A and 5B; a ventilation system comprising, in the Example, two fans 6A and 6B that provide, through the circulation of internal air, for the transfer of the thermal energy from the heating batteries to the wood; a case, preferably in steel 7, concentric to the treatment cell 1 and forming an interspace 8 therewith: such an interspace communicates with the atmosphere inferiorly via a hole 9 extending through the entire length of the interspace, and superiorly through the suction manifold 10, the air shut-off valve 17, and the fan 11; a vacuum pump unit, composed of the suction tube 12, the condenser 14, a condensed vapour collection and storage reservoir 15, and the vacuum pump 13; The cell is thermally insulated from the external environment by means of the insulation 16.

(50) The description of the operation of the apparatus 100 as a vacuum drier will be omitted, since it is already known, in that it has been the object of a number of patents granted in the past to the Applicant, and being a part of the know-how licensed by the Applicant to a number of companies, both in Italy and abroad (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,451; Italian patent 1187959).

(51) Operation of the Apparatus in Accordance with Configuration 1

(52) After loading the wood stack 3, i.e., the wood mass to be treated, on the special carriage 2 and feeding the carriage into the treatment cell (autoclave) 1 through the port 4, it is hermetically sealed by means of special devices.

(53) At this point, the actual treatment cycle can be started, that consists, as seen in the introduction, in the sequence of the following 3 steps: STEP 1: pre-heating of wood STEP 2: actual treatment STEP 3: cooling of the wood mass
Step 1: Pre-Heating of Wood

(54) During this step, the fans 6A and 6B (according to the teachings of the Italian patent No 1187959 by the Applicant regarding the longitudinal-lateral LO-LA type ventilation system) provide for the circulation of the internal air through the heating electrical batteries 5A and 5B and the wood stack, so as to transfer the thermal energy produced by them to the wood itself (of course, it is possible to arrange differently the batteries and fans, provided that the fluid circulation is equally efficient).

(55) Preferably, a system of at least two temperature probes 18 immersed in the air flow allows measuring the temperatures upstream and downstream the wood stack, and consequently carrying out the adjustment thereof according to the program set by the operator.

(56) At the same time, the vacuum pump system provides to suck the air from within the cell 1 until the desired absolute pressure value is reached and maintained.

(57) According to the need, such value can range between 70 mBar and the atmospheric pressure (1023 mBar) until when the internal temperature of the treatment chamber is less than 180 C., that is, the temperature at which a beginning of combustion can be triggered in the wood; subsequently, the apparatus 100 proceeds to decrease the pressure to a value ranging between 70-350 mBar so as to ensure that, once the pyrolysis beginning temperature has been reached, the internal atmosphere is already extremely poor in oxygen, so that, as seen, the amount of burnable wood material due to redox phenomena between the residual oxygen and the carbon in the wood is infinitesimal and produces the desired self-inertization phenomenon.

(58) A temperature probe 18, located in a hole drilled in the middle of a wood plank that has been selected as a sample, allows measuring and adjusting the thermal-chemical treatment temperature, generally ranging between 180 C. and 230 C., which can be reached in a number of successive steps and/or with a desired slope according to the type of wood, the thickness thereof, etc.

(59) Step 2: Actual Thermal-Chemical Treatment.

(60) Once it has been assessed, by means of a special wood core probe 18, that the wood mass has reached the desired treatment temperature, the device provides to maintain such temperature constant for the time period set by the operator, the duration of which depends on the result of changes in the characteristics of the wood to be obtained (colour, durability, hygroscopicity, etc.), on the wood thickness, its type, etc.

(61) In this step the fans, and, when needed, also the heating batteries, as well as the vacuum pump unit that provides to maintain the pressure in the cell at the operative value, also ranging according to the needs between 70 and 350 absolute mBar, are active.

(62) The vapours and gases possibly produced by the wood mass during the treatment are sucked by the vacuum pump 13, which provides to convey them, via the tube 12, through the condenser 14, where they are cooled to the dew temperature, and then converted into the liquid phase, collected in the storage reservoir 15, from where they can be extracted at the end of the cycle and sent, if needed, to the disposal according to the requirements of law.

(63) Step 3: Cooling of the Wood Mass

(64) At the completion of the treatment step, the wood is at a temperature of 180-230 C., thereby it cannot be extracted from the cell if not after being cooled in an inert atmosphere until it falls below 80 C., to avoid its exposure to the environment air when it is still at a temperature that is dangerous for the combustion, to not subject it to harmful thermal shocks, and, finally, to allow the handling thereof without risk of burns for the operator.

(65) The method used to cool the wood is new and original, and consists in subjecting the entire outer surface of the autoclave-cell 1 to a forced flow of fresh environment air, so as to create, through the wall of the cell itself, a large temperature differential between the interior (180-230 C.) and the exterior (25 C.), thus generating a corresponding thermal energy flow according to the known laws of thermodynamics, where the amount of heat transferred to the external environment is equal to:
Q=k S(TiTe) where: K=coeff. of thermal exchange of steel AISI 304 S=autoclave-cell outer surface Ti=internal temperature of the cell=180-230 C. Te=average temperature of the external air=25 C.

(66) from which we understand the high efficiency of the autoclave-cell when considered as a total surface air-air heat exchanger.

(67) The cooling operations consist in opening the air shut-off port 17, activating the fan 11, which, through the upper manifold 10, provides for the withdrawal of the fresh environment air from the lower hole 9 and to pass it into the interspace 8 with such a speed as to generate a turbulent flow, which, by touching externally the wall of the treatment cell 1, produces a rapid cooling thereof, thus establishing, as seen, a highly efficient thermal exchange between the interior of the cell (with its entire wood content) and the environment air, without mutual direct contact: thanks to this thermodynamic measure, the cell wall is converted into a high efficiency total surface gas-air heat exchanger.

(68) The internal fans 6A and 6B, which produce, as seen, the circulation of the internal air, provide to subtract the stored heat of the wood and to send it to the inner surface of the treatment cell wall, through which the thermal exchange and the transfer of thermal energy to the circulating fresh air current into the interspace 8 take place.

(69) All of this takes place in an absolute respect for the environment, since there is no contact and/or mixing between the internal fluid (mixture of air, vapours, and wood gases) and the cooling air. Of course, the hot air exiting the fan 11 may be, during the winter months, recovered and used to heat industrial buildings.

(70) Once the wood has been cooled to the desired temperature, it is possible to open the watertight door 4 and withdraw the carriage.

(71) CONFIGURATION 2: Apparatus with Heating and Cooling by Means of Heat Exchangers

(72) The process is substantially equal to that previously described with reference to the FIGS. 1a-1c, with the following technological variants (see FIGS. 2a-2c):

(73) the heating of wood is obtained by means of internal radiators 15A and 15B in which diathermic oil, heated by a special boiler 27, is circulated; in the Example, these internal radiators are provided combined with the corresponding fans 6A, 6B;

(74) the cooling of wood is obtained by deflecting, via the 3-way valve 18, the diathermic oil flow from the boiler to the external cooling radiator 20, in the Example, associated to a fan 6C, so as to establish a flow of thermal energy from the radiators 5A and 5B arranged in the cell (at high temperature) to the environment air.

(75) In the Example illustrated, a pump 19 is provided for the forced circulation of diathermic oil.

(76) For the drying and the actual treatment, all the measures described with reference to the FIGS. 1a-1c may apply.

(77) CONFIGURATION 3: Apparatus with Diathermic Oil Jacket Heating and Air-Oil Heat Exchanger Cooling.

(78) The physical process is substantially similar to that described with reference 1a-1c, with the following technological variations (see FIGS. 3a-3c): heating is obtained via an interspace 8 external to the wood heat treatment cell 8, in which, through a pump 19, the diathermic oil heated by a special boiler 27 is circulated, so that the entire cell wall becomes a total surface heat exchanger, since it externally absorbs heat from the diathermic oil and internally conveys it to the air within the cell, which air is circulated by the fans 6A and 6B tangentially to the same wall, then deflected while passing through the wood stack 3; cooling is obtained by circulating the diathermic oil through an external air-oil heat exchanger 20 capable of cooling the oil and then, through a thermal exchange of the inner surface, the wood contained in the treatment cell 1.

(79) For the drying and the actual treatment, see what has been already described with reference to FIGS. 1a-1c.

(80) As shall be apparent from what has been described above and as confirmed by tests in the field, a process and an apparatus of the type described above allow fully achieving the intended aims.