Liquid crystal display device and method for manufacturing liquid crystal display device

Abstract

The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device that is less prone to display defects and a decrease in the voltage holding ratio regardless of the presence or absence of an alignment film. The liquid crystal display device includes: a pair of substrates; a liquid crystal layer containing a liquid crystal material between the substrates; and a polymer layer for controlling alignment of liquid crystal molecules on a surface of at least one of the substrates, the substrates being substantially free of an alignment film in outermost surfaces thereof, the polymer layer being formed by polymerization of at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers in the liquid crystal layer, at least one of the radical polymerizable monomers being a compound having a structure that creates a ketyl radical as a result of hydrogen abstraction induced by light radiation.

Claims

1. A liquid crystal display device comprising: a pair of substrates; a liquid crystal layer containing a liquid crystal material between the substrates; and a polymer layer for controlling alignment of liquid crystal molecules on a surface of at least one of the substrates, the substrates being substantially free of an alignment film in outermost surfaces thereof, the polymer layer being formed by polymerization of at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers in the liquid crystal layer, at least one of the at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers being a compound having a structure that creates a ketyl radical as a result of hydrogen abstraction induced by light radiation and is represented by any of the formulas (2-2), (2-3), (2-4), and (2-6): ##STR00012## wherein each of R1 and R2 is -Sp1-P1; P1 is acryloyloxy, methacryloyloxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, acryloylamino or methacryloylamino; and Sp1 is C1 to C6 linear, branched or cyclic alkylene or alkyleneoxy, or a direct bond; and another of the at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers is represented by the following formula (12): ##STR00013## wherein the at least one of the substrates includes a silane coupling layer on the outermost surface thereof, and the silane coupling layer is directly under and in contact with the polymer layer.

2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the silane coupling layer comprises a silane coupling compound having at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of vinyl, epoxy, amino, methacryl, acryl, mercapto, and isocyanato.

3. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal material has negative dielectric constant anisotropy.

4. A method for producing a liquid crystal display device, comprising the steps of: disposing a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal material and at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers between a pair of substrates that are substantially free of an alignment film in outermost surfaces thereof; and polymerizing the radical polymerizable monomers by irradiating the liquid crystal composition with light, thereby forming a polymer layer for controlling alignment of liquid crystal molecules on the surface of at least one of the substrates, at least one of the at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers being a compound having a structure that creates a ketyl radical as a result of hydrogen abstraction induced by the light radiation and is represented by any of the formulas (2-2), (2-3), (2-4), and (2-6): ##STR00014## wherein each of R1 and R2 is -Sp1-P1; P1 is acryloyloxy, methacryloyloxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, acryloylamino or methacryloylamino; and Sp1 is C1 to C6 linear, branched or cyclic alkylene or alkyleneoxy, or a direct bond; and another of the at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers is represented by the following formula (12): ##STR00015## and further, forming a silane coupling layer on the outermost surface of the at least one of the substrates, before the step of disposing the liquid crystal composition between the substrates, such that the silane coupling layer is directly under and in contact with the polymer layer.

5. The method for producing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, wherein the silane coupling layer comprises a silane coupling compound having at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of vinyl, epoxy, amino, methacryl, acryl, mercapto, and isocyanato.

6. The method for producing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, wherein the liquid crystal material has negative dielectric constant anisotropy.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1 before being subjected to a PSA polymerization step.

(2) FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1 having been subjected to the PSA polymerization step.

(3) FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 2 before being subjected to a PSA polymerization step.

(4) FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 2 having been subjected to the PSA polymerization step.

(5) FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device including alignment films.

(6) FIG. 6 is an absorption spectrum of the compound represented by the formula (11).

(7) FIG. 7 is a photograph of a liquid crystal cell of Example 1 having been subjected to ultraviolet radiation. This cell was prepared using 0 wt % of the compound represented by the formula (11).

(8) FIG. 8 is a photograph of a liquid crystal cell of Example 1 having been subjected to ultraviolet radiation. This cell was prepared using 0.01 wt % of the compound represented by the formula (11).

(9) FIG. 9 is a photograph of a liquid crystal cell of Example 1 having been subjected to ultraviolet radiation. This cell was prepared using 0.05 wt % of the compound represented by the formula (11).

(10) FIG. 10 is a photograph of a liquid crystal cell of Example 1 having been subjected to ultraviolet radiation. This cell was prepared using 0.15 wt % of the compound represented by the formula (11).

(11) FIG. 11 is a view illustrating the mechanism of how a silane coupling agent reacts on the outermost surface of a substrate.

(12) FIG. 12 is an absorption spectrum of the compound represented by the formula (15).

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(13) The following embodiments are offered to illustrate the present invention in more detail using the figures, and are not intended to limit the present invention.

Embodiment 1

(14) The liquid crystal display device of the present invention and liquid crystal display devices produced by the production method of the present invention exhibit good display performance when used for display devices such as televisions, personal computers, mobile phones, and information displays.

(15) FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are cross-sectional views of a liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1. FIG. 1 shows the device before being subjected to a PSA polymerization step, and FIG. 2 shows the device having been subjected to the PSA polymerization step. As seen in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1 includes an array substrate 1, a color filter substrate 2, and a liquid crystal layer 5 disposed between the two substrates, that is, the array substrate 1 and the color filter substrate 2. The array substrate 1 includes an insulating transparent substrate made of glass or the like, and various lines, pixel electrodes, and thin film transistors (TFTs) are formed on the transparent substrate. The color filter substrate 2 includes an insulating transparent substrate made of glass or the like, and color filters, a black matrix, and a common electrode are formed on the transparent substrate.

(16) The liquid crystal layer 5 contains a liquid crystal material and at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers 4, 6. The liquid crystal material may have either positive dielectric constant anisotropy or negative dielectric constant anisotropy. The radical polymerizable monomer 4, among the at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers, is a compound having a structure that creates a ketyl radical as a result of hydrogen abstraction induced by light radiation, and the other radical polymerizable monomer 6 is a compound having a ring structure and a monofunctional or polyfunctional polymerizable group.

(17) The light radiation to the liquid crystal layer 5 induces hydrogen abstraction, so that the radical polymerizable monomer 4 creates a ketyl radical. This radical active species initiates and accelerates successive chain polymerization of the radical polymerizable group of the radical polymerizable monomers 4, 6, and the resulting polymer produced by the polymerization phase-separates and precipitates to form PSA layers 7 on the substrates 1, 2, as shown in FIG. 2.

(18) The radical polymerizable monomer 4 used in Embodiment 1 absorbs light and creates a radical to initiate chain polymerization by itself, and therefore, eliminates the need of additional polymerization initiator. Additionally, its polymerizable group allows the polymerization initiator itself to be incorporated into the PSA layer 7 to remarkably reduce the residual amount of the initiator in the liquid crystal layer 5.

(19) In Embodiment 1, for example, in the case where the light radiation is carried out while a threshold or higher voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer 5 in the PSA polymerization step, a polymer is produced in the form that fits the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules to which a threshold or higher voltage is applied. Accordingly, the resulting polymer layers have a structure that allows the liquid crystal molecules to be aligned at initial pretilt angles even when no voltage is applied. However, even when the PSA polymerization step is carried out without applying a threshold or higher voltage, the use of the at least two kinds of radical polymerizable monomers of Embodiment 1 results in PSA layers that align liquid crystal molecules vertically.

(20) In Embodiment 1, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, both the array substrate 1 and the color filter substrate 2 do not have an alignment film in the outermost surfaces thereof, and instead each have the PSA layer 7 in the surface thereof. Between the array substrate 1 and the color filter substrate 2, a sealing material 3 is attached. The sealing material 3 is located along the periphery of the substrates 1, 2 to seal the liquid crystal layer 5 between the array substrate 1 and the color filter substrate 2. Since the light radiation to the liquid crystal layer 5 is carried out after sealing the liquid crystal layer 5 with the sealing material 3, the resulting PSA layers 7 are formed in a region surrounded by the sealing material 3.

(21) In Embodiment 1, the alignment of liquid crystal molecules may be determined by linear slits which are formed in the pixel electrodes of the array substrate 1 or the common electrode of the color filter substrate 2 (this mode is referred to as patterned vertical alignment (PVA) mode). The thin linear slits in the pixel electrodes and/or the common electrode align all liquid crystal molecules towards the linear slits while a voltage is applied. By polymerizing the radical polymerizable monomers 4, 6 while a threshold or higher voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer 5, PSA layers 7 that align liquid crystal molecules at pretilt angles can be formed.

Embodiment 2

(22) A liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 2 is the same as the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1 except that it includes a silane coupling layer on the outermost surfaces of the substrates.

(23) For the silane coupling layer, a silane coupling agent having a structure represented by the following formula (10) is used.
[Chem. 10]
(RO).sub.3SiY(10)
(In the formula, R is methoxy or ethoxy; and
Y is vinyl, epoxy, amino, methacryl, acryl, mercapto or isocyanato.)

(24) FIGS. 3 and 4 are cross-sectional views of a liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 2. FIG. 3 shows the device before being subjected to a PSA polymerization step, and FIG. 4 shows the device having been subjected to the PSA polymerization step. As seen in FIGS. 3 and 4, an array substrate 11 and a color filter substrate 12 of the liquid crystal display device of embodiment 2 each include a silane coupling layer 18 on the outermost surface thereof.

(25) Irradiation of the liquid crystal layer 15 with light causes a radical polymerizable monomer 14 to create a ketyl radical. This radical active species initiates and accelerates successive chain polymerization of radical polymerizable groups of the radical polymerizable monomer 14 and the other radical polymerizable monomer 16, and the resulting polymer produced by the polymerization phase-separates and precipitates to form PSA layers 17 on the silane coupling layers 18, as shown in FIG. 4.

(26) For further information, the structure of a liquid crystal display device with alignment films is described using FIG. 5. In the example shown in FIG. 5, an alignment film 106 made of a polymer material (polyimide) having a backbone containing an imide structure is formed on the surface of each of the array substrate 101 and the color filter substrate 102. An alignment treatment, such as a rubbing treatment or a photo alignment treatment, is carried out on the surfaces of the alignment films 106 such that the alignment films 106 align liquid crystal molecules at a vertical or horizontal pretilt angle (tilt the molecules at an initial tilt angle). Between the array substrate 101 and the color filter substrate 102, a sealing material 103 is attached. The sealing material 103 is located along the periphery of the substrates 101, 102 to seal the liquid crystal layer 105 between the array substrate 1 and the color filter substrate 2. Since the alignment films 106 is formed by applying a polyimide solution or the like before the sealing with the sealing material 103, the alignment films 106 extend below the sealing material 103 as well. Examples of materials for the alignment films 106, besides polyimide, include materials containing polyamic acid, polyamide, polymaleimide, polysiloxane, polysilsesquioxane, polyphosphazene, and a copolymer of at least one of these.

(27) Examples of the monomer that creates a ketyl radical as a result of hydrogen abstraction induced by light radiation used in Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 include compounds represented by the formula (1), and more specifically include compounds represented by any of the formulas (2-1) to (2-6) and compounds represented by the formula (3-1) or (3-2).

(28) Any of the compounds represented by the formula (1), which have a structure that creates a ketyl radical as a result of hydrogen abstraction induced by light radiation, is mixed with the liquid crystal material without being combined with other polymerization initiators, and efficiently initiates the polymerization only by light radiation. If the polymerization produces an unnecessary substance that is presumably derived from the polymerization initiator and is likely to be charged, the polymerizable group attached to the substance incorporates the substance into the PSA layer. Accordingly, this case is less prone to image sticking compared to cases in which a polymerization initiator with no polymerizable group represented by any of the formulas (6-1) to (6-7) is used to form PSA layers, for example.

(29) In Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2, the liquid crystal composition may contain other monomers. For example, a compound represented by the formula (9) can be used, and more specifically, a compound represented by the formula (4) can be used. The compounds represented by the formula (4) provide a PSA layer that ensures stable alignment without alignment films because of their high interaction with liquid crystal molecules. Additionally, since these compounds are highly photostable, and are free of a structure that undergoes photo-Fries rearrangement when exposed to ultraviolet radiation for forming a PSA layer, a decrease in the voltage holding ratio is less likely to occur compared to cases in which a less photostable monomer represented by the formula (8) is used to form a PSA layer, for example.

(30) The following will describes other members of the liquid crystal display devices of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 in detail.

(31) In each of the liquid crystal display devices of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2, the array substrate 1, the liquid crystal layer 5 and the color filter substrate 2 are laminated in this order from the back side to the viewer side of the liquid crystal display device. The array substrate 1 is provided with a polarizing plate on the back side thereof. Another polarizing plate is provided on the viewer side of the color filter substrate 2. A retarder may be further provided on these polarizing plates, and these polarizing plates may be circular polarizing plates.

(32) The liquid crystal display devices of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 may be of a transmissive type, a reflective type, or a transflective type. In the case of a transmissive type or a transflective type, the liquid crystal display devices of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 further include a back light unit. The back light unit is disposed on the back side of the array substrate 1 to allow light to pass through the array substrate 1, the liquid crystal layer 5 and the color filter substrate 2 in this order. In the case of a reflective type or a transflective type, the array substrate 1 is provided with a reflector for reflecting external light. Moreover, at least in the region where reflected light is used for display, the polarizing plate of the color filter substrate 2 needs to be a circular polarizer having a /4 retardation plate.

(33) The liquid crystal display devices of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 may have a color filter on array structure in which the array substrate 1 includes color filters.

(34) The liquid crystal display devices of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 may be monochrome displays. In this case, the color filters are not necessary.

(35) The liquid crystal layer 5 is filled with a liquid crystal material which is rendered in a certain alignment while a certain voltage is applied thereto. The alignment of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 5 is controlled by application of a threshold or higher voltage. The alignment mode of the liquid crystal molecules of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 is not particularly limited, but may be any of, for example, the TN mode, the IPS mode, and the VA mode. For example, the monofunctional acrylate monomer represented by the following formula (12) is suitable for the VA mode, TBA mode, or the like, the initial alignment of which is vertical alignment because of its high capability of controlling the alignment vertically.

(36) The liquid crystal display devices of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 can be analyzed for the monomer components in the PSA layer, the proportional amounts of monomer components in the PSA layer, and the amount of residual monomers in the liquid crystal layer by disassembling the liquid crystal display devices (for example, in the form of mobile phones, monitors, liquid crystal TVs (televisions), or information displays), and performing a chemical analysis technique, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), or mass spectrometry (MS).

EXAMPLE 1

(37) The following demonstrates Example 1 in which a liquid crystal cell including the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1 was actually produced. First, a pair of substrates with a transparent electrode on the surface thereof was prepared. The substrates were attached without being subjected to any step for forming an alignment film after a sealing material was applied to one of the substrates and beads were applied to the other substrate. Subsequently, a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal material with negative dielectric constant anisotropy, and radical polymerizable monomers was injected between the substrates. The sealing material may be any of heat curable materials, UV curable materials, and UV and heat curable materials.

(38) A combination of a monomer represented by the formula (11) and a monomer represented by the formula (12) was used in the liquid crystal composition. The compound represented by the formula (11) is a benzophenone bifunctional methacrylate monomer, and the compound represented by the formula (12) is a biphenyl monofunctional acrylate monomer.

(39) ##STR00009##

(40) After the liquid crystal composition was injected, the monomers were polymerized by irradiating the substrates with unpolarized UV light (0.33 mW/cm.sup.2) for 15 minutes (0.3 J/cm.sup.2) in a normal direction relative to the substrates while no voltage was applied. The unpolarized UV light source was a black light lamp (FHF-32BLB, TOSHIBA Lighting & Technology Corporation). The FHF-32BLB is an ultraviolet light source that has a small intensity at 310 nm and a high intensity at 330 nm or a longer wavelength. The electrodes used were flat electrodes without slits.

(41) As shown in the following scheme (13), UV light is emitted to the compound represented by the formula (11) to photoexcite the carbonyl group, and the excited carbonyl group absorbs hydrogen in the system to create a radical.

(42) ##STR00010##

(43) The radical reacts with the polymerizable groups of the monomers, thereby growing the polymer chain.

(44) As seen in the absorption spectrum of FIG. 6, the compound represented by the formula (11) absorbs light in a wavelength range including up to approximately 380 nm, and therefore can initiate the polymerization even when light of short wavelengths (e.g. light in a wavelength range of shorter than 330 nm) which may have negative impact on the reliability of liquid crystal is cut.

(45) Evaluation Test 1

(46) In Example 1, four samples were prepared using the benzophenone bifunctional methacrylate monomer represented by the formula (11) in amounts of 0 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.15 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition, respectively. The amount of the biphenyl monofunctional acrylate monomer represented by the formula (12) was fixed to 1.0 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition. The following shows the results of evaluation of features.

(47) The completed liquid crystal cells of Example 1 were measured for the voltage holding ratio (VHR). The VHR was determined by checking the charge retention at 70 C. at intervals of 16.61 ms after application of a pulse voltage of 1 V (measuring apparatus: liquid crystal material characteristics measurement system model 6254 from TOYO Corporation). Table 1 shows the alignment, the measured VHR data (%) and the solubility of the compound of the formula (11) in the liquid crystal compositions of the liquid crystal samples of Example 1.

(48) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Solubility of compound Amount of compound VHR of formula (11) of formula (11) (wt %) Alignment (%) in liquid crystal 0 Random alignment 99.8 Soluble 0.01 Incomplete 98.9 Soluble (partially including horizontal alignment) 0.05 Vertical alignment 98.0 Soluble in the entire face 0.15 Vertical alignment 97.1 Soluble in the entire face

(49) FIGS. 7 to 10 are photographs of the liquid crystal cells having been subjected to ultraviolet radiation under crossed nicols. FIGS. 7 to 10 respectively show the liquid crystal cells, the amounts of the polymerization initiator monomer represented by the formula (11) of which were 0 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.05 wt %, and 0.15 wt % relative to the total liquid crystal composition amount.

(50) As seen in Table 1, when the amount of the polymerization initiator monomer represented by the formula (11) was 0 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition, the liquid crystal molecules were not aligned vertically; when the amount was 0.01 wt %, the liquid crystal molecules were mostly aligned vertically; when the amount was 0.05 wt % or more, the cell was of the vertical alignment mode without alignment defects. Although there is a trend towards decreasing VHR with increasing amount of the initiator, a VHR of higher than 97% could be achieved with 0.15 wt % of the initiator.

(51) The photographs show the following facts. The pixel regions of the liquid crystal cell of FIG. 7 are not black, which means that liquid crystal molecules were not vertically aligned at all. In FIG. 8, the pixel regions of the liquid crystal cell are mostly black, and only in limited parts of the regions, liquid crystal molecules were not vertically aligned. In FIGS. 9 and 10, substantially the whole pixel regions of the liquid crystal cells are black, which means that liquid crystal molecules in the entire face were aligned vertically.

(52) The above results revealed that a combination of a highly photostable monofunctional acrylate monomer that will not undergo Fries rearrangement when exposed to ultraviolet radiation and a benzophenone bifunctional methacrylate monomer that initiates radical polymerization provides good alignment and a high VHR.

EXAMPLE 2

(53) The following demonstrates Example 2 in which a liquid crystal cell including the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 2 was actually produced. First, a pair of substrates with a transparent electrode on the surface thereof was prepared. The substrates were treated with the silane coupling agent represented by the following formula (14) to form a silane coupling layer without being subjected to any step for forming an alignment film.
[Chem. 14]
(CH.sub.3O).sub.3SiC.sub.3H.sub.6NHC.sub.2H.sub.4NH.sub.2(14)

(54) The substrates were attached after a sealing material was applied to one of the substrates and beads were applied to the other substrate. Subsequently, a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal material with negative dielectric constant anisotropy and radical polymerizable monomers was injected between the substrates. The sealing material may be any of heat curable materials, UV curable materials, and UV and heat curable materials.

(55) When the compound represented by the formula (14) is used as a silane coupling agent, and dissolved in water or an organic solvent and then applied to the substrates, the silane coupling agent is hydrolyzed and then dehydrated into a silane coupling compound on the outermost surfaces of the substrates, as shown in FIG. 11. In this example, the hydrogen absorption photopolymerization initiator is excited by light radiation, so that the carbonyl group of the initiator absorbs hydrogen in the space containing the injected liquid crystal composition between the substrates to create a radical and to initiate polymerization of the radical polymerizable monomers. Accordingly, the presence of hydrogen of the functional group of the silane coupling compound in the space containing the injected liquid crystal composition between the substrates more accelerates the polymerization, and this shortens the period of UV radiation for forming a PSA layer.

(56) The liquid crystal composition contained a combination of the monomer represented by the formula (11) and the monomer represented by the formula (12).

(57) After the liquid crystal composition was injected, the monomers were polymerized by irradiating the substrates with unpolarized UV light (0.33 mW/cm.sup.2) in a normal direction relative to the substrates without applying a voltage. The unpolarized UV light source and electrodes used were the same as those of Example 1.

(58) Evaluation Test 2

(59) In Example 2, two samples were prepared: a liquid crystal cell with substrates surface-treated with the silane coupling agent; and a liquid crystal cell with substrates not subjected to the treatment with the silane coupling agent. Both of the liquid crystal compositions of the respective liquid crystal cells contained the benzophenone bifunctional methacrylate monomer represented by the formula (11) in an amount of 0.15 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition, and the biphenyl monofunctional acrylate monomer represented by the formula (12) in an amount of 1.0 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition. The following shows the results of evaluation of features.

(60) The completed liquid crystal cells of Example 2 were measured for the voltage holding ratio (VHR) under the same measurement conditions as in Example 1. Table 2 shows the UV radiation periods (min) required for forming a PSA layer, the alignment of the liquid crystal, and the measured VHR data (%) of the samples of Example 2.

(61) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Surface treatment with Radiation VHR silane coupling agent period (min) Alignment (%) Not performed 15 Vertical alignment 97.1 in the entire face Performed 5 Vertical alignment 98.3 in the entire face

(62) As seen in Table 2, a high voltage holding ratio of higher than 98% could be achieved even though the period of UV radiation for forming a PSA layer was shorten by performing the surface treatment with the silane coupling agent on the substrate surfaces.

EXAMPLE 3

(63) The following demonstrates Example 3 in which a liquid crystal cell including the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1 was actually produced. First, a pair of substrates with a transparent electrode on the surface thereof was prepared. The substrates were attached without being subjected to any step for forming an alignment film after a sealing material was applied to one of the substrates and beads were applied to the other substrate. Subsequently, a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal material with negative dielectric constant anisotropy, and radical polymerizable monomers was injected between the substrates. The sealing material may be any of heat curable materials, UV curable materials, and UV and heat curable materials.

(64) The liquid crystal composition contained the combination of the monomer represented by the formula (15) and the monomer represented by the formula (12). The compound represented by the formula (15) is a benzyl bifunctional methacrylate monomer.

(65) ##STR00011##

(66) After the liquid crystal composition was injected, the monomers were polymerized under the same conditions as in Example 1.

(67) As seen in the absorption spectrum of FIG. 12, the compound represented by the formula (15) absorbs light in a wavelength range including up to approximately 440 nm, and therefore can initiate the polymerization even when light of short wavelengths which may have negative impact on the reliability of liquid crystal is cut.

(68) Evaluation Test 3

(69) In Example 3, four samples were prepared using the benzyl bifunctional methacrylate monomer represented by the formula (15) in amounts of 0 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.15 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition, respectively. The amount of the biphenyl monofunctional acrylate monomer represented by the formula (12) was fixed to 1.0 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition. The following shows the results of evaluation of features.

(70) The completed liquid crystal cells of Example 3 were measured for the voltage holding ratio (VHR) under the same measurement conditions as in Example 1. Table 3 shows the alignment, the measured VHR data (%) and the solubility of the compound of the formula (15) in the liquid crystal compositions of the liquid crystal samples of Example 3.

(71) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Amount of Solubility of compound compound of formula (15) VHR of formula (15) (wt %) Alignment (%) in liquid crystal 0 Random alignment 99.8 Soluble 0.01 Incomplete 98.7 Soluble (partially including horizontal alignment) 0.05 Vertical alignment 98.3 Soluble in the entire face 0.15 Vertical alignment 97.2 Soluble in the entire face

(72) As seen in Table 3, when the amount of the polymerization initiator monomer represented by the formula (15) was 0 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition, the liquid crystal molecules were not aligned vertically; when the amount was 0.01 wt %, the liquid crystal molecules were mostly aligned vertically; when the amount was 0.05 wt % or more, the cell was of the vertical alignment mode without alignment defects. Although there is a trend towards decreasing VHR with increasing amount of the initiator, a VHR of higher than 97% could be achieved with 0.15 wt % of the initiator.

(73) The above results revealed that a combination of a photostable monofunctional monomer that will not undergo Fries rearrangement when exposed to UV light and a benzyl bifunctional monomer that initiates radical polymerization provides good alignment and a high VHR.

EXAMPLE 4

(74) The following demonstrates Example 4 in which a liquid crystal cell including the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 2 was actually produced. First, a pair of substrates with a transparent electrode on the surface thereof was prepared. The substrates were treated with the silane coupling agent represented by the following formula (14) to form a silane coupling layer without being subjected to any step for forming an alignment film. The substrates were attached after a sealing material was applied to the surface of one of the substrates and beads were applied to the other substrate. Subsequently, a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal material with negative dielectric constant anisotropy and radical polymerizable monomers was injected between the substrates. The sealing material may be any of heat curable materials, UV curable materials, and UV and heat curable materials.

(75) The liquid crystal composition contained a combination of the monomer represented by the formula (15) and the monomer represented by the formula (12).

(76) After the liquid crystal composition was injected, the monomers were polymerized under the same conditions as in Example 2.

(77) Evaluation Test 4

(78) In Example 4, two samples were prepared: a liquid crystal cell with substrates surface-treated with the silane coupling agent; and a liquid crystal cell with substrates not subjected to the treatment with the silane coupling agent. Both of the liquid crystal compositions of the respective liquid crystal cells contained the benzyl bifunctional methacrylate monomer represented by the formula (15) in an amount of 0.15 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition, and the biphenyl monofunctional acrylate monomer represented by the formula (12) in an amount of 1.0 wt % relative to the total amount of the liquid crystal composition. The following shows the results of evaluation of features.

(79) The completed liquid crystal cells of Example 4 were measured for the voltage holding ratio (VHR) under the measurement same conditions as in Example 1. Table 4 shows the UV radiation periods (min) required for forming a PSA layer, the alignment of the liquid crystal, and the measured VHR data (%) of the samples of Example 4.

(80) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Surface treatment with Radiation VHR silane coupling agent period (min) Alignment (%) Not performed 15 Vertical alignment 97.2 in the entire face Performed 5 Vertical alignment 98.9 in the entire face

(81) As seen in Table 4, the surface treatment with the silane coupling agent on the substrate surfaces could shorten the period of UV radiation for forming a PSA layer and ensure a high voltage holding ratio of higher than 980.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

(82) 1, 11, 101: Array substrate (with transparent electrode formed therein) 2, 12, 102: Color filter substrate (with transparent electrode formed therein) 3, 13, 103: Sealing material 4, 14: Radical polymerizable monomer (compound having a structure that creates a ketyl radical as a result of hydrogen abstraction induced by light radiation) 5, 15, 105: Liquid crystal layer 6, 16: Radical polymerizable monomer (compound having a ring structure and a monofunctional or polyfunctional polymerizable group) 7, 17: PSA layer (polymer layer) 18: Silane coupling layer 9: Transparent electrode 10: Array substrate (with silane coupling layer formed thereon) 20: Color filter substrate (with silane coupling layer formed thereon) 106: Alignment film