Pressure monitor optimization of fluid path utilization

Abstract

A device comprising a pressure monitor and a control means that receives a signal representing measured pressure at the pressure monitor and controls the controllable elements of a fluid system is utilized to monitor a fluid system for error conditions, to optimize operations and to diagnose the fluid system. By following a testing protocol that selectively enables parts of the system, the control means narrows the list of possible falling components. Comparing the measured pressure against normal pressures allows the device to identify error conditions. Determining the volume of fluid being transported and controlling the duration of the flow optimizes operation of the fluid system.

Claims

1. A method of determining viscosity of a fluid in a calibrated fluid system having a viscosity calibration factor, said fluid system comprising a controllable pressure source responsive to a pressure command signal to create a source pressure on said fluid, at least one fluid path section having an open end and a second end, and said controllable pressure source connected to said second end of said at least one fluid path section, said method comprising: providing a device comprising: a pressure monitor in fluid communication with a fluid in said calibrated fluid system, said pressure monitor generating a signal representative of a measured pressure; a control means for receiving said signal representative of said measured pressure and for sending signals to said fluid system; placing said pressure monitor in communication with said fluid in said at least one fluid path section at a known position on said fluid path section; issuing a pressure command signal from said control means to said controllable pressure source to create said source pressure, said source pressure causing said fluid to flow; and calculating a viscosity of said fluid using said measured pressure and said viscosity calibration factor.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing said control means with a library having entries comprising sets of command signals and sets of normal pressure values; comparing said measured pressures to said normal pressure values; and reporting differences that exceed a preset threshold.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the controllable pressure source includes a first wash syringe for flushing the fluid path section.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the controllable pressure source includes a second wash syringe for flushing the fluid path section.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising actuating a valve to select between the first and second wash syringes.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure command signal causes the fluid to flow such that a predetermined volume of fluid is delivered to the fluid path section.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of calculating the viscosity of said fluid comprises using one of the following equation and any other algebraically equivalent equations to the following equation: $=V{\mathrm{PD}}_{\mathrm{Ref}}^6/64{\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{ref}}{Q}^2$ where: P is a difference from the source pressure at a measurement point; V is a velocity of the fluid; D.sub.Ref is an average diameter of the fluid path section; C is a unit correcting factor; L.sub.ref is a length of the fluid path section; and Q is a flow rate used in a calibration run and a measurement run.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said fluid system further comprises at least one valve having a plurality of ports for interconnecting with said at least one controllable pressure source and said at least one fluid path section, said valve being capable of assuming at least a first position wherein fluid flows between at least two of said plurality of ports in response to a connect command signal and a second position in which no fluid flows in response to a disconnect command signal, said valve is connected to an end of said fluid path section.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein said valve is a multiport valve.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein said fluid system is an autosampler for a liquid chromatography system.

11. A calibrated fluid system having a viscosity calibration factor, said fluid system comprising: a controllable pressure source responsive to a pressure command signal to create a source pressure on a fluid; at least one fluid path section having an open end and a second end, and said controllable pressure source connected to said second end of said at least one fluid path section; and a device comprising: a pressure monitor in fluid communication with said fluid in said calibrated fluid system at a known position on said fluid path section, said pressure monitor generating a signal representative of a measured pressure; and a control means for receiving said signal representative of said measured pressure and for sending signals to said fluid system; wherein said control means is configured to issue a pressure command signal from said control means to said controllable pressure source to create said source pressure, said source pressure causing said fluid to flow; and calculate a viscosity of said fluid using said measured pressure and said viscosity calibration factor.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein said control means is provided with a library having entries comprising sets of command signals and sets of normal pressure values; and said control means is configured to: compare said measured pressures to said normal pressure values, and report differences that exceed a preset threshold.

13. The system of claim 11, further comprising a liquid chromatography system.

14. The system of claim 11, further comprising a liquid chromatography sample injection system.

15. The system of claim 11, further comprising at least one valve having a plurality of ports for interconnecting with said at least one controllable pressure source and said at least one fluid path section, said valve being capable of assuming at least a first position wherein fluid flows between at least two of said plurality of ports in response to a connect command signal and a second position in which no fluid flows in response to a disconnect command signal, said valve connected to an end of said fluid path section.

16. The system of claim 11, wherein the controllable pressure source includes a first wash syringe for flushing the fluid path.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the controllable pressure source includes a second wash syringe for flushing the fluid path.

18. The system of claim 17, further comprising a valve configured to be actuated between the first and second wash syringes.

19. The system of claim 11, wherein the control means calculates the viscosity of said fluid using one of the following equation and any other algebraically equivalent equations to the following equation: $=V{\mathrm{PD}}_{\mathrm{Ref}}^6/64{\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{ref}}{Q}^2$ where: P is a difference from the source pressure at a measurement point; V is a velocity of the fluid; D.sub.Ref is an average diameter of the fluid path section; C is a unit correcting factor; L.sub.ref is a length of the fluid path section; and Q is a flow rate used in a calibration run and a measurement run.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The above noted and other features of the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description, when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic of an implementation of the inventive device;

(3) FIG. 2A is a schematic of the device of FIG. 1 in a fluid system;

(4) FIG. 2B is an illustration of the fluid system of FIG. 2A with command signals connected to components of the fluid system;

(5) FIG. 3 is an illustration of a fluid system comprising two connected fluid subsystems being monitored by the device of FIG. 1;

(6) FIG. 4 is an illustration of the device of FIG. 1 being used to optimize a fluid system wash cycle;

(7) FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a sequence of tests based on the fluid system of FIG. 3, wherein FIG. SA illustrates a first configuration and FIG. 5B illustrates a second configuration;

(8) FIG. 6A illustrates a first test configuration of an example;

(9) FIG. 6B illustrates a second test configuration of an example;

(10) FIG. 6C illustrates a third test configuration of an example;

(11) FIG. 6D illustrates a fourth test configuration of an example; and

(12) FIG. 6E illustrates the failures identified by the tests of FIGS. 6A-6D.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(13) As used herein, the term leak refers to a hole, crack or opening through which fluid escapes in a manner not intended by the user. The leak may be totally internal. That is, the fluid escapes from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure within the apparatus. Or, such leak may be external, allowing fluid to escape from the confines of the hydraulic circuit. Leaking fluids could represent a safety concern, the detection of which would be very useful.

(14) As used herein, pressure monitor comprises any device for measuring pressure, including strain gauges and pressure transducers. The output of the pressure monitor, representing a measured pressure, may be an analog signal that is digitized before being input to a control means or may be a digitized representation of the measured pressure.

(15) Fluid connection means are devices for closing, opening or directing fluid flow. In many cases a fluid connection means is a valve. Typical valves include mechanical check valves and active valves. Mechanical check valves are responsive to pressure. Active valves receive a signal that directs power means, such as motors, solenoids and the like, to open or close the valve. Cycling valves are capable of selectively opening and closing the flow of fluid from one or more sources or directing the flow to one or more destinations.

(16) As used herein, the term control means means any processing entity that can receive information signals and send command signals. An embedded microprocessor with memory and an associated input/output section for signal handling is one implementation. Alternately, one of the central processors embedded in an instrument may act as the control means with the memory and input/output sections handling the instrument as well as the device functions. Other central processors, as are known to those skilled in the art, can serve as the control means.

(17) A controllable pressure source is a device that can be commanded to exert a defined pressure on a fluid. Such a pressure source may establish a pressure in a closed fluid system. Alternately, the applied pressure will cause a flow rate in an open fluid system. One example of a controllable pressure source is a metering syringe wherein a motor is used to drive the syringe precisely.

(18) As illustrated in FIG. 1, a device 10 for monitoring pressure in a fluid system 18 comprises a pressure monitor 12 for placement in communication with a fluid 16 in the fluid system 18 and a control means 14 for receiving a signal 20 representative of the measured pressure and comparing that measured pressure to a reference. The pressure monitor 12 generates the signal 20 representative of the measured pressure and the control means 14 generates an error message, and/or other signals 22 if a difference between the measured pressure and the reference exceeds a predetermined value. One fluid system well adapted to this monitoring is a an auto sampler for a liquid chromatography system.

(19) Turning now to FIG. 2A, a fluid system 18 is comprised of a controllable pressure source 30, at least one fluid path section 32 having first and second ends 34, 36 and at least one fluid connection means 40. The fluid system is filled with fluid 16 and monitored by the device 10 for monitoring pressure. The controllable pressure source 30 creates a source pressure on the fluid 16 in response to a pressure command signal 38 from the control means 14. The fluid connection means 40 has a plurality of ports 42, 44, 46, 48 for interconnection with the system and is capable of assuming a first position (represented by the dotted line 50) where fluid flows between a first port 44, 46 48 and the second port 42 and a second position (not illustrated) in which fluid does not flow between any of the first ports 44, 46, 48 and the second port 42. The system 18 is interconnected with one port 42 of the fluid connection means 40 connected to an end 34 of the fluid path section 32 and the controllable pressure source 30 connected to the second end 36 of the fluid path section 32. The fluid connection means 40 is responsive to a connect command signal 52 to assume the first position and a disconnect command signal 54 to assume the second position. These signals may be implemented as separate levels on one signal line, encodings on a line, distinct signals or other means including a combination of the above implementations as is known to one skilled in the relevant art. The monitoring device 12 is placed in communication with the fluid 16 in the fluid path section 32 and sends the measured pressure signal 20 for comparing the measured pressure to the source pressure. The control means 14 does the comparison and generates an error message 22 if a difference between the measured pressure and the source pressure exceeds a predetermined value.

(20) As illustrated in FIG. 2B, the control means 14 is further for sending the connect command signal 52 and disconnect command signal 54 to the at least one fluid connection means 40 for controlling the connection means 40 to assume the first and second positions. In addition, the control means 14 is further for sending the pressure command signal 38 to the controllable pressure source 30 to cause the controllable pressure source 30 to generate the source pressure.

(21) In an embodiment for testing for leakage, the fluid system has one of the at least one fluid connection means 40 in the second position, blocking fluid passage and creating a closed fluid system. Then, the control means 14 can monitor the measured pressure in the closed fluid system over time to detect a degradation of the measured pressure, which is indicative of a lack of fluid integrity.

(22) Preferably, the controllable pressure source 30 is a syringe, preferably a metering syringe, positionable by the pressure command signal 38 to create the source pressure on the fluid 16. Further, the at least one fluid connection means 40 is preferably a multiport valve having at least a first port and a second port. In the first position, fluid flows between the ports, and in the second position fluid does not flow between any of the ports. When the multiport valve has more than two ports, there may be more than one first position in that in a first first position fluid flows between ports A and B, while in a second first position fluid may flow between ports A and C (or C and D). In a preferred embodiment, the fluid system is a liquid chromatography system and more particularly, a liquid chromatography sample injector system. In operation, the control means 14 sends a pressure command signal 38 to the controllable pressure source 30 to create a predetermined source pressure and reports an error if the measured pressure does not reach a predetermined value within a specified period of time.

(23) In a preferred embodiment, the control means 14 has a library of entries that comprise command signals 38, 52, 54 to be sent, time and normal measured pressure values. The control means 14 transmits the command signals 38, 52, 54 to specified fluid connection means and controllable pressure sources for one entry and compares received measured pressures to the normal measured pressure values. Differences that exceed a preset threshold cause a report to be sent.

(24) In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, a fluid system that is to be monitored for errors is comprised of a monitored fluid path section 60 having a first end 62 and a second end 64 and first and second fluid subsystems 70, 72 connected to the first and second ends 62, 64 respectively. Each fluid subsystem 70, 72 comprises at least one fluid path section 32, 32, at least one fluid connection means 40, 40, 40, 40 and at least one controllable pressure source 30, 30, 30, 30. The fluid path sections 32, 32 have a section first end 34, 34 and a section second end 36, 36. The fluid connection means 40, 40, 40, 40 have a plurality of ports, for instance ports 41, 43 and 45 of fluid connection means 40. These ports are for interconnecting the system. At least one of the ports 41 is connected to a fluid path section end 36 for forming the fluid subsystem. The fluid connection means 40, 40, 40, 40 are responsive to connect command signals 52, 52, 52, 52 respectively to assume a first position wherein fluid flows between at least two of the ports and responsive to disconnect command signals 54, 54, 54, 54 respectively to assume a second position in which fluid does not flow between any of the plurality of ports. As illustrated in FIG. 3, each illustrated fluid connection means has three possible first positionsusing fluid connection means 40 for example, connecting ports 41 and 43, 41 and 45 or 43 and 45as well the single second position wherein no fluid flows. A controllable pressure source 30, 30, 30, 30 may be connected to the at least one section second end 34 directly (not shown) or through a fluid connection means. The controllable pressure sources 30, 30, 30, 30 are responsive to pressure command signals 38, 38, 38, 38 respectively to create a source pressure on fluid in the fluid subsystem. In the figure, each of the controllable pressure sources in connected to an end of the fluid path section 32, 32 and/or to the monitored fluid path 60 through at least one connection means. The first fluid subsystem 70 is connected to the first end 62 of the monitored fluid path section 60 and the second fluid subsystem 72 connected to the second end 64 of the monitored fluid path section 60. The pressure monitor 14 is in communication with the monitored fluid path section 60.

(25) The control means 14 controls the pressure and configuration of the fluid system while monitoring the measured pressure. The control means executes a set of instructions that specify connect and disconnect command signals to be sent to define a configuration and pressure command signals for setting the source pressure. The instructions further specify the normal measured pressure for each entry, so that the actual measured pressure can be compared to the normal pressure. Degradations in the monitored measured pressure are indicative of reduced fluid integrity of the fluid system configuration.

(26) As an illustration, the control means 14 sends connect and disconnect command signals to the subsystems to create a configuration with one connection means 40 in one subsystem 70 in the second position (closed) and a second connection means 40 in the other subsystem 72, in the first position (open) so that the fluid is in a closed system comprised of the controllable pressure source 30, connection means 40, and monitored fluid path 60 and the termination at fluid connection means 40. Then the control means 14 sends a pressure command signal 38 to set the source pressure to a value. By monitoring the signal 20 from the pressure monitor 12 and noting whether the measured pressure remains stable over time, the control means 14 is able to identify non-leaking components.

(27) When the monitoring device 10 can control the configuration of the fluid system by selectively isolating parts of the fluid system from the rest using the fluid connection means, successive fluidic integrity tests on different parts of the fluid system lead to isolation of the leaking component. By starting with a subsystem of the fluid system with few components, and verifying that there are no leaks in that part, the control means 14 has a basis for comparison as further components are added. Each successive subsystem incorporates some previously tested components and some untested parts, allowing the control means to identify likely leaking components.

(28) The device is further preferably used to determine the viscosity of the fluid currently in the fluid system. Prior to this operation, the fluid system is calibrated to yield a viscosity calibration factor. Thereafter, when a fluid is flowed through the calibrated fluid path at a predetermined flow rate, the viscosity of the current fluid can be determined by multiplying the measured pressure by the viscosity calibration factor. In calibrating the fluid system, using equation (1) is used.

(29) $\begin{array}{cc}=V{\mathrm{PD}}_{\mathrm{Ref}}^6/64{\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{ref}}{Q}^2& \left(1\right)\end{array}$
In equation (1), P is the difference from source pressure at the measurement point, and, V, D.sub.ref, C, L.sub.ref and Q are incorporated in a the viscosity calibration factor from the calibration run. (V is velocity, D.sub.ref is the average diameter of the reference fluid path, C is a unit correcting factor, L.sub.ref is the length of the reference fluid path, and Q is the flow rate used in the calibration run and measurement run).

(30) Preferably, the device 10 is further used with a fluid system to optimize a fluid path wash cycle. Using the configuration of components in FIG. 4, the fluid path to be washed 62 extends from fluid path section 84 to the fluid connection means 40 that connects the controllable pressure source 30, wherein here, the controllable pressure source 30 is a first wash syringe containing a first wash fluid. The control means 14 executes a series of instructions that cause the control means 14 to send connect command signals 52, 52, 52 to fluid connection means 40, 40, 40 to interconnect the fluid path 62 as illustrated for flushing. The control means 14 may send disconnect command signals 54 to other fluid connections means (not shown) to eliminate fluid path sections that are not be washed. The control means 14, having already determined the viscosity of the wash fluid, sets a first wash pressure. It then sends a first pressure command signal 38 to the first wash syringe 30 to push wash fluid into the fluid path 62. The control means 14 monitors the measured pressure in fluid path section 60, and increases the source pressure, until the measured pressure equals the first wash pressure. This pressure assures that the wash fluid is flowing at the correct rate and assures that the predetermined volume of first wash fluid is delivered in a timely manner.

(31) For systems that require two levels of washing, a second controllable pressure source (not shown) functioning as a second wash syringe is filled with a second wash fluid and connected to port 43. The first connection means 40 selects between the first and second wash syringes. After washing with the first fluid, the control means 14 uses the first connection means 40 to select the second wash syringe and sends a second pressure command signal to the second wash syringe until the measured pressure equals a predetermined second wash pressure. The control means 14 causes the second wash fluid to flow at the second wash pressure until a predetermined volume of second wash fluid has been provided.

(32) The device is used in a method of monitoring pressure in a fluid system. In FIG. 2, the fluid system 24 is comprised of at least one fluid path section 32 having a first end 36 and a second end 34 and at least one controllable pressure source 30 connected to the first end 36 of the at least one fluid path section 32. Although FIG. 2, does not illustrate this, the connection between the at least one fluid path section 32 and the at least one controllable pressure source 30 may be through further components of the fluid system 24. Each controllable pressure source 30 is responsive to a pressure command signal 38 to create a source pressure in the at least one fluid path section 32. The fluid system 24 is connected so that it forms a fluid path filled with a fluid 16. The method comprises providing a device 10 comprising a pressure monitor 12 for placement in communication with the fluid 16 in a first path section 32 and a control means 14. The pressure monitor 12 generates a signal representative 20 of a measured pressure that is received by the control means 14. The control means 14 sends signals 22 to the fluid system 24. The pressure monitor 12 is placed in communication with the fluid 16 in the fluid path 32. The control means 14 issues a pressure command signal 38 to the controllable pressure source 30 to cause it to generate the source pressure in one fluid path section 32. The control means 14 compares the measured pressure to the source pressure, and generates an error message if the difference between the measured pressure and the source pressure exceeds a predetermined value.

(33) Preferably, the method determines whether a pressurized system is established within a specified time after a source pressure is applied. The fluid system 24 further comprises at least one fluid connection means 40 having a plurality of ports 42, 44, 46, 48 for interconnecting with the at least one controllable pressure source 30 and the at least one fluid path section 32. The fluid connection means 40 is capable of assuming at least a first position wherein fluid flows between at least two of the plurality of ports in response to a connect command signal 52 and a second position in which no fluid flows in response to a disconnect command signal 54. A preferred fluid connection means is a multiport valve.

(34) A preferred system, as shown in FIG. 5A, comprises a first fluid connection means 140 having at least a first port 144 and a second port 142, a second fluid connection means 140 having at least a first port 144 and a second port 142, a first fluid path section 132 and a controllable pressure source 130. The controllable pressure source 130 is connected to the first port 144 of the first fluid connection means 140 and the second port 142 of the first fluid connection means 140 is connected to a first end 134 of the first fluid path section 132. The second end 136 of the first fluid path section 132 is connected to the first port 144 of the second connection means 140. The method further comprises sending at least one connect command signal 152 to the first fluid connection means 140 to place the first connection means 140 in the first, open position wherein fluid can flow between the first and second ports 144, 142. And sending at least one disconnect command signal 154 to the second fluid connection means 140 to place the second fluid connection means 140 in the second, closed, position. This arrangement of the fluid connection means 140, 140 creates a closed system that, in the absence of leaks, should maintain an applied pressure. The control means 14 sends a pressure command signal 138 to the controllable pressure source 130 to generate a predetermined source pressure. The control means 14 compares the measured pressure to the predetermined source pressure and reports an establishment error if the difference is greater than a first allowed amount. If no establishment error occurs, the method preferably further waits a predetermined length of time and compares the current measured pressure to the predetermined source pressure again. If the decay in pressure is greater than a second allowed amount, a leak error is reported.

(35) Further, as fluid systems with more components and potential paths are monitored, the method above is preferably extended to provide the control means 14 with a library of entries comprising sets of command signals, times and sets of normal pressure values. Each set of commands is sufficient to configure the fluid system. The times are for specifying the interval between sending the set of commands and comparing pressures. The control means 14 selects one entry, issues the command signals for that entry and compares the measured pressures to the normal pressure values after the time interval. The control means 14 reports significant differences. Preferably, the method has the control means 14 issue connect 152, disconnect 154 and pressure command 138 signals to the fluid system and identify degradations in the measured pressure indicative of reduced fluid integrity.

(36) In particular, after testing the fluid system as depicted in FIG. 5A, the method is preferably applied to a fluid system, shown in FIG. 5B, that is a variation on the tested system. The system comprises a first fluid path section 132 connected between a second port 144 of a first fluid connection means and a first port 142 of a second fluid connection 140 means. The device 10 for monitoring measured pressure measures at the first fluid path 132. A first controllable pressure source 130 is connected to the second port 142 of the second fluid connection means 140. The sequence of steps in the method comprise sending disconnect command signals 154 from the control means 14 to the first fluid connection means 140 to cause it to assume the second position and connect command signals 152 to the second fluid connection means 140 to assume a first position in which fluid flows between the first fluid path 132 and the first controllable pressure source 130. The control means 14 then sends a pressure command signal 138 to set the source pressure. Finally, the control means monitors the signal from the pressure monitor and identifies non-leaking components based on a stability of the measured pressure over time. If the second method indicates a leaking component, while the first method did not, the control means 14 can suggest that the components common to the two methods (port 142 of the first fluid connection means 140, the fluid path section 132 and port 144 of the second fluid connect ion means) are non-leaking.

(37) The method is adaptable to other configurations. For instance, when a second controllable pressure source (not shown) is connected to the second port of the second fluid connection means, the method has further steps. The control means sends at least one connect command signal and disconnect command signal to the first and second fluid connection means to place the first fluid connection means 140 in the second position and the second fluid connection 140 means in an alternate first position. Now, fluid flows between the first fluid path 132 and the second controllable pressure source (not shown). The control means sends at least one pressure command signal to the second controllable pressure source to set the source pressure. The control means monitors the signal from the pressure monitor and identifies additional non-leaking components based on the stability of the measured pressure over time. When further controllable pressure sources are connected to a further ports of the first and second fluid connection means 140, 140, the method is extended similarly to identify further non-leaking components.

(38) Preferably, the first fluid connection means comprises an interconnection of more than one fluid connection means and the second fluid connection means comprises an interconnection of more than one fluid connection means.

(39) The method is applicable and provides additional information when the controllable pressure source providing pressure is located at a different fluid connection point in the fluid circuit. In particular, when an additional controllable pressure source is connected to a previously unused port of a fluid connection means, the control means connects the fluid circuit by sending connection command signals to the that fluid connection means to assume a first position in which fluid flows between the monitored fluid path and the additional controllable pressure source. In addition, the control means sends disconnect command signals to some fluid connection means to assume a second position blocking the fluid path. Then the control means sends a pressure command signal to the additional controllable pressure source to pressurize the fluid path. By monitoring the signal from the pressure monitor, the control means identifies additional non-leaking components based on the stability of the measured pressure over time.

Example

(40) A sample injector for a liquid chromatography system is illustrated in FIG. 6A. It comprises an injection mechanism comprised of a needle assembly 278 connected to a multiport valve and a metering syringe 210 and a wash mechanism comprising a pair of wash syringes 246, 264, a washing manifold and switching mechanisms 240, 234, 256, 226, and 208 to wash the fluid path between injections. A pressure monitor 212 that feeds readings to a control means (not shown) monitors the pressure between the metering syringe 210 and the multiport valve 200. In testing the system to identify possible sources source of leaks, a sequence of four tests are performed.

(41) FIG. 6A illustrates the first test. Fluid path 201, from the metering syringe 210, through valve means 208 along fluid path section 204, to multiport valve 200, that is in the disconnect state, is pressurized by the metering syringe. Because multiport valve 200 is in the disconnect state, the fluid path 201 is closed and should hold a pressure. If the fluid path 201 does not maintain pressure the failure is likely one of: the metering syringe, pathway 203 through the valve 208 between the metering syringe 210 and the fluid path 204, the fitting 206 at the interconnection of valve 208 and fluid path 204, the fluid path 204, the fittings 202 between the fluid path 204 or the multiport valve 200 in a disconnect state. If the fluid path 201 maintains pressure, the above components are likely sealing well and can be used as a basis for further tests.

(42) FIG. 6B illustrates a second test path 225 utilizing one of the wash syringes 246 to establish the pressure. This path uses the multiport valve 200 in the disconnect state, fluid path 204 and the fittings above as the known part of the fluid path. The switching mechanisms (valve means) 240, 234, 224 and 208, fluid paths 235, 230, 22, and the wash syringe 246 comprise the newly tested parts of the fluid path 225. If this test reveals a leak, the likely leaking components or joints are along fluid path 225 after the fitting at junction 206 between the fluid path 204 and the valve 208.

(43) FIGS. 6C and 6D illustrate two further tests that are performed on the system illustrated as part of the test sequence. Each of these tests incorporates further components in the fluid path. The test illustrated in FIG. 6C adds the untested components and connections between switching mechanism 226 port 224 and the second washing syringe 264. In the test illustrated in FIG. 6D, the needle assembly 278 is inserted in a wash block manifold 276 to allow the fluid path 275 to pass through the needle assembly 278. This test requires that valve means 208 at the end of the measured fluid path section 204 seal the fluid path 275 when in the disconnect position. Further, the valve means 200 is utilized in one of the open positions, with fluid flowing between the ports as shown by connection 286. A further test, would change the position of the injection valve means 200, so that the seal on the sample loop 294 and the internal paths 290, 292 to the sample loop 294 were test. The results of the four tests illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6D are summarized in FIG. 6E, where most likely failure points are highlighted.

(44) A similar sequence of tests can be constructed for a known fluid system to minimize the uncertainty of leakage sources.

(45) The numerous teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiments. However, it should be understood that these embodiments provide only a few examples of the advantageous uses of the teachings herein. In general, statements made in the specification of the present application do not necessarily delimit any of the various claimed inventions. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.