Positioning and detaching implants

Abstract

Intravascular implant systems and methods of positioning and detaching implants are described. One such system carries an implant by retaining an engagement member in a position proximal to an aperture at a distal end of the delivery system. The engagement member is retained proximal to the aperture by an elongate member that is coupled to the implant. Once the implant is in a desired implant position, the elongate member is released from the engagement member, and the implant is allowed to move away from the delivery system.

Claims

1. A system for placing an implant at an aneurysm, comprising: a tubular member having (a) a member lumen in the tubular member and (b) an opening at a distal end portion of the tubular member; an implant configured for placement at an aneurysm and having an enlarged portion positioned in the member lumen proximal to the opening; and an elongate member extending in the lumen and having an expandable/compressible body (a) positioned at least partially distal to the enlarged portion in the lumen and (b) expanded distal to the enlarged portion to retain the enlarged portion in the lumen, and wherein the expandable/compressible body comprises a mesh.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein upon proximal movement of the elongate member relative to the tubular member, the body compresses and moves past the enlarged portion, thereby releasing the implant from the tubular member.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the enlarged portion is substantially spherical.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the opening at the distal end portion of the tubular member is larger than the enlarged portion.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the enlarged portion is in contact with the tubular member, and at least a portion of expandable/compressible body is in contact with the tubular member and engages a distally facing surface of the enlarged portion.

6. A system for placing an implant at an aneurysm, comprising: a tubular member having a member lumen and an opening at a distal end portion of the tubular member; an implant having an enlarged portion positioned in the lumen proximal to the opening; and an elongate member extending in the lumen, the elongate member having an expandable/compressible body that contacts a distal-facing surface of the enlarged portion, thereby retaining the enlarged portion in the member lumen, wherein proximal movement of the elongate member relative to the end portion results in deformation of the expandable/compressible body to release the enlarged portion from the member lumen, and wherein the expandable/compressible body comprises a mesh.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the enlarged portion is substantially spherical.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein the opening at the distal end portion of the tubular member is larger than the enlarged portion.

9. The system of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the enlarged portion is in contact with the tubular member, and at least a portion of expandable/compressible body is in contact with the tubular member and engages the distal-facing surface of the enlarged portion.

10. A method for deploying an implant at an aneurysm, comprising: advancing in a patient's vasculature: (i) a tubular member comprising a member lumen and an opening at a distal end portion of the tubular member; (ii) an implant configured for placement at an aneurysm and having an enlarged portion positioned in the member lumen proximal to the opening; (iii) an elongate member extending in the lumen and having an expandable/compressible body (a) positioned at least partially distal to the enlarged portion in the lumen, and (b) expanded distal to the enlarged portion to retain the enlarged portion in the lumen, and wherein the expandable/compressible body comprises a mesh; and withdrawing the elongate member proximally relative to the tubular member to release the coil at the aneurysm.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein withdrawing the elongate member comprises withdrawing the elongate member until the expandable/compressible body is positioned proximal to the enlarged portion.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein withdrawing the elongate member comprises deforming the expandable/compressible body with the enlarged portion.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein withdrawing the elongate member comprises withdrawing the elongate member with a force that exceeds a force maintaining a frictional coupling between the expandable/compressible body and the enlarged portion.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein, after withdrawing the elongate member proximally relative to the tubular member, the enlarged portion of the coil passes through the opening at the distal end portion of the tubular member.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide further understanding of the subject technology and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate aspects of the subject technology and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the subject technology.

(2) FIG. 1A shows a plan view of the positioning system in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology, and a plan view of an exemplary implant in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(3) FIG. 1B shows a closer view of a portion of FIG. 1A.

(4) FIG. 2A shows a plan view of the position system of FIG. 1A within the human body.

(5) FIG. 2B shows a closer view of a portion of FIG. 2A showing the positioning system in partial cross-section and an exemplary implant in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology in a position within the human body.

(6) FIG. 2C shows a closer view of a portion of FIG. 2A showing the positioning system in partial cross-section and an exemplary implant in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology in another position within the human body.

(7) FIG. 3 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(8) FIG. 4 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(9) FIG. 5 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(10) FIG. 6 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(11) FIG. 7 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(12) FIG. 8 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(13) FIG. 9A shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(14) FIG. 9B shows an end view of a component of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(15) FIG. 10 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(16) FIG. 11 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(17) FIG. 12 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant interface in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(18) FIG. 13A shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(19) FIG. 13B shows a cross-section view of an exemplary implant in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

(20) FIG. 14 shows a closer view of a portion of an exemplary implant in accordance with some embodiments of the subject technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(21) In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a full understanding of the subject technology. It will be apparent, however, to one ordinarily skilled in the art that the subject technology may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and techniques have not been shown in detail so as not to obscure the subject technology.

(22) A phrase such as an aspect does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as an aspect may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as an embodiment does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such an embodiment may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa. A phrase such as a configuration does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as a configuration may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa.

(23) While the preferred embodiments of the subject technology relate to vasculature implant systems and means of deploying an implant in a vasculature, the systems and methods of this disclosure may generally be used for or in conjunction with any systems or methods that are compatible with mechanical detachment mechanisms as described herein.

(24) A vascular implant device may be a positioning system 10 such as one shown in FIGS. 1A-1B. The positioning system 10 shown in FIGS. 1A-1B includes an actuator 20, a positioner 40 coupled with the actuator 20, and an implant interface 80 at the distal end of the positioner 40. A portion of the implant interface 80 may engage a complementary portion of an implant 100 in order to control the delivery (i.e., securing and detaching) of the implant 100 at the desired location. While the implant is shown or described in several embodiments as comprising an embolic coil 90, any implant (e.g., stents, filters, dilation balloons, thrombectomy devices, atherectomy devices, flow restoration devices, embolic coils, embolic protection devices, etc.) that is compatible with the subject technology may be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

(25) FIG. 2A shows the positioning system 10 of FIGS. 1A-1B used inside a patient's vasculature. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A, an operator uses a guide tube or guide catheter 12 to position a delivery tube or microcatheter 14 in a patient's vasculature. This procedure involves inserting the guide catheter 12 into the patient's vasculature through an access point such as the groin, and directing the distal end 12a of the guide catheter 12 through the vascular system until it reaches the carotid artery. After removing a guide wire (not shown) from the guide catheter 12, a microcatheter 14 may be inserted into the guide catheter 12 and the distal end 14a of the microcatheter 14 subsequently exits the guide catheter distal end 12a and may be positioned near the target site 16, such as an aneurysm in the patient's brain.

(26) In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2B and 2C, the microcatheter 14 also includes microcatheter markers 15 and 15a that facilitate imaging of the distal end 14a of the microcatheter 14 with common imaging systems. After the distal end 14a reaches the target site 16, the positioning system 10 of the illustrated embodiment is then inserted into the microcatheter 14 to position the implant interface 80 at the distal end of the positioner 40 near the target site 16, as illustrated in FIG. 2C. The implant 100 can be attached to the implant interface 80 prior to inserting the positioning system 10 into the microcatheter 14. This mode of implant delivery is illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2C. The delivery of the implant 100 is facilitated by disposing the microcatheter marker 15a near the target site 16, and aligning the microcatheter marker 15 with a positioner marker 64 in the positioner 40 which, when the two markers (markers 15 and 64) are aligned with each other as illustrated in FIG. 2C, indicates to the operator that the implant interface 80 is in the proper position for the release of the implant 100 from the positioning system 10.

(27) Referring to FIGS. 1A-1B, the implant interface 80 is a portion of the positioning system 10 that allows the operator to mechanically control the engagement and disengagement of the implant 100 to the positioner 40, and allows the positioner 40 to retain the implant 100 in a way that minimally contacts the implant 100, that permits movement of the implant relative to the positioner in some or all of axial, tilt, and rotational directions, and that in some embodiments allows the implant 100 to move axially and without radial movement when engaging and disengaging the implant interface 80.

(28) The implant interface 80 provides mechanical control of the engagement and disengagement of the implant 100 by retaining a member engaging the implant 100. In some embodiments, this member is a securing member 94 that is coupled at its proximal end to the distal tip 88 of an elongate member 52 such as shown in FIGS. 3-4. The securing member 94 is also coupled to a structure such as embolic coil 90 at its distal portion. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3-4, the elongate member 52 is disposed in the cavity 86 that is defined by the distal surface 72 of the stopper 70, the proximal surface 83 of the end cap 82, and the inner walls of the positioner tube 42. A positioner tube sleeve 66 encloses the positioner tube 42 to provide a sliding exterior surface to the positioner tube 42 that facilitates the insertion and sliding of the positioner tube 42 into and through the microcatheter 14 (FIGS. 2A-2C). The distal end of the cavity 86 terminates at an end cap 82 which has a port 84 for communicating with the distal exterior environment. The implant interface 80 may also include an enlarged portion 96 and a stop element 85.

(29) An implant may be any implant that can be retained and positioned by a positioning system (e.g., a catheter delivery system). Suitable examples of implants include, but are not limited to, stents, filters, dilation balloons, thrombectomy devices, atherectomy devices, flow restoration devices, embolic coils, embolic protection devices, etc.

(30) Referring to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-4, the implant 100 is depicted with the coil 90 being retained by the implant interface 80 by an extension (e.g., securing member 94) that engages or is coupled to the coil 90. The extension can be a part of the implant 100 when the implant 100 is made, a modified portion of the manufactured implant 100, or attached to the implant 100 after initial manufacturing.

(31) In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1B, 2B-9A, 10-13A, and 14, the implant 100 is depicted as comprising an embolic coil 90. FIGS. 1A-1B shows the coil 90 in a coiled orientation prior to insertion into the microcatheter 14. For simplicity, the implant 100 shown in FIGS. 2B-9A, 10-13A, and 14 is in a truncated form and disposed in alignment with the axis and the interior of the microcatheter (not shown). The implant 100 shown in FIG. 2C is shown in an implanted state, disposed in an aneurysm.

(32) Referring to FIG. 14, the implant 100 may comprise (i) a coil 90 having a proximal portion and a distal portion; (ii) a stretch-resistant member 112 extending through the coil 90 and having a proximal end and a distal end, the stretch-resistant member 112 distal end coupled to the coil 90 distal portion; (iii) a reduced dimension proximal portion which may be a crimped portion 116 of a coil shell 118 disposed at the proximal end of the stretch-resistant member 112, and which can be otherwise free of the proximal portion of the coil 90. In some embodiments, the crimped portion 116 may be welded to the proximal portion of the coil 90.

(33) In particular, the crimped portion 116, with a reduced dimension, and the coil 90 may be free to rotate around the central axis of the implant 100 as facilitated by the illustrated embodiments. As shown in FIG. 14, the distal portion of the stretch-resistant member 112 extends through the coil lumen 105 defined by the coil 90 and is coupled to coil 90 at the distal end (e.g., by a polymer melt 114), which allows the coil 90 have free rotation about a longitudinal axis. In some existing systems, the implant or a portion of the implant may be firmly held by the delivery system and is not free to rotate and, when the implant and delivery system are advanced distally to the target site through a microcatheter, the surface of the implant (especially the helical surface of some coils) can induce a torque within the implant when moved along the lumen of a microcatheter. That torque is stored as a potential energy in a compressed spring within the implant itself and within the connection between the implant and the delivery system. When the implant 100 then emerges from the microcatheter 14 at the target site, it is believed that the potential energy can be released suddenly and cause the implant to twist unpredictably and deposit itself in an undesirable location.

(34) The positioning system 10 facilitates the unhindered rotation of the crimped portion 116 and coil 90, thereby avoiding this problem that exists with some delivery systems. The free rotation of the coil 90 and crimped portion 116 allows the implant 100 to be deployed from the microcatheter 14 at the target site 16 much more gently than with some systems having a connection that is rigid or that partly or wholly limits movement and rotation between the implant and delivery system, and the free rotation also lowers the force applied to the vasculature during deployment and positioning of the implant 100 at the target site 16.

(35) Commercially available embolic coils suitable for use with the positioning system 10 include the Sapphire, Axium, NXT, and Nexus embolic coils, commercially available from EV3, Inc. of Plymouth, Minn. USA. Although the implant 100 of the illustrated embodiment comprises an embolic coil, the implant 100 may be any implant that can be inserted with a catheter, such as a stent, a filter, a dilation balloon, a thrombectomy device, an atherectomy device, a flow restoration device, an embolic coil, or an embolic protection device.

(36) Commercially available stents suitable for use with the delivery system 10 include the IntraStent, ParaMount, PRIMUS, PROTG, and Solitaire stents, commercially available from EV3, Inc. of Plymouth, Minn. USA.

(37) A commercially available embolic protection device suitable for use with the delivery system 10 is the SpideRX embolic protection device, commercially available from EV3, Inc. of Plymouth, Minn. USA.

(38) While aspects of an exemplary positioner are described herein, any positioner that is compatible with the subject technology may be used in conjunction with this disclosure. The positioner 40 provides the operator the ability to move the implant 100 controllably through the microcatheter 14 and to position the implant properly at the target site 16. The positioner 40 provides a mechanical system for selectively engaging the implant 100, while maintaining a narrow profile and sufficient flexibility to navigate the tortuous pathways within the body to reach the target site 16. While providing a small and flexible profile, the positioner 40 has sufficient strength to allow the operator to controllably move the implant 100 through the microcatheter 14, and the mechanical engagement with the implant 100 remains functional and controllable when subjected to high tortuosity near the target site 16.

(39) The mechanical engagement of the positioner 40 to the implant 100 also maintains the proper orientation of the implant 100 throughout the positioning procedure by allowing the implant 100 to rotate and discharge any torsional forces induced during the movement of the implant 100 to the target site 16. The positioner 40 also allows the operator to control the movement of the positioner 40 and implant 100 by properly translating the control exerted by the operator into predictable and responsive movements near the target site 16.

(40) While aspects of an exemplary actuator and actuator interface are described herein, any actuator and/or actuator interface that is compatible with the subject technology may be used in conjunction with this disclosure. The actuator interface 80 provides the operator the ability to control the movement of the implant 100 as it is positioned by the positioning system 10, and to mechanically control the selective engagement and disengagement of the implant 100 and implant interface 80. The actuator interface 80 controls the movement of the implant 100 by providing a surface upon which the operator can exert control, so that the controlling motions of the operator are accurately transferred to the implant interface 80 and implant 100 through the positioner 40.

(41) The actuator 20 provides a mechanism that removably engages the actuator interface 80 and causes the controllable and predictable movement of the actuator interface 80. The actuator 20 also provides a design that allows the operator to hold the actuator 20 firmly in place, in order to maintain the position of the positioner 40 relative to the target site 16, and allows the operator to utilize the actuator 20 in a controlled manner that minimizes the movement of the positioner 40.

(42) The proximal portion (e.g., enlarged portion 96, etc.) of the implant 100 is generally designed to be complementary to the distal portion (e.g., end cap 82, port 84, etc.) of the tubular member (e.g., positioner tube 42, catheter, etc.). Prior to the delivery of the implant 100 to the target site 16, the implant 100 may be coupled, either directly or indirectly, to the implant interface 80. FIGS. 3-14 show closer views of various exemplary embodiments of the implant interface 80 and mechanisms for detaching the implant 100 from the implant interface 80. While the various exemplary embodiments include the delivery of coil implants, any compatible implants may be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

(43) FIGS. 3-14 show various exemplary assemblies for deploying an implant 100 in a vasculature. In some embodiments, the assembly may include a tubular member (e.g., position tube 42) defining a member lumen (e.g., cavity 86) within the tubular member and further defining an opening (e.g., port 84) at the distal portion (e.g., end cap 82) of the tubular member. One or more of the assemblies may further include an implant 100 extending distally from the positioner tube 42 and an elongate member 52 moveably disposed within the positioner tube 42.

(44) In some embodiments, the implant 100 is configured for placement into an aneurysm or other treatment site within a patient. In some embodiments, the implant 100 may include an embolic coil 90 formed by a wire, filament, or other elongate member helically-wrapped about a central axis to form a generally tubular structure. As shown in FIG. 14, the coil 90 may define a lumen 105 therein which extends axially along the length of the coil 90. The implant 100 may further include an enlarged portion 96 coupled to or otherwise forming an integral part of the securing member 94, which extends into the lumen 105 and is coupled to or otherwise forms an integral part of the implant 100 (e.g., coil 90). The coil 90 may be coupled to the distal region of the securing member 94, which extends through the coil lumen 105. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be positioned within the cavity 86 proximal to the opening (e.g., port 84). In certain embodiments, however, the enlarged portion 96 may be positioned outside the cavity 86, as illustrated, distal to the opening. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be larger than the opening. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be smaller than the opening.

(45) In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 extends within the tubular member lumen. In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 extends distally through the port 84. In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 may be coupled to the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 has a distal segment 88 that extends past the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 contacts the distal-facing surface 130 (FIG. 7-10) of the enlarged portion 96 thereby retaining the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 has an expandable body 140 (FIG. 12). In some embodiments, the expandable body 140 may be expanded distally to the enlarged portion 96 thereby retaining the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 is positioned at least partially distal to the enlarged portion 96.

(46) FIGS. 3-5, 7-10, 12, and 14 relate to embodiments that detach or release the implant 100 through a proximal motion of the elongate member 52. This proximal motion may be achieved by, for example, pulling proximally on the elongate member 52 with respect to the tubular member or pushing on the tubular member such that the tubular member moves distally with respect to the elongate member 52 or both.

(47) FIGS. 6 and 11 relate to embodiments that detach or release the implant 100 by a distal translation of the elongate member 52. This distal translation may be achieved by, for example, pushing the distal portion 88 of the elongate member 52 such that elongate member 52 moves distally with respect to the tubular member or pulling on the tubular member such that the tubular member moves proximally with respect to the elongate member 52 or both.

(48) In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-4, the implant interface 80 includes a cavity 86 defined at least in part by a tubular member, a positioner tube 42, an end cap 82, a stopper 70, an elongate member 52 and its distal portion 88, a positioner tube sleeve 66, and a stop element 85.

(49) In particular, the positioner tube 42, the end cap 82, and the distal facing wall 72 of the stopper 70 define a cavity 86 within the implant interface 80. The stopper 70 can function to guide and control the movement of the distal portion 88 of the elongate member 52.

(50) In some embodiments, the positioner tube 42 is made from a material that is flexible and strong enough to transfer forces applied by the operator (e.g., a surgeon) at the proximal end to the implant interface 80. Suitable examples of materials include, but are not limited to, 304 stainless steel hypotube, polymeric extrusion, braided extrusion, or engineering polymer materials (e.g., polyether ether ketones (PEEK), polyimide, nylon, polyester, etc.) that can have about 0.010 to about 0.018 inch outer diameter and about 0.005 to about 0.012 inch inner diameter, with about 10 to about 60 cm length of the distal end of the positioner tube 42 ground to about 0.008 to about 0.016 inch outer diameter to reduce girth and increase flexibility. The positioner tube 42 may be comprised of slots, holes, laser cuts, or other structures to provide flexibility to portions of or all of the positioner tube 42. As will be appreciated, the dimensions and/or materials of the positioner tube 42 may vary without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

(51) In some embodiments, the end cap 82 is made of about 0.001 to about 0.005 inch thick 304 stainless steel, a polymeric material, or a steel alloy retainer ring with about 0.008 to about 0.018 inch outer diameter and about 0.003 to about 0.009 inch diameter port welded or bonded to the distal end of the positioner tube 42. As will be appreciated, the dimensions and/or materials of the end cap 82 may vary without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

(52) In some embodiments, the stopper 70 is made of 304 stainless steel, a platinum alloy, a polymeric extrusion, a braided extrusion, or a non-elongating polymeric material with about 0.001 to about 0.012 inch inner diameter, and is coupled (e.g., welded or glued) to the interior of the positioner tube 42. The dimensions and/or materials of the stopper 70 may also vary, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

(53) In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 is a cord, a wire, a rod, a tubular, a thread or a filament made of a metal or a polymer. The cross-section of the elongate member 52 may be circular. In certain embodiments, however, the cross-section may be other shapes, such as polygonal, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 has an outer diameter from about 0.001 to about 0.005 inch, but the outer diameter may vary, depending on the application.

(54) As shown in FIGS. 3-4, the positioner tube sleeve 66 may encase or generally surround the longitudinal length of the positioner tube 42, thereby providing a sliding engagement between the positioner tube 42 and the positioner tube sleeve 66. The sliding engagement may facilitate the insertion and sliding of the positioner tube 42 into and through the microcatheter 14 (FIGS. 2A-2C). In operation, the positioner tube sleeve 66 may be configured to increase the lubricity between the positioner tube 42 and the inner lumen surface of the microcatheter 14 and to further increase the structural integrity of the positioner tube 42. As can be appreciated, it is particularly advantageous to reduce friction between the positioner tube 42 and the microcatheter 14 at the distal one third of the positioning system 10 as this distal-most portion is subject to tortuous anatomy that causes additional friction between moving components.

(55) As illustrated in FIGS. 3-5, the enlarged portion 96 may be coupled to the proximal end of the securing member 94, which is attached to the coil 90 at the proximal end of the coil 90 and positioned distal to the port 84. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-5, the enlarged portion 96 has a cross-sectional area that is greater than a cross-sectional area of the port 84, which prevents the enlarged portion 96 from passing therethrough, and thereby prevents the coil 90 from coming into contact with the end cap 82. A stop member 85 may also be disposed within the cavity 86 and coupled to or otherwise formed integrally with the elongate member 52. The stop element 85 also has a cross-sectional area that is greater than the cross-sectional area of the port 84. Thus, the stop member 85 and the enlarged portion 96 limit the range of axial motion possible for the implant 100 to traverse while engaged at the implant interface 80, which in turn may be advantageous for greater accuracy and faster positioning of the implant 100 in the target site 16 (FIG. 2A). In these embodiments, the implant interface 80 and the implant 100 may be directly coupled to the elongate member 52 so that any longitudinal translation of the elongate member 52 corresponds to a similar or same translation of the securing member 94.

(56) The implant 100 shown in FIG. 3 may be detached from the positioning system 10 according to at least the following embodiments. According to one or more embodiments, a proximal motion of the elongate member 52 can cause the enlarged portion 96 to come in contact with the end cap 82. This proximal motion can be achieved by any number of ways including pulling of the elongate member 52 away from the target site or pushing of the positioner tube 42 towards the target site or a combination of both. In some embodiments, the proximal motion is caused by an actuator positioned at the proximal portion of the positioning system 10. A longitudinal force applied proximally along the axis of the elongate member 52 can contribute to the release or the detachment of the implant 100. Given sufficient force, the securing member 94 can break so as to detachably release the implant 100 from the positioning system 10. In some embodiments, given sufficient force, at least one of the enlarged portion 96, securing member 94, and the elongate member 52 can break so as to detachably release the implant 100.

(57) It is generally desirable to controllably break at least one of the securing member 94 and the elongate member 52 so that the break is localized to a relatively small portion along the securing member 94 or the elongate member 52. In some embodiments, the breakage occurs at a structurally weak spot such as, but not limited to, an etched, crimped, reduced diameter, annealed, or notched spot. In some embodiments, at least one of the securing member 94 and the elongate member 52 is made from a frangible material so that it tends to break up into, for example, two pieces rather than deforming plastically and retaining its cohesion as a single object. Examples of suitable frangible materials include, but not limited to, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, zirconia, cordierite, silicon carbide and the like. In some embodiments, the proximal portion of the elongate member and/or securing member 94 is frangible so that any breaking is localized to those portions. In some embodiments, at least one of the securing member 94 and the elongate member 52 may be configured to break inside the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the distal portion 88 of elongate member 52 may break to release the implant 100. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may break to release the implant 100. In some embodiments, the stop element 85 may break to release the implant 100.

(58) In some embodiments, the surfaces at or near the proximal portion of the securing member 94 and/or inner walls defined by a recess 125 of the enlarged portion 96 may have a topography that enhances frictional contact. The recess 125 is generally designed to receive and frictionally engage the securing member 94 through contact. In some embodiments, the securing member 94 and inner walls of the enlarged portion 96 may have periodic gratings that provide frictional contact with each other. In some embodiments, the inner walls of the enlarged portion 96 and/or the distal portion of the securing member 94 may be made from a material that has a relatively high frictional coefficient or have surfaces that are coarse. Examples of suitable materials include, but are not limited to, silicone rubber, acrylic rubber coatings, steel, cast iron, zinc, platinum, tungsten, etc. In some embodiments securing member 94, elongate member 52, or both may be secured to the enlarged portion 96 by compressing the enlarged portion 96 onto the securing member 94 and the elongate member 52. This may be accomplished by swaging, crimping, pressing, casting the enlarged portion 96 onto the securing member 94 and elongate member 52, by adhering enlarged portion 96 onto the securing member 94 and elongate member 52, or by other means.

(59) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the elongate member 52 extends distally through the port 84 and terminates outside the port 84. The securing member 94 is coupled to the distal portion 88 of the elongate member 52 through frictional contact with the enlarged portion 96. As shown in FIG. 4, the proximal end of the securing member 94 is disposed in the enlarged portion 96 and making frictional contact with inner walls of the recess 125 within the enlarged portion 96.

(60) In the embodiment shown, a proximal motion of the elongate member 52 will cause the enlarged portion 96 to come in contact with the end cap 82. In some embodiments, a proximal force will cause the distal portion 88 of the elongate member 52 to disengage from the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the proximal force causes the distal portion 88 of the elongate member 52 to disengage from the stop element 85. Although less likely, in certain embodiments, when a force applied proximally on the enlarged portion 96 is greater than the frictional force between the securing member 94 and the enlarged portion 96, the securing member 94 will disengage from the enlarged portion 96 and thereby detach the implant 100 from the positioning system 10.

(61) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the proximal portion of the securing member 94 may be engaged with the enlarged portion 96 that is coupled to an elongate member 52 that is at least partially disposed within the cavity 86 and extends distally through the port 84. As shown in FIG. 5, an obstructed portion 150 of elongate member 52 extends distally past the enlarged portion 96. This curved profile of the obstructed portion 150 increases the detach force required for the release of the implant 100 as compared to a non-undulating profile. In some embodiments, the curved profile may be any shape that obstructs the release of the curved portion 150. Suitable shapes include, but are not limited to, crimped shape, S-shape, O-shape, and the like. In some embodiments, the curved profile may have multiple peaks or an undulating profile (e.g., sinusoidal shape, helical, etc.).

(62) A proximal motion of the elongate member 52 may cause the enlarged portion 96 to engage the end cap 82. If the force applied proximally on the elongated member 52 is greater than the detach force, the crimped portion 150 of the elongated member 52 will at least partially straighten and release from the enlarged portion 96, thereby detaching the implant 100 from the positioning system 10. In some embodiments, the crimped portion 150 of the elongated member 52 will be released from the enlarged portion 96 by sliding through an aperture in the enlarged portion 96.

(63) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the proximal portion of the securing member 94 is coupled to the stop element 85 and the enlarged portion 96. As shown in FIG. 6, the enlarged portion 96 is disposed in the cavity 86 proximal to the port 84 while the stop element 85 is positioned distal to the port 84 and proximal to the coil 90. This embodiment also includes a pusher 160 that is part of the distal portion 88 of the elongate member 52. The enlarged portion 96 has a cross-section that is generally larger than the cross-section of the port 84 so that the enlarged portion 96 is prevented or hindered from passing through the port 84.

(64) In some embodiments, the end cap 82 may be a retaining ring that is made from a radially expandable material. Generally, any radially expandable material that is compatible with one or more embodiments may be used. Suitable examples of expandable materials may include, but are not limited to, silicone, thermoplastic elastomers, rubbers, metals, nickel-titanium alloys, polymers (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether ether ketones (PEEK)), etc. The pusher 160 may generally be used to apply a longitudinal force that causes a distal motion of the enlarged portion 96. This longitudinal force can cause the enlarged portion 96 to come into contact with the radially expandable end cap 82. Given a sufficient force, the enlarged portion 96 can engage the end cap 82 to forcibly expand the end cap 82 and allow the enlarged portion 96 to pass through port 84.

(65) In certain embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be made from a deformable material. Given a sufficient longitudinal force that acts distally, the enlarged portion 96 can deform while engaging the end cap 82 to allow the enlarged portion 96 to pass through. In general, any deformable material that is compatible with one or more embodiments may be used. Suitable examples of deformable materials may include, but are not limited to, silicone, thermoplastic elastomers, biopolymers, rubbers, metals, nickel titanium alloys, etc.

(66) In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 7-10, the enlarged portion 96 is disposed in the positioner tube 42 and coupled to a distal segment 88 of the elongated member 52 that at least partially extends around the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the coupling between the enlarged portion 96 and distal portion 88 of the elongate member 52 may be achieved through a ball and socket connection (FIG. 7-8), a ball and a curved wire connection (FIG. 9A-9B), a pivot and cam (FIG. 10), a hinge joint, a pivot joint, and the like.

(67) In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 7-8, the enlarged portion 96, which can be a ball, is disposed in the positioner tube 42 while positioned proximal to the port 84 and coupled to the proximal portion of the securing member 94. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, a stop element 85 is positioned distal to the port 84 and proximal to the coil 90. While the enlarged portion 96 is generally small enough to fit or pass through port 84, the stop element 85 is generally large enough to abut the port 84 when drawn proximally. The socket element 170 is coupled to the distal portion 88 of the elongated member 52 and disposed in the positioner tube 42. As shown in FIGS. 7-8, the socket element 170 is configured to at least partially envelope or contact the distal facing surface 130 of the enlarged portion 96, which at least partially helps to retain the enlarged portion 96.

(68) In some embodiments, the socket element 170 may further include at least one spring loaded element (e.g., a leaf) that promotes release of the enlarged portion 96 upon a proximal pulling motion on the socket element 170. In some embodiments, the proximal pulling motion may cause an elastic or plastic deformation of the socket element 170, which allows the release of the enlarged portion 96. The socket element 170 may generally be made from any material that is compatible with one or more embodiments. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, alloys (e.g., nickel-titanium, titanium-palladium-nickel, Elgiloy, stainless steel, nickel-iron-zinc-aluminium, bronze, platinum alloys, titanium alloys, etc.), thermoplastics, metals (platinum, titanium, etc.), ceramics, etc. In some embodiments, the socket element 170 may include a partially spherical recess defined by the socket and a slot (not shown) that extends through a portion of the recess. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be coupled to the socket element 170 by pivoting the elongated member 52, securing member 94, or both so that the securing member 94 may slide into the slot while the enlarged portion 96 is disposed inside the partially spherical recess. Once the enlarged portion 96 is secured inside the recess, the ball and socket connection may be straightened out so as to keep a narrow profile during insertion into a positioner tube 42.

(69) In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9A-9B, the enlarged portion 96 is disposed in the positioner tube 42 and coupled to a curved wire 180 positioned at a distal segment 88 of the elongated member 52. As shown in FIG. 9A, the distal end of the positioner tube includes an opening 240 that is larger than the enlarged portion 96. The curved wire 180 partially extends around distal facing surface 130 of the enlarged portion 96 to retain the enlarged portion 96 within the positioner tube 42. FIG. 9B shows an end view of the curved wire 180, which shows a slot 75 that runs transversely and is designed to receive a securing member 94. The curved wire 180 may generally be made from any material that is compatible with one or more embodiments. Suitable examples of materials include, but are not limited to, alloys (e.g., nickel-titanium, titanium-palladium-nickel, Elgiloy, stainless steel, nickel-iron-zinc-aluminium, bronze, platinum alloys, titanium alloys, etc.) and metals (platinum, titanium, etc.).

(70) Referring to FIGS. 9A-9B, the ball element 96 may be coupled to the curved wire element 180 by pivoting the elongated member 52, securing member 94, or both so that the securing member 94 may slide into the slot 75 while the ball element 96 is disposed inside the concave curvature defined by the curved wire 180. Once the ball element 96 is secured inside the concave curvature, the ball 96 and curved wire 180 connection may be straightened out as to keep a narrow profile during insertion into a positioner tube 42. In some embodiments, the curved wire 180 may extend distal to the opening 240 while the securing member 94 is positioned in the slot 75 and the enlarged portion 96 is retained by the concave curvature of the curved wire 180. A proximal motion of the elongate member 52 would draw the retained assembly into the positioner tube 42.

(71) In some embodiments, the implant 100 may be released by plastically or elastically deforming the curved wire 180. Such deformations may be achieved by pulling the elongate member 52 proximally with a sufficient force such that coil 90 abuts positioner tube 42, which allows the curved wire 180 to straighten as it is drawn proximally past the enlarged portion 96. Optionally, the elongate member 94 may include a stop (not shown) similar to a stop element 85, which is placed proximal to the coil 90 and distal to the opening 240. The stop may be larger in size than the opening 240 and is able to abut edges of the opening 240 when the curved wire 180 is drawn proximally.

(72) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the enlarged portion 96 is disposed in the positioner tube 42 and positioned proximal to the port 84. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be small enough to fit through port 84 or port 84 may be substantially same diameter of lumen of positioner tube 42. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the enlarged portion 96 is attached to the proximal portion of the securing member 94 and further coupled to a pivot 190 and cam 200 element that is part of the distal portion of the elongated member 52. The elongated member 52 and the cam 200 are coupled at the rotatable pivot 190. The cam element 200 may be hemi-spherical or otherwise designed to partially receive the enlarged portion 96 therein. The cam element 200 and the pivot 190 may generally be made from any material that is compatible with one or more embodiments described herein. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, alloys (e.g., nickel-titanium, titanium-palladium-nickel, Elgiloy, stainless steel, nickel-iron-zinc-aluminium, bronze, platinum alloys, titanium alloys, etc.), thermoplastics, metals (platinum, titanium, etc.), ceramics, etc.

(73) In the engaged configuration shown in FIG. 10, the cam 200 is positioned so that a portion of its concave surface is engaging the distal facing surface of the enlarged portion 96. This allows the cam to retain the enlarged portion 96 within the positioner tube 42 as needed. In some embodiments, the cam 200 may further include a slot (not shown) for receiving and retaining the securing member 94.

(74) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the port 84 is larger than the enlarged portion 96 so that the enlarged portion 96 is able to pass through the port 84 once the pivot cam releases the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 is released from the cam 200 by drawing the elongate member 52 proximally until coil 90 contacts the end cap 82. Further proximal movement of the elongate member 52 causes the cam 200 to rotate about pivot 190, thereby disengaging the concave surface of the cam 200 from the distal surface of the enlarged portion 96 and freeing the enlarged portion 96 to travel distally thru the cavity 86 and out of the port 84. In certain embodiments, the port 84 is made from an expandable material and is smaller than the enlarged portion 96, as described above with respect to FIG. 6, and the enlarged portion 96 passes through the smaller dimensioned port 84 by applying a force sufficient to expand the port 84.

(75) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, the enlarged portion 96 extends through the opening 240 and is disposed in the positioner tube 42. In the embodiment shown, the opening 240 is larger than the enlarged portion 96. FIG. 11 shows a pre-detachment configuration in which the enlarged portion 96 is locked in place on one side by the edges of an aperture 115 (side window) defined in the wall of the positioner tube 42. An elastomeric padding 220 contacts the side of the enlarged portion 96 that is opposed to the aperture 115. The elastomeric padding 220 may generally be made from any material that is compatible with one or more embodiments. Suitable examples of materials include, but are not limited to, silicone, thermoplastic elastomers, rubbers, polymers (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether ether ketones (PEEK)), etc.

(76) The distal portion of the elongated member 52 comprises pusher 160, which is configured to engage the enlarged portion 96 by distal movement of the elongated member 52. A ramp 230 may also be disposed inside the positioner tube 42 and acts to guide the pusher 160 to engage the enlarged portion 96 during the detachment of the implant 100. In some embodiments, the implant 100 may be detached by pushing the pusher 160 against the enlarged portion 96, thereby causing the enlarged portion 96 to move distally within the positioner tube 42, compressing the elastomeric padding 220, and forcing the enlarged portion 96 distally out of the side window 115 and further distally out of the opening 240.

(77) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, the enlarged portion 96 extends through the opening 240 and is disposed in the positioner tube 42. In the embodiment shown, the opening 240 is larger than the enlarged portion 96. FIG. 12 shows a pre-detachment configuration in which the enlarged portion 96 is coupled to the distal portion (compressed mesh 260) of the elongated member 52. The compressed mesh may be an expandable/compressible material that deformably locks the enlarged portion 96 inside the positioner tube 42 and proximal to the opening 240. Suitable examples of materials include, but are not limited to, woven or knitted metal wires comprised of, for example, Nitinol, stainless steel, Elgiloy, platinum alloys, titanium alloys, or other metals. The woven or knitted materials may also be comprised of, for example, polymers such as polypropene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or other materials. Additionally, the mesh 260 can be a foam comprised of, for example, polymers such as silicone, polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, etc. or an elastomeric solid comprised of silicone rubber, butyl rubber, polyurethane, or other materials. At least a portion of the enlarged portion 96 is in contact with a wall within the cavity 86, and at least a portion of compressed mesh is in contact with a wall within the cavity 86 and engages a distally facing surface of the enlarged portion 96.

(78) In some embodiments, the implant 100 may be detached by pulling the elongate member 52 proximally, causing the compressed mesh 260 to move proximally in relation to the enlarged portion 96, and drawing the coil 90 against the opening 240. In some embodiments, the coil 90 is larger than the opening 240, limiting further proximal movement of the coil 90. In some embodiments, the more distal portions of the compressed mesh 260 become compressed as the compressed mesh 260 is drawn proximally past the enlarged portion 96. Once the compressed mesh 260 is entirely proximal to the enlarged portion 96, the enlarged portion 96 may move distally within the positioner tube 42 and out of the opening 240.

(79) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13A-13B, the implant 100 includes an enlarged portion 96 that may have fins or fin-like structures (e.g., struts) that extend radially and transversely out from the central axis of the securing member 94. The fins or fin-like structures may generally be made from any material that is compatible with one or more embodiments of the subject technology. Suitable examples of materials include, but are not limited to, alloys (e.g., nickel-titanium, titanium-palladium-nickel, bronze, Elgiloy, stainless steel, titanium alloys, platinum alloys, etc.), metals (platinum, titanium, etc.), ceramics, etc. The fins or fin-like structures can also be comprised of, for example, polymers such as polypropene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or other materials. Additionally, the fins can be a foam comprised of, for example, polymers such as silicone, polypropylene, polyethylene, and nylon or an elastomeric solid comprised of silicone rubber, butyl rubber, polyurethane, or other materials.

(80) The cross-section of the enlarged portion 96 may have any shape such as, for example, a star (FIG. 13B). The distal portion 250 of the enlarged portion 96 may also have a distal curvature (e.g., convexity or a concavity, not shown). While not shown, this embodiment may interact with an implant interface 80 such as shown in FIGS. 3-12. The enlarged portion 96 may be disposed in the positioner tube 42 through a port 84 that is smaller than the enlarged portion.

(81) In some embodiments, the cross-section of the port 84 of the end cap 82 can be non-circular or have a shape that is complementary to the enlarged portion 96 (e.g., FIG. 13B). In these embodiments having a complementary port 84 and enlarged portion 96, detachment of the implant 100 may generally be accomplished by rotating the enlarged portion 96 to fit through the similarly shaped port 84 as by a lock and key mechanism.

(82) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the distal portion of the elongate member 52 extends past the port 84 and is disposed inside the implant coil lumen 105 where it is coupled to the coil lumen extending portion 112 of the securing member via a straight release mechanism. In the embodiment shown, the distal portion of the elongate member 52 engages an eyelet 110, or a portion thereof, that forms the proximal portion of the securing member 112. The distal portion of the elongate member 52 preferably terminates proximal to the eyelet 110, the distal portion forming a straight member. The coil may be crimped about the straight member to frictionally retain the straight member inside the coil shell 116. In some embodiments, the coil is swaged or otherwise plastically deformed about the straight member. Further, as shown in FIG. 14, a portion of the coil shell that is just distal to the port 84 is crimped around the portion of the elongate member 52 that is just proximal to the eyelet and just distal to the port 84. The crimped portion of the coil shell is severed from the rest of the coil shell 118.

(83) In some embodiments, the crimped portion of the coil shell 116 is welded to the rest of the coil shell 118. In certain embodiments, the eyelet 110 may be separate and distinct from the elongate member 52. In some cases, the elongate member 52 may be frictionally retained within lumen of crimped portion 116. Proximally drawing the elongate member 52 liberates the elongate member 52 from lumen of the crimped portion 116. In certain embodiments, the eyelet 110 is attached or coupled to the crimped portion 116 by, for example, welding, adhesives, friction, etc. Optionally, a stop element 85 may be added to the elongate member 52 proximal to the port 84.

(84) In some embodiments, the elongate member 52 is coupled to the eyelet 110 by means of a line of weakness that separates when the elongate member 52 is pulled proximally, using means similar to those embodiments shown and/or described for FIG. 3.

(85) While FIGS. 3-14 disclose specific embodiments, some or all of the features of the embodiments described herein may be used interchangeably or in combination with each other or with other embodiments.

(86) In some embodiments, methods for deploying an implant 100 are provided. Suitable implants include, but are not limited to, stents, filters, dilation balloons, thrombectomy devices, atherectomy devices, flow restoration devices, embolic coils, embolic protection devices, or other devices, and the like. In some embodiments, the method includes: advancing in a vasculature, an assembly according to any of the embodiments described herein; and detaching the implant.

(87) In some preferred embodiments, the assembly includes a tubular member (e.g., a catheter), a implant 100 configured for placement into an aneurysm, an enlarged portion 96, and an elongate member 52.

(88) In some embodiments, the detachment of the implant 100 is achieved by withdrawing the elongate member 52 proximally relative to the tubular member, thereby separating the enlarged portion 96 from the elongate member 52 at the enlarged portion 96, to release the coil 90 at an aneurysm.

(89) In some embodiments, the separating occurs at a location within the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the separating includes breaking the elongate member 52. In some embodiments, the separating includes breaking the elongate member 52 within the enlarged portion. In some embodiments, the separating includes pulling the elongate member 52 from within the enlarged portion 96

(90) In some embodiments, the separating occurs when a force applied to the elongate member 52 during the proximal movement exceeds a force maintaining a frictional coupling between the elongate member 52 and the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the separating comprises withdrawing a distal segment of the elongate member through the enlarged portion, the segment having a curved profile. In some embodiments, the curved profile is a wave.

(91) In some embodiments, the method includes: positioning in a vasculature, an assembly according to any of the embodiments described herein; and detaching the implant.

(92) In some preferred embodiments, the assembly includes a tubular member, an implant 100, an enlarged portion 96 positioned in the member lumen proximal to the opening, and an elongate member 52.

(93) In some embodiments, the detachment of the implant 100 is achieved by moving the elongate member 52 proximally relative to the tubular member to deform a distal segment of the elongate member 52, thereby releasing the enlarged portion 96 from the member lumen.

(94) Referring to FIG. 3, the implant 100 may be detached from a tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by pulling proximally a longitudinal member (e.g., an elongate member 52) that includes an enlarged portion 96 positioned outside the tubular member and a stop element 85 positioned inside the tubular member, the longitudinal member being coupled to the implant 100. The longitudinal member is pulled proximally with a force sufficient to break the member to release the implant 100. In some embodiments, the implant 100 is detached by pushing the tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10 or positioner 10) distally. The tubular member's distal end preferably contacts an enlarged portion 96 (coupled to the implant 100), and the tubular member is pushed distally relative to the elongate member 52 with a force sufficient to break the member, thereby releasing the implant 100. The implant 100 may also include a stop element 85 (positioned inside the tubular member) that limits distal advancement of the longitudinal member as the stop element 85 contacts the end cap 82. In some embodiments, the stop element 85 on the longitudinal member absorbs forces (e.g., inadvertent longitudinal advancement or vibrations) that may be transferred to the implant 100 via the longitudinal member.

(95) Referring to FIG. 4, the implant 100 may be detached from a tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by (i) coupling a longitudinal member that extends through a tubular member with an enlarged portion 96 that is frictionally coupled to an implant 100 and (ii) pulling the longitudinal member proximally with a force sufficient to overcome the frictional coupling. In some embodiments, the implant 100 is detached from a tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by pushing the tubular member relative to the longitudinal member or elongate member 52 with a force sufficient to overcome the frictional coupling.

(96) Referring to FIG. 5, the implant 100 may be detached from a frictional coupling between a longitudinal member and an enlarged portion 96 of the implant 100 by pulling the longitudinal member proximally with a force sufficient to overcome the frictional coupling. In some embodiments, the implant 100 is detached from a tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by pushing the tubular member relative to the longitudinal member with a force sufficient to overcome the obstruction. Generally, a force sufficient to overcome the obstruction will conformationally change (e.g., straighten) the wavy or helical shape of the member extending distal to the enlarged portion 96. In some embodiments, the force is sufficient to conformationally change the shape of the member and overcome any frictional coupling between the longitudinal member and the enlarged portion 96.

(97) Referring to FIG. 6, the implant 100 may be detached from the tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by using a pusher to apply a force distally on the enlarged portion 96 with a sufficient longitudinal force so that the enlarged portion 96 may be pushed through the expandable retaining ring (e.g., end cap 82). Generally, the sufficient longitudinal force will increase the cross-section of the port 84 to permit the enlarged portion 96 to pass therethrough.

(98) Referring to FIG. 7-8, the implant 100 may be generally detached from a tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by withdrawing in a proximal direction the ball and socket connection once the implant 100 is ready to be deployed. The socket may be elastically or plastically deformed to allow the enlarged portion 96 to be withdrawn. Generally, the stop element or the coil will abut the distal end of the catheter to limit proximal withdrawal and further withdrawal to cause the socket to change shape, thus allowing the enlarged portion 96 to be released.

(99) In those embodiments where the socket element 170 has a slot that helps to retain the implant 100, the ball and socket connection may be pivoted as to allow the free release of the implant 100. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be smaller than the port 84. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be larger than the port 84, which is expandable. In order to release the enlarged portion 96 from the smaller dimensioned port 84, a force sufficient to expand the port 84 as to allow the enlarged portion 96 to pass through is required.

(100) Referring to FIGS. 9A-9B, the implant 100 may be detached from a tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by pivoting the ball and curved wire connection once the implant 100 is ready to be deployed. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9A, the enlarged portion 96 has a cross-sectional size that is less than a cross-sectional area of the opening at the distal end of the tubular member. This allows the enlarged portion 96 to pass freely through the port 84 when the implant 100 is disengaged. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion 96 may be larger than the opening, which is made of an expandable material. In order to release the enlarged portion 96 from the smaller dimensioned port 84, a force sufficient to expand the port 84 may be applied to allow the enlarged portion 96 to pass through.

(101) Referring to FIG. 10, the implant 100 may be detached from a tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by pulling proximally the elongated member 52 so that the cam 200 rotates about the pivot 190 to allow the enlarged portion 96 to release freely. In some embodiments, the cam 200 elastically or plastically deforms to release the enlarged portion 96.

(102) Referring to FIG. 11, the implant 100 may be detached by applying a sufficient pushing force distally onto the enlarged portion 96 by the pusher 160 as to further deform elastomeric padding and allow the enlarged portion 96 to disengage from the aperture 115 and to advance past the opening 240.

(103) Referring to FIG. 12, the implant 100 may be detached from a tubular member (e.g., positioning system 10) by pulling the elongated member 52 proximally so that the distal portion of the elongated member 52 slides against at least a portion of the enlarged portion 96. This sliding action causes the distal portions of the compressed mesh 140 to deform as to allow the enlarged portion 96 to be released and pass through the opening 240.

(104) Referring to the implant 100 embodiments shown in FIGS. 13A-13B, these may be used in conjunction with a suitable implant interface 80 such as shown in, for example, FIG. 3. The implant 100 may generally be detached by applying a distal force sufficiently to the enlarged portion 96 (e.g. by a pusher shown in FIG. 6) such that the distal curvature 250 of the enlarged portion 96 may interact with end cap 82 and deform as to allow the enlarged portion 96 to pass through the port 84.

(105) The enlarged portion 96 may have a non-circular cross-section. The port 84 may also have a non-circular cross-section that is complementary to the cross-section of the enlarged-portion 96. In such cases, the enlarged portion 96 can be rotated (or the tubular member is rotated) so that the enlarged portion 96 may fit through the port 84 to release the implant 100.

(106) Referring to FIG. 14, the implant 100 may be detached by pulling the elongate member 52 proximally at a sufficient force to overcome the frictional resistance of the crimped connection thereby detaching the implant 100.

(107) Referring to FIG. 14, methods for forming an attachment coupling of an implant assembly are provided. In one embodiment, the method includes plastically deforming a proximal portion of a coil implant onto an elongate member to create a friction coupling between the proximal portion and the elongate member. The proximal portion is positioned distal to an opening at a distal end portion of a tubular member through which the elongate member extends. In some cases, the deforming is achieved by crimping or swaging.

(108) Referring again to FIG. 14, in another embodiment, the method includes forming a joint between a proximal portion of a coil implant and an elongate member such that a tensile strength of the joint is less than a tensile strength of the proximal portion and a tensile strength of the elongate member. The coupling proximal portion is preferably positioned distal to an opening at a distal end portion of a tubular member through which the elongate member extends. In some cases, the forming is achieved by welding or soldering.

(109) The foregoing description is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to practice the various configurations described herein. While the subject technology has been particularly described with reference to the various figures and configurations, it should be understood that these are for illustration purposes only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the subject technology.

(110) There may be many other ways to implement the subject technology. Various functions and elements described herein may be partitioned differently from those shown without departing from the scope of the subject technology. Various modifications to these configurations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and generic principles defined herein may be applied to other configurations. Thus, many changes and modifications may be made to the subject technology, by one having ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the subject technology.

(111) It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged. Some of the steps may be performed simultaneously. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

(112) Terms such as top, bottom, front, rear and the like as used in this disclosure should be understood as referring to an arbitrary frame of reference, rather than to the ordinary gravitational frame of reference. Thus, a top surface, a bottom surface, a front surface, and a rear surface may extend upwardly, downwardly, diagonally, or horizontally in a gravitational frame of reference.

(113) Furthermore, to the extent that the term include, have, or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term comprise as comprise is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

(114) The word exemplary is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any embodiment described herein as exemplary is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.

(115) A reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean one and only one unless specifically stated, but rather one or more. The term some refers to one or more. Underlined and/or italicized headings and subheadings are used for convenience only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various configurations described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and intended to be encompassed by the subject technology. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the above description.

(116) While certain aspects and embodiments of the invention have been described, these have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the invention.