Liquid biomass heating system

Abstract

The present disclosure generally relates to the introduction of a liquid biomass in heating systems such as commercial boilers in order to reduce dependence on petroleum-based heating fuel oils as a source of combustion fuel. More specifically, the present disclosure is directed to systems, methods, and apparatuses utilizing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into commercial and industrial boiler or thermal systems such as boilers, furnaces, and kilns, and methods for generating renewable identification numbers (RINs), alternative energy credits (AECs) and renewable energy credits (RECs).

Claims

1. A dual-fuel method of heating, comprising: i) introducing a petroleum-based fuel into a dual-fuel burner followed by combusting said fuel, wherein the petroleum-based fuel is heating oil; and ii) combusting an unenriched renewable fuel oil, comprising: a) introducing said renewal fuel oil into the dual-fuel burner at a ratio of 1.5:1 to 2:1, on a volume basis, relative to the introduced petroleum-based fuel; b) atomizing the unenriched renewable fuel oil in the dual-fuel burner to form a spray cone; c) aiming the spray cone proximate a radiant surface to at least partially vaporize the spray cone; and d) combusting the at least partially vaporized spray cone proximate a heat sink, said heat sink in thermal communication with the radiant surface.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the unenriched renewable fuel oil is blended with ethanol.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: alternating between steps i and ii in response to estimated cumulative particulate emissions.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the renewable fuel oil has an ash content of less than 0.07 wt. %.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the renewable fuel oil contains at least 20 wt. % water.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the unenriched renewable fuel oil is formed by non-catalytic rapid thermal processing of a cellulosic biomass.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein combustion steps i and ii are performed separately.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the radiant surface and the heat sink together comprise a refractory sleeve.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the refractory sleeve comprises a tube-shaped component having a length-to-diameter ratio in the range of 1.5:1-2.5:1.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the refractory sleeve shields at least 25% of a flame generated during combustion of the at least partially vaporized spray cone.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: heating the unenriched renewable fuel oil from a temperature in the range of 10-40 C. to a temperature in the range of 50-70 C. for a period of no more than 20 seconds prior to introduction to the dual-fuel burner.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein a flow rate of a combustion air stream to the dual-fuel burner is adjusted to maintain a target flue gas oxygen concentration.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein feed rates of the petroleum-based fuel and the unenriched renewable fuel oil are adjusted to maintain a target pressure in a boiler.

14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: purging the dual-fuel burner of residual unenriched renewable fuel oil after the completion of step ii.

15. A dual-fuel method of heating, comprising: i) introducing a petroleum-based fuel into a dual-fuel burner followed by combusting said fuel; and ii) combusting an unenriched renewable fuel oil, comprising: a) introducing said renewal fuel oil into the dual-fuel burner at a ratio of 1.5:1 to 2:1, on a volume basis, relative to the introduced petroleum-based fuel; b) atomizing the unenriched renewable fuel oil in the dual-fuel burner to form a spray cone; c) aiming the spray cone proximate a radiant surface to at least partially vaporize the spray cone; and d) combusting the at least partially vaporized spray cone proximate a heat sink, said heat sink in thermal communication with the radiant surface; iii) passing a combustion flue gas through fire tubes of a firetube boiler; and iv) providing at least one pulse of compressed gas per day to the fire tubes in the direction of flow of the combustion flue gas.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the unenriched renewable fuel oil is blended with ethanol.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein the unenriched renewable fuel oil is formed by non-catalytic rapid thermal processing of a cellulosic biomass.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein combustion steps i and ii are performed separately.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein the radiant surface and the heat sink together comprise a refractory sleeve.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the refractory sleeve comprises a tube-shaped component having a length-to-diameter ratio in the range of 1.5:1-2.5:1.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the refractory sleeve shields at least 25% of a flame generated during combustion of the at least partially vaporized spray cone.

22. The method of claim 15, further comprising: heating the unenriched renewable fuel oil from a temperature in the range of 10-40 C. to a temperature in the range of 50-70 C. for a period of no more than 20 seconds prior to introduction to the dual-fuel burner.

23. The method of claim 15, wherein a flow rate of a combustion air stream to the dual-fuel burner is adjusted to maintain a target flue gas oxygen concentration.

24. The method of claim 15, wherein feed rates of the petroleum-based fuel and the unenriched renewable fuel oil are adjusted to maintain a target pressure in a boiler.

25. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one pulse of compressed gas comprises up to eight pulses of air per day at a pressure of 100 psig.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Many of the benefits of the materials, systems, methods, products, uses, and applications among others may be readily appreciated and understood from consideration of the description and details provided in this application inclusive of the accompanying drawings and abstract, wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates a representative renewable fuel oil heating system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(3) In 2005, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS), which were the first renewable fuel mandates in the United States. The RFS called for 7.5 B gallons of renewable fuel to be blended into gasoline by 2012. Two years later, the program was expanded under the Energy Independence and Security Act of (EISA) of 2007 to target 36 B gallons of renewable fuel by 2022. In addition, EISA expanded the RFS to cover diesel fuels as well as gasoline (jet fuels were not initially included under RFS) and established individual volume targets for the different types of renewable fuel (e.g., RFS2 calls for 21 B gallons of advanced biofuels by 2022).

(4) Cellulosic biofuels falling under RFS2 include diesel fuels, jet fuels, and heating oils. Due to the lack of commercial cellulosic facilities in the U.S., the EPA conducts an annual review of total cellulosic capacity to evaluate the feasibility of its production targets and subsequently makes adjustments. The EPA has proposed cellulosic volumes of up to 12.9M gallons (up to 15.7M gallons on an ethanol equivalent basis) for 2012, well below its original 500M gallon target. Significant progress must be made in facilitating the scale-up of cellulosic technologies in order for the U.S. to meet the 16 B gallon production target for cellulosic fuels by 2022.

(5) Part of the regulations include an incentive program that provides for an award of Renewable Identification Numbers (RIN) for the utilization in combustion of bio-fuels produced in accordance with certain pathways that are designed to be environmentally less harmful than the traditional methods of producing fuels. Among the several approved pathways, there are some related to the use of cellulosic containing biomass (cellulosic biomass) that can earn Cellulosic Renewable Identification Numbers (C-RIN's).

(6) As of 2014, 31 states had some form of Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and/or Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards (APS). A RPS or APS require that obligated parties (normally electric utilities) have a certain percentage of their electricity come from renewable and alternative resources. The Northeastern United States (including New York) has led the way with what are generally accepted to be the most stringent and aggressive standards.

(7) Traditionally, RPS/APS requirements have only pertained to electric generators, though that is beginning to change. In 2013, New Hampshire passed a law that provided for a renewable thermal carve-out under their RPS. The rules became effective this year. In July of 2014, Massachusetts added renewable thermal technologies to the APS2. The Massachusetts law went into effect on Jan. 1, 2015. A number of other states are seriously considering renewable thermal provisions, as well. This includes Maine, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, in which legislations has been proposed, and New York, in which the Public Utilities Commission can enact renewable thermal provisions without legislation.

(8) In both Massachusetts and New Hampshire, obligated parties can comply with their applicable law in one of two ways: they can either buy Alternative Compliance Payments (ACPs) or buy the credits generated by the renewable thermal generators. In New Hampshire, the ACP is set at $25/MWh (2013 dollars) and escalates with inflation. This equates to about $7.33/MMBtu. In Massachusetts, the ACP for 2014 was $21.72 and also increases with inflation. This equates to about $6.37/MMBtu.

(9) In both Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the value of the credits is highly correlated to the ACP. This is due to the fact that the statutory requirement of the obligated parties (i.e., the demand) far exceeds the supply of the credits available to the marketplace.

(10) Suitable biomass, biomass materials, or biomass components, include but are not limited to, wood, wood residues, sawdust, slash bark, thinnings, forest cullings, begasse, corn fiber, corn stover, empty fruit bunches (EFB), fronds, palm fronds, flax, straw, low-ash straw, energy crops, palm oil, non-food-based biomass materials, crop residue, slash, pre-commercial thinnings and tree residue, annual covercrops, switchgrass, miscanthus, cellulosic containing components, cellulosic components of separated yard waste, cellulosic components of separated food waste, cellulosic components of separated municipal solid waste (MSW), or combinations thereof. Cellulosic biomass, for example, includes biomass derived from or containing cellulosic materials. For example, the biomass may be one characterized as being compliant with U.S. renewable fuel standard program (RFS) regulations, or a biomass suitable for preparing a cellulosic-renewable identification number-compliant fuel. In certain embodiments, the biomass may be characterized as being compliant with those biomass materials specified in the pathways for a D-code 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7-compliant fuel, in accordance with the U.S. renewable fuel standard program (RFS) regulations. For example, the biomass may be characterized as being compliant with those biomass materials suitable for preparing a D-code 7-compliant fuel, in accordance with the U.S. renewable fuel standard program (RFS).

(11) One aspect of the current application may be to earn Cellulosic Renewable Identification Numbers (C-RINs) through the importation or production of a D-code 7-compliant unenriched renewable fuel oil and subsequent use as a heating fuel oil in heating systems (e.g., in boilers, furnaces, and kilns) to displace use of traditional fossil fuel-based heating fuel oils (e.g., heating fuel oil no. 2 or no. 4).

(12) One aspect of the current application may be to earn Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) through the importation or production of unenriched renewable fuel oil and subsequent use in boilers to displace use of traditional heating fuel oils.

(13) A method of operating an industrial boiler having individually or collectively one or more (inclusive of all) of the various embodiment herein described, comprising: combusting an unenriched renewable fuel oil and generating (or earning) a thermal energy credit.

(14) An industrial boiler (inclusive of dual-purpose and/or dual-fuel boilers) having individually or collectively one or more (inclusive of all) of the various embodiment herein described, comprising: a burner for combusting an unenriched renewable fuel oil and generating (or earning) a thermal energy credit.

(15) An unenriched renewable heating oil (or renewable fuel oil) prepared in accordance with one or more of the governing standards for achieving thermal energy credits, wherein the renewable heating oil is derived from biomass. This unenriched renewable heating oil may be used in one or more of the various methods, systems, and/or boilers (inclusive of dual-purpose and/or dual-fuel boilers).

(16) One aspect of the current application may be to earn Alternative Energy Credits (AECs) through the importation or production of unenriched renewable fuel oil and subsequent use in boilers to displace use of traditional heating fuel oils.

(17) A renewable fuel oil (also referred to herein as RFO) refers to a biomass-derived fuel oil or a fuel oil prepared from the conversion of biomass. For example, in certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may be a cellulosic renewable fuel oil (also referred to herein as cellulosic RFO), and may be derived or prepared from the conversion of cellulosic-containing biomass. The biomass or cellulosic-containing biomass may be converted to form a suitable renewable fuel, by one or more of the following processes: thermal conversion, thermo-mechanical conversion, thermo-catalytic conversion, or catalytic conversion of the biomass or cellulosic-containing biomass. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may be non-hydrodeoxygenated (non-HDO), non-deoxygenated, non-upgraded, thermally-processed, rapid thermally-processed, thermo-mechanically-processed, rapid thermo-mechanically-processed, non-hydrotreated, conditioned, and/or combinations thereof. For example, the renewable fuel oil may be non-hydrodeoxygenated (non-HDO) renewable fuel oil; a non-HDO, non-deoxygenated renewable fuel oil; a rapid thermo-mechanically-processed, non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil; or a non-deoxygenated, non-upgraded, thermally-processed renewable fuel oil. A further example of a suitable renewable fuel oil may be a non-hydrodeoxygenated, non-deoxygenated, non-hydrotreated, non-upgraded, non-catalytically processed, thermo-mechanically-processed renewable fuel oil which would be understood to mean a renewable fuel oil that may be derived from simply mechanically grinding a biomass, for example a cellulosic biomass, and then thermally processing the ground biomass, for example rapidly, to derive a liquid with no further processing steps to substantially alter the oxygen content, the water content, the sulfur content, the nitrogen content, the solids content or otherwise enrich the renewable fuel oil for processing into a fuel. Additionally, this non-hydrodeoxygenated, non-deoxygenated, non-hydrotreated, non-upgraded, non-catalytically processed, thermo-mechanically-processed renewable fuel oil could be blended with other batches of non-hydrodeoxygenated, non-deoxygenated, non-hydrotreated, non-upgraded, non-catalytically processed, thermo-mechanically-processed renewable fuel oil and/or other non-hydrodeoxygenated, non-deoxygenated, non-hydrotreated, non-upgraded, non-catalytically processed, thermo-mechanically-processed renewable fuel oil that have been derived from other biomass to form blends of non-hydrodeoxygenated, non-deoxygenated, non-hydrotreated, non-upgraded, non-catalytically processed, thermo-mechanically-processed renewable fuel oil.

(18) In particular, the renewable fuel oil may be an unenriched renewable fuel oil: a liquid formed from a biomass comprising cellulosic material, wherein the only processing of the biomass may be a therma-mechanical process (specifically comprising grinding and rapid thermal processing, with no post processing, further catalytic processing, hydrogenation, enrichment of the liquid or other chemical upgrading prior to introduction into petroleum conversion unit). Specifically, no hydrodeoxygenation, no hydrotreating, no catalytic exposure or contact or processing just unenriched renewable fuel oil derived by thermo-mechanically processing cellulosic containing biomass.

(19) A preferred renewable fuel oil may be an unenriched liquid (also referred to as an unenriched renewable fuel oil) formed from ground-up biomass by a process, for example rapid thermal processing, wherein the resulting liquid may be at least 50 wt. %, for example at least 60 wt. %, at least 70 wt. %, at least 75 wt. %, at 80 wt. % or at least 85 wt. % of the total weight of the processed biomass. In other words the liquid yield from the processed biomass may be at least 50 wt. %, for example at least 60 wt. %, at least 70 wt. %, at least 75 wt. %, at 80 wt. % or at least 85 wt. % of the total weight of the ground biomass being processed. Unenriched should be understood to refer to renewable fuel oil liquid that does not undergo any further pre- or post-processing including, specifically, no hydrodeoxygenation, no hydrotreating, no catalytic exposure or contact or processing. In certain embodiments, unenriched renewable fuel oil may be prepared from the ground biomass and then transported and/or stored, and may be even heated or maintained at a given temperature; not exceeding 150 F. The mechanical handling associated with transporting, storing, heating, and/or pre-heating of the unenriched renewable fuel oil is not considered an enriching step. In certain embodiments, an unenriched renewable fuel oil may comprise one or more unenriched renewable fuels oils mixed from separate unenriched batches and/or unenriched batches resulting from different cellulosic biomass (for example, several different types of non-food biomass). In certain embodiments, these mixed compositions, which may be blended to purposefully provide or achieve certain characteristics in the combined unenriched renewable fuel oil, may still be considered unenriched renewable fuel oil provided that substantially all (for example greater than 80 wt. %, or greater than 90 wt. % such as greater than 95 wt. % or greater than 98 wt. % or greater than 99 wt. %) or all of the combined batches are unenriched renewable fuel oil.

(20) A preferred renewable fuel oil may be a non-HDO renewable fuel oil; a non-HDO, non-deoxygenated renewable fuel oil; a rapid thermo-mechanically-processed, non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil; or a non-deoxygenated, non-upgraded, thermally-processed renewable fuel oil.

(21) For example, the renewable fuel oil may comprise only thermally converted biomass or only thermo-mechanically converted biomass. Suitable renewable fuel oils may include a pyrolytic liquid, a thermo-pyrolytic liquid, a thermo-mechanical-pyrolytic liquid, a rapid thermo-pyrolytic liquid, or a rapid thermo-pyrolytic-mechanical liquid, derived or prepared from the conversion of biomass or cellulosic biomass. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may include a non-hydrodeoxygenated (non-HDO) renewable fuel oil; a non-deoxygenated renewable fuel oil; a non-upgraded renewable fuel oil; a thermally-processed cellulosic renewable fuel oil; a thermally-processed, non-upgraded-cellulosic renewable fuel oil; a thermally-processed biomass liquid; a thermally-processed, non-upgraded-biomass liquid; a thermally processed non-food-based biomass liquid; a thermally-processed non-food, cellulosic-based biomass liquid; a thermally-processed non-food, renewable liquid; a thermally-processed cellulosic liquid; a rapid thermal-processed cellulosic liquid; a rapid thermal-processed bio-oil; a rapid thermal processed biomass liquid or thermo-pyrolytic liquid having less than 5 wt. % solid content, such as less than 4 wt. %, 3 wt. %, 2.5 wt. %, 2 wt. %, 1 wt. %, or less than 0.5 wt. % solid content; a conditioned renewable fuel oil; a non-hydrotreated, non-upgraded renewable fuel oil; a pyrolysis oil or pyrolytic liquid; a thermo-pyrolysis oil or a thermo-pyrolytic liquid; a bio-oil or a bio-oil liquid; a biocrude oil or biocrude liquid; a thermo-catalytic pyrolysis oil or a thermo-catalytic pyrolytic oil; a catalytic pyrolysis oil; a catalytic pyrolytic liquid; or combinations thereof. For example, in certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise one or more of a non-hydrodeoxygenated (non-HDO) renewable fuel oil; a non-deoxygenated renewable fuel oil; a non-upgraded renewable fuel oil; a thermally-processed cellulosic renewable fuel oil; a rapid thermo-mechanically-processed renewable fuel oil; a non-hydrotreated, non-upgraded renewable fuel oil; a pyrolysis oil or pyrolytic liquid; or a thermo-pyrolysis oil or a thermo-pyrolytic liquid.

(22) In certain embodiments, the thermal conversion process of forming a suitable unenriched renewable fuel oil from biomass may include, for example, rapid thermal conversion processing. In certain embodiments, the mechanical aspect of the conversion process (sometimes referred to herein as conditioning), of forming a suitable renewable fuel from biomass may include, but may be not limited to drying; grinding; removing fines; removing tramp metal; sizing; removing ferrous metals; removing portions of ash; filtering; screening; cycloning; mechanically manipulating to remove a substantial portion of solid content; or combinations thereof. For example, conditioning may include one or more of the following processes, such as drying, grinding, removing fines, removing tramp metal, sizing, removing ferrous metals, removing portions of ash, filtering, screening, passing through a cyclone, mechanically manipulating, contacting with a magnet, or passing through a magnetic field. In certain embodiments, the conditioning may further include the addition of water or one or more alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, or butanol. For example, the renewable fuel oil may be conditioned by undergoing filtering, screening, cycloning, or mechanical manipulation processes to remove a substantial portion of solid content. In certain embodiments, conditioning of the biomass during the conversion to form a suitable renewable fuel oil may include removing a portion of carbon from the biomass by filtering, screening, cyclone, or mechanically manipulating the biomass. In certain embodiments, the thermal conversion process or thermo-mechanical conversion process may comprise a rapid thermal conversion process.

(23) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may have a pH in the range of 0.5 to 8.0. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have a pH in the range of 0.5 to 7.0, such as 0.5 to 6.5, 1.0 to 6.0, 2.0 to 5.0, 3.0 to 7.0, 1.0 to 4.0, or 2.0 to 3.5. In certain embodiments, the pH of the renewable fuel oil may be less than 8.0, such as less than 7.0, less than 6.5, less than 6.0, less than 5.5, less than 5.0, less than 4.5, less than 4.0, less than 3.5, less than 3.0, less than 2.5, or less than 2.0. In certain embodiments, the pH of the renewable fuel oil may be altered or modified by the addition of an external, non-biomass derived material or pH altering agent. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may be acidic. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have a pH in the range of between 0.5 to 7, such as between 0.5 to 3, between 1 to 7, between 1 to 6.5, between 2 to 5, between 2 to 3, between 2 to 3.5, between 1 to 4, between 2 to 6, or between 2 to 5. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil has the pH resulting from the conversion of the biomass from which it may be derived, such as a biomass-derived pH.

(24) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may have a solids content in the range less than 5 wt. %. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have a solids content of less than 4 wt. %, less than 3 wt. %, less than 2.5 wt. %, less than 2 wt. %, less than 1 wt. %, less than 0.5 wt. %, or less than 0.1 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may have a solids content in the range of between 0.005 wt. % and 5 wt. %. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have a solids content in the range of between 0.005 wt. % and 4 wt. %, such as between 0.005 wt. % and 3 wt. %, between 0.005 wt. % and 2.5 wt. %, between 0.005 wt. % and 2 wt. %, between 0.005 wt. % and 1 wt. %, between 0.005 wt. % and 0.1 wt. %, between 0.005 wt. % and 0.5 wt. %, between 0.05 wt. % and 4 wt. %, between 0.05 wt. % and 2.5 wt. %, between 0.05 wt. % and 1 wt. %, between 0.05 wt. % and 0.5 wt. %, between 0.5 wt. % and 3 wt. %, between 0.5 wt. % and 1.5 wt. %, or between 0.5 wt. % and 1 wt. %.

(25) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may have an ash content of less than 0.5 wt. %. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have an ash content of less than 0.4 wt. %, such as less than 0.3 wt. %, less than 0.2 wt. %, less than 0.1 wt. %, less than 0.07 wt. %, less than 0.05 wt. %, less than 0.005 wt. %, or less than 0.0005 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may have an ash content in the range of between 0.0005 wt. % and 0.5 wt. %, such as between 0.0005 wt. % and 0.2 wt. %, between 0.0005 wt. % and 0.05 wt. %, between 0.0005 wt. % and 0.1 wt. %, between 0.05 wt. % and 0.15 wt. %, or between 0.07 wt. % and 0.12 wt. %.

(26) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a water content in the range of between 10-40 wt. %. For example, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a water content in the range of between 15 and 35 wt. %, such as between 15 and 30 wt. %, between 20 and 35 wt. %, between 20 and 30 wt. %, between 30 and 35 wt. %, between 25 and 30 wt. %, between 20 and 25 wt. %, between 22 and 24 wt. %, or between 32 and 33 wt. % water. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a water content in the range of less than 40 wt. %, such as less than 35 wt. %, or less than 30 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a water content of at least 10 wt. %, such as at least 15 wt. %, at least 20 wt. %, or at least 25 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a water content of 23 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a water content of less than 25 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the water content of the renewable fuel oil may be in the range of 0.05 wt. % to 40 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the water content of the renewable fuel oil (RFO) may be in the range of 20 wt. % to 30 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 25 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 22 wt. %, or 22 wt. % to 25 wt. %, or 25 wt. % to 30 wt. %. For example, the water content of the renewable fuel oil (RFO) introduced into the combustion system may be in the range of 1 wt. % to 35 wt. %, such as 5 wt. % to 35 wt. %, 10 wt. % to 30 wt. %, 10 wt. % to 20 wt. %, 10 wt. % to 15 wt. %, 15 wt. % to 25 wt. %, 15 wt. % to 20 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 35 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 30 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 25 wt. %, 25 wt. % to 30 wt. %, or 30 wt. % to 35 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the water content of the renewable fuel oil (RFO) feedstock introduced into a combustion system may be at least 23 wt. % such as at least 25 wt. %, at least 28 wt. %, at least 30 wt. %, at least 31 wt. %, at least 32 wt. %, at least 33 wt. %, or at least 35 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the water content of the renewable fuel oil (RFO) feedstock introduced into the combustion system may be at least 1 wt. %, such as at least 10 wt. %, at least 15 wt. %, at least 20 wt. %, or at least 30 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the water content of the renewable fuel oil may be less than 38 wt. %, such as less than 35 wt. %, less than 34 wt. %, less than 30 wt. %, less than 25 wt. %, less than 20 wt. %, or less than 15 wt. %.

(27) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise an oxygen content level higher than that of a petroleum fraction feedstock, or a fossil fuel for example a heating fuel oil. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have an oxygen content level of greater than 20 wt. %, on a dry basis or moisture-free basis, such as an oxygen content level in the range of between 20 wt. % and 50 wt. %, between 35 wt. % and 40 wt. %, between 25 wt. % and 35 wt. %, between 20 wt. % and 30 wt. %, between 25 wt. % and 50 wt. %, between 20 wt. % and 40 wt. %, or between 20 wt. % and 35 wt. %, on a dry basis or moisture-free basis.

(28) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a greater oxygen content level than carbon content level. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have a greater oxygen content level than carbon content level, on a moisture-containing basis. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may have in the range of between 35-80 wt. % carbon content and in the range of between 20-50 wt. % oxygen content, on a dry basis or moisture-free basis. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have in the range of between 50-60 wt. % carbon content and in the range of between 35-40 wt. % oxygen content, on a dry basis or moisture-free basis.

(29) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a carbon content level of at least 40 wt. % of the carbon content contained in the biomass from which it may be derived. For example, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a carbon content level of at least 45 wt. %, such as at least 50 wt. %, at least 55 wt. %, at least 60 wt. %, at least 65 wt. %, at least 70 wt. %, at least 75 wt. %, at least 80 wt. %, at least 85 wt. %, at least 90 wt. %, or at least 95 wt. % of the carbon content contained in the biomass from which it may be derived. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a carbon content level in the range of between 40 wt. % and 100 wt. % of the carbon content contained in the biomass from which it may be derived. For example, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a carbon content level in the range of between 40 wt. % and 95 wt. %, between 40 wt. % and 90 wt. %, between 40 wt. % and 80 wt. %, between 50 wt. % and 90 wt. %, between 50 wt. % and 75 wt. %, between 60 wt. % and 90 wt. %, between 60 wt. % and 80 wt. %, between 70 wt. % and 95 wt. %, between 70 wt. % and 80 wt. %, or between 70 wt. % and 90 wt. % of the carbon content contained in the biomass from which it may be derived. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a carbon content level lower than that of a petroleum fraction feedstock. For example, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a carbon content level in the range of between 35 wt. % to 80 wt. %, on a dry basis moisture-free basis, such as between 40 wt. % to 75 wt. %, between 45 wt. % to 70 wt. %, between 50 wt. % to 65 wt. %, between 50 wt. % to 60 wt. %, or between 54 wt. % to 58 wt. %, on a dry basis or moisture-free basis.

(30) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may have a kinematic viscosity in the range of 15 cSt to 180 cSt at 40 C., 15 cSt to 30 cSt, 30 cSt to 40 cSt, 40 cSt to 80 cSt, 50 cSt to 70 cSt, 55 cSt to 65 cSt, or 80 cSt to 200 cSt at 40 C.

(31) By way of example, Tables 1 & 2 provide analyses of several suitable unenriched renewable fuel oils which were prepared according to one or more of the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,905,990, U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,786, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,340, each of which is incorporated by reference in their entirety.

(32) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Analytical Results for Alcell Lignin - Mild Run (LS-3) & Severe Run (LS-4) LS-3 LS-4 Volatiles (wt %) 14.7 27.9 Moisture Content (wt %) 1.0 0.9 Ash content (wt %) 0.05 1.00 Elemental (wt %, MAF) Carbon 68.68 73.04 Hydrogen 7.16 6.52 Nitrogen 0.00 0.01 Oxygen (difference) 24.16 20.43 Hydroxyl (wt %) 7.54 7.50 Methoxyl (wt %) 15.68 1.02 Sequential Solubility (wt %) Diethyl Ether 41.8 40.3 Ethyl Acetate 48.9 42.4 Methanol 0.2 0.6 Residue 9.1 16.7 Fractionation (wt %) Organic Acids 31.7 3.6 Phenols & Neutrals 45.0 81.7 Residue 23.3 14.1 TABLE NOTE: Mild Run (LS-3) was rapid thermal processed at about 500 C. and the Severe Run (LS-4) was rapid thermal processed at about 700 C.

(33) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Analytical Results of Renewable Fuel Oil Derived from Wood Biomass LABORATORY 1) 1) 2) 3) 3) 4) 5) AVERAGE SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.217 1.226 1.186 1.188 1.20 WATER CONTENT 26 27 21 20.5 21 28.1 23.9 (% by wt) CHAR CONTENT 2.0 0.6 1.4 2.2 5.5 2.2 2.3 (% by wt) HIGHER HEATING 7267 7310 9245 7525 7955 6536 6880 7525 (BTU/lb) ELEMENTAL (%, MAF) CARBON 55.1 53.63 55.5 52.8 58.27 51.5 54.5 HYDROGEN 6.7 6.06 6.7 6.9 5.5 6.8 6.4 NITROGEN 0.15 0.24 0.1 <0.1 0.39 0.17 0.18 SULFUR 0.02 <0.14 0.07 <.001 ASH (% by wt) 0.13 0.15 0.22 0.13 0.16 TABLE NOTES: The RFO derived from the Wood Biomass was analyzed by the following labs: 1) Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; 2) ENEL, Centro Ricerca Termica, Italy; 3) VTT, Laboratory of Fuel and Process Technology, Finland; 4) CANMET, Energy Research Laboratories, Canada; 5) Commercial Testing and Engineering Co., U.S.A.

(34) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise an energy content level of at least 30% of the energy content contained in the biomass from which it may be derived. For example, the renewable fuel oil may comprise an energy content level of at least 45%, such as at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the energy content contained in the biomass from which it may be derived. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise an energy content level in the range of between 50% and 98% of the energy content contained in the biomass from which it may be derived. For example, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a energy content level in the range of between 50% and 90%, between 50% and 75%, between 60% and 90%, between 60% and 80%, between 70% and 95%, between 70% and 80%, or between 70% and 90% of the energy content contained in the biomass from which it may be derived.

(35) In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may comprise an energy content level lower than that of a petroleum fuel. For example, the renewable fuel oil may comprise a energy content level in the range of between 30-95%, on a dry basis (moisture-free basis), relative to the energy content of a petroleum feedstock, such as between 40-90%, between 45-85%, between 50-80%, between 50-60%, or between 54-58%, on a dry basis or moisture-free basis, relative to the energy content of a petroleum feedstock. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil may have an energy content in the range of between 30-90%, relative to the petroleum fraction feedstock energy content. For example, the renewable fuel oil may have an energy content of 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 85%, relative to the petroleum fraction feedstock energy content.

(36) According to one embodiment, the renewable oil includes all of the whole liquid produced from the thermal or catalytic conversion of biomass, with preferably low water content. Alternatively, whole liquid produced from the thermal or catalytic conversion of biomass may be phase separated to provide a predominately non-aqueous fraction as the feedstock for refinery systems. In addition, fractions can be taken from the unit operations of the downstream liquid collection system of thermal or catalytically converted biomass such as a primary condenser means, a secondary condenser, demister, filter, or an electrostatic precipitator.

(37) According to one embodiment, the flash point of a renewable oil may be increased to reduce the volatile content of the liquid. According to one embodiment, the flash point of a renewable oil may be increased to reduce the volatile content of the liquid and subsequently co-processed in an FCC with a petroleum feedstock. The flash point would be increased above the range of 55-62 C. as measured by the Pensky-Martens closed cup flash point tester (e.g. ASTM D-93). Various methods and apparatus can be used to effectively reduce the volatile components, such as wiped film evaporator, falling film evaporator, flash column, packed column, devolatilization vessel or tank. Reduction of the some of the volatile components of the renewable can help to reduce components such as phenols.

(38) According to one embodiment a renewable fuel oil may be blended with vegetable based oils, as well as alcohols including methanol and ethanol, with or without a surfactant, prior to use in a combustion system.

(39) In certain embodiments, the method includes utilizing a renewable fuel oil to generate heat to warm buildings or other facilities where people live, work, recreate or conduct other activity.

(40) A representative renewable fuel oil heating system is illustrated in FIG. 1. According to this embodiment, a supply of renewable fuel oil is delivered by tanker truck 116. Renewable fuel oil is pumped via storage fill pump 112 through transfer lines 138 and 140 into storage tank 110. Vapors present in storage tank 110 are displaced through vapor return line 142 and/or conservation valve line 146. Carbon filter 114 may be in communication with conservation valve line 146 to capture certain compounds present in the vapor, for example sotolon. Vapors transferred through vapor return line 142 are sequestered in tanker truck 116.

(41) Renewable fuel oil is transferred from storage tank 110 by positive displacement pump 108. To maintain constant temperature and phase stability of the stored renewable fuel oil, a portion of the renewable fuel oil is recirculated by recirculation lines 132 and 134. To affect the aforementioned temperature maintenance, a portion of recirculated renewable fuel oil passed through heat exchanger 106 to heat renewable fuel oil portion 132 before return to storage tank 110. A typical heat exchanger 106 might comprise a shell and tube exchanger utilizing hot water as a heat source.

(42) In the representative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, a portion of heated renewable fuel oil 130 is supplied to burner 102, where renewable fuel oil undergoes combustion with air supplied by air feed 144. The combustion flame is directed to firebox 100A of boiler 100. Heat transfer from firebox 100A to boiler tubes 100 B generates steam for use in heating applications.

(43) The representative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a second fuel source 104, for example heating fuel oil no. 4, which may be combusted instead of renewable fuel oil in the event of a temporary interruption in the supply of renewable fuel oil 130.

(44) The representative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 includes heat sink 120 placed in the firebox 100A for absorbing, radiating and/or reflecting heat, for example an extended burner block with a cylindrical orifice or an assembly of refractory bricks placed in close proximity of the combusting renewable fuel oil. Heat sink 120 may be positioned to radiate and/or reflecting sufficient heat to promote vaporization and/or ignition of the renewable fuel oil and/or maximize combustion and/or restart combustion of the renewable fuel oil in the event of a flame-out.

(45) In certain embodiments, the method includes utilizing a renewable fuel oil to produce one or more cellulosic renewable identification numbers such as a D-code 7-compliant renewable identification number.

(46) In certain embodiments, a series of renewable fuel oil shipments made by tanker truck are supplied to a storage tank in communication with a combustion or thermal system. In certain embodiments, each shipment originates from a facility that produces an unenriched renewable fuel oil by rapid thermal processing. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the unenriched renewable fuel oil is adjusted prior to shipment in the tanker truck to a specified temperature, such as a temperature in the range of 10 C. to 40 C., 10 C. to 20 C., 10 C. to 30 C., 20 C. to 30 C., 30 C. to 40 C., 20 C. to 40 C., 20 C. to 30 C., or 30 C. to 40 C. In certain embodiments, the temperature of a renewable fuel oil, for example an unenriched renewable fuel oil, is maintained at an approximately constant temperature throughout loading of the renewable fuel oil, for example an unenriched renewable fuel oil, from a production facility onto a tanker truck, transport, offloading and storage, for example in a storage tank. In certain embodiments, a series of unenriched renewable fuel oil shipments are supplied to a storage tank in communication with a combustion system. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil in each of the series of shipments has a water content, measured as a weight percentage, subject to a quality control requirement that specifies the water content will vary by no more than a specified percentage among shipments. For example, the renewable fuel oil in each of the series of shipments may have a water content specified to vary by no more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% among the series of shipments. In certain embodiments, the series of deliveries must be completed within one week, two weeks, one month, two months, three months, or six months. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil is an unenriched renewable fuel oil.

(47) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment of renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a combustion or thermal system. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment of unenriched renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a combustion or thermal system. In certain embodiments, the combustion system comprises a boiler, a furnace, a kiln, and/or an evaporative cooling system. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a boiler. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment of unenriched renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a boiler. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment of renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a combustion or thermal system, wherein the renewable fuel oil is transferred at an approximately constant temperature. For example, the temperature of the renewable fuel oil may be maintained at an approximately constant temperature during transfer in the range of 10 C. to 40 C., 10 C. to 20 C., 10 C. to 30 C., 20 C. to 30 C., 30 C. to 40 C., 20 C. to 40 C., 20 C. to 30 C., or 30 C. to 40 C. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment of renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a combustion or thermal system, wherein the renewable fuel oil is transferred at an temperature within a specified range relative to the temperature of any renewable fuel oil initially present in the storage tank. For example, the renewable fuel oil may be transferred at a temperature that is within 1 C., 2 C., 3 C., 4 C., or 5 C. of the temperature of any renewable fuel oil initially present in the storage tank.

(48) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment of renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a combustion system, comprising collecting the vapors displaced by the addition of the renewable fuel oil to the storage tank in the tanker truck. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment of unenriched renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a combustion system, comprising collecting the vapors displaced by the addition of the renewable fuel oil to the storage tank in the tanker truck. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of transferring a shipment of renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a combustion system, wherein substantially all of the vapors are collected in the tanker truck. In certain embodiments, no more than an insignificant quantity of the vapors displaced by the addition of the renewable fuel oil to the storage tank is emitted to the atmosphere during transfer. In certain embodiments, the tank is equipped with a conservation vent equipped with a carbon filter. In certain embodiments, the carbon filter comprises activated carbon or charcoal. In certain embodiments, the conservation vent is not opened during the transfer of vapors from the storage tank to the tanker truck. In certain embodiments, the total lifetime and/or the life of the carbon filter between recharging is increased relative to a transfer of the renewable fuel oil wherein the displaced vapors are not sequestered in the tanker truck. For example, the total lifetime and/or the life of the carbon filter between recharging may be increased by 50%, 100%, 200%, 500% and 1000%. In certain embodiments, the vapors collected in the tanker truck may be removed from the storage site. In certain embodiments, the vapors collected in the tanker truck are odorous. In certain embodiments, the vapors collected in the tanker truck comprise sotolon. In certain embodiments, In certain embodiments, pressure in the storage tank during transfer of a shipment of renewable fuel oil does not change by more than a specified threshold, such as 1 psig, 3 psig, or 5 psig

(49) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a system for transferring a shipment of renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank in communication with a combustion system. In certain embodiments, the invention comprises transfer hosing, transfer piping and a transfer pump to transfer a shipment of renewable fuel oil from a tanker truck to a storage tank, a storage tank with return piping and return hosing capable of attaching to the tanker truck, and a conservation valve equipped with a carbon filter. In certain embodiments, the transfer piping, the return piping, and the conservation valve connect at the top of the storage tank. In certain embodiments, the transfer piping, the return piping, and/or the transfer pump are constructed of suitable materials for containing the renewable fuel oil without corrosion. In certain embodiments, the transfer piping, the return piping, and/or components of the transfer pump are lined with a suitable elastomer for containing the renewable fuel oil without corrosion. In certain embodiments, the transfer piping, the return piping, and/or components of the transfer pump are constructed of metal alloys where required to prevent corrosion. In certain embodiments, the transfer piping, the return piping, and/or components of the transfer pump are constructed of 304 or 316 stainless steel to prevent corrosion. In certain embodiments, the return piping and the return hosing are sized such that less than a specified percentage of any vapors displaced from the storage tank during the transfer of the renewable fuel oil pass through the carbon filter, for example less than 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% of the displaced vapors.

(50) In certain embodiments, the storage tank may be self-contained, double-walled, lined with elastomer, and/or constructed of 304 or 306 stainless steel. In certain embodiments, the storage tank may be a bunker tank. In certain embodiments, the storage tank may contain a supply of fuel for up to a specified period of time. For example, the storage tank may contain a supply of fuel for up to one week, two weeks, one month, three months, six months, or one year.

(51) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method, system, or apparatus for avoiding phase separation of the renewable fuel oil stored in the storage tank for combustion in a combustion system. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil stored in the storage tank may be agitated in the storage tank. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil stored in the storage tank may be agitated by a operating a mixer such as a mechanical impeller located in the storage tank. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil stored in the storage tank may be agitated by recirculating a specified percentage of the renewable fuel oil per unit time tough an external pump. For example, the percentage of stored renewable fuel oil recirculated per hour may be in the range of 0% to 100%, for example 0% to 50%, 0% to 25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, or 50% to 100%; the percentage of stored renewable fuel oil recirculated per hour may be less than 10%, for example less than 5%, less than 2%, or less than 1%. In certain embodiments the pumping is performed by a renewable fuel oil delivery pump in fluid communication with the storage tank.

(52) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method for maintaining a renewable fuel oil stored in the storage tank for combustion in a combustion system at a relatively constant temperature. For example, the method may maintain the temperature within 2%, 5%, or 10% of the average temperature of the renewable fuel oil stored in the storage tank. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the renewable fuel oil is maintained at a relatively constant temperature in the storage tank by dynamically recirculating, or simply recirculating, a specified percentage per unit time and warming or cooling the recirculating portion of the renewable fuel oil. For example, the percentage of stored renewable fuel oil recirculated per hour may be in the range of 0% to 100%, for example 0% to 50%, 0% to 25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, or 50% to 100%. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method, apparatus, or system for maintaining a renewable fuel oil stored for combustion in a combustion system at a relatively constant temperature by pumping a portion of the renewable fuel oil through an external heat exchanger whose outlet is in fluid communication with the storage tank. In certain embodiments the pumping is performed by a renewable fuel oil delivery pump in fluid communication with the storage tank and the external heat exchanger. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil delivery pump is a positive displacement pump. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil delivery pump is a gear pump, piston pump, or a diaphragm pump. In certain embodiments the external heat exchanger is a renewable fuel oil heater. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil heater utilizes hot water as a heat transfer fluid. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil heater is a shell and tube heat exchanger. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil heater and the renewable fuel oil delivery pump are constructed of corrosion resistant materials. For example, the renewable fuel oil heater and the renewable fuel oil delivery pump may each comprise a corrosion resistant elastomer and/or corrosion resistant metal alloy (for example, 304 or 316 stainless steel).

(53) For example, the method may maintain the temperature within 2%, 5%, or 10% of the average temperature of the renewable fuel oil stored in the storage tank. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the renewable fuel oil is maintained at a relatively constant temperature in the storage tank by dynamically recirculating a specified percentage per unit time and warming or cooling the recirculating portion of the renewable fuel oil. For example, the percentage of stored renewable fuel oil recirculated per hour may be in the range of 0% to 100%, for example 0% to 50%, 0% to 25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, or 50% to 100%.

(54) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method, apparatus, or system for maintaining a renewable fuel oil stored for combustion in a combustion system at a relatively constant temperature by pumping a portion of the renewable fuel oil through an external heat exchanger whose outlet is in fluid communication with the storage tank. In certain embodiments the pumping is performed by a renewable fuel oil delivery pump in fluid communication with the storage tank and the external heat exchanger. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil delivery pump is a positive displacement pump. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil delivery pump is a gear pump, piston pump, or a diaphragm pump. In certain embodiments the external heat exchanger is a renewable fuel oil heater. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil heater utilizes hot water as a heat transfer fluid. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil heater is a shell and tube heat exchanger. In certain embodiments the renewable fuel oil heater and the renewable fuel oil delivery pump are constructed of corrosion resistant materials. For example, the renewable fuel oil heater and the renewable fuel oil delivery pump may each comprise a corrosion resistant elastomer and/or a corrosion resistant metal alloy (for example, 304 or 316 stainless steel). In certain embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus or system comprising a process controller and temperature control valve in fluid contact with the renewable fuel oil heater and the storage tank, wherein the process controller maintains the renewable fuel oil stored for combustion in a combustion system at a relatively constant temperature by adjusting the temperature control valve and or the rate of heat transfer fluid.

(55) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of combusting a renewable fuel oil wherein the renewable fuel oil is pre-heated to a specified temperature and the heated renewable fuel oil is pumped to a fuel delivery train in a combustion system. For example the renewable fuel oil may be pre-heated to a temperature in the range of 50 C. to 80 C., for example 50 C. to 70 C., 50 C. to 55 C., 55 C. to 60 C., 60 C. to 65 C., 65 C. to 70 C., or 75 C. to 80 C. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method, system, and/or apparatus for pre-heating a renewable fuel oil prior to combustion by pumping the renewable fuel oil through a renewable fuel oil heater in fluid contact with a fuel delivery train in a combustion system. In certain embodiments, the renewable fuel oil heater is heated by combustion of a separate portion of the renewable fuel oil.

(56) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of combusting a renewable fuel oil wherein the renewable fuel oil is pumped by a renewable fuel oil pump from a storage tank to a fuel delivery train at a specified pressure. For example, the renewable fuel oil may be delivered to the fuel delivery train at a pressure of 100 psig, 60 psig to 80 psig, 80 psig to 100 psig, 100 psig to 120 psig, or 120 psig to 140 psig In certain embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus or system comprising a process controller and pressure control valve in fluid contact with the renewable fuel oil pump and the storage tank, wherein the process controller maintains the specified pressure by adjusting the pressure control valve and/or the speed of the renewable fuel oil pump.

(57) In certain embodiments, the invention includes a combustion system. In certain embodiments, the combustion system present includes an apparatus, and a method of using the same, for example a boiler. In certain embodiments, the boiler or combustion system comprises a boiler, a furnace, a kiln, and/or an evaporative cooling system. In certain embodiments, the combustion system may be a commercial boiler. In certain embodiments, the boiler or combustion system may be an industrial boiler. In certain embodiments, the boiler may be a firetube boiler. In certain embodiments, the boiler may be a water-tube boiler. In certain embodiments, the boiler may meet a specified BTU demand or thermal load. For example, the boiler may deliver more than 1 MMBtu per hour, 2 MMBtu per hour, 3 MMBtu per hour, 4 MMBtu per hour, 5 MMBtu per hour, 6 MMBtu per hour, 7 MMBtu per hour, 8 MMBtu per hour, 10 MMBtu per hour, or 20 MMBtu per hour. In certain embodiments, the boiler may have an efficiency of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 88%, or at least 89%, as measured by the input-output method and/or the heat loss method. In certain embodiments, the boiler may have an efficiency of between 70% and 99.999%, for example, 70% and 75%, 75% and 80%, 80% and 85%, 85% and 90%, 90% and 95%, or 95% and 99.999%, as measured by the input-output method and/or the heat loss method. If the input-output method is used, the boiler efficiency computation may use the higher heating value or the lower heating value of the fuel.

(58) In certain embodiments, the invention includes a boiler system, a boiler apparatus, and a method of using the same. In certain embodiments, the boiler system may comprise a fire box, a burner system, a refractory or heat sink component for absorbing, radiating and/or reflecting heat, a supply of fuel, a supply of air, and a control system. In certain embodiments, the supply of fuel may comprise a renewable fuel oil. In certain embodiments, the supply of fuel may comprise an unenriched renewable fuel oil. In certain embodiments, the supply of fuel may comprise a petrochemical or fossil fuel, for example a heating fuel oil or a diesel fuel. In certain embodiments, the supply of air may comprise a stream of atomization air and a stream of combustion air. In certain embodiments, the boiler system may comprise a stream of atomization steam. In certain embodiments, the boiler is firetube boiler. In certain embodiments, the firetube boiler comprises a soot blowing system. In certain embodiments the soot blowing system provides pulses of compressed air to the fire tubes of the firetube boiler on a pre-determined schedule or a pre-determined frequency. In certain embodiments, the compressed air is at a pressure of 50 psig, 75 psig, 100 psig, 125 psig, 150 psig, or between 90 psig and 110 psig. In certain embodiments, the pulses of compressed air last less than 1 second, less than 2 seconds, less than 3 seconds, less than 5 seconds, or a few seconds. In certain embodiments, the pre-determined schedule or predetermined frequency comprises 1 cycle per day, 4 cycles per day, 8 cycles per day, or between 1 and 12 cycles per day. In certain embodiments, the pre-determined frequency is at least every 15 minutes, for example every 15 minutes, or at least once per day, for example every 30 minutes, every 60 minutes, every 90 minutes, every 2 hours, every 3 hours, every 6 hours or every 12 hours. In certain embodiments, a cycle comprises delivering pulses of compressed air simultaneously. In other embodiments, a cycle comprises delivering pulses of compressed air to the firetubes in a pre-determined sequence.

(59) In certain embodiments, the boiler system may comprise one or more boiler control systems. In certain embodiments, the boiler control system may control the rate of feed supplied to the burner in order to maintain a relatively constant boiler steam pressure. In certain embodiments, the boiler control system may control the rate of addition of combustion air to the burner in order to maintain a relatively constant oxygen concentration in the flue gas.

(60) The burner system may be comprised of any type of burner suitable for use in a boiler. In certain embodiments, the burner system may comprise a fuel train, a burner, and a safety fuel shut-off valve. In certain embodiments, the burner may comprise a fuel gun, an atomization assembly, a nozzle, and a combustion air supply. In certain embodiments, the burner system may comprise an atomization air supply. In certain embodiments, the burner system may comprise an atomization steam supply. In certain embodiments, the burner may utilize internal atomization. In certain embodiments, the burner may utilize internal atomization by combining fuel with a gas, for example steam or air. In certain embodiments, the burner may utilize external atomization. In certain embodiments, the nozzle may be made of a stainless steel or brass. In certain embodiments, the safety fuel shut-off valve may be a block valve. In certain embodiments, the burner system is capable of maintaining combustion of a renewable fuel oil at a temperature of 1,500 C. to 2,000 C. In certain embodiments, the burner system is capable of maintaining combustion of a renewable fuel oil having an adiabatic flame temperature of 1,300 C. to 1,800 C. In certain embodiments, the burner system may have a pilot lighting system. In certain embodiments, the pilot lighting system may be a propane lighting system. In certain embodiments, the pilot lighting system may be intermittent, or may activate only when ignition of the fuel is required and shut off after a combustion flame is established.

(61) In certain embodiments, the burner system may be a dual-use or dual-fuel burner system, for example a burner system capable of being controlled to combust any one of at least two supplies of fuel or two different fuels. In certain embodiments, the burner system is controlled to combust any one of at least two different fuels at predetermined flow rates. In certain embodiments, the burner system is controlled to combust any one of at least two different fuels to meet a dynamic or a predetermined heating demand. For example, the burner system may be capable of combusting a heating fuel oil fuel and a renewable fuel oil. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of combustion wherein the burner system burns a first fuel at a first specified volumetric flow rate, temperature and air to fuel ratio and a second fuel at a second specified volumetric flow rate, temperature and air to fuel ratio. For example, the burner system may combust a heating oil at a temperature of 1,900 to 2,300 C. with an atomized fuel-to-air ratio of 0.8:1 to 5:1 and burning a second fuel in the burner at a temperature of 1,300 to 1,800 C. with an atomized fuel-to-air ratio of 0.4:1 to 4:1. For example, the burner system may combust a heating fuel oil having an adiabatic flame temperature of 1,900 to 2,300 C. with a fuel-to-air ratio of 0.8:1 to 5:1 and burning a second fuel in the burner having an adiabatic flame temperature of 1,300 to 1,800 C. with an fuel-to-air ratio of 0.4:1 to 4:1. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of combustion, comprising burning a first fuel in a burner with an adiabatic flame temperature of 1,900 to 2,300 C. and a fuel-to-air ratio resulting in 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or between 2% and 4% oxygen in the combustion flue gas, and burning a second fuel in the burner with an adiabatic flame temperature at least 300 C. below that of the first fuel and an fuel-to-air ratio resulting in 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or between 2% and 4% oxygen in the combustion flue gas produced by combustion of the second fuel.

(62) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to burning a renewable fuel oil (RFO) with excess air such that there is a 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or between 2% and 4% excess oxygen on a stoichiometric basis in the mixture of fuel and air. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to burning a renewable fuel oil (RFO) with excess air such that there is 1 vol. %, 2 vol. %, 3 vol. %, 4 vol. %, between 2 vol. % and 4 vol. %, or between 3 vol. % and 6 vol. % oxygen in the combustion flue gas following combustion.

(63) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to burning a renewable fuel oil (RFO) to produce a combustion flue gas comprising nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x), carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides (SO.sub.x), and particulate matter (PM). In certain embodiments, the concentration of NO in the combustion flue gas is less than 375 ppm, less than 225 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 110 ppm, or less than 75 ppm. In certain embodiments, the concentration of CO in the combustion flue gas is less than 50 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 15 ppm, or less than 10 ppm. In certain embodiments, the concentration of SO.sub.x in the combustion flue gas is less than 1 ppm, less than 0.5 ppm, or less than 0.2 ppm. In certain embodiments, the PM generated is less than 0.5 lb/MMBtu, less than 0.3 lb/MMBtu, less than 0.2 lb/MMBtu, less than 0.15 lb/MMBtu, or less than 0.1 lb/MMBtu.

(64) In certain embodiments, the a renewable fuel oil (RFO) has a lower adiabatic flame temperature than a petroleum-based fuel. In certain embodiments, the adiabatic flame temperature of the second fuel is at least 200 C., 300 C., 400 C., 500 C., 600 C., or between 100 C. and 1000 C. below the adiabatic flame temperature of the first fuel.

(65) In certain embodiments, the burner system may comprise a start-up burner fuel bypass line in fluid contact with a storage tank.

(66) In certain embodiments, the burner system may comprise a post-combustion purge system. In certain embodiments, the post-combustion purge system may be located between a safety fuel shut-off valve and an orifice of the burner. In certain embodiments, post-combustion purge system may be capable of removing substantially all of the residual fuel between the safety fuel shut-off valve and an orifice of the burner within a specified period of time after the safety fuel shut-off valve closes. For example, post-combustion purge system may be capable of removing greater than 85% of the residual fuel between the safety fuel shut-off valve and the orifice within 2 seconds, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds, or 30 seconds after the safety fuel shut-off valve closes.

(67) In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a post-combustion purge method of purging the burner system of residual fuel during and/or after shutdown. In certain embodiments, the post-combustion purge method reduces or prevents formation of coke in the burner. In certain embodiments, the post-combustion purge method reduces or eliminates odors caused if residual fuel smolders in the burner, for example the Morrison tube of a boiler, and/or a combustion space such as a fire box. In certain embodiments, the post-combustion purge method comprises blowing compressed air through a fuel line to cause residual fuel located between a safety fuel shut-off valve and an orifice of the burner to discharge into a combustion space, for example a fire box. In certain embodiments, the discharged residual fuel may be combusted in the fire box. In certain embodiments, the post-combustion purge method comprises pumping residual fuel out of the fuel region located between a safety fuel shut-off valve and an orifice of the burner. In certain embodiments, the post-combustion purge method utilizes a scavenger pump located at the inlet side of the burner to suck residual fuel out of the fuel region located between a safety fuel shut-off valve and an orifice of the burner. In certain embodiments, the post-combustion purge method delivers the residual fuel to a storage tank.

(68) In certain embodiments, the refractory or heat sink component for absorbing, radiating and/or reflecting heat is positioned in combustion space, for example in a boiler fire box proximate a pre-determined flame zone. In certain embodiments, the refractory or heat sink component is positioned proximate an atomized stream of fuel and air, for example in a boiler fire box proximate an atomized stream of fuel and air. In certain embodiments, the refractory or heat sink component is a pre-formed burner block. In certain embodiments, the refractory or heat sink component is a cylindrical or tube-shaped orifice formed of ceramic, refractory brick, refractory tile, or a suitable metal such as a stainless steel. In certain embodiments, the refractory or heat sink component is a retrofit or an extension to a pre-existing refractory component, for example a burner sleeve 1 inch to 3 inches in length. In certain embodiments, the heat sink component is a cylindrical or tube-shaped heat sink component that extends to shield at least 25% of the flame length in the direction of the flame. In certain embodiments, the cylindrical or tube-shaped heat sink component has a length-to-average diameter ratio of between 1:1 and 3:1, or between 1.5:1 and 2.5:1, or 2:1. In certain embodiments, the cylindrical or tube-shaped heat sink is 4 inches to 60 inches in length, for example 8 inches to 16 inches in length, or 40 inches to 60 inches in length.

(69) In certain embodiments, the heat sink component reflects sufficient heat from the combustion flame and/or generates sufficient radiation to promote vaporization and ignition of the atomized renewable fuel oil, and/or to increase combustion of the atomized stream, and/or to restart the atomized stream of fuel after flame-out. In certain embodiments, the heat sink component shortens the distance from the burner nozzle to the point of ignition of the flame.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(70) A sample unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO) feedstock was produced from rapid thermal processing of a wood residue feedstock in a commercial fast pyrolysis process, according to any one of U.S. Pat. No. 7,905,990, U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,786, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,340, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The properties of the renewable fuel oil (RFO) feedstock are summarized in Table 3.

(71) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Parameter Test Method RFO Water Content, wt. % ASTM E203 26.98% Viscosity @ 40 C., cSt ASTM D445 58.9 Ash Content, wt. % EN 055 0.02% Solids Content, wt. % ASTM D7579 0.04% Density @ 20 C., kg/dm.sup.3 EN 064 1.1987 pH ASTM E70-07 2.44 Carbon Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 41.80% Hydrogen Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 7.75% Nitrogen Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 0.28% Sulfur Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5453 0.01% Oxygen Content, wt. % as is By Difference 50.14% HHV (as is), cal/g ASTM D240 4093.8 HHV (as is), MJ/kg ASTM D240 17.1 HHV (as is), BTU/lb ASTM D240 7369

Example 2

(72) An unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO) was used to fire a retrofitted Cleaver Brooks CB-1-600-200-015 fire tube boiler (dual-fuel boiler). Table 4 gives compositional analysis of the unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO).

(73) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Parameter Test Method RFO Ash Content, wt. % ASTM D482 0.11% Carbon Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 43.0% Hydrogen Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 7.72% Nitrogen Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 0.11% Sulfur Content, wt. % as is ASTM D1552 0.01% Oxygen Content, wt. % as is By Difference 49.1% HHV (as is), BTU/lb ASTM D240 7703

(74) The Cleaver Brooks boiler was originally designed to fire no. 4 light residual heating fuel oil in a burner at a maximum firing rate of 58.3 gallons per hour, equivalent to 8.5 MM Btu per hour, to produce steam at 15 psig and was retrofitted to additionally have a maximum firing rate of the retrofitted boiler was calculated, on a constant BTU basis (i.e., 8.5 MM Btu per hour maximum), to be 112.7 gallons per hour of the unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO). The retrofitted boiler comprised compressed air soot blowers, which were cycled to prevent formation of deposits in the firetubes. The retrofitted boiler further comprised a cylindrical heat sink component proximate the flame zone in the fire box for absorbing, radiating and/or reflecting heat. The inner diameter of the cylindrical heat sink component was 19.5 inches. The outer diameter of the cylindrical heat sink component was 23.5 inches. The length of the cylindrical heat sink component was 48 inches.

(75) Three tests, each approximately 60-minutes in length, were performed near the maximum firing rate to measure emissions exhaust flue gas produced by burning the unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO) in the boiler. Results are summarized in Table 5.

(76) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Test 1 2 3 Time 841-941 1017-1117 1148-1248 Average Process Conditions Fuel Flow gph 104.0 107.1 107.1 106.1 Load % 92.3% 95.0% 95.0% 94.1% Stack Conditions Flowrate dscfm 1,602 1,612 1,593 1,602 Moisture % 16.9 16.6 16.1 16.5 O.sub.2 % 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 CO.sub.2 % 16.1 16.2 16.2 16.2 PM Test Param- eters Sample dscf 41.9 41.1 40.4 41.1 Volume Isokinesis % 101.0 102.0 100.0 101.0 Emissions NOx ppm 176 179 186 180 lbs/hr 2.02 2.07 2.13 2.07 lbs/MMBtu 0.238 0.243 0.253 0.245 CO ppm 17.5 14.2 14.4 15.4 lbs/hr 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.11 lbs/MMBtu 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.013 SO2 ppm <0.1 0.4 <0.1 <0.2 lbs/hr <0.002 0.007 <0.002 <0.003 lbs/MMBtu <1.88E04 8.27E04 <1.89E04 <4.01E04 PM gr/dscf 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 lbs/hr 1.36 1.21 1.19 1.25 lbs/MMBtu 0.160 0.142 0.142 0.148

(77) Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) were determined in accordance with EPA methods 1-5. The soot blowers were operated for a few seconds at 15-minute intervals during the three tests.

(78) Oxygen (O.sub.2), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) contents of the exhaust stream were determined according to EPA Methods 10 and 3A. Nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) content was determined according to EPA method 7E. Sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) content was determined according to EPA Method 6C.

(79) Combustion efficiency averaged 99.99%, as reflected by the average measured CO concentration of 15.4 ppm.

(80) Tables 6 and 7 compares the resulting average emissions in the RFO tests with various fossil fuels.

(81) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Heating Fuel Heating Fuel Heating Fuel Heating Fuel Oil No. 6 Oil No. 6 RFO Oil No. 4 Oil No. 5 (low S) (high S) Combustion Flue Gas Emissions, lbs/MMBtu CO 0.013 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 NO.sub.x 0.245 0.13 0.37 0.37 0.37 SO.sub.2 <0.0004 1.35 1.97 0.88 4.16 PM 0.148 0.047 0.067 0.073 0.26

(82) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 RFO Natural Gas ULSD Distillate Combustion Flue Gas Emissions, lbs/MMBtu CO 0.013 0.082 0.036 0.036 NO.sub.x 0.245 0.098 0.14 0.14 SO.sub.2 <0.0004 0.0006 0.0015 0.22 PM 0.148 0.0075 0.014 0.014

Example 3

(83) An unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO) was used to fire a retrofitted Cleaver Brooks CB-1-600-200-015 fire tube boiler (dual-fuel boiler). Table 8 gives compositional analysis of the unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO).

(84) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Parameter Test Method RFO Ash Content, wt. % ASTM D482 0.11% Carbon Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 44.5% Hydrogen Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 7.32% Nitrogen Content, wt. % as is ASTM D5291 0.09% Sulfur Content, wt. % as is ASTM D1552 0.01% Oxygen Content, wt. % as is By Difference 48.0% HHV (as is), BTU/lb ASTM D240 7590

(85) The Cleaver Brooks boiler was originally designed to fire no. 4 light residual heating fuel oil in a burner at a maximum firing rate of 58.3 gallons per hour, equivalent to 8.5 MM Btu per hour, to produce steam at 15 psig and was retrofitted to additionally have a maximum firing rate of the retrofitted boiler was calculated, on a constant BTU basis (i.e., 8.5 MM Btu per hour maximum), to be 112.7 gallons per hour of the unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO). The retrofitted boiler comprised compressed air soot blowers, which were cycled to prevent formation of deposits in the firetubes. The retrofitted boiler further comprised a cylindrical heat sink component proximate the flame zone in the fire box for absorbing, radiating and/or reflecting heat. The inner diameter of the cylindrical heat sink component was 19.5 inches. The outer diameter of the cylindrical heat sink component was 23.5 inches. The length of the cylindrical heat sink component was 48 inches.

(86) Three tests, each approximately 60-minutes in length, were performed near the maximum firing rate to measure emissions exhaust flue gas produced by burning the unenriched renewable fuel oil (RFO) in the boiler. Results are summarized in Table 9.

(87) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Test 1 2 3 Time 923-1023 1125-1225 1301-1401 Average Process Conditions Fuel Flow gph 105.3 113.2 110.2 109.6 Load % 94.0% 101.1% 98.4% 97.8% Stack Conditions Flowrate dscfm 1,629 1,584 1,587 1,600 Moisture % 14.6 15.7 15.7 15.3 O.sub.2 % 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.3 CO.sub.2 % 15.7 15.8 16.0 15.8 PM Test Param- eters Sample dscf 41.9 41.1 40.4 41.1 Volume Isokinesis % 101.0 102.0 100.0 101.0 Emissions NOx ppm 144 165 169 159 lbs/hr 1.68 1.88 1.92 1.83 lbs/MMBtu 0.210 0.237 0.243 0.230 CO ppm 77 101 107 95 lbs/hr 0.55 0.70 0.74 0.66 lbs/MMBtu 0.068 0.088 0.094 0.083 SO2 ppm 0.2 0.4 5.6 2.1 lbs/hr 0.004 0.007 0.088 0.033 lbs/MMBtu 4.85E04 8.76E04 1.12E02 4.18E83 PM gr/dscf 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.10 lbs/hr 1.60 1.27 1.25 1.37 lbs/MMtu 0.200 0.161 0.158 0.173

(88) Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) were determined in accordance with EPA methods 1-5. The soot blowers were operated for a few seconds at 15-minute intervals during the three tests.

(89) Oxygen (O.sub.2), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) contents of the exhaust stream were determined according to EPA Methods 10 and 3A. Nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) content was determined according to EPA method 7E. Sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) content was determined according to EPA Method 6C.

(90) Combustion efficiency averaged 99.94%, as reflected by the average measured CO concentration of 95 ppm.

(91) In the description above, for purposes of explanation only, specific embodiments have been presented and/or exemplified. It should be understood that variations of various aspects of an embodiment may be combined with other stated components, embodiments, ranges, types, etc. For example, there are embodiments that discuss the handling and combustion of an unenriched renewable fuel oil and it should be understood that any and all of the types of an unenriched renewable fuel oil discussed and/or presented herein may be substituted and/or combined into such embodiments even though an embodiment may not be specifically presented with the particular type of an unenriched renewable fuel oil in the description.

(92) While numerous embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is intended that the following claims or future claims that may be added and/or amended in this or future continuing applications, in this or other countries and territories, define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures and products and uses within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.