RAW GRAIN FORTIFICATION SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Abstract

The present invention provides a grain fortification system. The said system comprises a plurality of fortification tanks each containing at least one fortifying solution. The system further includes a homogenizer connected to the plurality of fortification tanks, wherein the homogenizer is adapted to receive at least one fortifying solution from the said plurality of fortification tanks to produce a homogenized fortification solution. The system further includes a fortification reactor connected to the said homogenizer. The said fortification reactor is adapted to receive the said homogenized fortification solution from the homogenizer, is adapted to receive the raw food grains, and react the said homogenized fortification solution with the said raw food grains to produce fortified grains by degassing the raw food grains at a preset degassing condition and adsorbing the said homogenized fortification solution on the degassed raw food grains in predefined controlled ambient adsorption conditions to produce fortified grains. The system further includes a fortification solution collection tank connected to the said fortification reactor at one end and to the said homogenizer at another end, wherein the said fortification solution collection tank is adapted to collect, store and recirculate a leftover fortification solution from the said fortification reactor to the said homogenizer. Also, disclosed is a process for grain fortification.

Claims

1. A grain fortification system, wherein the said system comprises: a plurality of fortification tanks each containing at least one fortifying solution; a homogenizer connected to the plurality of fortification tanks, wherein the homogenizer is adapted to receive at least one fortifying solution from the said plurality of fortification tanks to produce a homogenized fortification solution; a fortification reactor connected to the said homogenizer, wherein the said fortification reactor is adapted to, receive the said homogenized fortification solution from the homogenizer, receive a predetermined quantity of raw food grains, and react the said homogenized fortification solution with the said raw food grains to produce fortified grains by degassing the raw food grains at a preset degassing condition and adsorbing the said homogenized fortification solution on the degassed raw food grains in predefined controlled ambient adsorption conditions; and a fortification solution collection tank connected to the said fortification reactor at one end and to the said homogenizer at another end, wherein the said fortification solution collection tank is adapted to collect, store and recirculate leftover fortification solution from the said fortification reactor to the said homogenizer.

2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one fortifying solution is selected from the group consisting of a vitamin fortifying solution, a micronutrient fortifying solution, a macronutrient fortifying solution, a bio active functional compound solution, a protein fortifying solution, and/or a phytochemical fortifying solution.

3. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein degassing is carried out in vacuum.

4. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein degassing is carried out between 0.1 to 0.99 bar abs.

5. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein degassing at the predefined controlled ambient degassing condition is carried out by heating the loaded raw food grain to a temperature of less than 55 C. for upto 20 minutes.

6. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein adsorbing the said homogenized fortification solution on the degassed raw food grains in predefined controlled ambient adsorption conditions comprises adding preheated fortifying solution in the said fortification reactor at a temperature less than the gelatinization temperature of the grain for time up to 360 minutes.

7. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the soaked food grains are steam cooked at temperature between 90 C. to 100 C. for time upto 20 minutes.

8. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fortified grains is produced via a controlled adsorption mechanism, wherein the said controlled adsorption mechanism comprises: filling a micro pore of the raw food grain by the homogenized fortification solution containing fortification molecules of less than 2 nanometer (nm) in diameter, and filling a meso pore of the raw food grains by a homogenized fortification solution containing fortification molecules of 2-5 nm in diameter.

9. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the raw food grains are pre treated by cleaning and drying the raw food grain to maintain a moisture level of about 13% wet basis.

10. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the food grains is paddy.

11. A grain fortification process comprising the steps of: feeding raw food grains into a fortification reactor; degassing the said raw food grain by subjecting the said fortification reactor to a preset degassing condition; adding a homogenized fortification solution in the said fortification reactor via a homogenizer; subjecting the said degassed raw food grains to an adsorption process to produce a fortified food grain, wherein the said adsorption process comprises adsorption of the said homogenized fortification solution by the said degassed raw food grain inside the fortification reactor under a predefined controlled ambient adsorption conditions; and extracting the said fortified food grain from the said fortification reactor.

12. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the food grain is paddy.

13. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein degassing is carried out in vacuum.

14. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein degassing is carried out between 0.1 to 0.99 bar abs.

15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein degassing at the predefined controlled ambient degassing condition is carried out by heating the loaded raw food grain to a temperature of less than 55 C. for upto 20 minutes.

16. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein adsorbing the said homogenized fortification solution on the degassed raw food grains in predefined controlled ambient adsorption conditions comprises adding preheated fortifying solution in the said fortification reactor at about a temperature less than the gelatinization temperature of the grain for anytime up to 360 minutes.

17. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the soaked food grain is steam dried at temperature between 90 C. to 100 C. for about upto 20 minutes.

18. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the at least one fortifying solution is selected from the group consisting of a vitamin fortifying solution, a micronutrient fortifying solution, a macronutrient fortifying solution, a bio active functional compound solution, a protein fortifying solution, and/or a phytochemical fortifying solution.

19. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the adsorption process comprises a controlled adsorption mechanism, wherein the said controlled adsorption mechanism comprises: filling a micro pore of the raw food grain by a homogenized fortification solution containing fortification molecules of less than 2 nanometers (nm) in diameter; and filling a meso pore of the raw food grain by a homogenized fortification solution containing fortification molecules of 2-5 nm in diameter.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] The advantages and features of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0029] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary block diagram representing raw grain fortification system, according to various embodiments of the present invention.

[0030] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary process for producing fortified grains, according to various embodiments of the present invention.

[0031] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary diagram showing pores of a grain and fortification thereof, according to various embodiments of the present invention.

[0032] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary method involving filling of micro and meso pores of the grains by the homogenized fortification solution, according to various embodiments of the present invention.

[0033] FIGS. 5-8 explain the efficacy of the process and the system for fortifying food grains (paddy) according to the present invention.

[0034] Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the description of several views of the drawing.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0035] The exemplary embodiments described herein detail for illustrative purposes are subjected to many variations. It should be emphasized, however, that the present invention is not limited to a grain fortification system and process as disclosed. It is understood that various omissions and substitutions of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient, but these are intended to cover the application or implementation without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.

[0036] Unless otherwise specified, the terms, which are used in the specification and claims, have the meanings commonly used in the field of grain fortification system and method involved therein. Specifically, the following terms have the meanings indicated below.

[0037] The terms a and an herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.

[0038] The terms having, comprising, including, and variations thereof signify the presence of a component.

[0039] The term grain or grains refers here to seeds with or without attached hulls, including but not limited to, paddy, wheat, rye, legumes, maize, rice, oats, cornmeal, barley etc. or other cereal grains. Although, the present invention is explained with reference to taking paddy as the most appropriate grain which could be fortified by the said process.

[0040] The term fortification solution refers to solution comprising at least one of the essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and the like.

[0041] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary block diagram representing a grain fortification system 100. The system 100 includes a plurality of fortification tanks 102 each containing at least one fortifying solution. The fortifying solution from the plurality of fortification tanks 102 is allowed to flow into a homogenizer 106 to produce a homogenized fortification solution.

[0042] The said homogenized fortification solution is then fed into a fortification reactor 110 in a predetermined quantity. In one embodiment, the homogenized fortification solution is dependent on the type of raw food grain to be fortified. In an exemplary implementation, the ratio of raw food grain to homogenized fortification solution is in the range of 1:1 to 1:2.

[0043] The said fortification reactor 110 is adapted to receive raw food grains from a grain dispensing unit 108. The said fortification reactor works under predetermined degassing and predefined controlled ambient absorption conditions to produce fortified grains. The process will be explained in details later on in the specification.

[0044] The system 100 further includes a fortification solution collection tank 114 to collect leftover fortification solution from the fortification reactor after the fortified rice is produced. The fortification solution collection tank 114 is adapted to transport this leftover fortification solution to the homogenizer 106 for reuse. This enables the system 100 to achieve high degrees of efficiencies.

[0045] In an embodiment of the present invention, the fortification tanks 102 as represented by F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3 . . . F.sub.n each containing at least one unique fortifying solution. The fortifying solution is selected from the group consisting of a vitamin fortifying solution, a micronutrient fortifying solution, a macronutrient fortifying solution, a bio active functional compound solution, any other relevant molecules with aesthetic aspects (color, flavor and aroma), a protein fortifying solution, and/or a phytochemical fortifying solution.

[0046] In an implementation, the fortification tanks 102 each contain more than one fortifying solutions in different concentrations. For example, the F.sub.1 and F.sub.2 contain only Iron and Vitamin B but F.sub.3 contains both Iron as well as Vitamin B in different concentrations.

[0047] In an aspect of the present invention, valves 104a, 104b, 104c . . . 104n connected to the respective fortification tanks 102 are adapted to control the flow of the fortifying solution present therein. In an embodiment, the concentration of the fortifying solution in the homogenizer 106 is controlled by the valves 104a, 104b, 104c . . . 104n for the respective fortification tanks 102 as represented by F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3 . . . F.sub.n

[0048] In several aspects of the present invention, the concentration of the fortifying solution is controlled by the valves 104a, 104b, 104c . . . 104n based on the grain type. For example, paddy grain is provided with only fortifying solution present in F.sub.1 which is iron, or the paddy grain is provided with fortifying solution present in F.sub.2 which is both iron and vitamin B. So the valves connected to respective tanks release the fortifying solution depending on the type of grain.

[0049] In an embodiment of the present invention, the fortification reactor 110 receives grains from the grain dispensing unit 108. The grain dispensing unit 108 stores grains that are to be fortified. In an exemplary implementation, cleaned paddy is stored in the grain dispensing unit 108. For example, the grain, such as paddy, is pre cleaned using conventional cleaning methods. In one embodiment, the moisture of the paddy may be critically tested to ensure the moisture level to be below a certain limit, for example, moisture range between 13-15% on wet basis. If the moisture level is above this value, the paddy may be dried by conventional engineering methods, such as blow drying etc.

[0050] The grains from the grain dispensing unit are fed in the fortification reactor 110 and then degassed. The process of degassing creates enough pore space within the food grain for which the fortificants are required to be admixed. For this purpose, the pressure pump 112 is used to create a negative pressure inside the grain fed fortification reactor 110. In one embodiment, degassing at the predefined controlled ambient degassing condition is carried out by heating the loaded raw food grain (paddy) to a temperature of 40-50 C. for about 10 to 20 minutes while maintaining the pressure to about 0.1 bar abs to 0.99 bar abs inside the said fortification reactor.

[0051] In an embodiment, the fortification reactor 110 is heated to accelerate the degassing process. The temperature (heating and/or cooling) is controlled by temperature controller 112a such as PID controller. Once the degassing is completed, the homogenized fortification solution formed in the homogenizer 106 is fed into the fortification reactor 110 containing degassed grains. In an exemplary implementation, the ratio of raw food grain to homogenized fortification solution is in the range of 1:1 to 1:2. The solution may be preheated separately before being introduced into the reactor 110.

[0052] In another embodiment of the present invention, having the homogenized fortification solution supplied into the fortification reactor 110 from the homogenizer 106, a steam supply is also turned on. The flow of steam supply is controlled with the help of feedback from temperature and pressure sensors (not shown) present within the fortification reactor 110.

[0053] In an exemplary implementation, the temperature sensors located within the fortification reactor 110 ensure that steam supply is regulated not to exceed the preset maximum temperature for the selected grain and the fortificant. In addition, the system 100 will also ensure that the temperature differential between the sensors is maintained at preset levels depending on the grain.

[0054] In another exemplary embodiment, the pressure sensors connected inside the fortification reactor 110 will control the steam flow so as to ensure that the pressure within the fortification reactor 110 will be maintained at the selected set point within the range of 1.0 to 3.0 bar Abs by controlling the steam flow into the fortification reactor 110.

[0055] In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the mixture of degassed grains and homogenized fortification solution is kept under a temperature less than the gelatinisation temperature of the grain for anytime up to 360 minutes in the reactor core. This may lead to adsorption of the fortification solution on the surface of the grains. More specifically, the degassed paddy is kept with the homogenized fortification solution at a temperature between 55 C. to 65 C. for any time period upto 360 minutes depending on the type of fortificant used.

[0056] In an embodiment of the present invention, the fortification reactor 110 produces the fortified grains. In an implementation, along with fortified grains a leftover fortification solution is also produced.

[0057] In yet another embodiment, the produced fortified grain is extracted from the fortification reactor 110 and transferred to a drying and milling chamber 116. The said drying and milling chamber 116 includes a drying unit 116a and a milling unit 116b separately placed. The said drying unit 116a is adapted to evaporate any remains of water content from the said fortified grains, and thus leaving the solid fortificants within the raw food grains. Thereafter, the said fortified and dried raw food grains are passed through the milling unit 116b and finally a nutrient rich fortified food grain is obtained.

[0058] In an embodiment of the present invention, the leftover fortification solution is collected in the fortification solution collection tank 114. The fortification solution collection tank 114 is adapted to collect, store and/or recirculate homogenized fortification solution from and back to the homogenizer 106.

[0059] In an exemplary embodiment, the fortification solution collection tank 114 stores the leftover fortification solution until the homogenizer 106 is required to produce homogenized fortification solution with the same required quality as that of the leftover fortification solution. This recirculation increases the overall efficiency of the process and system 100.

[0060] Furthermore, after the recovery of the fortified raw food grains, the said food grains may be steam cooked at about 90-100 C. for about 3 to 20 minutes. The separated raw food grains may be dried for 6-18 hours and then may be milled and polished according to known in the art procedures.

[0061] The novel process of the present invention is summarized in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, an exemplary grain fortification process 200 starts with step 210. At this step 210, raw food grains are fed into a fortification reactor. For example, paddy is fed in the fortification reactor during the step 210. The paddy may be pre-treated before dumping the fortification reactor.

[0062] The next step 220 involves degassing of raw food grains under predetermined degassing condition. The said degassing condition includes applying a negative pressure in the range of 0.1 to 0.99 bar abs to be created inside the fortification reactor to degas the paddy, and a temperature upto 50 C. for upto 60 minutes. In one embodiment, the said controlled ambient degassing conditions further includes a temperature of not more than 55 C. (for paddy) to be created inside the fortification reactor to speed up the process of degassing.

[0063] At step 230, the process includes feeding the fortifying solution in the homogenizer to produce homogenized fortification solution. The fortifying solution may be preheated, if required.

[0064] At step 240, the process involves feeding the produced homogenized fortification solution in the fortification reactor in a predetermined quantity based on the type of food grains which are required to be fortified.

[0065] The process 200 continues with step 250, wherein the degassed grains in the fortification reactor adsorbs the homogenized fortification solution fed from the homogenizer on the food grains to form fortified grain. In an aspect, the fortification reactor is treated under controlled ambient absorption conditions to carry out a controlled absorption mechanism. In one embodiment, adsorbing the said homogenized fortification solution on the degassed raw food grains in predefined controlled ambient adsorption conditions comprises creating a vacuum of 0.1 to 0.99 bar abs inside the said fortification reactor, and adding preheated fortifying solution in the said fortification reactor at a temperature less than the gelatinization temperature of the grain for anytime up to 360 minutes.

[0066] In another embodiment of the present invention, at step 260 after having the homogenized fortification solution supplied into the fortification reactor from the homogenizer, a steam supply is also turned on. The flow of steam supply is controlled with the help of feedback from temperature and pressure sensors present within the fortification reactor. The steam is used to maintain the temperature of the reactor.

[0067] In an exemplary implementation, the temperature sensors located within the fortification reactor ensure that steam supply is regulated not to exceed the preset maximum temperature for the selected grain and the fortificant. In addition, the system will also ensure that the temperature differential between the sensors is maintained at preset levels depending on the grain.

[0068] In another exemplary embodiment, the pressure sensors connected inside the fortification reactor will control the steam flow so as to ensure that the pressure within the fortification reactor will be maintained at the selected set point within the range of 1.0 to 3.0 bar Abs by controlling the steam flow into the fortification reactor.

[0069] In various embodiments of the present invention, the controlled ambient adsorption mechanism of step 250 includes that firstly the micro pores of the grains adsorb the homogenized fortification solution of molecule size less than 2 nm in diameter. Further, the said controlled ambient absorption mechanism includes that the meso pores of the grains adsorb the homogenized fortification solution of molecule size 2-5 nm in diameter.

[0070] In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the homogenized fortification solution of molecular size less than 2 nm in diameter are adsorbed by the grains followed by the homogenized fortification solution of molecular size 2-5 nm in diameter. By employing this, the method 200 ensures that the micro pores of the grains are filled before the meso pores since absorption of the homogenized fortification solution of molecular size 2-5 nm in diameter could block the way for the homogenized fortification solution of molecular size less than 2 nm in diameter.

[0071] For example, considering paddy as the raw food grain, first the degassed paddy is treated with mineral fortifying solution containing iron and zinc, later the paddy is treated with vitamins such as vitamin A, B1, B3, B6, B12, folate etc. In another aspect, the paddy treated initially with minerals and vitamins is treated with phytochemicals such as cinnamon, rosemary etc. to add flavour.

[0072] The fortified grain from previous step is extracted in step 270 and dried. The method 200 ends thereafter. For example, after the recovery of the fortified raw food grains, the said food grains may be steam cooked at about 90-100 C. for a period upto 20 minutes. The separated raw food grains may be dried upto 24 hours and then may be milled and polished according to known in the art procedures.

[0073] In an embodiment of the present invention, the fortification reactor produces fortified grain along with a leftover fortification solution. The leftover fortification solution is extracted from the fortification reactor and fed back into the homogenizer for reuse.

[0074] According to an aspect of the present invention, FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary diagram of pores of grain 300 and fortification thereto, adsorption process under controlled ambient absorption. The grain 300 has micro pores (less than 2 nm in diameter) and meso pores (2-5 nm in diameter). The molecular 302 structure of the grain 300 as illustrated in FIG. 3 depicts the pores therein.

[0075] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the homogenized fortification solution1 has molecular size less than 2 nm in diameter. The homogenized fortification solution1 includes, but not limited to, a mineral fortifying solution including, but not limited to, iron, zinc, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, iodine, selenium, copper and the like.

[0076] The homogenized fortification solution1 is adsorbed by micro pores of the grain 300. In another embodiment, the homogenized fortification solution2 has molecular size 2-5 nm in diameter. The homogenized fortification solution2 includes, but not limited to, a vitamin fortifying solution including, but not limiting to, Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, D, E, K, Choline, folate and the like. The homogenized fortification solution2 is adsorbed by meso pores of the grain 300.

[0077] According to yet another embodiment, the homogenized fortification solution1 is adsorbed before the homogenized fortification solution2. This prevents the larger molecular sized homogenized fortification solution2 from blocking the way of smaller molecular sized homogenized fortification solution1.

[0078] According to another embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary process 250 of absorption of homogenized fortification solution under controlled ambient absorption conditions by filling of micro and meso pores of the grains. This process 250 is an exemplary elaboration of the step 250 of FIG. 2.

[0079] In an embodiment of the present invention, the grain has micro as well as meso pores in its molecular structure. Therefore, more effective way to fortify a grain is to fortify it with homogenized fortification solution that can fill up the micro as well as meso pores of the grain.

[0080] At step 252 of the method 250, the homogenized fortification solution of lower molecular size is adsorbed by the micro pores (<2 nm) of the grain. The homogenized fortification solution of lower molecular size includes, but not limited to, a mineral fortifying solution such as iron, zinc, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, iodine, selenium, copper and the like.

[0081] At step 254, the homogenized fortification solution of larger molecular size is adsorbed by the meso pores (2-5 nm) of the grain. The homogenized fortification solution of larger molecular size includes, but not limited to, a vitamin fortifying solution such as Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, D, E, K, Choline, folate and the like.

[0082] As per another embodiment, the homogenized fortification solution of smaller molecular size is adsorbed before the homogenized fortification solution of larger molecular size.

[0083] As per an embodiment, the homogenized fortification solution of lower molecular size is fed in the fortification reactor before the homogenized fortification solution of larger molecular size.

[0084] According another embodiment of the present invention, phytochemical fortifying solution is fed in the fortification reactor with the grains to add flavour. The phytochemical fortifying solution includes elements including, but not limited to, Indoles, Lycopene, Sylimarin, Ellagic acid, Flavonoids, Phthalides, Sulfaforaphane, Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, Thiocyanates, Thiols, Glycyrrhizin, Polyacetylenes, Gingerols, Flavonoids, Monoterpenes, Carotenoids, Monoterpenes, Allylil sulphides, Curcumin, Cinnamaldehide, Catechins, Rosmarinic acid, Coumestans, Resveratrol, Lignans, Phytic acid, Saponins, and the like.

[0085] As an exemplary embodiment, the system and grain fortification process is disclosed with respect to paddy as the raw food grain. Many existing fortification processes disclose methods of rice fortification. While the existing processes achieve their objective of fortification, what is imperative is that fact that the rice grain losses valuable material into the surroundings due to dissolution or breakdown of particles. Therefore, the treatment of paddy would result in a fortified grain without harming the kernel of the grain (i.e. rice).

[0086] As illustrated in FIG. 5, there is shown an exemplary list of fortificants for fortifying the food grains. FIG. 5a shows concentration of various fortificants in a sample fortifying solution used in the inventive process of the present invention.

[0087] FIG. 5b illustrates the World Food Program (WFP) recommended micronutrient levels in fortified rice for human consumption. This is the target composition to be achieved by the inventive process of the present invention.

[0088] FIG. 6 shows the concentration of Fe and Zn content of the fortified rice produced by the present invention before and after washing. This shows that the fortified paddy produced does not lose the fortificants after washing.

[0089] FIGS. 7 and 8 show a comparison of Fe and Zn content in raw rice (2 varieties) and parboiled rice as compared to the fortified rice produced by the inventive process disclosed. This clearly establishes that the rice so produced is higher in fortificants (minerals and vitamins) than the raw rice and paraboiled rice.

[0090] Therefore, the present invention is a grain fortification system and process that is feasible, sustainable, effective and efficient. As compared to existing processes such as dusting and coating used to fortify rice, the present invention is more practical since washing is a common preliminary practice in rice cooking and high potion of fortificants are washed away with dusted and coated fortified rice products. Moreover, the present invention has the ability to guarantee equal distribution of fortificants amongst natural grains when mixed in different ratios.

[0091] Additionally, the present invention produces fortified grains without any issues of decolouration. In contrast, a well-known technology like extrusion wherein the fortificants are not washed away, is also the most expensive method in grain fortification.

[0092] Further, the present invention understands and takes the advantage different pores of the grain. Thereby, the fortificants/nutrients are infused into the grain endosperm by present system and method, the washing/abrasion losses are very low, which is a major problem with existing technologies involving dusted and coated grains.

[0093] Apart, from above mentioned advantages, the present invention does not involve an alien layer around kernel like that is in existing fortification processes such as dusting and coating.

[0094] The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the present invention and its practical application, and to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the present invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is understood that various omissions and substitutions of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient, but such omissions and substitutions are intended to cover the application or implementation without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.