Fuel blend with nanodiamonds

Abstract

A fuel and nanodiamond mixture includes a fuel for combustion and a fuel additive in the form of nanodiamonds mixed into the fuel to be dispersed throughout the fuel.

Claims

1. A fuel and nanodiamond mixture comprising: a fuel for providing combustion; and a fuel additive in the form of nanodiamonds mixed into the fuel to be ultra dispersed throughout said fuel; and wherein said nanodiamonds are a blend of qraphenated and unqraphenated nanodiamonds.

2. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 1, wherein said nanodiamonds are less than 10 nm in size.

3. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 2 wherein said nanodiamonds are in a range of 2-10 nm in size.

4. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 3 wherein said nanodiamonds are in a range of between 0.0001% and 0.001% by volume relative to the fuel.

5. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 4 wherein said nanodiamonds are formed by a method that allows the nanodiamonds to obtain a primary crystal size of 2-10 nm and to be ultra dispersed in liquid media to reduce their agglomeration.

6. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 5 wherein said nanodiamonds are detonation synthesis nanodiamonds.

7. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 1, wherein said fuel is one of diesel fuel or gasoline.

8. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 2 wherein said nanodiamonds are in a range of between 0.0001% and 0.001% by volume relative to the fuel.

9. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 7 wherein said nanodiamonds are formed by a method that allows the nanodiamonds to obtain a primary crystal size of 2-10 nm and to be ultra dispersed in liquid media to reduce their agglomeration.

10. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 8 wherein said nanodiamonds are detonation synthesis nanodiamonds.

11. The fuel and nanodiamond mixture as defined in claim 1 wherein said nanodiamonds are in a range of between 0.0001% and 0.001% by volume relative to the fuel.

12. A method of making a fuel and nanodiamond mixture comprising: producing a blend of qraphenated and unqraphenated nanodiamonds via a method that allows the nanodiamonds to obtain a primary crystal size of 2-10 nm to be ultra dispersed in liquid media to of reduce their agglomeration; refining said nanodiamonds from non-diamond material; maintaining said nanodiamonds in a moist state to reduce agglomeration; and introducing said nanodiamonds into one of a petroleum based carrier; partially synthetic partially petroleum lubricant, a fully synthetic lubricant, and a petroleum based fuel.

13. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein said step of producing nanodiamonds is by detonation synthesis technology.

14. A method of introducing nanodiamonds along with fuel for the combustion cycle into an internal combustion engine having a combustion chamber with a piston, said method comprising: mixing a moist blend of graphenated and ungraphenated nanodiamonds with a petroleum based carrier; injecting said carrier with said nanodiamonds therein into said combustion chamber from an origin source on the combustion side of said piston along with fuel before ignition to provide a mixture of nanodiamonds and fuel; and igniting said mixture of nanodiamonds and fuel in said combustion chamber for producing a power stroke.

15. The method as defined in claim 14 wherein said carrier is said fuel and nanodiamonds are introduced into said combustion chamber with said fuel from a fuel injector.

16. The method as defined in claim 15 wherein said nanodiamonds are between 0.0001% and 0.001% by volume relative to said fuel.

17. The method as defined in claim 16 wherein said nanodiamonds are 2-10 nm in size.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

(1) Significant improvement in fuel economy and environmental performance of internal combustion engines have been achieved by introducing between 0.0001% and 0.001% by volume of nanodiamonds to fuel for example, gasoline, diesel, liquefied natural gas, propane, kerosene or any hydrocarbon based fuel system. The nanodiamonds have average sizes of 2-10 nm and more preferably 4-6 nm.

(2) Detonation synthesis or any other method which allows the nanodiamonds to obtain a particle size of 2-10 nm to be dispersed in liquid media to reduce their agglomeration is used to manufacture nanodiamonds. Detonation synthesis technology employs charges of explosive substances which are detonated in a high strength, hermetically sealed chamber. Diamond particles of nanometer size are formed from the free carbon of the molecules of the explosives. The initial detonation process creates a diamond blend that contains on average 40-50% diamonds which are then refined to a higher percentage. A refinement process may be used to extract both graphenated and ungraphenated forms of these nanodiamonds from the non-diamond material, e.g. soot.

(3) The nanodiamonds are maintained in the refinement output moist state, i.e., it contains some amount of liquid to reduce the possibility of agglomeration and produce a stable additive product with minimal nanodiamond settling in the finished product and resulting in extended shelf life. For example, the liquid may be water, acid or urea. Reduction of agglomeration is important to maintain the size under 10 nm and preferably 4-6 nm.

(4) The nanodiamonds can be introduced into the fuel at the refinery or downstream thereof. When added directly to the fuel, the nanodiamond concentration is between 0.0001% and 0.001% by volume to the fuel. In one embodiment, the fuel is in the form of diesel or gasoline suitable for internal combustion engines. The nanodiamonds can easily pass from a fuel tank to an engine and through fuel filters for automotive use because fuel filters are not designed to filter particles smaller than a few microns in size.

(5) When used as an aftermarket additive, the fuel additive can have the nanodiamonds mixed into a carrier based on petroleum based lubricant, partially synthetic partially petroleum based lubricant or a fully synthetic lubricant. The preferred method of mixing the nanodiamond is by introducing the moist state nanodiamonds into the carrier using ultrasonic and mechanical mixing to reduce settling out of the nanodiamonds in the carrier. The nanodiamond mix in the carrier is preferably between 0.5% and 4% by weight. The optimal ratio of additive in the form of the carrier to the fuel is 10-30 ml of carrier per 50 liters of fuel. Other ranges outside of this are possible but with decreasing results. When the nanodiamonds are introduced as an aftermarket additive, it is preferred to add the additive first to the fuel tank and then add the gasoline, diesel or other fuel to the fuel tank to promote complete blending and suspension of the nanodiamonds in the fuel.

(6) The results of several tests showed an increase of up to 10% in fuel efficiency depending on engine load. Furthermore, reduction of both carbon monoxide and other hydrocarbons results were as follows:

(7) TABLE-US-00001 TESTING Gasoline Engine with Catalytic Converter Test 1 At Idle Revving With With No Nano- Without Nano- Improvement Nano- diamond Nano- diamond With Options diamonds Additive diamonds Additive Nanodiamonds CO, % 0.12 0.08 0.3 0.15 42.31% HCppm 167 129 42 32 18%

(8) TABLE-US-00002 Diesel Engine Without Catalytic Converter Test 2 At Idle Revving No With Without With Improvement Nano- Nanodiamond Nano- Nanodiamond With Options diamonds Additive diamonds Additive Nanodiamonds CO, % 7.7 8.4 7.82 1.2 0.7 1.05 27.08% HCppm 396 425 351 127 95 111 18.9%

(9) It is believed that the nanodiamond blended additive to the fuel improves environment performance of engines due a more uniform and therefore complete combustion. There is a general reduction of NOx, soot, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The nanodiamond additive cleans combustion chamber, and increases the efficiency and engine power. Duration is also improved by decreasing wear as shown in the test results below:

(10) TABLE-US-00003 PIN AND V TEST DATA SUMMARY AND COMPARISON PSI Coefficient Load Wear Scar of Friction Oil Only, No Break-in 81,605 0.225 0.116 Nanodiamond, 48-Hour Break-in 95,709 0.190 0.101 Improvement 17.3% 15.6% 12.9%

(11) In general, an increase by approximately 1.5 points in octane is obtained by adding nanodiamonds to the fuel.

(12) The additive further reduces the load on after burning catalysts and diesel particulate filters. The elimination of metals as an additive reduces the content of harmful impurities including carcinogens in the exhaust gases. The additive apparently improves flammability of the fuel mixture and the combustion process at different loads of the engine. The nanodiamonds are believed to create more uniform points of ignition to slow the oxidation of the fuel during the compression stroke of the air-fuel mixture and to intensify the combustion process after ignition of the fuel by its high thermal conductivity which creates a more uniform flame front during the detonation down-stroke. As such, improved combustion efficiency increases the proportion of energy consumption going to perform useful work.

(13) There is a noticeable reduction of spark plug fouling due to soot. There is improved lubrication of fuel injectors and valves, cleaner combustion chamber and restored mobility of the piston rings in the grooves of the piston during operation of an engine on the gasoline blended with the nanodiamonds. There is less soot deposited in the exhaust path which reduces the soot load on the catalysts and diesel particulate filters thereby increasing these components useful life. The engine has reduced sensitivity to fuel quality because of the increase combustion efficiency. The improved engine combustion provides reduced engine vibration and engine noise.

(14) By adding the nanodiamond to the fuel, it is assured that a sufficient quantity is introduced into the combustion chamber from above the piston in more consistent quantities rather than via a lubricant from below the piston. The small percentage of nanodiamonds to fuel provides for an economically viable additive.

(15) It is foreseen to use the nanodiamonds in fuels for other purposes, i.e. alcohol, liquefied natural gas or propane based fuel as well as solid or gel based fuels for applications other than internal combustion engines.

(16) Variations and modifications are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.