Method for detection of presence or absence of analytes in fluids and an optical detection system for carrying out the method

Abstract

A method and a system for detection of presence or absence of analytes in fluids, the method comprising the steps of: a) contacting a fluid sample and a plurality of nanoparticles, the nanoparticles being functionalized with a selective ligand, the contact of the fluid sample with the nanoparticles being under conditions such that, the nanoparticles aggregate selectively on surface of their target analyte, forming a nanoparticle-analyte complex, the aggregation promoting the concentration of the nanoparticles on the surface of the target analyte; b) subjecting a fluid mixture of the fluid sample and the plurality of nanoparticles to SERS; c) measuring at least a SERS signal associated with the fluid mixture; d) spectrally analyzing the at least one SERS signal of step c); e) recognizing at least one defined SERS spectrum of the nanoparticle-analyte complex, through a SERS signal enhanced by the at least one narrow inter-nanoparticle gap.

Claims

1. A method for detection of presence or absence of analytes in fluids, comprising the steps of: a) contacting a fluid sample and a plurality of silver nanoparticles, wherein each of the plurality of silver nanoparticles comprises, a core unprotected and tagged with at least a molecular species with a defined surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum, the nanoparticles being functionalized with at least a selective ligand for a given receptor of a target analyte, the contact of the fluid sample with the nanoparticles being under conditions such that, when the fluid sample comprises at least an analyte, the nanoparticles aggregate selectively on a surface of theft target analyte forming a nanoparticle-analyte complex, the aggregation promoting the concentration of the nanoparticles on the surface of the target analyte and thus a plasmon coupling in between the nanoparticles through the generation of at least one narrow inter-nanoparticle gap; b) circulating a fluid mixture of the fluid sample and the plurality of nanoparticles through at least a passage; c) subjecting the fluid mixture of the fluid sample and the plurality of nanoparticles to SERS; d) measuring at least a SERS signal associated with the fluid mixture; e) spectrally analysing the at least one SERS signal of step d); f) recognizing at least one defined SERS spectrum of the nanoparticle-analyte complex, through a SERS signal enhanced by the at least one narrow inter-nanoparticle gap, when the fluid mixture comprises at least a nanoparticle-analyte complex with the narrow inter-nanoparticle gap; and g) quantifying the number of recognized SERS spectra and the intensity of the SERS signal related to each recognized defined SERS spectra in the fluid mixture.

2. A method for detection of presence or absence of analytes in fluids according to claim 1, wherein in step e) a SERS spectrum is recorded in predefined lapses of time.

3. A method for detection of presence or absence of analytes in fluids according to claim 1, wherein the analyte is one of: eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, including circulating tumoral cells, pathogenic and no pathogenic microorganism as fungi, protozoa, algae, rotifers, bacteria and archaea, viruses, nucleic acids, peptide nucleic acids, antigens, peptides and proteins or the combination thereof.

4. A method for detection of presence or absence of analytes in fluids according to claim 1, wherein the selective ligand is an antibody, protein, aptamer or small molecule.

5. A method for detection of presence or absence of analytes in fluids according to claim 1, wherein the selective ligand is a cancer cell marker.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising tagging the nanoparticles with the at least a molecular species using a bond having covalent character.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising enhancing the SERS signal with the at least one narrow inter-nanoparticle gap by 3 orders of magnitude compared to a signal associated with nanoparticles that are not aggregated into a nanoparticle-analyte complex.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A schematically shows a diagram of operation of an optical detection system with some relevant parts according to the invention;

(2) FIG. 1B shows SERS spectra of the different coded particles used for targeted analytes (bacteria);

(3) FIG. 1C shows images of a transmission electron microscope of targeted analytes (bacteria) covered with their respective matching nanoparticles;

(4) FIG. 1D is a diagrammatical view of an optical detection system according to the invention;

(5) FIG. 2A shows a temporal series of correlations between sequentially acquired spectra collected over 270 ms intervals and the SERS reference of the labeled nanoparticles;

(6) FIG. 2B shows images of cellular cultures (24-48 hours) for microorganisms inoculated in blood samples;

(7) FIG. 2C shows comparisons of bacteria concentrations as determined by the present invention (open circles) for a contaminated sample versus traditional cultures (open squares);

(8) FIG. 3A shows the kinetics of nanoparticle aggregation as measured through the time-dependent SERS signal (symbols) after adding analyte (E. coli) to the mixture of coded nanoparticles;

(9) FIG. 3B shows a Monte Carlo simulation of the temporal evolution of nanoparticle aggregation on the analyte (bacteria membrane) produced by random encounters;

(10) FIG. 3C shows an estimated increase in SERS intensity with (solid curve) and without (broken curve) inclusion of the effect of inter-nanoparticle gap hotspots, as extracted from the simulation of FIG. 3B;

(11) FIG. 3D shows a scheme of an analyte (E. coli) individual covered with coded nanoparticles, and a detail of the near-electric-field intensity distribution revealing the formation of optical hotspots at the nanoparticle gaps in a representative distribution of nanoparticles;

(12) FIG. 4 shows the electric field generated at the centre of the gap separating two silver colloidal nanoparticles of 60 nm of diameter as a function their distance interaction when forming a dimer;

(13) FIG. 5 shows the plasmonic response and representative SEM images of encoded nanoparticles in solution as prepared;

(14) FIG. 6 shows optimization of the concentration of the encoded nanoparticles for the reduction of the background noise into the detection section of the present invention. Although a SERS signal can be clearly identified above 10.sup.5 M in silver, at 10.sup.6 M the spectrum disappears. At 10.sup.7 M (working concentration) no signal is achieved from the dispersed nanoparticles background even when largely increasing the acquisition time;

(15) FIG. 7A shows images of cellular cultures for an analyte (E. coli bacteria); a serum sample is spiked with E. coli at different concentrations;

(16) FIG. 7B shows the detection and quantification results obtained in the present system: with either with no bacteria present, with low concentration, with high concentration or with high concentration but without the encoded nanoparticle that identifies the analyte (E. coli bacteria);

(17) FIG. 7C shows a statistical comparison of methods of FIGS. 7A and 7B;

(18) FIG. 8A shows images of cellular cultures for an analyte (S. aureus bacteria); a serum sample is spiked with S. aureus at different concentrations;

(19) FIG. 8B shows the detection and quantification results obtained in the present system: with no bacteria present, at low concentration, high concentration and high concentration but without the encoded nanoparticle that identifies the analyte (S. aureus bacteria);

(20) FIG. 8C shows a statistical comparison of methods of FIGS. 8A and 8B:

(21) FIG. 9A shows images of cellular cultures for an analyte (S. agalactiae bacteria); a serum sample is spiked with S. agalactiae at different concentrations;

(22) FIG. 9B shows the detection and quantification results obtained in the present system: with no bacteria present, at low concentration, high concentration and high concentration but without the encoded nanoparticle that identifies the analyte (S. agalactiae bacteria);

(23) FIG. 9C shows a statistical comparison of methods of FIGS. 9A and 9B:

(24) FIG. 10A shows images of cellular cultures for an analyte (P. aeruginosa bacteria); a serum sample is spiked with P. aeruginosa at different concentrations;

(25) FIG. 10B shows the detection and quantification results obtained in the present system: with no bacteria present, at low concentration, high concentration and high concentration but without the encoded nanoparticle that identifies the analyte (P. aeruginosa bacteria);

(26) FIG. 10C shows a statistical comparison of methods of FIGS. 10A and 10B:

(27) FIG. 11A shows images of cellular culture of serum sample spiked with E. coli and S. aureus (volume seeded 1 mL for E. coli and 0.5 mL for S. aureus);

(28) FIG. 11B shows detection and quantification results obtained in the present system for the same bacteria as FIG. 11A;

(29) FIG. 11C shows statistical comparison of methods of FIGS. 11A and 11B;

(30) FIG. 12 shows TEM images of several single or clustered E. coli (colony forming units, CFU) coated with nanoparticles and revealing the biodiversity of E. coli;

(31) FIG. 13A shows images of cellular culture of serum sample spiked with E. coli, S. agalactiae and S. aureus (Volume 0.5 mL for each);

(32) FIG. 13B shows detection and quantification results obtained in the present system for the same bacteria as FIG. 13A;

(33) FIG. 13C shows representative TEM images of coated bacteria;

(34) FIG. 13D shows statistical comparison of methods of FIGS. 13A and 13B:

(35) FIG. 14A shows the distribution of gap distances, as extracted from the Monte Carlo simulation of FIG. 3B;

(36) FIG. 14B shows SERS enhancement in Ag nanoparticle dimers, from an electromagnetic simulation;

(37) FIG. 14C shows temporal evolution of the SERS signal, as extracted from the data of FIGS. 14A and 14B;

(38) FIG. 14D shows effective response of a particle layer;

(39) FIG. 15 is a diagrammatical view of sections of a passage of the system according to the invention, wherein dimensions of the sections are schematically and exemplary represented;

DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

(40) The attached figures show preferred and non-limiting embodiments of an optical detection system designated in a general way with reference number 100 and different views regarding the method for detection of presence or absence of analytes, objects of the present invention.

(41) A preferred embodiment of an optical detection system 100 for detection of presence or absence of analytes in fluids according to the invention can be seen in FIG. 1D, wherein it is shown that the optical detection system 100 comprises a mixing container 101 or inlet vessel configured to receive and mix a fluid sample with or without at least a target analyte and a plurality of unprotected nanoparticles. The fluid sample may encompass at least one target analyte (FIG. 1A) and the nanoparticle can encompass a plurality of encoded and unprotected nanoparticles (FIG. 1A). The mixing container 101 may comprise the precharged nanoparticles and the fluid sample may be placed later to obtain the corresponding mixture. The nanoparticles may be provided as a cocktail containing several types thereof, for instance from 1 to 200, each type selectively targeting a different analyte.

(42) The optical detection system 100 also comprises a passage 102A, 102B, 102C in fluid communication with the mixing container 101. This passage 102A, 102B, 102C is a microchannel with variable dimensions, for instances it has a width of 200 m and a depth of 100 m, which is enlarged to 400 m-width and 2 mm-depth in a detection section 108.

(43) For circulating the fluid mixture of nanoparticles and fluid sample following the direction D indicated by an arrow in FIG. 1D, the system comprises driving means associated with the passage 102A, 102B, 102C. The driving means comprises preferably a pump 103, particularly a micropump (mp6, Bartels). However, the passage 102A, 102B, 102C may be configured to allow capillary motion of the fluid mixture.

(44) The passage 102A, 102B, 102C is preferably divided in three sections; a narrow initial section of the passage 102A that increases pressure drop of the flow necessary to finely control flow discharge with the micropump. Next, a second section of the passage 102B expands the volume of the microchannel until the third section of the passage 102C where dimensions of the microchannel increase until 0.4 mm width and 2 mm depth. This final volume gives the appropriate dimensions to continuously screen the fluid mixture with flow rates for instance of 1.74 mm s.sup.1 at a capture rate of 1.83 mm s.sup.1

(45) The system also comprises an emitter 104 adapted to produce an incident monochromatic light L to strike on the mixture flowing through the passage 102A, 102B, 102C. It should be understood that any means capable of producing such light may be used, for instance a device comprising a macroobjective 6 mm D and 18 mm focal, providing an efficient spot of 0.5 mm, with the laser emitting at 785 nm and 300 mW.

(46) Following with the system, it also comprises a reader 105 configured to receive a reflected transmitted, or scattered light (not shown) from the mixture of the passage 102A, 102B, 102C, particularly the mixture passing through the detection section 108, and reading the enhanced Raman signal associated with the fluid mixture of nanoparticles and the fluid sample or more particularly, the Raman signal of the nanoparticle-analyte complex and the enhanced Raman signal by the inter-nanoparticle gap when at least one analyte is comprised in the fluid sample. As per the emitter 104, the reader 105 has to be understood as any device capable of receiving the reflected light from the mixture of the passage 102A, 102B, 102C, specifically from the inter-nanoparticle gaps. The emitter may comprise for instance a spectrometer Renishaw Invia Reflex device.

(47) Control means 106, as a processor, in data communication with the emitter 104 and the reader 105 is comprised by the present system and can also control the micropump operation.

(48) A particularly preferred embodiment of the present system may comprise a layer (not shown) with a slide cover (not shown) by way of a microfluidic device. The layer is fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by replica molding using an aluminum master mold. PDMS (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning) is prepared by mixing pre-polymer and curing agent at a standard 10:1 ratio. The mixture is poured onto the mold, degassed in vacuum, and cured at 80 C. After an hour, PDMS is peeled off the mold and fluidic access holes (inlet and outlet, not illustrated) are punched.

(49) The microfluidic device is obtained by bonding the PDMS layer to a slide cover (130-170 m-thick) after oxygen plasma treatment (100 W, 3% O2, 0.2 mbar, 40 s) (Plasma Flecto 10, Plasma technology GmbH). The microfluidic device comprises a microchannel formed during a moulding step of the layer and the matching slide cover.

(50) The mixing container 101, the pump 103, and an outlet vessel 107 associated with the mixing container 101 through the passage 102A, 102B, 102C for receiving the mixture after the screening, are installed on the microfluidic device. Then microfluidic device is connected to the emitter 104 and the reader 105 for carrying out the method of the present invention.

(51) However, it is obvious that the system may adopt any embodiment other than the microfluidic device.

(52) For detecting the presence or absence of target analytes in a fluid sample, the present invention also discloses a method which comprises the steps of:

(53) a) contacting a fluid sample and a plurality of nanoparticles, wherein each of the nanoparticles comprises a core unprotected and tagged with at least a molecular species with a defined SERS spectrum, the nanoparticles being functionalized with at least a selective ligand for a given receptor of a target analyte, the contact of the fluid sample with the nanoparticles being under conditions such that, when the fluid sample comprises at least an analyte the nanoparticles aggregate selectively on surface of their target analyte, forming a nanoparticle-analyte complex, the aggregation promoting the concentration of the nanoparticles on the surface of the target analyte and thus a plasmon coupling in between the nanoparticles through the generation of narrow inter-nanoparticle gaps;

(54) The nanoparticles can be obtained by labelling silver nanoparticles with different Raman-active molecules and functionalizing them for instance with ligands as bacteria-selective antibodies or cancer cell markers (see reference 11 in FIG. 1A). Fluid nanoparticle dispersion is mixed in the mixing container 101 with the sample fluid, which might contain microorganisms as target analytes (see reference 12 in FIG. 1A). Several types of bacteria may be targeted using nanoparticles prepared with different specific combinations of Raman molecules and ligands (for instance antibodies). The presence of one of the targeted analyte (e.g. microbes) induces aggregation of its antibody-matching nanoparticles on its surface, rapidly evolving towards full random coverage (see reference 13 in FIG. 1A).

(55) The fluid mixture is circulated through the passage 102A, 102B, 102C driven by the pump 103 following direction D;

(56) b) subjecting a fluid mixture of the fluid sample and the plurality of nanoparticles to SERS. The fluid mixture of fluid sample and nanoparticles is passed through the detection section 108 where the emitter 104 issues an incident monochromatic light (laser beam) with a wavelength for instance of 785 nm to strike the mixture. The wavelength may vary from UV to infrared;

(57) c) measuring at least a SERS signal associated with the fluid mixture. All the portions of the fluid mixture are subjected to SERS and the signal produced is measured (intensity) by the system. If the fluid mixture comprises an analyte-nanoparticle complex with the narrow inter-nanoparticle gap, the intensity measured would be increased exponentially in between 2 to 3 order of magnitude per gap. The majority of the time steps the present system only sample dispersed nanoparticles, which produce a weak Raman signal. Occasionally, target analytes (e.g. microorganisms) traverse the light beam issued by the emitter 104, giving rise to several orders of magnitude higher Raman signal.sup.[15] because the analyte surface is coated with a dense array of narrow inter-particle gaps that act as optical hotspots, thus exposing the Raman molecules to a much higher light intensity and yielding an intense signal that reveals the molecular fingerprints, and consequently, also the type of the analyte (e.g. specific cells, microorganisms, viruses, nucleic acids, peptide nucleic acids, antigens, peptides and proteins or a combination thereof) (see FIG. 1B);

(58) d) spectrally analysing the at least one SERS signal of step c). If the fluid mixture comprises an analyte-nanoparticle complex with the narrow inter-nanoparticle gap, the enhanced Raman signal associated with the narrow inter-nanoparticle gap is analysed to record the inelastic signal generated by the Raman-active molecules (see reference 16 in FIG. 1A). A spectrum may be acquired and recorded in predefined lapse of time, for instance about every 1-30 ms.

(59) e) recognizing at least one defined SERS spectrum of the nanoparticle-analyte complex, through a SERS signal enhanced by the at least one narrow inter-nanoparticle gap, when the fluid mixture comprises at least a nanoparticle-analyte complex with the narrow inter-nanoparticle gap.

(60) After step e) the present method may comprise the step f), for quantifying the analyte in the fluid sample, when an analyte is comprised in the fluid sample. For instance milliliters of sample fluid can be exhaustively scrutinized following this method, quantifying the amount of target analytes in the fluid sample.

(61) That quantification is achieved by quantifying the number of recognized defined SERS spectra (positive events) and the intensity of the SERS signal related to each recognized defined SERS spectra (positive event) in the fluid mixture.

(62) It is obvious that if no analyte is comprised in the fluid sample, the system would not obtain an enhanced SERS signal of both the nanoparticle-analyte complexes and the narrow inter-particle gaps. Therefore, the absence of the analyte in the fluid sample would be detected.

(63) The above describe method may follow a sequence of instructions of a computer program implemented with the control means 106 or alternatively with a computer (not shown) in data communication with the present system. To this end, control means 106 may store the source code in order to automate the method or may be stored in any computer-readable medium in data communication with the system for executing the computer program. The sequence of instructions may be obviously adapted to particular conditions of analysis.

(64) Regarding the above described method, several tests were made by the inventors with the aim to demonstrate selectivity and multiplexing of the present system in real analyte samples. Although tests are related to bacteria detection, the analytes to be detected may vary as above mentioned. The present method and system are not limited to detection of bacteria. Such tests are described in the following with reference to the attached figures.

(65) Before continuing with the tests, the previous experimental values, method and conditions used and followed should be cited.

(66) Materials and Methods:

(67) Silver nitrate (99.99%, AgNO3), trisodium citrate dihydrate (99.5%), L-ascorbic acid (99.0%), magnesium sulfate (99.0%, MgSO4), ethanol (99.5%, EtOH), 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (95%, MUA), 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (99%, MBA) thiosalicylic acid (97%, TSA), 3,4-difluorothiophenol (96%, DFTP), 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzenethiol (96%, TFMBT), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol (97%, HPHTT), bovine serum albumin (98.0%, BSA), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (BioXtra, EDC), sodium chloride (BioXtra, 99.5%, NaCl), Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (D8537, DPBS) and human blood (BCR634 FLUKA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All reactants were used without further purification. Milli Q water (18 M cm.sup.1) was used in all aqueous solutions, and all the glassware and magnetic stirrers were cleaned with aqua regia and with a potassium hydroxide solution in isopropanol/water before all the experiments.

(68) Escherichia coli (ab30522, E. coli) and Streptococcus agalactiae (ab41203, S. agalactiae) antibodies (Ab) were purchased from Abcam, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MA1-83430, P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (MA1-83467, S. aureus) antibodies were purchased from life technologies. Enriched thioglycollate medium (221742, BBL) was purchased from BD (Becton, Dickinson and Company) and Columbia agar+5% sheep blood plates (43 041) were purchased from bioMrieux. Bacterial samples were obtained from Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

(69) Synthesis of Citrate-Stabilized Spherical Silver Nanoparticles:

(70) Spherical silver nanoparticles (Ag nanoparticles) of approx. 62 nm in diameter were produced by a combination of previously reported approaches.sup.[16-19]. Briefly, 250 mL of Milli Q water were heated under vigorous stirring. A condenser was used to prevent solvent evaporation. Next, aqueous solutions of trisodium citrate (3.41 mL, 0.1 M) and ascorbic acid (0.25 mL, 0.1 M) were consecutively added into the boiling water. After 1 minute, a premixed aqueous solution containing AgNO.sub.3 (0.744 mL, 0.1 M) and MgSO.sub.4 (0.56 mL 0.1 M), which was previously incubated at room temperature for 5 min, was rapidly injected into a reaction vessel under vigorous stirring. The color of the solution quickly changes from colorless to yellow and gradually changes into dark orange. Boiling was continued for 1 h under stirring to ensure the completeness of the reaction. The size of the Ag nanoparticles was approximately 62 nm. The silver concentration of the synthesized particles was 2.510.sup.4 M.

(71) Mercaptoundecanoic Acid Functionalization and Codification of Ag Nanoparticles:

(72) Next, MUA was used in order to provide colloidal stability to the Ag nanoparticles during the encoding process and later on to use the carboxylic functionality for the coupling of the antibodies. Specifically, five aliquots (25 mL each) of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles were cleaned by centrifugation (5400 rpm, 30 min) and redispersed via sonication (during 5 min) in a solution containing Milli Q water (3.27 mL) and EtOH (21.67 mL). Consequently, the Ag nanoparticles were functionalized with a small amount of MUA (2.4 molecules nm.sup.2) by adding rapidly a solution containing MUA (24.76 L, 1.010.sup.3 M in EtOH) and NH.sub.4OH (30 L, 29% aqueous solution) to each aliquot under vigorous stirring. Agitation was continued for 28 h to assure the complete MUA functionalization on the silver surface. Finally, the MUA functionalized Ag nanoparticles aliquots were then encoded with five different Raman labels (1.6 molecules nm.sup.2 of MBA, TSA, DFTP, TFMBT, and HPHTT, respectively). To this end, 16.51 L of a 10.sup.3 M stock solution of the five different SERS codes were added to the aliquots under strong magnetic stirring. Once more, stirring was continued for another 28 h. The encoded Ag nanoparticles solutions were then centrifuged and redispersed twice in Milli Q water to remove the NH.sub.4OH, the EtOH, and any unreacted Raman label prior antibody coupling. Nanoparticles concentration was calculated for each aliquot using the Lambert-Beer's law and an extinction coefficient of 7.7910.sup.10 M.sup.1 cm.sup.1, derived from literature,.sup.[20] and adjusted to 0.14 nM for all of them. On the other hand, another aliquot (25 mL) of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles was cleaned also by centrifugation (5400 rpm, 30 min) and redispersed in Milli Q water (25 mL). The Ag nanoparticles were then functionalized with MUA by adding, under vigorous stirring, 24.76 L (1.010.sup.3 M in EtOH). Agitation was continued for 28 h to assure the complete MUA functionalization on the silver surface. Finally, Ag nanoparticles were further modified with BSA (41.26 L, 1.010.sup.3 M in Milli Q water) under magnetic stirring for 24 h, followed by one cleaning step centrifugation to remove excess of BSA and any unreacted MUA molecules (5400 rpm, 30 min, redispersed in Milli Q water). Nanoparticles concentration was calculated and adjusted to 0.034 nM.

(73) Antibody Conjugation to Ag Nanoparticles:

(74) 200 L of DPBS and EDC (39.2 L, 250 nM in DPBS) were added over each codified Ag nanoparticles solution (1 mL, 0.14 nM, Raman labels: MBA, TSA, DFTP, TFMBT, and HPHTT), the mixtures were shaken for 5 min at room temperature, and then the antibodies solutions were added (1.46 L, 6.67 M, E. coli, BSA, P. aeruginosa, S. agalactiae, and S. aureus, respectively). The resulting mixtures were shaken for 2 h at room temperature, then were cleaned twice by centrifugation to remove the excess of unreacted EDC and antibodies (3000 rpm, 10 min), and redispersed in DPBS/Milli Q water (1:3). The concentration of each Ab-modified Ag nanoparticles solution was measured, adjust to 0.14 nM, and the samples were stored at 4 C.

(75) Nanoparticles Characterization:

(76) UV-Vis spectroscopy (Lambda 19, PerkinElmer) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-1011 operating at 100 kV) were used to characterize the optical response, structure, and size of the nanoparticles during the functionalization process. To characterize the codification process, SERS spectra were collected in backscattering geometry with a Renishaw Invia Reflex system equipped with a 2D-CCD detector. The spectrograph used a high resolution grating (1200 g cm.sup.1) with additional band pass filter optics. A 785 nm diode laser was focused onto the colloidal solution ([AgO]=0.1 mM) by a long-working distance objective (0.17 NA, working distance 30 mm). The spectra were acquired with an exposure time of 1 s (depending on Raman intensity saturation) and a laser power at the sample of ca. 300 mW.

(77) Bacterial Samples:

(78) Bacteria were inoculated in enriched thioglycollate medium (BBL), incubated at 37 C. for 18 hours and then diluted with saline solution (NaCl 0.9%). Next, the required amount of bacterial solution, to reach the desired final concentration, was added into the corresponding fluid (saline solution or human blood containing Ab-modified Ag nanoparticles (1 L per mL of sample of each encoded particle) and two-fold of the total amount of codified Ag nanoparticles of unlabeled Ag nanoparticles and protected with serum albumin. To verify the final bacterial concentration per sample, several aliquots of each solution were spread in agar-blood plates and incubated for 24-48 hours at 37 C. After this time, the number of colonies in each plate was counted in order to calculate the CFU mL.sup.1. To further corroborate the interaction between the Ab-modified Ag nanoparticles with the corresponding bacteria, equal volumes of Ag nanoparticles (0.14 nM) and bacterial solution (106 CFU mL.sup.1) were mixed, and incubated for 15 min at 37 C. 104 of these mixtures were deposited on carbon coated cupper grids and the samples were allowed to dry before the TEM analysis.

(79) Measurement Setup:

(80) SERS measurements were collected with a Renishaw Invia Reflex. Laser (785 nm, 300 mW) was focused with a macroobjective 6 mm D and 18 mm focal, providing an efficient spot of 0.4 mm. Data collection was set to 270 ms providing and acquisition speed of 1.85 mm s.sup.1; providing an evaluation speed of 13.3 min per mL of sample and 3000 scans. Data deconvolution was carried out by applying direct classical least square methods.

(81) For demonstration of bacteria detection, the inventors prepared five dispersions of coded nanoparticles, each of them functionalized with a different aromatic thiol that yields a unique Raman spectrum (FIGS. 1B and 5). The coded nanoparticles were subsequently and separately functionalized with the corresponding membrane-selective antibody for recognition of, E. coli and P. aeruginosa (gram negative rod-like bacteria), and S. aureus and S. agalactiae (gram positive spheroidal coccus). The fifth nanoparticle dispersion was functionalized with serum albumin and used as a blank. All five nanoparticle dispersions were then mixed in the mixing container 101 (FIGS. 1A and 1D) at a concentration of 107 nanoparticles per mL per Raman code, which we found to be optimum for yielding fast nanoparticle-pathogen attachment with a minimum background SERS signal (see FIG. 6). To limit the formation of spurious aggregates in the colloidal solution, which may lead to false positives, it was added twice as many non-coded BSA-protected nanoparticles to the mixture. Serum contaminated with only one of the four mentioned bacteria was then added to the mixing container 101 of the present invention, and a time series of SERS spectra were collected as the mixture was circulated through the laser focus of the emitter 104 (FIG. 2A and FIGS. 7-10). The majority of the time steps only sampled dispersed nanoparticles, which produced a weak SERS signal. Occasionally, a targeted colony forming unit (CFU) traversed the laser focus, giving rise to 103 higher SERS signal due to the concentration of particles on the bacterial surface and the subsequent formation of nanoparticle gaps, as we discussed above. Then the correlation of the recorded spectra with the reference ones for each of the Raman codes (FIG. 1B, and calculation details in the SI) is calculated, and obtained clear identification of the added pathogen.

(82) The experiment was repeated for samples containing mixtures of two bacteria (FIG. 11). For all the results, it was noted that no false identifications were observed (i.e., no signatures from the bacteria types that were absent from the blood sample), and actually, no positives were recorded from blank samples (FIGS. 2A and 7-12). Incidentally, a significant dispersion in correlation was observed, which it is attributed to the size of the detected CFUs, ranging from single cells to larger colonies (FIG. 12). In all cases, the concentrations obtained were consistent with those found using conventional cell culture but with a considerably lower standard deviation (FIGS. 7-11).

(83) FIG. 12 shows TEM images of several single or clustered E. coli cfu as biodiversity of E. coli coated with nanoparticles. SERS detection results on the present system for one of the samples of FIG. 8 at low bacterial concentration. Spectra of the highlighted circles showing that the degree of correlation of the SERS spectra of the encoded particle depends on the signal to noise ratio. Thus bigger clusters of bacteria, give rise to better signal and, so, better correlation.

(84) Additionally, it was demonstrated selectivity and multiplexing of the present invention in real blood samples by contaminating blood simultaneously with S. aureus, E. coli, and S. agalactiae in different concentrations ranging from 1 to 10's CFUs. The analysis of this sample by the present invention revealed all three pathogens (FIG. 2A and FIG. 13), while a statistical analysis of the results based on three runs of the experiment (FIG. 2C) determined their respective concentrations in excellent agreement with cellular cultures (FIGS. 2B and 13). Incidentally, positive events vary in the degree of correlation (SERS intensity), as expected from the bacterial diversity (FIG. 12). It is stressed that each analysis by the present invention took 13 min, which is a substantial reduction in time compared with cellular cultures (24-72 hours). These results further demonstrate the ability of the present system to classify multiple infected samples with very different pathogen (analyte) concentrations in a single pass and even accurately resolve pathogen (analyte) concentrations in contaminated serum samples with both E. coli and a much larger density of S. aureus and S. agalactiae (FIGS. 2 and 13).

(85) In FIG. 2 the performance of the present invention is shown for blood samples. Particularly in FIG. 2A it is shown the correlation between a temporal series (21-26) of spectra collected over 270 ms intervals and the SERS reference of the labeled nanoparticles (FIG. 1B). The analyzed serum samples contain either one pathogen (21-24, see labels) or no pathogen (25, blank). Series 26 shows the result in a whole blood sample spiked with a combination of three different bacteria and concentrations (S. aureus, E. coli, and S. agalactiae). Large correlation values reveal the passage of an individual bacteria or CFU. FIG. 2B shows cellular cultures (24-48 hours) for the microorganism inoculated in the blood samples (series 26). White spots correspond to CFUs. FIG. 2C shows the comparison of the corresponding bacteria concentrations as determined by the present invention (open circles) for the sample contaminated with three pathogens (series 26) versus traditional cultures (open squares). Averages over three runs of both the present invention and culture experiments are shown by the corresponding solid symbols.

(86) The kinetics of functionalized nanoparticle aggregation on the pathogen membrane (analyte surface) is a key element of the present invention. As a representative example, after adding a large concentration of E. coli to the pool of five coded nanoparticles (time 0), found three distinct stages were found in the temporal evolution of the resulting SERS signal (FIG. 3A): nanoparticle aggregation is initially very slow, as the bacteria are separated from the nanoparticle dispersion, each of them placed in their respective host fluids, so that nanoparticle-bacteria encounters are relatively infrequent, yielding a linear, though slow increase in Raman signal; diffusion eventually brings the nanoparticles closer to the bacteria after ca. 200 s, resulting in more frequent encounters and a faster linear increase in SERS intensity; the signal eventually reaches a plateau after ca. 700 s, indicating saturated coverage of the membrane of the pathogen. The latter stage is also affected by signal depletion produced by flocculation, as the increased weight of nanoparticle-covered CFUs pulls them away from the laser focus. These experimental results can be understood from a Monte Carlo simulation of particle sticking (FIG. 3B), which reveals a characteristic saturation at a nanoparticle random coverage 60% of the maximum close-packed density.sup.[14]. Random occurrence of nanoparticle gaps takes place, leading to an increase in SERS intensity by 3 orders of magnitude compared with non-interacting nanoparticles (cf. solid and broken curves in FIG. 3C), as estimated from the combined effect of attached nanoparticle density and particle gap distance distribution (FIG. 14). The growing in SERS intensity caused by inter-nanoparticles gap hotspot is not linear but exponential (FIG. 3C).

(87) Gap formation and the resulting SERS enhancement are thus critical elements that allow obtaining intense signals from bacteria, as an example of analyte, content well above the background of dispersed nanoparticles. A simulation of the near-electric-field light intensity of the 785 nm wavelength laser near a rod-like structure mimicking an E. coli specimen (FIG. 3D) shows a mild spatial modulation of the intensity near the microbe accompanied by large enhancement at the nanoparticle gaps. Similar simulations for different particle compositions and sizes (FIG. 15) suggest that gains in sensitivity can be achieved by optimizing these parameters. In particular, the optimum particle size might depend on the dimensions and morphology of the pathogen and its affinity for the nanoparticle ligand biomolecules, as the figure of merit for the present invention is the ratio of the SERS signal coming from the microorganisms to that from the dispersed nanoparticles. Results demonstrate the ability of the present invention to resolve the presence of analytes (bacterial infections, cancer cells, viruses and fungus) much faster than ever before.

(88) It should be noted further to the present invention that FIG. 14A shows the distribution of inter-particle gap distances at different normalized time steps (see labels) based upon the Monte Carlo simulations of FIG. 6, both under random (solid curves) or normal (dashed curves) incidence directions. The gap density distribution is normalized to the maximum possible nanoparticle density and it is given per unit of gap-to-diameter ratio. FIG. 14B shows SERS enhancement in Ag nanoparticle dimers. It particularly shows increase in SERS enhancement factor due to inter-particle interaction (solid curves) relative to the values for individual particles (dashed lines) as a function of gap distance. The enhancement factor is calculated by solving Maxwell's equations at the frequency of both the incident light and the inelastically scattered Raman signal. The boundary-element method is used to solve these equations.sup.[21]. The aqueous solution is modelled through a medium of permittivity equal to 1.77. The silver medium is modelled through its tabulated complex permittivity.sup.[22]. The product of the near-field intensity enhancements at both frequencies gives an estimate of the Raman enhancement. Each of the field enhancements is averaged over light polarization and random directions of incidence relative to the dimer orientation. The estimated SERS enhancement is averaged over randomly distributed molecules placed 1 nm outside the Ag surface. The different Raman shifts under consideration produce similar results because the incident light wavelength (785 nm) is not resonant with the particle plasmons (see FIG. 5). FIG. 14C shows temporal evolution of the SERS signal. The gap-mediated SERS enhancement (FIG. 5) and the time-dependent particle (FIG. 6) and gap (FIG. 7) densities are combined to produce the evolution of the SERS signal. The vertical axis gives the intensity integrated over 1 m.sup.2 of planar surface, normalized to that of an individual nanoparticle. The time is normalized as in FIG. 5. The solid (dashed) curve shows results with (without) inclusion of gap enhancement effects. Random incidence assumed for the nanoparticles (see FIGS. 6 and 7)

(89) Regarding FIG. 14D, the effective dielectric function of a thin homogeneous film that has the same normal-incidence reflection coefficient as the randomly distributed particle layer was calculated. The latter is estimated from the dipoles induced per gap and per particle, as obtained from electromagnetic simulations of the gap-size-dependent polarizability of nanoparticle dimers (not shown). The effective dielectric function is then obtained as .sub.0+(4/t)P, where P is surface density of induced dipoles, t=10 nm is the equivalent film thickness, and .sub.0=1.77 is the permittivity of the surrounding medium. It should be pointed out that the near field produced by this type of material is rather insensitive to the actual choice of t (e.g., a choice of t=20 nm renders nearly undistinguishable results from those of FIG. 14D).

(90) Therefore the inventors demonstrate exhaustive analyte (pathogen) identification through fast screening of large body-fluid volumes (for instance milliliters of blood) for analyte (bacterial) content, as required for instance by standard medical practice for the analysis of biological samples.sup.[13]. Specifically, label-free detection and quantification of analyte (bacteria) in real time and in a multiplexed manner.

(91) Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the nanoparticles produce a relatively weak Raman signal when they are dispersed in a fluid. In contrast, the presence of one of the targeted analytes (pathogens) triggers the accumulation of its partner nanoparticles on the analyte (antigen-carrying membrane of the microorganism), rapidly reaching full random coverage.sup.[14]. Multiple gaps between nanoparticles are then formed, which act as optical hotspots in which Raman scattering is enhanced by several orders of magnitude (for instance between 2 and 3 orders) relative to non-interacting nanoparticles (FIGS. 1A and 4).sup.[15]. The resulting surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal is sufficiently intense as to allow recording a pathogen-specific inelastic light spectrum (FIG. 1B) for the nanoparticle-covered bacteria (FIG. 10). That intense signal is received (by reader 105) and processed (by control means 106) comparing it to weak signals of non-interacting nanoparticles. By driving the sample through the passage 102A, 102B, 102C preferably with different dimension as above describe, where a backscattered detecting laser (785 nm) continuously monitors the liquid stream (one spectrum every 270 ms over an illuminated volume of 0.3 L), four different types of bacteria were successfully screened and simultaneously quantified at a pace of 13 minutes per mL of blood. Importantly, this method can be readily scaled to cope with many more analytes (pathogens including virus or eukaryotic cells such as fungi or protozoa, cancer cells, etc.), in a single pass without an increase in sampling time, simply by preparing nanoparticles functionalized with more combinations of Raman labels and specific ligands.

(92) The details, shapes, sizes and other accessorial elements, likewise the materials used in the manufacture of the method for detection of analytes in fluids and the optical detection system for carrying out such method of the invention can be appropriately substituted by others that are technically equivalent and do not depart from the scope defined by the claims that are included below.

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