T CELLS FOR EXPRESSION OF CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS AND OTHER RECEPTORS
20190175648 ยท 2019-06-13
Inventors
Cpc classification
A61K39/4611
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07K16/2866
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K35/17
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07K2319/33
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C12N15/86
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61P35/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
A61K35/17
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C12N15/86
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
Methods for preparing T cell populations useful for a variety of purposes requiring a highly active, long-lived T cell population. The T cell populations are enriched for: nave T cells (TN), memory stem cells (TSCM) and central memory T cells (TCM). These cell populations can be derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by both: 1) depleting unwanted cell populations such as CD14 expressing myeloid cells and CD25 expressing cells; and 2) enriching for CD62L expressing memory and nave T cells.
Claims
1. An isolated population of human cells comprising T cells, wherein the T cells comprise central memory T cells; memory stem T cells, and nave T cells, wherein greater than 40% of the T cells are CD45RA+ and greater than 70% of the T cells are CD62L+.
2. The isolated population of human cells of claim 1, wherein less than 15% of the T cells are CD14+ and less than 5% of the T cells are CD25+.
3. The isolated population of human cells of claim 1, wherein greater than 10% of the T cells harbor a recombinant nucleic acid molecule.
4. (canceled)
5. The isolated population of human cells of claim 3, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid molecule encodes a chimeric antigen receptor.
6. The isolated population of human cells of claim 3, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid molecule encodes a T cell receptor.
7. The isolated population of human cells of claim 1, wherein at least 40% of the T cells are CD4+ and CD62L+ or CD8+ and CD62L+.
8. The isolated population of human T cells of claim 1, wherein at least 10% of the T cells are CD8+ and CD62L+.
9. The isolated population of human cells of claim 1, wherein less than 60% of the T cells are CD45RO+.
10. An isolated population of human cells comprising T cells, wherein the T cells comprise central memory T cells and memory stem T cells, wherein greater than 40% of the T cells are CD45RA+, greater than 70% of the T cells are CD62L+, greater than 85% of the T cells are CD95+, and greater than 10% of the T cells harbor a recombinant nucleic acid molecule.
11. (canceled)
12. The isolated population of human cells of claim 10, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid molecule encodes a chimeric antigen receptor.
13. The isolated population of human cells of claim 10, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid molecule encodes a T cell receptor.
14. The isolated population of human cells of claim 10, wherein at least 40% of the T cells are CD4+ and CD62L+ or CD8+ and CD62L+.
15. The isolated population of human cells of claim 10, wherein at least 10% of the T cells are CD8+ and CD62L+.
16. The isolated population of human cells of claim 10, wherein less than 60% of the T cells are CD45RO+.
17. A method for preparing a population of human cells comprising T cells harboring a recombinant nucleic acid molecule, comprising: (a) providing a population of human cells comprising T cells, wherein the T cells comprise: central memory T cells; memory stem T cells, and nave T cells, wherein greater than 40% of the T cells are CD45RA+ and greater than 70% of the T cells are CD62L+; (b) activating the population of human cells comprising T cells; and (c) transducing or transfecting cells in the population of human cells comprising T cells with a recombinant nucleic acid molecule to provide a population of human cells comprising T cells harboring a recombinant nucleic acid molecule, wherein the method does not comprise a step of depleting cells expressing CD45RA.
18.-19. (canceled)
20. The method of claim 17 wherein the culturing step comprises the addition of exogenous IL-2 and exogenous IL-15.
21.-22. (canceled)
23. A method for preparing a population of human cells comprising T cells, wherein the T cells comprise central memory T cells; memory stem T cells, and nave T cells, wherein greater than 40% of the cells are CD45RA+ and greater than 70% are CD62L+, comprising; (a) providing sample of human cells comprising T cells; (b) treating the sample of human cells comprising T cells to deplete cells expressing CD25 and cells expressing CD14 to prepare a depleted cell population; and (c) treating the depleted cell population to enrich for cells expressing CD62L, thereby preparing a population of human cells comprising T cells, wherein the T cells comprise central memory T cells; memory stem T cells, and nave T cells, wherein greater than 40% of the cells are CD45RO+ and greater than 70% are CD62L+, wherein the method does not comprise a step of depleting cells expressing CD45RA.
24. The method of claim 23 further comprising activating the population of human cells comprising T cells and transducing or transfecting the activated cells with a recombinant nucleic acid molecule to provide a population of T cells comprising T cells harboring a recombinant nucleic acid molecule.
25-28. (canceled)
29. An isolated population of human cells comprising T cells, wherein the T cells comprise central memory T cells; memory stem T cells, and nave T cells, wherein greater than 40% of the T cells are CD45RA+ and greater than 70% of the T cells are CD62L+, wherein the population is prepared by a method comprising: providing a sample of human cells comprising T cells; treating the sample of human cells comprising T cells to deplete cells expressing CD25 and deplete cells expressing CD14 to prepare a depleted cell population; and treating the depleted cell population to enrich for cells expressing CD62L, thereby preparing an isolated population of human cells comprising T cells, wherein the T cells comprise central memory T cells; memory stem T cells, and nave T cells, wherein greater than 40% of the cells are CD45RO+ and greater than 70% are CD62L+, wherein the method does not comprise a step of depleting cells expressing CD45RA.
30. The isolated population of human cells of claim 29, wherein less than 15% of the T cells are CD14+ and less than 5% are CD25+.
31.-33. (canceled)
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] The T cell compartment includes T cell subsets that are at different stages of differentiation. These subsets arise from differentiation of Nave T cells (T.sub.N), which are CD45RA+, CD62L+, CD28+, and CD95. Among the stem cell-like subsets are Memory Stem Cells (T.sub.SCM), which are CD45RA+, CD62L+, CD28+, and CD95+. These cells differentiate into Central Memory Cells (T.sub.CM), which are CD45RO+, CD62L+, CD28+, and CD95+. T.sub.CM differentiate in Effector Memory Cells (T.sub.EM), which are CD45RO+, CD62L, CD28+/, and CD95+. The T.sub.EM differentiate to Effector T cells (T.sub.E) which are CD45RO+, CD62L+, CD28+, and CD95+.
[0025] Memory Stem T Cells (T.sub.SCM) are present at a low level in the T cell compartment, but appear to have significant self-renewal and proliferative potential. While they resemble nave T cells (T.sub.N) in that they express CD45RA+ and CD62L+, they can be distinguished from T.sub.N by their expression of CD95 (
[0026] Central Memory T Cells (T.sub.CM), which are more abundant in PBMC than are T.sub.SCM, are a well-defined memory T cell subset with high self-renewal and proliferative potential. There is evidence that T.sub.CM persist following adoptive transfer better than Effector T cells (T.sub.E) (Berger et al., 2008 Journal of Cellular Immunology 118:4817; Wang et al., 2011 Blood 117:1888). T.sub.CM can be enriched from PBMC for T cell therapy manufacturing based on their CD45RA CD45RO+CD62L+ phenotype (
[0027] The T.sub.CM/SCM/N cell population described below includes T.sub.CM, which have proven efficacy in CAR-T therapy, and T.sub.N as well as T.sub.SCM, both of which are more stem cell-like than T.sub.CM.
[0028] The cell populations described herein can be genetically engineered to express, for example, a CAR or a T cell receptor. A CAR is a recombinant biomolecule that contains an extracellular recognition domain, a transmembrane region, and one or more intracellular signaling domain. The term antigen, therefore, is not limited to molecules that bind antibodies, but to any molecule that can bind specifically to any receptor. Antigen thus refers to the recognition domain of the CAR. The extracellular recognition domain (also referred to as the extracellular domain or simply by the recognition element which it contains) comprises a recognition element that specifically binds to a molecule present on the cell surface of a target cell. The transmembrane region anchors the CAR in the membrane. The intracellular signaling domain comprises the signaling domain from the zeta chain of the human CD3 complex and optionally comprises one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. CARs can both to bind antigen and transduce T cell activation, independent of MHC restriction. Thus, CARs are universal immunoreceptors which can treat a population of patients with antigen-positive tumors irrespective of their HLA genotype. Adoptive immunotherapy using T lymphocytes that express a tumor-specific CAR can be a powerful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
[0029] The CAR can be produced by any means known in the art, though preferably it is produced using recombinant DNA techniques. Nucleic acids encoding the several regions of the chimeric receptor can be prepared and assembled into a complete coding sequence by standard techniques of molecular cloning known in the art (genomic library screening, overlapping PCR, primer-assisted ligation, site-directed mutagenesis, etc.) as is convenient. The resulting coding region is preferably inserted into an expression vector and used to transform a suitable expression host cell line, preferably a T lymphocyte cell line, and most preferably an autologous T lymphocyte cell line.
[0030] Various CAR suitable for expression by T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells include, for example, those described in: WO 2016/044811; WO 2104/144622; WO 2002/077029; and WO/US2014/0288961.
Example 1: Preparation of T.SUB.CM/SCM/N .Cells
[0031] A variety of methods can be used to produce a population of human T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells. For example, a population of T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells can be prepared from a mixed population T lymphocytes. The population of T lymphocytes can be allogenic to or autologous to the subject ultimately treated using the cells and can be obtained from a subject by leukopheresis or blood draw.
[0032] The following method is an example of one that can be used to obtain a population of T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells from T lymphocytes obtained by leukapheresis or other means. Peripheral blood is collected by leukapheresis or peripheral blood draw. Day 1 of a typical manufacturing cycle is the day the ficoll procedure takes place. The subject's leukapheresis product is diluted with EDTA/PBS and the product is centrifuged at 1200 RPM for 10 minutes at room temperature with maximum brake. After centrifugation, the platelet-rich supernatant is removed and the cell pellet is gently vortexed. EDTA/PBS is used to re-suspend the vortexed cell pellets in each conical tube. Each tube is then underlayed with ficoll and centrifuged at 2000 RPM for 20 minutes with no brake at room temperature. Following centrifugation, the PBMC layer from each tube is transferred into another conical tube. The cells are centrifuged at 1800 RPM for 15 minutes with maximum brake at 4 C.
[0033] After centrifugation, the cell-free supernatant is discarded and the cell pellet is gently vortexed. The cells are washed twice using EDTA/PBS each time, and a third time using PBS. Cells are centrifuged each time at 1200 RPM for 10 minutes with maximum brake at 4 C. After the final PBS wash, the vortexed cell pellet is resuspended in complete X-VIVO 15 media (X-VIVO media with 10% FBS) and transferred to a transfer bag. The bag with washed PBMC is kept overnight on a rotator at room temperature on the bench top for immunomagnetic selection the next day.
[0034] Next, selection procedures are used to both to deplete the cell population of cells expressing certain markers and to enrich the cell population for cells expressing certain other markers. These selection steps preferably occur on day two of the manufacturing cycle. The cell population is substantially depleted for cells expressing CD25 and CD14. Importantly, the cell population is not substantially depleted for cells expressing CD45RA. Briefly, cells resuspended in labeling buffer (LB; EDTA/PBS with 0.5% HSA), and incubated with anti-CD14 and anti-CD25 Miltenyi antibodies for CliniMACS depletion, and the composition is gently mixed and then incubated for 30 minutes on a rotator at room temperature on the bench top.
[0035] The depletion step is performed on a CliniMACS device using a depletion tubing set. The recovered cells following the depletion step are transferred into tubes and centrifuged at 1400 RPM for 15 minutes with maximum brake at 4 C.
[0036] The cell-free supernatant is removed and the cell pellet is gently vortexed and resuspended. To enrich for cells expressing CD62L, the cell suspension is treated with anti-CD62L-biotin (made at the City of Hope Center for Biomedicine and Genetics), gently mixed and incubated for 30 minutes on a rotator at room temperature on the bench top.
[0037] Following the incubation period, LB is added to the tube and cells are centrifuged at 1400 RPM for 15 minutes at maximum brake at 4 C. The cell-free supernatant is removed and the cell pellet is gently vortexed. LB is added to resuspend the cell pellet in the tube and the resuspended cells are transferred to a new transfer bag. Anti-biotin (Miltenyi Biotec) reagent is added and the mixture is gently mixed and incubated for 30 minutes on a rotator at room temperature on the bench top.
[0038] The CD62L enrichment step is performed on a CliniMACS device using a tubing set. The product of this enrichment can be frozen for storage and later thawed and activated
[0039] To provide an intermediate holding step in the manufacturing, the option exists to freeze cells following the selection process. The cells are pelleted by centrifugation at 1400 RPM for 15 minutes with max break at 4 C. The cells are resuspended in Cryostor and aliquoted into cryovials. The vials will transferred to a controlled cooling device that can cool at about 1 C./minute (e.g., a Nalgene Mr. Frosty; Sigma-Aldrich) the cooling device is immediately transferred to a 80 C. freezer. After three days in the 80 C. freezer, the cells are transferred into a GMP LN2 freezer for storage.
[0040] We have found that cryopreserved cells exhibit good recovery and viability, maintain the appropriate cell surface phenotype when thawed up to 8.5 months after cryopreservation, and can be successfully transduced and expanded in vitro upon thawing.
[0041] Alternatively, freshly enriched Tcm/scm/n cells can be activated, transduced or expanded as described in Example 3, below.
Example 2: Comparison of T.SUB.CM .and T.SUB.CM/SCM/N .Yield and Recovery
[0042] A study was conducted to evaluate the yield of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that had undergone CliniMACS/AutoMACS enrichment of the following T cell populations: 1) CD62L+ central memory (T.sub.CM) cells, and 2) CD62L+T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells, which includes both the central memory (T.sub.CM) and stem cell memory (T.sub.SCM) populations along with nave T cells (T.sub.N). Evaluations were performed using Guava analysis of viable cell numbers and flow cytometric analysis of phenotype.
[0043] Experimental Design:
[0044] T.sub.CM and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cell lines were enriched from PBMC collected from healthy human donors. Briefly, T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells were produced by CliniMACS/AutoMACS depletion of the CD14+ monocytes and the CD25+ regulatory T cells, followed by AutoMACS selection of the CD62L+ memory population. In contrast, T.sub.CM cells were produced by CliniMACS/AutoMACS depletion of the CD14+ monocytes, the CD25+ regulatory T cells, and the CD45RA+nave and stem cell memory T cells, followed by AutoMACS selection of the CD62L+ population. Evaluation of the selection process included viable cell number enumeration, as well as flow cytometric analysis, described in greater detail below. The cells were then cryopreserved for future studies.
[0045] Overview of Enrichment Process:
[0046] The blood products were ficolled, and the resulting PBMC underwent a series of washes in PBS/EDTA. PBMC were then resuspended in complete X-Vivo 15 media and, in some cases were transferred to a 300 cc transfer bag that was then placed on a 3-D rotator overnight. The PBMC then underwent sequential rounds of CliniMACS/AutoMACS depletion and selection to enrich for either the CD14.sup./CD25.sup./CD45RA.sup./CD62L+T.sub.CM or CD14.sup./CD25.sup./CD62L.sup.+ T.sub.CM/SCM/N populations. The first step involved magnetic depletion (via CliniMACS or AutoMACS) to remove the CD14+ monocytes, the CD25+ regulatory T cells, and, for the T.sub.CM, the CD45RA+nave T cells. The remaining cells then underwent a positive selection (via AutoMACS) for the CD62L+ population using the Anti-CD62L-Biotin (Dreg 56) reagent. Final cell counts after both rounds of enrichment were recorded. Samples of the final selected cell population were then analyzed by flow cytometry.
[0047] Overview of Flow Cytometric Assay and Analysis:
[0048] Flow cytometric analysis of cell populations was conducted as follows. Samples were washed in FACS Stain Solution (FSS) using a tabletop centrifuge, resuspended in FSS and 100 L per sample was aliquoted into pre-labeled 1275 mm FACS tubes (1 tube per condition). The required volume of antibody was added to their respective FACS tubes and tubes were then incubated for 30 minutes in the dark at 4 C. At the end of incubation each tube was washed twice in FSS and resuspended in either 250 l FSS, or FSS containing DAPI as a viability dye. Samples were then run and analyzed on a FACS Calibur (Becton Dickenson) or MACSQuant (Miltenyi) instrument. Percentages of viable immunoreactive cells were calculated via FCS Express software (De Novo Software, Los Angeles, Calif.).
[0049] Post-enrichment Yield: Recovery of CD3+ T cells from each of the cell products are depicted in Table 1, below. Overall, enrichment of the CD14.sup./CD25.sup./CD45RA.sup./CD62L+CD3.sup.+ T.sub.CM resulted in a 2-6% recovery, while enrichment of the CD14.sup./CD25.sup./CD62L.sup.+ CD3.sup.+ T.sub.CM/SCM/N resulted in a 4-30% recovery. Indeed, when comparing each matched pair, there was a 1.6- to 15-fold higher recovery of T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells vs. T.sub.CM cells.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 % % Total viable cells (10.sup.6) Recovery CD8+ of Product Input Cell Recovered of CD3+ Enriched Product # Type # CD3+ Cell # Cells Cells HD006.6 T.sub.CM 3000 166 6 17 T.sub.CM/SCM/N 3000 302 10 23 HD007.8 T.sub.CM 3000 48 2 10 T.sub.CM/SCM/N 3000 128 4 28 HD033.4 T.sub.CM 5000 277 6 27 T.sub.CM/SCM/N 5000 898 18 64 HD094.1 T.sub.CM 4140 87 2 13 T.sub.CM/SCM/N 4140 1256 30 27 HD187.2 T.sub.CM 5000 111 2 26 T.sub.CM/SCM/N 5000 793 16 36 HD270 T.sub.CM 800 22 3 11 T.sub.CM/SCM/N 300 47 16 8 HD294 T.sub.CM 3000 96 3 23 T.sub.CM/SCM/N 3000 185 6 40
[0050] Post-Enrichment Flow Cytometric Analysis:
[0051] After both rounds of CliniMACS enrichment, the phenotype of the enriched cells was determined by FACS analysis. Results of cell products derived from three representative donors are shown in
[0052] Results:
[0053] The results of this study demonstrate that clinically translatable GMP manufacturing methods can be used to efficiently isolate both CD62L+T.sub.CM as well as T.sub.CM/SCM/N cell population. Starting from PBMC 2-6% of the starting population is recovered as CD3+T.sub.CM. Eliminating the CD45RA-depletion step allows recovery of 4-30% of the starting population as CD3+T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells. The ability to recover 1.6- to 15-fold more T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells as compared to T.sub.CM cells would increase the number of T cells that can be used as a starting population for genetic engineering. Further, we observed that elimination of the CD45RA depletion step also appeared to increase the percentage of CD8 T cells in the enriched product.
Example 3: Lentiviral Transduction of T.SUB.CM/SCM/N .Cells
[0054] A T.sub.CM/SCM/N cell population can be genetically engineered to express protein or proteins of interest. For example, the cells can be transduced with a lentivirus capable of expressing a protein or proteins of interests. The following is an example of one method that can be used to transduce the T cells with a lentivirus vector with protamine sulfate/cytokine solution.
[0055] If the cells are frozen subsequent to the selection process, the cells will need to be thawed upon continuation of the manufacturing process. The cryopreserved vials are thawed in a 37 C. water bath until mostly liquid remains. The contents of the vials are placed in a conical tube containing cold X-Vivo 15 media. The cells are centrifuged at 1200 RPM for 10 minutes with max brake at 4 C. After centrifugation, the cell-free supernatant is decanted, the pellets are vortexed, and all the pellets combined into one tube in X-Vivo 15 media to be transduced with lentivirus. The cell numbers are determined and the manufacturing process continues with Dynal bead activation.
[0056] The cells are centrifuged at 1400 RPM for 10 minutes at 25 C. After centrifugation, the cell-free supernatant is removed and the cell pellet is gently vortexed and resuspended in complete X Vivo 15 media to be transduced with lentivirus. If thawed cells are being used, the centrifugation step is not necessary.
[0057] Tcm/scm/n cells are stimulated with Dynabeads Human T expander CD3/CD28 (Invitrogen) at a 1:3 ratio (T cell:bead), then cultured in the presence of 50 U/mL rhIL-2 (Chiron) and 0.5 ng/ml rhIL-15 (CellGenix).
[0058] After a one to three day incubation, T cells are transduced with the lentiviral vector at a MOI typically ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 in X Vivo15 containing 10% FCS with 5 g/mL protamine sulfate (APP Pharmaceutical), 50 U/mL rhIL-2 and 0.5 ng/mL rhIL-15. The day following the lentivirus transduction, one volume of media is added of freshly prepared media/cytokine mastermix containing complete X-VIVO 15 media and cytokines (10 pt rhuIL-2 and 0.5 pt rhuIL-15).
[0059] Cultures are then maintained at 37 C., 5% CO.sub.2 in X-Vivo15 10% FCS as required to keep cell density between 310.sup.5 and 210.sup.6 viable cells/mL, with cytokine supplementation (final concentration of 50 U/mL rhIL-2 and 0.5 ng/mL rhIL-15) every Monday, Wednesday and Friday of culture.
[0060] CD3/CD28 Dynabead bead removal takes between days 7 to 9 after bead stimulation. The Dynal beads are removed using the DynaMag-50 or MPC magnet. After bead removal, a sample of the cell suspension is taken for counts. Based on the counts, the concentration is adjusted to approximately 0.510.sup.6/mL.
[0061] Cultures are propagated until sufficient numbers of cells are achieved, which is typically between 8 and 18 days. During this time, a full replacement of cytokines are added to the T cell cultures. Starting on day 12 and every Monday, Wednesday and Friday thereafter, counts are taken to maintain a concentration of approximately 0.510.sup.6 cells/mL
[0062] Final harvest and cryopreservation proceeds as follows. The cell product is cryopreserved once the expanded cells reach the necessary number of viable cells required for clinical administration or research purposes. The cells are counted and in-culture samples are harvested for mycoplasma testing. The remaining cells are centrifuged at 1800 RPM for 20 minutes, maximum brake at 4 C. The cell-free supernatant is removed and all cell pellets are gently vortexed, resuspended and combined into Isolyte buffer (Braun). The tube is centrifuged at 1800 RPM for 20 minutes, max brake at 4 C. The cells are resuspended in Isolyte for a second wash.
[0063] After the second Isolyte wash, the cell-free supernatant is removed and the cell pellet is gently vortexed and resuspended in an appropriate volume of the cryopreservation media, CryoStor 5 (BioLife Solutions), in order to have cells at an appropriate concentration. Cells are cyropresserved by placing in a controlled cooling device that can cool at about 1 C./minute (e.g., a Nalgene Mr. Frosty; Sigma-Aldrich) or a control rate freezer system (Custom Biogenics). At completion of the freeze procedure, the cassette(s)/bag(s) and cryovials are immediately transferred into a LN2 freezer for storage.
Example 4: Comparison of T.SUB.CM .and T.SUB.CM/SCM/N .Cells that have been Bead-Stimulated, Lentivirally Transduced and Expanded
[0064] A study was conducted to evaluate the ex vivo expansion and cell surface phenotype of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that had undergone CliniMACS/AutoMACS enrichment for either the CD62L+T.sub.CM population, or the CD62L+T.sub.CM/SCM/N population (which includes nave, central memory, and stem cell memory T cells), followed by bead stimulation and lentiviral transduction with either the CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7, a lentivirus expressing a CAR targeted to CD19R or IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7, lentiviral vector targeted to IL-13Ralpla (see WO 2016/044811 and WO/2002/077029 for details of the vectors and expressed CARs), using methods proposed for clinical use. Expansion was evaluated by monitoring of viable cell numbers and cell surface phenotype was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis.
[0065] Experimental Design:
[0066] Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell products originating from the PBMC of three separate human donors were generated using methodologies expected to be suitable for clinical use. Briefly, T.sub.CM and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells that had been enriched from PBMC (essentially as described above in Example 2) were activated by CD3/CD28-bead stimulation and transduced with either CD19R(EQ)28Z-EGFRt_epHIV7 or IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7 lentivirus. The CD3/CD28 beads were removed after 7-9 days, and T cell cultures were then expanded in accordance and maintained for up to 29 days with addition of complete X-VIVO 15 media as required by cell expansion (keeping cell density between 0.310.sup.6 and 210.sup.6 viable cells/mL). Cytokines were supplemented every Monday, Wednesday and Friday of culture. Viable cell numbers were monitored during this expansion process. Final cell products were then evaluated for the surface markers traditionally used for cell product release, e.g., CD3 and either truncated EGFR (EGFRt) or truncated CD19 (CD19t) as a transduction marker, as well as the T cell markers CD4, CD8, CD27, CD28, CD45RA and CD62L.
[0067] Overview of Stimulation, Transduction and Expansion:
[0068] Enriched T.sub.CM or T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells were CD3/CD28-bead activated and lentivirally transduced with GMP-grade CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 or either GMP-grade or research-grade IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) between 0.3 and 3.0. The cells were put into culture in complete X-Vivo 15 media with rhIL-2 at 50 U/mL and rhIL-15 at 0.5 ng/mL. Cultures were then maintained with addition of complete X-Vivo15 media as required to keep the cell density between 0.310.sup.6 and 210.sup.6 viable cells/mL, and with cytokine supplementation (rhIL-2 and rhIL-15) every Monday, Wednesday and Friday of culture. After seven to nine days of bead stimulation, the CD3/CD28 Dynabeads were removed from cultures using the DynaMag-50 magnet. Viable cell numbers were monitored during this expansion process, and viable cell counts during culture and on the final day of cryopreservation were recorded. The various products are listed in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Manufacturing Overview Product Source Lentiviral Vector Used (MOI) Product Name HD033.4 T.sub.CM CD19R(EQ)28Z-EGFRt_epHIV7 (1.0) HD033.4 CD19R T.sub.CM HD033.4 T.sub.CM/SCM/N CD19R(EQ)28Z-EGFRt_epHIV7 (1.0) HD033.4 CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N HD187.2 T.sub.CM CD19R(EQ)28Z-EGFRt_epHIV7 (0.5) HD187.2 CD19R T.sub.CM IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7 (0.3) HD187.2 IL13R T.sub.CM HD187.2 T.sub.CM/SCM/N CD19R(EQ)28Z-EGFRt_epHIV7 (0.5) HD187.2 CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7 (0.3) HD187.2 IL13R T.sub.CM/SCM/N HD270 T.sub.CM CD19R(EQ)28Z-EGFRt_epHIV7* (3.0) HD270 CD19R T.sub.CM IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7 (0.3) HD270 IL13R T.sub.CM HD270 T.sub.CM/SCM/N CD19R(EQ)28Z-EGFRt_epHIV7* (3.0) HD270 CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7 (0.3) HD270 IL13R T.sub.CM/SCM/N
[0069] Flow Cytometry:
[0070] Samples were washed in FACS Stain Solution (FSS) using a tabletop centrifuge, resuspended in FSS and 100 L per sample was aliquoted into pre-labeled 1275 mm FACS tubes (1 tube per condition). The required volume of antibody was added to their respective FACS tubes and tubes were then incubated for 30 minutes in the dark at 4 C. In some cases, samples were washed and then stained with fluorochrome-conjugated straptavidin as a secondary reagent. At the end of incubation each tube was washed twice in FSS and resuspended in either 250 l FSS, or in 140 L FSS and 70 L working dilution of DAPI (made by mixing 6.9 L of the stock with 25 mL of FSS). Samples were then run and analyzed on a FACS Calibur (Becton Dickenson) or MACSQuant (Miltenyi) instrument. Percentages of immunoreactive cells were calculated via FCS Express software (De Novo Software, Los Angeles, Calif.).
[0071] Results of Viable Cell Number Analysis:
[0072] After bead stimulation and lentiviral transduction with CD19R(EQ)28Z-EGFRt_epHIV7, the cell products were expanded under conditions that support T cell growth. Growth curves are depicted in FIGURE 5, and final cell numbers and fold expansion based on the total viable cells of each of the products are depicted in TABLE 3. Overall, fold expansion of T.sub.CM/SCM/N-derived cell products was similar to that of their T.sub.CM-derived counterparts.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Expansion of Cell Products Total viable cells (10.sup.6) Fold Days in Product Name Start Final Expansion Culture HD033.4 CD19R T.sub.CM 1.9 70.8 37 16 HD033.4 CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N 1.9 62.1 33 16 HD187.2 CD19R T.sub.CM 4.8 26.8 6 10 HD187.2 CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N 9.0 48.2 5 10 HD187.2 IL13R T.sub.CM 2.3 128 56 20 HD187.2 IL13R T.sub.CM/SCM/N 3.5 96 27 18 HD270 CD19R T.sub.CM 1.8 373 207 21 HD270 CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N 1.9 278 146 21 HD270 IL13R T.sub.CM 3.1 373 120 28 HD270 IL13R T.sub.CM/SCM/N 2.0 232 116 28
[0073] Final Product Flow Cytometric Analysis:
[0074] Flow cytometric analyses of each of the cell products following ex vivo expansion revealed that all of the final cyropreserved cell products would have passed our traditional product specifications of 80% CD3 for identity, and 10% EGFRt or CD19t for potency (
[0075] Flow cytometric analysis of other T cell markers (
[0076] Conclusion:
[0077] Together, these data obtained indicate that both T.sub.CM- and T.sub.CM/SCM/N-enriched populations can be CD3/CD28 bead stimulated, lentivirally transduced, and expanded in vitro. Since fold expansion was similar between the T.sub.CM- and T.sub.CM/SCM/N-derived counterparts, it is important to note that the ability to start with greater cell numbers of T.sub.CM/SCM/N may allow for a shorter expansion time to reach sufficient cell numbers for clinical use.
[0078] Flow cytometric analysis revealed that both T.sub.CM and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cell populations were transduced with similar efficiency to express the EGFRt or CD19t transgenes. Flow cytometric analysis also confirmed that both T.sub.CM and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cell populations express the T cell markers CD3, CD4, CD8, as well as T cell memory markers CD27, CD28 and CD62L. The higher percentages of CD45RA+ cells observed in T.sub.CM/SCM/N populations were as expected, since T.sub.CM cells were depleted of CD45RA in the selection process.
Example 5: In Vivo Efficacy of Intravenously Delivered T.SUB.CM .and T.SUB.CM/SCM/N .Cell Population Transduced with the CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7
[0079] A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of unselected PBMC, CD62L+T.sub.CM cells and CD62L+T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells transduced with lentiviral vector expressing a CAR targeted to CD19 (CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 lentiviral vector) and expanded using methods suitable for clinical use. In vivo anti-tumor efficacy of these cells administered intravenously (i.v.) was examined in immunodeficient NSG mice using the CD19-expressing SUP-B15 human acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line, which has been engineered to express the green fluorescence protein (GFP) and firefly luciferase (ffLuc) reporter genes (PMID: 22407828).
[0080] Experimental Design:
[0081] T.sub.CM-derived or T.sub.CM/SCM/N-derived T cell lines that had been lenti-transduced with CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 and expanded for 21 days were used in this study (see above, Examples 2 and 4). Freshly thawed CAR T cells administered i.v. were then evaluated for their ability to control the in vivo growth of i.v. engrafted Sup-B15 cells. Both tumor burden, as measured by Xenogen imaging, and T cell persistence, as measured by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood, were examined.
[0082] Overview of In Vivo Xenograft Studies:
[0083] Female NSG mice (10-12 weeks old) were irradiated with 300 rads at day 0. On day 1 mice were divided into groups (n=4) and left untreated, or treated i.v. (i.e., via the tail vein) with either 2.510.sup.6 HD270-derived mock-transduced PBMC (no CAR), HD270 CD19R T.sub.PBMC, HD270 CD19R T.sub.CM, or HD270 CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N. This translated to an average of 0.510.sup.6 CAR+ cells of CD19R/EGFRt+T.sub.PBMC, CD19R/EGFRt+T.sub.CM or 0.62510.sup.6 CD19R/EGFRt+T.sub.CM/SCM/N being administered to each mouse as defined by the phenotypic analysis of the HD270 CD19R T.sub.CM- and T.sub.CM/SCM/N derived lines. On day 2 mice were challenged i.v. with 2 tumor cells per 1 CAR+ T cell GFP:ffLuc+ Sup-B15 tumor cells. Growth of this human acute lymphobastic leukemia cell line was then monitored over time by Xenogen imaging and quantification of fire-fly luciferase (ffLuc) flux (photons/sec). At day 41, retro-orbital bleeding was performed, and the blood was evaluated for the presence of human CD3-expressing T cells by flow cytometric analysis, using a MACSQuant instrument and FCS Express software (De Novo Software, Los Angeles, Calif.).
[0084] Evaluation of In Vivo Anti-Tumor Efficacy:
[0085] In
[0086] Analysis of T Cells in Peripheral Blood:
[0087] To evaluate the persistence of T cells in the peripheral blood in these mice, flow cytometric analysis was performed on retro-orbital bleeds collected 40 days after i.v. T cell administration. As depicted in
[0088] These studies demonstrate that in vivo anti-tumor efficacy can be observed with both CD19R T.sub.CM- and CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N-derived cell lines, with the anti-tumor responses of the CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N cell-treated mice being greater than that of the CD19R T.sub.CM-treated mice. This efficacy correlated in part with the ability to detect CAR+ T cells in the blood of CD19R T.sub.CM/SCM/N-treated mice.
Example 6: Effector Activity of T.SUB.CM .and T.SUB.CM/SCM/N .Cells Transduced with CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7
[0089] A study was conducted to evaluate CD19-specific cytolytic activity, degranulation, and cytokine production of either CD62L+ central memory (T.sub.CM) cells, or CD62L+T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells that were transduced with the CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 lentiviral vector and expanded using methods expected to be suitable for clinical use. Cytolytic activity was evaluated using a flow cytometry-based long term killing assay and a 5-hour degranulation assay. Cytokine production was evaluated by intracellular staining of the T cells after 5-hour co-culture with stimulator cells.
[0090] Experimental Design:
[0091] T.sub.CM cells and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells were lenti-transduced with CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 and expanded for up to 21 days (See Examples 2 and 4). CD19-specific effector function of these cell products was evaluated by a long term killing assay which evaluates loss of target cells after 72 hours of co-incubation with effector T cells, and a 5-hour degranulation assay which evaluates cell surface CD107a mobilization as a marker of T cell cytotoxic activity. Evaluation of cytokine production by freshly thawed final cell products after 5 hours of in vitro stimulation was then conducted by flow cytometric analysis of intracellular staining for IFN-.
[0092] Brief Overview of Long Term Killing Assay:
[0093] Samples of each T cell product were thawed the day prior to the assay, rested overnight in the presence of 50 U/mL rhIL-2 and 0.5 ng/mL rhIL-15, and a 72-hour killing assay was then performed. Briefly, each T cell line and target cell line was counted and seeded at a 1:1 CAR+ T cell to target cell ratio into a 96-well tissue-culture treated, round-bottom plate specifically, 25,000:25,000 in 200 uL X-VIVO 15 media with 10% FBS per well. After 72 hours of culture, cells were collected with trypsinization, washed in cold FACS buffer, and then stained with anti-human CD45 to detect the T cells, with DAPI as a viability dye. Samples were run and analyzed on a MACSQuant (Miltenyi) instrument, and numbers of viable immunoreactive cells were calculated via FlowJo software (FlowJo, LLC, Ashland, Oreg.). Final results were then graphed as percentages of CD45-negative, forward scatter high tumor cells remaining in the cultures when compared to that of mock-transduced effector cell co-cultures which had been normalized to 100%.
[0094] Brief Overview of Degranulation Assay and Intracellular Cytokine Analysis:
[0095] Samples of each T cell product were freshly thawed, and a 5-hour degranulation assay was then performed. T cells were counted and resuspended in media containing Golgi Stop, a protein transport inhibitor that blocks the reabsorption of CD107a from the cell surface. The T cells were then seeded at a 1:1 ratio with tumor cells (with Golgi Stop) in a 96-well plate. To each well, an antibody against CD107a was added, and then the plate was incubated for 5 hours at 37 C. Additional antibodies then were added to each condition to stain for CD45, CD4, CD8, and the EGFRt transgene. Cells were then fixed and permeabilized for staining with antibody specific for IFN- or isotype control antibody. Samples were run and analyzed on a MACSQuant (Miltenyi) instrument, and percentages of immunoreactive cells were calculated via FlowJo software (FlowJo, LLC, Ashland, Oreg.).
[0096] Determination of Cytolytic Activity by Long Term Killing Assay:
[0097] T.sub.CM cells and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells that had either been mok-transduced or transduced with CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 were each plated with either CD19-negative K562 cells or CD19+ SupB15 cells for 72 hours. Results are presented in
[0098] Determination of Effector Activity by Degranulation Assay:
[0099] T.sub.CM cells and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells that had either been mock-transduced or transduced with CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 were each plated with either CD19-negative K562 cells or CD19+ SupB15 cells. Results are presented below (
[0100] Determination of Effector Activity by Intracellular Cytokine Assay:
[0101] T.sub.CM cells and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells that had either been mock-transduced or transduced with CD19R(EQ)28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 were each plated with either CD19-negative K562 cells or CD19+ SupB15 cells. Results are presented in
[0102] These data confirmed that both T.sub.CM cells and T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells that had been transduced with CD19R(EQ)C28Z-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7 exhibit cytolytic activity, degranulation and cytokine (i.e., IFN-) production upon co-culture with CD19-expressing target cells.
Example 7: Effector Activity of T.SUB.CM .and T.SUB.CM/SCM/N .Cells Transduced with IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7
[0103] A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of CD62L+T.sub.CM cells and CD62L+T.sub.CM/SCM/N cells transduced with lentiviral vector expressing a CAR targeted to IL13R2. The CAR includes a human IL-13 variant and is expressed by a lentiviral vector (IL13(EQ)BBZ-T2A-CD19t_epHIV7). The cell populations expressing this vector were prepared as described above in Example 4 and assessed in a murine model of glioblastoma in immunodeficient NSG mice using the IL13R2+ primary low-passage GBM tumor sphere line PBT030-2, which has been engineered to express the firefly luciferase (ffLuc) reporter gene.
[0104] Briefly, male NSG mice (10-12 weeks old) were stereotactically injected with 110.sup.5 ffLuc+ PBT030-2 cells in both the right and left contralateral hemispheres on day 0 and allowed to engraft for 6 days. Groups of mice were then left untreated or treated with 110.sup.6 CAR+IL13(EQ)BB/CD19t+T.sub.CM/SCM?N, CAR+IL13(EQ)BB/CD19t+T.sub.CM, mock transduced T.sub.CM/SCM?N or mock transduced T.sub.CM. PBT030-2 tumor growth was monitored over time by Xenogen imaging and quantification of ffLuc flux (photons/sec).
[0105] As shown in