Hydrostatic Piston Engine

Abstract

A hydrostatic piston engine comprises a housing with a cylinder drum with cylinder bores mounted rotatably therein. Each of the cylinder bores receives a working piston in a longitudinally displaceable manner, via which a hydrostatic working chamber is delimited by the cylinder bore. The hydrostatic working chamber has an opening on an outer surface of the cylinder drum by which, when the cylinder drum rotates, outlets of a high-pressure chamber and of a low-pressure chamber of the piston engine and a reversing surface arranged between the two outlets in the rotational direction can be passed over in alternating fashion. At least one pressurizing medium channel is provided which, on one hand, opens out in the reversing surface and, on the other, into a pressurizing medium trough of the piston engine.

Claims

1. A hydrostatic piston engine, comprising: a high-pressure chamber; a low pressure chamber; and a housing with a cylinder drum, the cylinder drum having cylinder bores mounted rotatably therein, each of the cylinder bores receiving a working piston in a longitudinally displaceable manner, via which a hydrostatic working chamber is delimited by the cylinder bore; wherein each hydrostatic working chamber has an opening on an outer surface of the cylinder drum by which, when the cylinder drum rotates, outlets of the high-pressure chamber and of the low-pressure chamber and a reversing surface arranged between the two outlets in the rotational direction can be passed over in alternating fashion, wherein at least one pressurizing medium channel is provided which, on one hand, opens out in the reversing surface and, on another hand, opens into a pressurizing medium trough, wherein the at least one pressurizing medium channel has a first portion along which a flow cross section increases towards the pressurizing medium trough.

2. The piston engine according to claim 1, wherein: the at least one pressurizing medium channel has a second portion in a direction of the pressurizing medium trough arranged downstream of the first portion, and along the second portion the flow cross section up to the pressurizing medium trough is one of: (i) constant; (ii) diminishing; and (iii) having a curvature up to the pressurizing medium trough.

3. The piston engine according to claim 2, wherein the at least one pressurizing medium channel opens out in one of the first portion and the second portion into the pressurizing medium trough.

4. The piston engine according to claim 1, wherein a flow cross section of at least the first portion increases in one of: (i) a continuous manner; and (ii) a stepless manner.

5. The piston engine according to claim 1, wherein an inner curved surface of one of: (i) the at least one pressurizing medium channel; and (ii) at least of the first portion has at least one of: (i) a smooth design; and (ii) a stepless design, at least in the flow direction.

6. The piston engine according to claim 1, wherein an inner curved surface of one of: (i) the at least one pressurizing medium channel; and (ii) at least of the first portion has at least one of: (i) a tangentially constant design; and (ii) a curvature-constant design at least in the flow direction.

7. The piston engine according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pressurizing medium channel extends from its outlet in the reversing surface in one of: (i) in the rotational direction; and (ii) against the rotational direction.

8. The piston engine according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pressurizing medium channel extends radially outwards from the reversing surface.

9. The piston engine according to claim 2, wherein the reversing surface and the outlets of the at least one pressurizing medium channel and of the high-pressure chamber and of the low-pressure chamber are configured on a control plate that is detachable from a housing portion with which the outer surface is in abutment.

10. The piston engine according to claim 9, wherein the at least one pressurizing medium channel is configured at least sectionally by a groove formed on the housing portion and the control plate covering this groove at least sectionally.

11. The piston engine according to claim 10, wherein a base of the groove drops off along the first portion and rises along the second portion relative to a bearing surface of the housing portion on which the control plate rests.

12. The piston engine according to claim 10, wherein the second portion is only formed by the groove.

13. The piston engine according to claim 11, wherein the first portion one of: (i) extends starting from the bearing surface of the housing portion on which the control plate rests; and (ii) extends spaced apart from a bearing surface of the housing portion on which the control plate rests.

14. The piston engine according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pressurizing medium channel includes at least two pressurizing medium channels configured to open out into the reversing surface.

15. The piston engine according to claim 14, wherein the at least two pressurizing medium channels open out in the reversing surface at least one of: (i) radially offset; and (ii) offset in the rotational direction.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] In the drawing:

[0039] FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section of a hydrostatic axial piston engine according to an exemplary embodiment,

[0040] FIG. 2 shows a connection plate of the axial piston engine according to FIG. 1 with a control plate,

[0041] FIG. 3 shows the connection plate according to FIG. 2,

[0042] FIG. 4 shows the connection plate according to the preceding figures as a perspective, partially sectional representation and

[0043] FIG. 5 shows a detail depiction of the partial section according to FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] According to FIG. 1, an axial piston engine 1 which is configured in a swash plate design has a housing 2 with a substantially cup-shaped housing part 4 which is closed on the face side by a connecting cover or a connection plate 6. A drive shaft 8 is rotatably mounted in the housing 2 via rolling bearings 10, 12. In this case, the rolling bearing 10 is arranged on the connection plate 6 and the rolling bearing 12 on a base 14 of the housing part 4. A base 14 of the housing part 4 has the drive shaft 8 passing through it, so that a drive shaft stub 9 projects outwardly to transmit a torque. A cylinder drum 16 into which a plurality of cylinder bores 20 parallel to the rotational axis 18 are introduced on a reference circle arranged concentrically to a rotational axis 18 of the drive shaft 8 is connected to the drive shaft 8 in a non-rotational manner A working piston 22 is received in a longitudinally displaceable manner in the respective cylinder bore 20, as a result of which a hydrostatic working chamber 24 is delimited by the cylinder bore 20 and the working piston 22 in each case. Due to the hollow design of the working pistons 22, the working chambers 24 extend into the working pistons 22. They each project on a face side of the cylinder drum 16 pointing to the base 14 from the cylinder bores 20 and are supported in a sliding manner by heads 26 indirectly via sliding shoes 28 on a sliding surface 30 of a pivoting cradle 32 adjustably mounted on the housing part 4. An inclined plane or swash plate with an adjustable setting angle relative to the rotational axis 18 is formed via the sliding surface 30. The section shown in FIG. 1 depicts the longitudinal section in a plane which stretches from the rotational axis 18 and a pivot axis of the pivoting cradle 32.

[0045] On the opposite face side 36 of the cylinder drum 16 the hydrostatic working chambers 24 have openings 34. The face side 36 is in abutment with a control plate 38 via which an alternating pressurizing medium connection to a high-pressure chamber 40 arranged in the connection plate 6 and a low-pressure chamber 42 arranged there is made. The high-pressure chamber 40 has a high-pressure opening 41 on the connection plate 6 and the low-pressure chamber 42 has a low-pressure outlet 43 on the connection plate 6. The outlets 41, 43 are suitable for being connected to a pressurizing medium connection. The control plate 38 has through-recesses in a known manner for the alternating pressurizing medium connection of the hydrostatic working chambers 24 to the pressure chambers 40, 42. See FIG. 2 in this respect. It can be seen there that the control plate 38 has a large, kidney-shaped through-recess 44 or low-pressure kidney 44 which in principle represents part of the low-pressure chamber 42 or the axial extension thereof in the control plate 38. The high-pressure chamber 40 is extended into the control plate 38 via five through-bores 46 arranged along the same reference circle as the low-pressure kidney 44.

[0046] FIG. 3 shows the face side of the connection plate 6 which, in order to close the housing part 4, is placed on the face side on the opening thereof. For this purpose, the connection plate 6 has a sealing surface on the face side 48 which can be brought into abutment with a ring-shaped face side 50 of the housing part 4 according to FIG. 1. The connection plate 6 also has four through-bores 54 into which screws can be introduced to attach the connection plate 6 to the housing part 4 by flanges. A sealing groove 56 is introduced into the sealing surface 48 concentrically to the rotational axis 18. In order to seal a housing interior 58 in accordance with FIG. 1, in which the cylinder drum 16 is received, an O-ring (not shown) is introduced into it. A low-pressure area 60 that is raised in relation to the groove 56 is attached radially inwardly. According to FIG. 1, a circumferential area drops away from the low-pressure area 60 radially outwardly into the sealing groove 56, via which the connection plate 6 according to FIG. 1 is centered on an inner curved surface of the housing part 4. A bearing surface 62 divided by a groove 64 into two substantially ring-shaped partial surfaces 62a and 62b according to FIG. 3 is attached radially inwardly to the low-pressure area 60 that terminates the housing interior 58 axially according to FIG. 1. In this case, 62a is a radially inner bearing surface and 62b a radially outer bearing surface. Both bearing surfaces 62a, 62b are used according to FIGS. 1 and 2 as the single bearing means of the control plate 38 on the connection plate 6.

[0047] A low-pressure kidney 44 corresponding to the low-pressure kidney 44 and a high-pressure kidney 46 corresponding to the through-bores 46 of the control plate 38 are formed in the bearing surface 62a. The bearing surface 62a has a comparatively small extension in the radial direction, which means that in the region of the low-pressure and high-pressure kidneys 44, 46 a bearing of the control plate 38 with a comparatively high surface pressure takes place, in this way both the low-pressure kidney 44 and the high-pressure kidney 46 are already sealed comparatively well in respect of one another by the pressing force of the control plate 38 onto the bearing surface 62a. Consequently, a high-pressure field expands during operation, starting from the high-pressure kidney 46, between the inner bearing surface 62a and the supported plate 38. In order to delimit this high-pressure field, in particular to delimit the unloading force resulting from the high-pressure field and acting in a lifting manner on the control plate 38, two grooves 66 and 68 running in a radial direction are provided in the connection plate 6. Radially inwards of the inner bearing surface 62a is attached a ring-shaped low-pressure area 70 lowered axially in respect of the aforementioned bearing surface. Via the surface and groove system made up of the ring surface 70, radial grooves 68, 66 and the ring groove 64, there results on the face side of the connection plate 6 shown according to FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5 a low-pressure field which is in pressurizing medium connection with the housing interior 58 according to FIG. 1. The high-pressure field is delimited by this low-pressure field.

[0048] On observing FIGS. 2 to 5 two further grooves 72 and 74 are evident which extend starting from the inner bearing surface 62a, crossing the ring groove 64 and the outer bearing surface 62b, up to the low-pressure area 60, from radially inwardly to radially outwardly, in a similar manner to a spiral arm. The two grooves 72, 74 are part of the pressurizing medium channels according to the disclosure, via which a reset of the pressurizing medium connection of the hydrostatic working chambers 24 during the changing thereof from high pressure to low pressure takes place.

[0049] On observing FIG. 2 it becomes evident that two reversing surfaces 76 and 78 are arranged on the control plate 38 between the low-pressure kidney 44 and the group of through-bores 46 on the high-pressure side. During operation of the axial piston engine 1this being assumed to be in pump modethe rotational direction of the cylinder drum 16, as shown in FIG. 2, is symbolized by the two arrows shown, so in an anti-clockwise direction according to FIG. 2. In relation to FIG. 1, during this rotation of the cylinder drum 16 the working chamber 24 depicted below moves into the observation plane and the upper working chamber towards the observer.

[0050] If the openings 34 pass over the low-pressure kidney 44 according to the aforementioned rotational direction, the working pistons 22 according to FIG. 1 extend from the cylinder bore 22 in the direction of the swash plate 30. In this way, pressurizing medium is drawn from the low-pressure chamber 42 into the hydrostatic working chamber 24, so the hydrostatic working chambers 24 are filled via their openings 34 with pressurizing medium at low pressure. Close to a maximum extension stroke or dead point of the working piston 22, the openings 34 pass over the reversing surface 76, so that the hydrostatic working chambers 24 are separated from the low-pressure chamber 24 by the reversing surface 76. There is still a slight additional enlargement of the hydrostatic working chamber 24 up to the dead point which coincides with the position of the radial groove 66 according to FIG. 4. The introduction of the working piston 22 into the cylinder bore 20 takes place on the other side thereof. Meanwhile, in the high-pressure chamber 40 the load pressure of the consumer prevails, to which the axial piston engine 1 which is working in pump mode conveys. With a further rotation in an anti-clockwise direction according to FIG. 2, the hydrostatic working chambers 24 come into pressurizing medium connection with the high-pressure chamber 40. Due to the inclined plane of the swash plate 30 and the resulting insertion stroke of the working pistons 22, said pistons eject the pressurizing medium present in the hydrostatic working chambers 24 into the high-pressure chamber 40 (up to the consumer). This takes place via the through-recesses 46 of the control plate 38. The total of the through-recesses 46 could be configured as a closed kidney, in a similar manner to the low-pressure kidney 44. However, since strong radial forces act on the control plate 38 in the region of the high pressure, the embodiment shown with a plurality of bores with webs between the bores has proved more stable.

[0051] After the last through-recess 46 has been passed over, the opening 34 of a respective working chamber 24 passes over the reversing surface 78. Consequently, the hydrostatic working chamber 24 is fluidically separated from the high-pressure chamber 40. Up to the dead point of the reversing surface 78, which is diametrically opposite the dead point of the reversing surface 76, there is a further introduction of the working piston 22 and therefore a reduction in the volume of the hydrostatic working chamber 24.

[0052] As already described, connecting the high-pressure-guiding working chamber 24 directly to the low-pressure chamber 42 during further rotation has proved problematic. As depicted above, there would be an abrupt decrease in the pressure of the pressurizing medium in the hydrostatic working chamber 24 into the low-pressure chamber 42 and therefore high flow speeds. In traditional piston engines, this affects the induction performance in the working cycle until cavitation occurs due to high flow speeds and low pressure. Pressurizing medium channels formed by the reset grooves 72 and 74 have a bearing on these problems.

[0053] According to FIG. 2, two through-bores with a small diameter are arranged radially offset to one another in the region of each of the reversing surfaces 76, 78. According to FIGS. 2 and 3, a radially outwardly arranged through-recess 80 of the reversing surface 78 is in pressurizing medium connection with an end portion of the reset groove 72 and a radially inwardly arranged through-recess 82 of the reversing surface 78 is in pressurizing medium connection with an end portion of the reset groove 74. A first pressurizing medium channel is formed by the through-recess 80 and the reset groove 72, and also the control plate 38 covering said reset groove, and a second pressurizing medium channel is formed by the through-recess 82, the reset groove 74 and the control plate 38 covering it.

[0054] Returning to the description of the cycle of the hydrostatic working chamber 24 and its opening 34, when passing over the reversing surface 78 the aforementioned opening initially comes into pressurizing medium connection with the two through-recesses 80, 82 before it brings the working chamber 24 into pressurizing medium connection with the low-pressure kidney 44. In this way, the so-called resetting of the high pressure prevailing in the hydrostatic working chamber 24 is possible via the pressurizing medium channels 80, 72 and 82, 74 (as already mentioned, created by covering by the control plate 38). The decrease in pressure of the pressurizing medium from the hydrostatic working chamber 24 does not therefore take place in the low-pressure kidney 44, but in a controlled manner via the reset grooves 72, 74 in the housing interior 58.

[0055] According to FIGS. 4 and 5, the reset grooves 72 and 74 have cross-sectional profiles which result in cavitation being sharply reduced or even prevented in the grooves 72, 74 and therefore on the connection plate 6. The reset groove 74 which is shown in detail in its cross-sectional development in FIG. 5 has a first portion 84 that extends from the inner bearing surface 62a to a radial inner wall of the ring groove 64. In this first portion 84, the flow cross section of the pressurizing medium channel formed by the reset groove 74 and the control plate 38 covering it increases constantly. In this way, the flow speed in the pressurizing medium channel is slowed down constantly, in other words not erratically, so that no flow separation and also no cavitation can take place. In this way, the reset groove 74 is better protected from erosion and damage. The same observations apply to the reset groove 72 and the pressurizing medium channel formed by the covering control plate 38. Furthermore, the reset groove 74 has a second portion 86 which extends radially outside the outer bearing surface 62b and which is not covered by the control plate 38 according to FIG. 2. In the second portion 86, the flow cross section of the reset groove 74 diminishes again constantly, as a result of which the flow from the reset groove 74 is directed with a directional component parallel to the rotational axis 18 in the housing interior 58. Tests have shown that this deflection further lowers the tendency towards cavitation, in particular at the end of the groove, which can be explained where appropriate by greater dynamic pressures. On observing FIGS. 2 to 5, it becomes evident that the reset groove 74 runs substantially in the rotational direction (in an anticlockwise direction according to FIG. 2) and the reset groove 72 runs substantially against the rotational direction. Here too, tests have shown that both the existence of two pressurizing medium channels or reset grooves and the orientation of the second reset groove against the rotational direction have a positive effect on cavitation insulation. Even if it is not shown, the reset groove 72 has a similar cross-sectional profile with a first portion and second portion like the reset groove 74, so that no further explanations are needed in this respect.

[0056] The dimensions of the first portion 84 according to FIG. 5 fit the definition that the first portion not only has an increasing, but a constantly increasing, flow cross section. The first portion 84 therefore ends when it reaches the ring groove 64 which (strictly speaking) represents a sharp cross-sectional jump. With a less rigorous observation and excluding the ring groove 64 from the dimensions of the flow cross section of the pressurizing medium channel, there results an extension of the first portion 84 of the bearing surface 62a according to the reference number 84.

[0057] According to FIG. 2, two other through-bores 88, 90 are formed in the control plate 38 opposite the through-bores 80, 82. According to FIG. 3, they both correspond to a reversing notch 92 leading from the high-pressure kidney 46 on an end portion side. In the cycle, the hydrostatic working chamber 24 which is filled with low-pressure pressurizing medium by this point initially comes into throttled pressurizing medium connection with the high-pressure kidney 46 and therefore the high-pressure chamber 40 via the reversing notch 92 and the through-bores 88, 90, before the respective opening 34 passes over the first through-bore 46. In this way, cavitation is prevented or sharply reduced in the region of the opening 34 of the hydrostatic working chambers 24.

[0058] A hydrostatic piston engine with hydrostatic working chambers is disclosed, the openings of which come into alternating pressurizing medium connection with outlets in a high-pressure chamber and a low-pressure chamber of the piston engine and a reverse surface arranged therebetween, wherein at least one pressurizing medium channel is provided which, on the one hand, opens out in the reversing surface and, on the other, into a pressurizing medium trough in the piston engine, wherein a flow cross section increases at least along a first portion of the pressurizing medium channel to the pressurizing medium trough.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

[0059] 1 hydrostatic axial piston engine [0060] 2 housing [0061] 4 housing part [0062] 6 connection plate [0063] 8 drive shaft [0064] 9 drive shaft stub [0065] 10, 12 rolling bearing [0066] 14 base [0067] 16 cylinder drum [0068] 18 rotational axis [0069] 20 cylinder bore [0070] 22 working piston [0071] 24 hydrostatic working chamber [0072] 26 piston head [0073] 28 sliding shoe [0074] 30 swash plate [0075] 32 pivoting cradle [0076] 34 opening [0077] 36 face side [0078] 38 control plate [0079] 40 high-pressure chamber [0080] 41 high-pressure outlet [0081] 42 low-pressure chamber [0082] 43 low-pressure outlet [0083] 44 low-pressure kidney [0084] 46 high-pressure through-bore [0085] 48 sealing surface [0086] 50 annular face side [0087] 54 through-bore [0088] 56 sealing groove [0089] 58 housing interior [0090] 60 low-pressure area [0091] 62, 62a, 62b bearing surface [0092] 64 ring groove [0093] 66, 68 radial groove [0094] 70 low-pressure surface [0095] 72, 74 reset groove [0096] 76, 78 reversing surface [0097] 80, 82 through-bore [0098] 84, 84 first portion [0099] 86 second portion [0100] 88, 90 through-bore [0101] 92 reversing notch