SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MACHINE

Abstract

A switched reluctance machine is provided, the machine includes a stator having a circumferential row of magnetically energizable teeth carrying coil windings. The machine further includes a coaxial variable reluctance rotor having a circumferential row of magnetisable poles, the reluctance of the rotor-to-stator magnetic flux path varying with rotor position. Each pole has first and second side flanks and a tip surface, one of the side flanks forming a leading edge surface of the pole, the other side flank forming an opposite, trailing edge surface of the pole, and the tip surface arcing from the leading edge surface to the trailing edge surface and facing the stator to form an air gap to the teeth of the stator. Also each pole contains one or more cavities.

Claims

1. A switched reluctance machine including: a stator having a circumferential row of magnetically energizable teeth carrying coil windings; and a coaxial variable reluctance rotor having a circumferential row of magnetisable poles, the reluctance of the rotor-to-stator magnetic flux path varying with rotor position; wherein each pole has first and second side flanks and a tip surface, one of the side flanks forming a leading edge surface of the pole, the other side flank forming an opposite, trailing edge surface of the pole, and the tip surface arcing from the leading edge surface to the trailing edge surface and facing the stator to form an air gap to the teeth of the stator, and wherein each pole contains one or more cavities, the or each cavity being offset such that it is closer to one of the side flanks than the other side flank, and being located such that it is completely covered by the arc of the tip surface.

2. The switched reluctance machine of claim 1, wherein the tip surface is configured such that the air gap spacing to the teeth of the stator is substantially constant as the poles, in use, sweep past the teeth.

3. The switched reluctance machine of claim 1, wherein each pole further comprises a hole which on a transverse cross-section through the machine is completely internal to the pole.

4. The switched reluctance machine of claim 3, wherein each pole has first and second of the holes, the first hole being closer to the first side flank and the second hole being closer to the second side flank.

5. The switched reluctance machine of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more cavities is a slot, which extends circumferentially from a slot opening at one of the side flanks.

6. The switched reluctance machine of claim 5, wherein the circumferential extent of the slot is between 25% and 50% of the angular width of the respective pole.

7. The switched reluctance machine of claim 5, wherein each pole has first and second of the slots, the first slot extending from the first side flank and the second slot extending from the second side flank.

8. The switched reluctance machine of claim 1, wherein: each pole has a first and a second of the cavities, the first cavity being closer to the first side flank and the second cavity being closer to the second side flank; the ratio of the number of stator teeth to the number of rotor poles is 1.5:1; and the first and second cavities are located such that when the first cavity of a given pole is aligned with the centre of a given stator tooth, the second cavity of the neighbouring pole to the side of the second side flank of the given pole is aligned with the centre of the stator tooth which is the next-but-one stator tooth from the given stator tooth.

9. The switched reluctance machine of claim 1, wherein the one or more cavities are configured to increase the sinusoidal characteristics of the derivatives of self-inductance relative to an otherwise identical rotor without the cavities.

10. The switched reluctance machine of claim 1, wherein the one or more cavities are configured to reduce the time-averaged values of the derivatives of mutual inductance relative to an otherwise identical rotor without the cavities.

11. A gas-turbine engine including the switched reluctance machine according to claim 1.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0028] FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal cross-section through a ducted fan gas turbine engine;

[0029] FIG. 2 shows a finite element (FE) geometry on a transverse cross-section through a switched reluctance machine (SRM) having a conventional switched reluctance rotor;

[0030] FIG. 3 shows the FE geometry on a transverse cross-section through an SRM having a modified switched reluctance rotor;

[0031] FIG. 4 shows modelled torque waveforms for the SRMs of FIGS. 2 and 3;

[0032] FIG. 5A shows calculated three-phase derivatives of self-inductance for a conventional six tooth, four pole SRM; FIG. 5B shows the conventional SRM's three-phase derivatives of mutual inductance; FIG. 5C shows calculated three-phase derivatives of self-inductance for a modified six tooth, four pole SRM; and FIG. 5D shows the modified SRM's three-phase derivatives of mutual inductance; and

[0033] FIGS. 6 to 11 show FE geometries on transverse cross-sections through respective variant SRMs having the modified switched reluctance rotor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] With reference to FIG. 1, a ducted fan gas turbine engine is generally indicated at 10 and has a principal and rotational axis X-X. The engine comprises, in axial flow series, an air intake 11, a propulsive fan 12, an intermediate pressure compressor 13, a high-pressure compressor 14, combustion equipment 15, a high-pressure turbine 16, an intermediate pressure turbine 17, a low-pressure turbine 18 and a core engine exhaust nozzle 19. A nacelle 21 generally surrounds the engine 10 and defines the intake 11, a bypass duct 22 and a bypass exhaust nozzle 23.

[0035] During operation, air entering the intake 11 is accelerated by the fan 12 to produce two air flows: a first air flow A into the intermediate-pressure compressor 13 and a second air flow B which passes through the bypass duct 22 to provide propulsive thrust. The intermediate-pressure compressor 13 compresses the air flow A directed into it before delivering that air to the high-pressure compressor 14 where further compression takes place.

[0036] The compressed air exhausted from the high-pressure compressor 14 is directed into the combustion equipment 15 where it is mixed with fuel and the mixture combusted. The resultant hot combustion products then expand through, and thereby drive the high, intermediate and low-pressure turbines 16, 17, 18 before being exhausted through the nozzle 19 to provide additional propulsive thrust. The high, intermediate and low-pressure turbines respectively drive the high and intermediate-pressure compressors 14, 13 and the fan 12 by suitable interconnecting shafts.

[0037] Other gas turbine engines to which the present disclosure may be applied may have alternative configurations. By way of example such engines may have an alternative number of interconnecting shafts (e.g. two) and/or an alternative number of compressors and/or turbines. Further the engine may comprise a gearbox provided in the drive train from a turbine to a compressor and/or fan.

[0038] The gas turbine engine has at least one SRM. For example, an SRM may operate as a generator powered by one of the above-mentioned interconnecting shafts, or as a starter motor.

[0039] The SRM includes a stator having a circumferential row of magnetically energizable teeth carrying coil windings, and a coaxial variable reluctance rotor having a circumferential row of magnetisable poles, the reluctance of the rotor-to-stator magnetic flux path varying with rotor position.

[0040] Finite element (FE) analyses were performed to identify modifications to the poles that could be made in order to reduce torque ripple and improve the electromagnetic performances of the SRM, while keeping the stator unchanged. In particular, the FE analyses focused on asymmetries, and specifically offset cavities, that could be introduced into the rotor poles.

[0041] Shaping the rotor poles by introducing offset cavities can modify the inductance profile and thence the torque profile. As a first step, magnetization characteristics and the torque profile of a conventional switched reluctance rotor without offset cavities was obtained by FE modelling. Next, cavity parameters were defined in modified rotors with the aim of reducing torque ripple. Finally, the conventional and modified rotors were compared, and the influence of the proposed offset cavities on torque ripple and other performance parameters were determined. An aim was to reduce torque ripple, noise and vibration and to improve torque density characteristics.

[0042] FIG. 2 shows the FE geometry on a transverse cross-section through an SRM having a conventional switched reluctance rotor. The conventional SRM has a stator 130 with teeth 131 and coil windings 132, and a rotor 140 with magnetisable poles 141. FIG. 3, by contrast, shows the FE geometry on a transverse cross-section through an SRM having a modified switched reluctance rotor. The modified SRM has a stator 30 with teeth 31 and coil windings 32, and a rotor 40 with magnetisable poles 41. However, in contrast to the symmetric poles 141 of the conventional SRM, the poles 41 of the modified SRM are asymmetric about the radial line which extends down the centre of each pole. More particularly, each pole 41 has first and second side flanks, one of the side flanks forming a leading edge surface of the pole and the other side flank forming an opposite, trailing edge surface of the pole. These side flanks can be symmetrical. The pole also has a tip surface which arcs from the leading edge surface to the trailing edge surface and faces the stator to form an air gap to the teeth of the stator. However, unlike the conventional SRM, the pole further contains a hole 42 closer to one of the side flanks, and a cavity in the form of a slot 43 extending circumferentially from a slot opening at the other side flank. Although the hole and slot are differently shaped, they have in common that each is completely within the angular extent of the arc of the tip surface. This restriction on the location of the cavities relative to the tip surface distinguishes the slot from e.g. a mere cut-out in the side flank and tip of the pole. Moreover, it is consistent with maintaining a tip profile for the pole which is substantially unchanged from that of a pole of the conventional rotor. This allows the air gap spacing to the teeth of the stator to be maintained at a substantially constant value as the poles, in use, sweep past the teeth, which is beneficial for machine performance.

[0043] The FE analyses modelled a power supply consisting of three-phase sine wave currents, and compared average torque and torque ripple. The analyses showed that the cavities 42, 43 are able to modify the magnetic flux paths so as to make the derivatives of self-inductance waveforms more sinusoidal. In this way, the acoustic noise and the torque ripple can be reduced. FIG. 4 shows for example modelled torque waveforms for the SRMs of FIGS. 2 and 3. Results of deformation modelling and von Mises stress modelling also show that the cavities do not introduce any significant mechanical deformation of the shape of the poles 41. For best performance, the circumferential extent of the slot can be between 25% and 50% of the total angular width of its pole.

[0044] The modification to the rotor shape by the introduction of the cavities aimed to reduce the fringing flux and produce a smoother inductance profile. The variation of the inductance by the modified region affects the produced torque and makes the current increase nonlinearly. The nonlinear produced torque is the main cause of torque ripple. When the torque of each phase is added up, the summed torque in the overlap region is reduced, although the time-averaged torque is not decreased.

[0045] FIG. 5A shows calculated three-phase derivatives of self-inductance for a conventional six tooth, four pole SRM, and FIG. 5B shows the conventional SRM's three-phase derivatives of mutual inductance. By contrast, FIG. 5C shows calculated three-phase derivatives of self-inductance for a modified six tooth, four pole SRM, and FIG. 5D shows the modified SRM's three-phase derivatives of mutual inductance. Advantageously, the derivatives of self-inductance shown in FIG. 5C have increased sinusoidal characteristics compared to those shown in FIG. 5A. Moreover, although the derivatives of mutual inductance shown in FIG. 5D have decreased sinusoidal characteristics compared to those shown in FIG. 5B, their time-averaged values are reduced, which is also beneficial.

[0046] In order to reduce the torque ripple and to smooth the torque profile, the inductance profile preferably changes gradually as the rotor poles 41 and stator teeth 31 move into alignment. To increase the reluctance of the flux path is to increase the saturation at the tip of the rotor poles. The maximum rate of inductance change happens when the alignment between the rotor and stator poles begins. So, in this position the rotor reluctance can be increased to cause a smoother inductance change. This gradual change can be promoted by inclining the rotor poles in the direction of rotation so that they have asymmetrical side flanks, as illustrated in FIG. 6 which shows the FE geometry on a transverse cross-section through a variant SRM having the modified switched reluctance rotor. The benefit of pole shaping is only obtained in one direction of rotation (clockwise in this example). Noteworthy also, in this variant the slot 43 is significantly less re-entrant than the example of FIG. 3, but nonetheless is still within the angular extent of the arc of the tip surface. Other slot shapes can be used with an inclined rotor pole.

[0047] FIG. 7 shows the FE geometry on a transverse cross-section through another variant SRM having the modified switched reluctance rotor. In this variant, the side flanks of the poles 41 are symmetrical but relatively divergent. This allows the hole 42 and the slot 43 to be spaced further apart, which can help to reduce stresses and deformations produced by the cavities.

[0048] Increasing the number of cavities can be beneficial for performance. Thus FIGS. 8 and 9 show the FE geometries on respective transverse cross-sections through further variant SRMs having the modified switched reluctance rotor. In the FIG. 8 variant each pole 41 has one hole 42 and two slots 43, while in the FIG. 9 variant each pole 41 has two holes 42 and two slots 43. In each case, the additional hole/slot is still located such that it is closer to one of the side flanks of its pole than the other side flank.

[0049] Improvements in performance can also be obtained even if each pole 41 has only one cavity 42, 43. Thus FIGS. 10 and 11 show the FE geometries on respective transverse cross-sections through further variant SRMs having the modified switched reluctance rotor. In the FIG. 10 variant each pole 41 has just one hole 42, while in the FIG. 11 variant each pole 41 has just one slot 43.

[0050] The SRMs of FIGS. 3 and 6 to 11 all have a ratio (winding factor) of the number of stator teeth 31 to the number of rotor poles 41 of 1.5:1. Such a winding factor is commonly used in SRMs, but the modification to the rotor pole described above can be applied to SRMs having other winding factors. For example a ratio (winding factor) of 1.33:1 is known, with a common SRM design having 8 stator teeth 31 and 6 rotor poles 41. Ratios (winding factors) less than one are also known, for example 0.75:1, 0.6:1 and 0.43:1.

[0051] However, when the winding factor is close to or substantially 1.5, there are further improvements of current, torque and fault tolerance. Further benefits are achievable when the poles 40 have at least two (first and second) cavities or at least a hole and a cavity (slot), adjacent opposite side flanks to reduce the torque ripple, the two cavities (or a hole and a cavity) can advantageously be located such that when the first cavity of a given pole is aligned with the centre of a given stator tooth, the second cavity of the neighbouring pole to the side of the second side flank of the given pole is aligned with the centre of the stator tooth which is the next-but-one stator tooth from the given stator tooth. Such an arrangement is illustrated, for example, in FIG. 3, where the hole 42 of one pole lies on dashed radial line A through the centre of one stator tooth 31, while the slot 43 of the next pole lies on dashed radial line B through the centre of the next-but-one stator tooth.

[0052] While the invention has been described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described above, many equivalent modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art when given this disclosure. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention set forth above are considered to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.