Situ tailoring of material properties in 3D printed electronics

Abstract

Systems and methods for highly reproducible and focused plasma jet printing and patterning of materials using appropriate ink containing aerosol through nozzles with narrow orifice and tubes with controlled dielectric constant connected to high voltage power supply, in the presence of electric field and plasma, that enables morphological and/or bulk chemical modification and/or surface chemical modification of the material in the aerosol and/or the substrate prior to printing, during printing and post printing.

Claims

1. A method for printing a three dimensional conducting structure of metal comprising: generating a plasma in a print head, aerosolizing a solution containing an ion of the metal to produce an aerosolized solution; introducing said aerosolized solution into said print head containing said plasma, the metal ion in said solution having an oxidation state of 1+, 2+ or greater; reducing the oxidation state of the metal ion in said solution in a plasma region of said print head by exposure to said plasma to produce said elemental metal in a dry form; depositing said elemental metal in a dry form on the substrate in a plurality of film layers; wherein, the film layers comprise solely said elemental metal in dry form.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising printing said elemental metal vertically to fill a via to create conducting pathway.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the three dimensional conducting structure of metal has a thickness to form a metal film of any pattern.

4. A The method of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises one of the transition metals including but not limited to copper, silver, gold, platinum titanium, iron, cobalt, nickel, zirconium etc.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein gases used to generate the plasma and create a reducing environment are selected from the group consisting of helium, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen or any hydrogen-containing reducing compounds.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein a gas used to generate the plasma is made to flow at a rate of from 10 sccm to 5000 sccm.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma is generated at atmospheric pressure and the temperature on the substrate falls in a range of 35 deg C. to 200 deg C.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional conducting structure of metal is printed and grown with specific geometries in two and three dimensions.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising post treating the structure by the plasma without ink to further change a morphology or said oxidation state or further grow nanowire.

10. A method for printing a three dimensional conducting structure of at least a first metal and a second metal, the method comprising: generating a plasma in a print head, aerosolizing a first solution containing an ion of the first metal to produce an aerosolized first solution; introducing said aerosolized first solution into said print head containing said plasma, the metal ion in said first solution having an oxidation state of 1+, 2+ or greater: reducing the oxidation state of the first metal ion in said first solution in a plasma region of said print head by exposure to said plasma to produce said first metal in a dry elemental form; depositing said first metal in said dry elemental form on the substrate; aerosolizing a second solution containing an ion of the second metal to produce an aerosolized second solution; introducing said aerosolized second solution into said print heat containing said plasma, the metal ion in said second solution having an oxidation state of 1+, 2+ or greater; reducing the oxidation state of the second metal ion in said second solution in a plasma region of said print head by exposure to said plasma to produce said second elemental in a dry elemental form; depositing said second metal in said dry elemental form on said deposited first metal.

11. A method for printing a three-dimensional conducting structure made of metal alloy, the method comprising: generating a plasma in a print head, aerosolizing a first solution containing an ion of said first metal to produce an aerosolized first solution; aerosolizing a second solution containing an ion of said second metal to produce an aerosolized second solution; introducing said aerosolized first solution and said second solution into said print head containing said plasma, the ions of said first and second metals having oxidation states of 1+, 2+ or greater; reducing the oxidation states of the first metal and the second metal in a plasma region of said print head by exposure to said plasma to produce said first and second metals in dry elemental forms; depositing an alloy of said first metal and said second metal on the substrate.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the printed conductor can be made of any metal, mixture of metals or alloys of transition metals.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows the schematic of the plasma jet printer system with provisions for the addition of various process gases to tailor the material properties of the nanoparticle/microparticle in the plasma jet printer. Various process gases including helium, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane, alkane, alkene, silane, carbon tetra fluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, etc., can be used on their own or with appropriate mixture to suit various requirements.

(2) FIG. 1B shows the schematic of an alternate embodiment of the invention with provisions for the addition of various process gases to tailor the material properties of the nanoparticle/microparticle in the plasma jet printer. Various process gases including helium, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane, alkane, alkene, silane, carbon tetra fluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, etc., can be used on their own or with appropriate mixture to suit various requirements.

(3) FIG. 2 shows through silicon via (TSV) copper fill using plasma processing. Copper filling by conventional physical vapor deposition copper filling results in void as shown in FIG. 2. Plasma jet printed copper fill has the potential to fill the via without any voids as shown in FIG. 3.

(4) FIG. 3 shows the cross sectional SEM image of copper deposited on a silicon wafer, and the formation of a dense film with varying surface morphology is observed. In situ process for controlling the oxidation state and electronic properties of the deposited materials provides a great advantage over any other printing process currently being used.

(5) FIG. 4 shows an SEM image of copper nanoparticle film deposited using helium plasma. It is evident from the images that the nanoparticles retain their shape and are not undergoing physical deformation.

(6) FIG. 5 shows SEM images of copper nanoparticle film deposited using argon plasma. By varying the deposition time, operating voltage and the gas composition, it is possible to tailor the surface morphology from planar to porous structure. It is evident that the particles undergo physical deformation and form a planar film.

(7) FIG. 6 shows SEM images of copper film deposited using copper nanoparticles by helium-t-nitrogen plasma. The images show that part of the nanoparticles undergo physical deformation and forms a film, while there are significant number of nanoparticles that retain the shape and are embedded in the copper film.

(8) FIG. 7 shows SEM images of porous copper film deposited using copper nanoparticles by helium, nitrogen and hydrogen mixture plasma on aluminum foil.

(9) FIG. 8 shows SEM images of porous copper film deposited using copper nanoparticles by helium, nitrogen and hydrogen mixture plasma on silicon.

(10) FIG. 9 shows SEM images of planar copper film deposited using copper nanoparticles by helium, nitrogen and hydrogen mixture plasma on silicon

(11) FIG. 10 shows SEM images of plasma printed copper nanoparticles and post treated by plasma to form nanowires

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(12) FIG. 1 shows the schematic of the plasma jet printer system with provisions for the addition of various process gases to tailor the material properties of the nanoparticle/microparticle in the plasma jet printer. Various process gases including helium, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane, alkane, alkene, silane, carbon tetra fluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, etc., can be used on their own or with appropriate mixture to suit the need. Nanoparticle/microparticle colloid input. FIG. 1 shows the following elements: Nanoparticle/microparticle colloid input 1 Gas supply line for in situ processing 2 Gas supply line for in situ processing 3 Manifold for controlling the gas flow to the plasma jet nozzle 4 Plasma jet printer nozzle 5 Nanoparticle/microparticle colloid 6 in the plasma jet printer nozzle prior to exposure to plasma jet with particle size and shape same as the input colloid Nanoparticle/microparticle 7 in the plasma jet with physical, chemical and electronic characteristics controlled by the input gas, applied voltage, nanoparticle/microparticle concentration and plasma process parameters Metal electrodes 8 of the plasma jet connected to high voltage power supply for creating the plasma discharge Nanoparticle/microparticle 9 exiting the plasma jet nozzle with tailored characteristics determined by the plasma process parameters

(13) The plasma jet printer consists of a tube 10 made of any one or more of the following: silicon, silicon wafer, quartz, glass, ceramic, plastic, machinable ceramic, glass reinforced epoxy, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, fluoropolymer, aluminum, or any other dielectric material. The tube also contains two metal electrodes 8 connected to high voltage power supply for creating a plasma discharge in the plasma jet chamber. The high voltage power supply can be any one of the following AC, DC, radio frequency, pulsed power supply. The nozzle 5, through which the material to be deposited is focused to the substrate, can be part of this tube with one end of the tube being the nozzle for printing and another end for receiving the particle to be coated. Alternatively the nozzle, through which the material to be printed is focused to the substrate, can also be a separate component from the tube and connected to the tube to focus the plasma jet. The nozzle could be replaced without having to change the tube and electrode assembly.

(14) FIG. 1b shows the schematic of the plasma jet printer system with provision 12 to introduce reactive and/or non reactive gases through an outer nozzle 11 with wherein the material in aerosol meets with the gas from outer nozzle at the exit of the inner nozzle. This will enable surface modification of the material while retaining the bulk properties of the nano materials. Also, the secondary gas supply through the outer nozzle 11 can be used for post treatment without having to use an additional plasma jet printer for treatment. The secondary gas supply through the outer nozzle can also be used to sustain the plasma and for focused printing, while the inner nozzle carries the materials to be printed. This can help in increasing the momentum of the particles to get a highly directional printing.

(15) Nonreactive, noble gases like helium, argon etc., can be used to create the discharge as well as for printing. In order to change the chemical characteristics and the electronic properties, any of the reactive gases including nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, alkane, alkene, carbon tetra fluoride, sulfur hexafluoride etc., can be used. The reactive and non-reactive gases can either be used on their own or with appropriate mixture of gases to obtain the required plasma processing condition.

(16) The material to be coated is either taken as a colloid or as a solution and the colloid/solution is aerosolized and carried by a carrier gas into the plasma jet tube where a plasma discharge is generated. Depending on the nature and type of nanomaterial/micromaterial/solution used, nature and type of coating required, concentration of the material in colloid/solution, and the nature and type of substrate used the plasma process parameters will be tailored using appropriate gas mixtures, gas flow ratios and electrical energy input for generating the plasma.

(17) In order to change the morphology of the coating/printed material appropriate mixture of gases, gas flow ratios, concentration and electrical energy input are optimized to obtain either non-porous, planar coating with rough/smooth topography or porous coating with controlled pore size.

(18) For example, to plasma print materials with no change in morphology and chemistry of the particles, a helium plasma with a helium flow rate varying from 50 standard cubic centimeter (sccm) to 5000 standard cubic centimeter (sccm), that inherently contains no filamentary discharge and low electron density is used. In order to change the morphology of the particles, argon plasma containing higher electron density than that of helium is used. The argon plasma can contain pure argon flow in the range between 50 sccm to 5000 sccm or contain a mixture of helium and argon. To further increase the morphological changes, nitrogen or hydrogen with flow rate varying from 10 sccm to 3000 sccm could be introduced in to the plasma.

(19) The oxidation state of the material to be deposited, electronic structure, magnetic properties, chemical structure, spin state, crystallographic structure, stress, film thickness and electronic conductivity properties can be tailored by appropriate choice of gas mixture and plasma process parameters. For changing the electronic structure, for example to reduce the oxidation state of materials being printed, hydrogen gas with flow rate varying from 10 sccm to 3000 sccm may be introduced in the plasma containing helium or argon or nitrogen or a combination of all these. Oxygen gas or clean dry air with flow rates varying from 10 sccm to 5000 sccm may be introduced for this purpose. This will create reactive oxygen species that will interact with the materials in the plasma or on the surface resulting in oxidation. A combination of oxygen and CF4 may be used to etch the material pre and post-printing. Particle shapes such as spheres, rods, plates, and wires may be used depending on the end use application. For example, wires may be printed to get good electrical conductivity, while rods and plates may be used for optical applications like surface plasmon resonance and plasmonics.

(20) To tune the optical properties including dielectric constant and refractive index of the material, the hydrocarbon content and nitrogen content in the film may be changed by introducing oxygen containing or nitrogen containing gas mixtures. To print low-k dielectric film, for example, silicon dioxide may be printed using silane or siloxane precursor in addition to oxygen or clean dry air gas mixture. To increase the dielectric constant of the film, nitrogen gas may be introduced in addition to silane, or siloxane or amino silane may be used so that the nitrogen incorporation in silicon dioxide increases the dielectric constant of the film.

(21) Among the significant advantages of the present invention is the ability to perform site selective, direct write plasma based printing of conducting materials including conducting organic electronics, reduced graphene oxide, conducting metallic layers, metal oxides, alloys or composites with controlled morphology, oxidation state and electronic structure on flexible substrates, displays, semiconductors, plastics and energy related materials.

(22) Applications that require conducting materials including organics, reduced graphene oxide, metal, metal oxides, alloys or composites previously required to be either printed using multiple techniques with pre and/or post processing or lithography or masking can now be accomplished with direct write plasma jet printing of the present invention. The direct write plasma jet printing allows chemical structure, oxidation state and electronic properties to be tailored in situ during the printing process by appropriate choice of gas and plasma process parameters. For example, to print conducting reduced graphene oxide pattern/film, a graphene oxide colloid may be nebulizer and introduced into the plasma in the presence of helium or argon gas and hydrogen or nitrogen reducing gas. The reducing gas atmosphere will change the non-conducting graphene oxide to conducting reduced graphene oxide. The hydrogen or nitrogen reducing gas flow may vary from 10 sccm to 3000 sccm.

(23) For catalyst applications, nanostructured and porous surfaces enhance the activity and selectivity resulting in increased efficiency. Printing of highly porous metal and metal oxide surfaces with ability for high throughput manufacturing is a unique advantage of in situ process control in plasma jet printing.

(24) Multi-material printing and alloying capabilities with in situ process control can be used for printing materials with tailored characteristics for bumps in integrated circuit packaging and also in displays. FIG. 2 shows the application of plasma jet printer for copper filling of via in through silicon via semiconductor chips used in high speed processing. The copper filling in through silicon via is traditionally done by seed layer/barrier layer deposition using vacuum based physical vapor deposition followed by electrochemical deposition of copper to fill the via by placing the semiconductor chip in a liquid bath. The electro chemical deposited films are then polished using chemical mechanical polishing to remove the excess deposition. The plasma jet printer may be used to replace the electro chemical deposition and transition of the semiconductor chips from vacuum based physical vapor deposition chamber to liquid bath for copper filling. The copper filling may be done as an in line processing followed by barrier layer deposition using physical vapor deposition without having to go through the liquid bath based deposition. Plasma jet printing process provides a completely dry process that avoids dipping of the semiconductor chips in a liquid electrochemical bath.

(25) FIG. 3 shows the cross sectional SEM image of copper deposited on a silicon wafer, and the formation of a dense film with varying surface morphology is observed. In situ process for controlling the oxidation state and electronic properties of the deposited materials provides a great advantage over any other printing process currently being used.

(26) Table 1. Elemental composition analysis of the plasma jet printed copper film, on silicon substrate, carried out using energy dispersive analysis by x ray spectroscopy (EDS). It is evident from Table 1 that the copper oxide can be reduced to metallic copper in situ by appropriate choice of gas mixtures.

(27) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Gas mixtures Oxidation used for state of Relative Copper Oxygen Carbon Silicon plasma printed conduc- atomic atomic atomic atomic printing copper tivity % % % % Helium Cu.sup.2+ Poorly 44.85  9.42 11.13  6.61 con- to to to to ducting, 70.54 14.76 14.81 27.45 Helium + metallic Highly 41.14 0 0 0 Nitrogen- Copper con- to to to to Hydrogen and Cu.sup.+ ducting 100 30.3  28.31  1.16 Argon Cu.sup.2+ Poorly 36.0   9.73 16.11 0 con- to to to to ducting 82.3  25.33 30.11 28.87

(28) The ability to change the composition of the deposited copper film by in situ treatment is shown by plasma jet printing the copper oxide nanoparticles with oxidation states of copper being 2+ and 1+ on silicon using various gases for generating the plasma discharge and by performing elemental quantitative analysis using energy dispersive analysis by x ray spectroscopy EDS. Table 1 shows the elemental analysis for copper film deposited using helium plasma, helium plus nitrogen-hydrogen mixed plasma and argon plasma. It is evident from Table 1 that the carbon and oxygen content in the film can be reduced to 0% and increase the copper content to 100% i.e., pure metallic copper by appropriate use of gas mixtures in printing. Use of nitrogen and hydrogen gas mixture enabled reduction of copper oxide (Cu.sup.2+ and Cu.sup.+) to metallic copper (Cu).

(29) Ability of the plasma printing to change the electronic configuration and oxidation state of materials and transition metals in particular can also be utilized to print/achieve/tailor/magnetic properties as the change in electronic configuration can also be associated with magnetic moment. By demonstrating tailoring the oxidation state of copper by plasma printing, one among the many transition metal oxides, the invention may be extended to other transition metal oxides that include titanium, iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, zirconium etc., The magnetic transition metal oxides including iron, cobalt, manganese etc., have multiple oxidation states including 2+, 3+ etc., and tailoring the electronic configuration and oxidation state as described above in Table 1 with a suitable gas mixture for each materials have a deep impact on the crystallographic structure, spin state and magnetic properties of these materials.

(30) The plasma discharge characteristics are controlled by the input gas, applied voltage, nanoparticle concentration and plasma process parameters. Electron density of the plasma depends on process conditions, but one prominent feature deciding the electron density of the plasma is the nature of gas used to generate the discharge. The electron densities in argon and helium are different. Argon plasma has higher electron density than the helium plasma for the same process parameters and for atmospheric pressure plasmas the electron density in argon is 2.5 times higher than helium. The thermal conductivity of gases also varies. For example, the thermal conductivity of helium is higher than that of argon and hence the substrate temperature can be changed by using appropriate gas flow of helium and other gas mixtures. When nitrogen is introduced into the helium plasma, the electron density, electron temperature and the current density increases. The substrate temperature may be controlled from 35° C. with pure helium flow to up to 200° C. with addition of hydrogen, while the temperature remaining in between 35° C. to 200° C. with addition of argon or nitrogen. As a result, the energy of the plasma varies depending on the nature and type of gases used to generate the discharge. When the nanoparticle/microparticle colloid enters the plasma, it will be subjected to electrons, ions and radical bombardment from the plasma species. As a result, the momentum the particles carry during collision with the substrate to form a coating varies depends on various factors including the gas flow ratio, nature and type of gases, applied voltage, size and shape of the nozzle, distance between the substrate and plasma jet etc. This will have an impact on both the morphology and chemical structure of the material getting deposited. FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 show copper nanoparticles film, from the same set of copper oxide nanoparticle colloid, printed using atmospheric pressure plasma jet printer using various gas mixtures. These figures show that films with varying pattern, morphology, surface roughness and porosity can be printed using the same set of particles and with appropriate gas mixtures.

(31) For a given gas mixture and electrode design, the film morphology will vary depending on the externally applied voltage to generate the plasma. For example, with an applied voltage of 1 kV the plasma will have lower temperature and electron density, and it might not have impact on the morphology of the particles. However, with an applied potential of 15 kV, the plasma species will have sufficient energy to alter the morphology of the particles. For the same gas mixture, applied voltage and electrode design, the film characteristics will also be dependent on the concentration of the particles in the colloid. For example nano materials with concentration of 1 mg/mL of colloid in a suspension will have a less denser film for given time, gas mixture, applied potential etc., than a colloid with 50 mg/ml.

(32) FIG. 4 show SEM image of copper nanoparticle film printed using helium plasma. It can be seen that the nanoparticles retain their shape and are not undergoing any physical deformation to a significant extent. The particles are agglomerated but are mostly spherical similar to the as synthesized nanoparticles. FIG. 5 shows the SEM image of copper nanoparticle film deposited under two different process conditions. As the plasma density, electron density and electron temperature are higher for argon than helium, the nanoparticles undergo physical deformation resulting in uniform film formation as shown in FIG. 5 left. Under certain process conditions complete physical deformation and coalescence is prevented as a result porous structure as shown in FIG. 5 right is obtained.

(33) When nitrogen is mixed with the helium plasma, the electron density, electron temperature and the current density varies. As shown in FIG. 6 the particles undergo partial physical deformation resulting in film formation and the nanoparticles retain the shape to a certain extent resulting in film formation with particles embedded on it. By varying the gas ratios, applied voltage and distance between the substrate and electrode, it is possible to increase or decrease the physical deformation resulting in a completely different morphology, stress and thickness.

(34) FIGS. 7 and 8 show the copper film deposited on aluminum foil and on silicon wafer respectively using the same set of nanoparticle colloid used with helium, argon, helium ‘nitrogen plasmas. In both substrates, it is observed that a highly porous structure is formed. The nanoparticles undergo complete physical deformation and form a film. However, the presence of highly reactive and reducing gases in the plasma viz., nitrogen and hydrogen creates a highly porous structure. It is also evident that a similar porous structure is also observed on both the substrates aluminum and silicon and the process is reproducible. FIG. 9 also shows the formation of a smooth planar copper film using the same set of nanoparticle colloid and the gas mixtures. By carefully controlling the gas mixtures, electron density, plasma density, operating voltage, distance between the electrode and substrate, it is possible to control the physical deformation of the particle and as a result control the morphology, porosity and surface roughness of the film.

(35) Tailoring the morphology of surface by post-treatment is shown in FIG. 10. Formation of nanowires from copper surface and copper nanoparticles by plasma treatment with inert gas is demonstrated. Presence of hydrogen in the plasma resulted in conducting nanowire as opposed to oxides. FIG. 10 shows the SEM image of plasma printed copper nanoparticle film using argon plasma and post-treated with argon hydrogen. Formation of nanowire and spikes from the nanoparticle surface was observed which resulted in increased physical connectivity of the printed copper by bridging the cracked portions and porous regions. Copper oxide nanowire formation on copper through thermal oxidation has been explored widely. Surface morphology, temperature and treatment time will determine the uniformity of nanowires. Though the thermal oxidation and plasma oxidation results in copper oxide, presence of hydrogen in the plasma treatment resulted in conductive metallic copper.

(36) Plasma jet printing for longer duration results in unwanted and inevitable deposition of materials inside the nozzle and the dielectric tube. This can affect reproducibility and reliability of the plasma jet printer and prevent in-situ tailoring as well as plasma jet printing all together. The deposition of conducting materials inside the nozzle and/or the dielectric tube can severely impact the printer performance. The use of plasma offers a unique advantage by which the unwanted deposition inside dielectric tube and the nozzle can be removed by running the plasma discharge without introducing the materials to be printed into the print head and by having a plain gaseous discharge.

(37) The plain gaseous discharge can be used to remove the materials deposited inside the dielectric tube along the inner circumference and inside the nozzle by one of several ways including ion bombardment, free radical reaction, reactive ion etching etc. The gases mixture can contain inert gases like helium, argon, etc., on their own or a combination of inert gases with reactive gases like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur hexafluoride, halogen containing gases, etc. A plasma discharge with a combination of higher potential than that used for printing and an appropriate gas mixture as mentioned above, without introducing the materials to be printed can be used to remove the unwanted material deposition inside the print head and for ensuring repeatability and reproducibility.

(38) Having now fully set forth the preferred embodiments and certain modifications of the concept underlying the present invention, various other embodiments as well as certain variations and modifications of the embodiments herein shown and described will obviously occur to those skilled in the art upon becoming familiar with said underlying concept. It should be understood, therefore, that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically set forth herein.