Low thermal expansion alloy

Abstract

A low thermal expansion alloy having a high rigidity and a low thermal expansion coefficient comprising, by mass %, C: 0.040% or less, Si: 0.25% or less, Mn: 0.15 to 0.50%, Cr: 8.50 to 10.0%, Ni: 0 to 5.00%, and Co: 43.0 to 56.0%, S: 0 to 0.050%, and Se: 0 to 0.050% and having a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, the contents of Ni, Co, and Mn represented by [Ni], [Co], and [Mn] satisfying 55.7≤2.2[Ni]+[Co]+1.7[Mn]≤56.7 and the structure being an austenite single phase.

Claims

1. An alloy comprising, by mass %, C: 0.040% or less, Si: 0.25% or less, Mn: 0.15 to 0.50%, Cr: 8.50 to 10.0%, Ni: 0 to 5.00%, Co: 43.0 to 54.2%, S: 0 to 0.050%, Se: 0 to 0.050% and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, contents of Ni, Co, and Mn represented by [Ni], [Co], and [Mn] satisfying
55.7≤2.2[Ni]+[Co]+1.7[Mn]≤56.7, a structure of the alloy being an austenite single phase, wherein the alloy has a thermal expansion coefficient of −1.0×10.sup.−6/° C. to +1.0×10.sup.−6/° C.

2. The alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises 43.0 to 54.0% of Co, by mass %.

3. The alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises 43.0 to 52.0% of Co, by mass %.

4. A method for producing the alloy according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: heating an alloy to 700 to 1050° C., the alloy comprising: C: 0.040% or less, Si: 0.25% or less, Mn: 0.15 to 0.50%, Cr: 8.50 to 10.0%, Ni: 0 to 5.00%, Co: 43.0 to 54.2%, S: 0 to 0.050%, and Se: 0 to 0.050% and having a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, contents of Ni, Co, and Mn represented by [Ni], [Co], and [Mn] satisfying
55.7≤2.2[Ni]+[Co]+1.7[Mn]≤56.7; cooling the alloy in a furnace.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows examples of X-ray diffraction of alloys produced by the examples, in which (a) shows an invention example and (b) shows a comparative example.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(2) Below, the present invention will be explained in detail. Below, the “%” relating to the chemical composition shall indicate “mass %” unless otherwise indicated. First, the chemical composition of the alloy of the present invention will be explained.

(3) C contributes to improvement of the low temperature stability of austenite, but if the content of C becomes large, the, thermal expansion coefficient becomes larger, the ductility falls, and further the dimensional stability change of the alloy becomes greater, so the content is made 0.040% or less, preferably 0.020% or less. C is not an essential element and need not be included.

(4) Si is added as a deoxidizing material. The solidified alloy does not have to contain Si, but realistically it is difficult to make the content zero. 0.01% or more may be contained. If the amount of Si becomes larger, the thermal expansion coefficient increases, so the amount of Si is made 0.25% or less, preferably is made 0.20% or less. To improve the fluidity of the melt, Si is preferably contained in 0.10% or more.

(5) Mn is added as a deoxidizing material. Further, it also contributes to improvement of the strength by solid solution strengthening. Furthermore, in the present invention, it contributes to improvement of the low temperature stability of the austenite and prevents martensite transformation even at −196° C. To obtain this effect, Mn is included in 0.15% or more. Even if the content of Mn exceeds 0.50%, the effect decreases and the cost becomes high, so the amount of Mn is made 0.50% or less. Preferably, the amount is made 0.30% or less.

(6) Cr is an element important for securing corrosion resistance. Further, by optimal combination with Co, low thermal expansion is obtained. To secure corrosion resistance, the content of Cr is made 8.50% or more. If the amount of Cr becomes too great, the thermal expansion coefficient becomes larger, so the amount of Cr is made 10.0% or less.

(7) Ni contributes to a reduction of the thermal expansion coefficient by combination with Co. Further, it contributes to improvement of the low temperature stability of austenite and prevents martensite transformation even at −196° C. To obtain the desired thermal expansion coefficient, the range of Ni is made 0 to 5.00%, preferably 1.50 to 5.00%.

(8) Co is an essential element lowering the thermal expansion coefficient. If the amount of Co is too large or too small, the thermal expansion coefficient will not become sufficiently small. In the present invention, the amount of Co is made 43.0 to 56.0% in range. The preferable lower limit is 45.0%, while the more preferable lower limit is 48.0%. The preferable upper limit is 54.0%, while the more preferable upper limit is 52.0%.

(9) The low thermal expansion alloy of the present invention has stable austenite and an austenite single-phase structure. This structure is obtained by making the balance of Ni and Co and further Mn a suitable range and can lower the thermal expansion coefficient. To obtain an austenite single-phase structure and low thermal expansion coefficient, the contents (mass %) of Ni, Co, and Mn represented by [Ni], [Co], and [Mn] are made to satisfy 55.7≤2.2[Ni]+[Co]+1.7[Mn]≤56.7.

(10) Whether the structure is an austenite single phase can be investigated by X-ray diffraction. In the present invention, if finding the ratio of intensities of austenite and ferrite in an X-ray diffraction pattern and there is no peak of ferrite or if the intensity of the austenite is 100 times or more of the intensity of the ferrite, it is judged that the structure is an austenite single phase.

(11) In addition, if machinability is demanded, S or Se may be added in a range of 0.050% or less.

(12) The balance of the chemical composition is Fe and unavoidable impurities. The “unavoidable impurities” mean elements which are unavoidably mixed in from the starting materials or production environment etc. at the time of industrial production of steel having the chemical compositions prescribed in the present invention. Specifically, Al, S, P, Cu, etc. may be mentioned. The contents when these elements are unavoidably mixed in are 0.01% or less or so.

(13) Next, a method for producing a low thermal expansion alloy of the present invention will be explained.

(14) The casting mold used for production of the high rigidity, low thermal expansion alloy of the present invention, the apparatus for injection of the molten steel into the casting mold, and the method of injection are not particularly limited. Known apparatuses and methods may be used.

(15) The obtained cast steel or forged steel obtained by forging at 1100° C. is heated to 700 to 1050° C., held there for 0.5 to 5 hr, then cooled in the furnace. A slower cooling rate is preferable. 10° C./min or less is preferable, while 5° C./min or less is more preferable.

(16) The high rigidity, low thermal expansion alloy of the present invention has a high Young's modulus and low thermal expansion coefficient and further has a structure stable at even a cryogenic temperature. Specifically, it has a 160 GPa or more, preferably a 170 GPa or more Young's modulus and a within ±1.0×10.sup.−6/° C., preferably a within ±0.5×10.sup.−6/° C. thermal expansion coefficient and has a martensite transformation point lower than −196° C., preferably lower than −269° C.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(17) Melts adjusted to give chemical compositions shown in Table 1 were poured into casting molds to produce cast steels. The cast steels were made sizes of φ100×350 and were heat treated at 1000° C.×2 hr, cooled in the furnace, and cut out to the sizes of the respective test pieces to obtain test pieces. The produced test pieces were heat treated at 315° C. for 2 hr to obtain the final alloys.

(18) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Coeffi- Chemical composition (mass %) cient 2.2Ni + of heat Young's −196° C. −269° C. Co + expansion modulus Austenite structural structural Ex. C Si Mn Cr Ni Co S Se 1.7Mn Fe (ppm/° C.) (GPa) Rate (%) stability stability 1 0.061 0.17 0.22 9.21 1.93 51.4 56.0 Bal. 3.01 166 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 2 0.004 0.35 0.20 9.22 1.89 51.3 55.8 Bal. 1.20 176 98 Poor — Comp. ex. 3 0.007 0.15 0.61 9.20 1.93 51.4 56.7 Bal. 3.03 170 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 4 0.008 0.17 0.47 9.23 1.89 50.7 55.7 Bal. 0.36 176 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 5 0.006 0.12 0.17 10.6 1.93 51.4 55.9 Bal. 1.89 177 77 Poor — Comp. ex. 6 0.005 0.14 0.21 7.81 1.89 51.3 55.8 Bal. 2.64 155 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 7 0.004 0.18 0.24 9.22 5.30 43.0 55.1 Bal. 1.20 148 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 8 0.004 0.14 0.14 9.23 4.92 42.9 54.0 Bal. 4.92 180 57 Poor — Comp. ex. 9 0.006 0.15 0.23 9.19 4.80 44.1 55.1 Bal. 0.79 179 86 Poor — Comp. ex. 10 0.006 0.17 0.19 9.21 4.81 44.4 55.3 Bal. 0.29 181 94 Poor — Comp. ex. 11 0.007 0.18 0.23 9.24 4.82 44.7 55.7 Bal. 0.33 177 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 12 0.006 0.12 0.20 9.20 4.80 45.1 56.0 Bal. 0.39 178 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 13 0.004 0.16 0.20 9.22 4.80 45.4 56.3 Bal. 0.46 178 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 14 0.004 0.15 0.20 9.20 4.80 45.9 56.8 Bal. 1.61 169 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 15 0.003 0.12 0.21 9.10 1.98 50.0 54.7 Bal. 3.46 178 66 Poor — Comp. ex. 16 0.006 0.14 0.19 9.11 1.93 50.4 55.0 Bal. 0.32 174 72 Poor — Comp. ex. 17 0.008 0.12 0.18 9.14 1.95 50.7 55.3 Bal. 0.80 177 88 Poor — Comp. ex. 18 0.007 0.15 0.17 9.10 1.88 51.0 55.4 Bal. 0.34 177 96 Poor — Comp. ex. 19 0.007 0.14 0.23 9.19 1.90 51.3 55.9 Bal. 0.44 177 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 20 0.005 0.16 0.22 9.06 1.96 51.7 56.4 Bal. 0.48 178 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 21 0.011 0.11 0.22 9.09 1.82 52.0 56.4 Bal. 0.46 176 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 22 0.010 0.14 0.22 9.08 1.92 52.5 57.1 Bal. 1.02 177 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 23 0.012 0.14 0.22 8.98 1.94 53.0 57.6 Bal. 1.39 174 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 24 0.023 0.04 0.19 9.18 1.02 52.1 54.7 Bal. 5.02 166 61 Poor — Comp. ex. 25 0.021 0.02 0.17 9.16 1.04 52.4 55.0 Bal. 0.89 171 70 Poor — Comp. ex. 26 0.016 0.03 0.17 9.20 1.00 52.7 55.2 Bal. −0.15 170 76 Poor — Comp. ex. 27 0.023 0.04 0.18 9.22 1.03 53.0 55.6 Bal. 0.08 159 89 Poor — Comp. ex. 28 0.018 0.02 0.18 9.19 0.99 53.3 55.8 Bal. 0.63 169 100 Good Poor Inv. ex. 29 0.016 0.03 0.18 9.20 1.00 53.6 56.1 Bal. 0.84 166 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 30 0.019 0.04 0.18 9.22 1.01 53.9 56.4 Bal. 0.84 164 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 31 0.021 0.05 0.16 9.24 0.98 54.2 56.6 Bal. 0.97 166 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 32 0.022 0.03 0.18 9.20 1.01 54.5 57.0 Bal. 2.25 156 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 33 0.020 0.04 0.05 8.86 — 54.9 55.0 Bal. 6.50 183 52 Poor — Comp. ex. 34 0.021 0.05 0.18 9.01 — 55.2 55.5 Bal. 0.60 184 88 Poor — Comp. ex. 35 0.022 0.05 0.18 8.99 — 55.8 56.1 Bal. 0.57 172 100 Good Poor Inv. ex. 36 0.019 0.06 0.17 9.04 — 56.1 56.4 Bal. 1.13 155 100 Good Poor Comp. ex. 37 0.018 0.07 0.16 9.00 — 57.5 57.8 Bal. 3.06 148 100 Good Poor Comp. ex. 38 0.018 0.05 0.22 9.08 1.98 51.1 0.028 0.036 55.8 Bal. 0.32 175 100 Good Good Inv. ex.

(19) The produced test pieces were measured for Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, austenite fraction, and structural stabilities at −196° C. and −269° C.

(20) The Young's modulus was measured at room temperature by the two-point support horizontal resonance method. The thermal expansion coefficient was found using a thermal expansion measuring apparatus as the mean thermal expansion coefficient from 0 to 60° C. The austenite fraction was found using X-ray diffraction using the ratio of intensities of austenite and ferrite.

(21) FIG. 1 shows examples of X-ray diffraction. (a) shows Example 19 (invention example) and (b) shows Example 15 (comparative example).

(22) The structural stability at −196° C. was found by cooling a test piece down to −196° C. and −269° C., holding it there for 1 hour, then examining the structure. The presence of any martensite was observed. A case where no martensite was observed at any of the temperatures was evaluated as “Good” in structural stability, while a case where martensite was observed was evaluated as “Poor” in structural stability.

(23) The results are shown in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the results are that the alloys of the invention examples have low thermal expansion coefficients of 1×10.sup.−6/° C. or less, have high Young's moduli of 160 GPa or more, and further have structures comprised of austenite and are stable in structures even at −196° C.

Example 2

(24) Melts adjusted to give chemical compositions shown in Table 2 were poured into φ100×350 casting molds. The cast ingots were heated to 1150° C., then forged to obtain φ50 forged steels, then were heat treated at 1000° C.×2 hr, cooled in the furnace, and cut out to the sizes of the respective test pieces to obtain test pieces. Further, the heat treatments of Examples 39 and 40 were performed diffusion treatment at 1200° C. before forging, heat treatment at 800° C. for 2 hr and water cooling after forging. The steels were cut out to the sizes of the respective test pieces to obtain test pieces. The produced test pieces were heat treated at 315° C. for 2 hr to obtain the final alloys.

(25) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Chemical composition (mass %) Coefficient of Young's −196° C. −269° C. 2.2Ni + Co + heat expansion modulus Austenite structural structural Ex. C Si Mn Cr Ni Co 1.7Mn Fe (ppm/° C.) (GPa) Rate (%) stability stability  4-2 0.008 0.17 0.47 9.23 1.89 50.7 55.7 Bal. 0.33 177 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 10-2 0.006 0.17 0.19 9.21 4.81 44.4 55.3 Bal. 0.38 182 89 Poor — Comp. ex. 12-2 0.006 0.12 0.20 9.20 4.80 45.1 56.0 Bal. 0.37 177 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 13-2 0.004 0.16 0.20 9.22 4.80 45.4 56.3 Bal. 0.51 178 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 14-2 0.004 0.15 0.20 9.20 4.80 45.9 56.8 Bal. 1.42 171 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 18-2 0.007 0.15 0.17 9.10 1.88 51.0 55.4 Bal. 0.29 178 93 Poor — Comp. ex. 19-2 0.007 0.14 0.23 9.19 1.90 51.3 55.9 Bal. 0.40 176 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 20-2 0.005 0.16 0.22 9.06 1.96 51.7 56.4 Bal. 0.48 178 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 21-2 0.011 0.11 0.22 9.09 1.82 52.0 56.4 Bal. 0.47 175 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 22-2 0.010 0.14 0.22 9.08 1.92 52.5 57.1 Bal. 1.22 179 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 28-2 0.018 0.02 0.18 9.19 0.99 53.3 55.8 Bal. 0.59 172 100 Good Poor Inv. ex. 29-2 0.016 0.03 0.18 9.20 1.00 53.6 56.1 Bal. 0.77 171 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 31-2 0.021 0.05 0.16 9.24 0.98 54.2 56.6 Bal. 0.99 169 100 Good Good Inv. ex. 34-2 0.021 0.05 0.18 9.01 — 55.2 55.5 Bal. 0.62 183 89 Poor — Comp. ex. 35-2 0.022 0.05 0.18 8.99 — 55.8 56.1 Bal. 0.44 170 100 Good Poor Inv. ex. 39 0.018 0.33 0.35 — 36.21 — 80.3 Bal. 1.32 140 100 Good Good Comp. ex. 40 0.009 0.15 0.22 — 32.18 5.21 76.4 Bal. −0.01 135 100 Poor — Comp. ex.

(26) The results are shown in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the results are that the alloys of the invention examples have low thermal expansion coefficients of 1×10.sup.−6/° C. or less, have high Young's moduli of 160 GPa or more, and further have structures comprised of austenite and are stable in structures even at −196° C.