PROCESS FOR PRODUCING GRAPHENE, OTHER CARBON ALLOTROPES AND MATERIALS

Abstract

Methods and systems are described for the synthesis of graphene, synthetic graphite, and other carbon allotropes. Thus, the method describes a method to synthesize carbon nanostructures and synthetic graphite by using unrecyclable materials, such as plastic wastes (i.e., Polypropylene, Styrene, Polyethylene, Poly Vinyl Chloride, PVDF, tires, etc.), Liquid wastes (i.e. tank bottoms, PVDF liquid foams, contaminated oils, etc.) (unrecyclable carbons) regardless of its state, cleanliness, or whether it is contaminated with other byproducts.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing carbon material, comprising: mixing a carbon precursor with a catalyst in a controlled oxygen free environment, where the reaction is carried-out at a range from about 600? C. to 1400? C.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon material comprises one or more of: graphene; carbon nanostructures; synthetic graphite; sulfur-graphene; highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises aluminum.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a secondary catalyst.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the secondary catalyst comprises one or more of: Mg, Fe, Co.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising utilizing the presence of a chalcogenide.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the chalcogenide comprises at least one of: oxygen; sulfur; selenium; tellurium.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a carrier gas.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the carrier gas comprises at least one of: short chain hydrocarbons; nitrogen; argon, hydrogen.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising micronization, pulverizing, or jet milling of an output product.

11. A method of synthesizing carbon, the method comprising: mixing a feed stock with molten aluminum; injecting the molten aluminum and feed stock mixture into a reaction vessel containing further molten aluminum, wherein the injection occurs below the surface of the molten aluminum in the reaction vessel; and reacting the feed stock with the molten aluminum, such that one or more carbon-containing products are formed.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more carbon material comprises one or more of: graphene; carbon nanostructures; synthetic graphite; sulfur-graphene; highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising using a secondary catalyst.

14. The method of claim 11, further comprising utilizing the presence of a chalcogenide.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein the method avoids the use of oxygen.

16. The method of claim 11, further comprising using a carrier gas.

17. A reaction vessel for reacting a carbon precursor with molten metal, the reaction vessel comprising: a reaction vessel wall; a refractory material lining an inside of the reaction vessel wall; a cooling plate attached to an outside of the reaction vessel wall, wherein the cooling plate forms a channel for a cooling fluid between the cooling plate and the reaction vessel wall; an aluminum feed line passing through to the reaction vessel wall; an injection line passing through the reaction vessel wall and having an outlet in the reaction vessel, and configured to carry the carbon precursor into the reaction vessel; and one or more collection lines passing through the reaction vessel wall and configured to collect one or more output products.

18. The reaction vessel of claim 17, wherein the outlet of the injection line is positioned to introduce the carbon precursor into the reaction vessel below an upper surface of the molten metal thereby mixing the carbon precursor into the molten metal such that the carbon precursor react with the molten metal to produce a liquefied product.

19. The reaction vessel of claim 17, wherein the liquefied product separates from the molten metal by settling to a bottom of the reaction vessel.

20. The reaction vessel of claim 17, wherein the one or more collection lines comprise first and section collection lines, wherein a first component of a lighter density is removed using the first collection line, and a second component of a heavier density is removed using the second collection line.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0013] FIG. 1 shows a basic process flow and system embodiment;

[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates a reaction vessel embodiment under the present disclosure;

[0015] FIG. 3 shows a detailed cross sectional view of the reaction vessel wall;

[0016] FIG. 4 shows a modified reaction vessel embodiment incorporating a vortex;

[0017] FIGS. 5A-5N show SEM images of the sample (ER-01) treated at 900-950? C. using unrecyclable plastics (HDPE, PET, PP, Styrene, PVC) and tires (waste plastics) as a carbon precursor and aluminum alloys as catalyst;

[0018] FIGS. 6A-6N show TEM images of the sample (ER-01) treated at 900-950? C. using unrecyclable plastics as carbon precursor and aluminum alloys as catalyst. Images (j) and (n) show diffraction results (SAED) of the graphene sheets;

[0019] FIG. 7 shows a Raman spectra of sample ER-01treated at 900-950? C. using waste plastic as carbon precursor and aluminum alloy as catalyst;

[0020] FIG. 8 shows Thermal Gravimetric (TGA) results of sample ER-01 in synthetic air;

[0021] FIG. 9 shows TGA results of sample ER-01 in argon;

[0022] FIG. 10 shows XPS spectra of carbon for sample ER-01;

[0023] FIGS. 11A-11H show SEM images of the sample ER-02 treated at about 900-1100? C. using natural gas as carbon precursor and aluminum alloy as catalyst;

[0024] FIG. 12 shows SEM mapping images of the sample ER-02 treated at about 900-1100? C. using natural gas as carbon precursor and aluminum alloy as catalyst;

[0025] FIGS. 13A-13F show TEM images of the sample ER-02 treated at 900 to 1100? C. using natural gas as carbon precursor and an aluminum alloy as catalyst;

[0026] FIG. 14 shows a Raman spectrum of sample treated at about 900-1100? C. using natural gas as carbon precursor and aluminum alloy as catalyst;

[0027] FIGS. 15A-15I show SEM images of the sample ER-03 treated at about 900-950? C. using HDPE as carbon precursor and aluminum alloy as catalyst;

[0028] FIG. 16 shows SEM mapping of the sample ER-03 treated at about 900-950? C. using HDPE as carbon precursor and aluminum alloy as catalyst;

[0029] FIG. 17 shows the EDS spectrum of the analyzed area;

[0030] FIGS. 18A-18C represent the EDS mapping of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur;

[0031] FIG. 19 shows the Raman spectrum of sample treated at about 900-950? C. using HDPE as carbon precursor and aluminum alloy as catalyst;

[0032] FIG. 20 shows TGA results of sample ER-03;

[0033] FIG. 21 shows a method embodiment under the present disclosure; and

[0034] FIG. 22 shows a method embodiment under the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] Before describing various embodiments of the present disclosure in detail, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the parameters of the particularly exemplified systems, methods, apparatus, products, processes, and/or kits, which may, of course, vary. Thus, while certain embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail, with reference to specific configurations, parameters, components, elements, etc., the descriptions are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the claimed embodiments. In addition, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing the embodiments and is not necessarily intended to limit the scope of the claimed embodiments.

[0036] There currently exist certain challenges in the field of graphene, graphite and carbon allotrope synthesis, as identified above. There continues to be a need for the development of alternative processes for producing carbon nanostructures (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc.), and synthetic graphene under conditions applicable to an industrial scale using unrecyclable carbon and metals.

[0037] Certain aspects of the disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. The present disclosure provides various processes and systems to recycle plastics, electronics, munitions, coal, coke or propellants and/or produce graphene, graphite and other carbon allotropes. Various embodiments may utilize a molten aluminum or molten aluminum alloy bath. Certain embodiments utilize a molten aluminum bath as the reactant. The ground feedstock may be introduced below the surface of the molten aluminum bath and react with the aluminum to decompose the feed stock. In the process, elemental carbon, sulfur, copper, iron, and rare earth and heavy metals and molecular hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons can be removed from the molten bath. The products can be sold and the nitrogen is either vented to the atmosphere or captured.

[0038] Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantages. Advantages can include (re)capture of a variety of materials, all of which can be reused and/or sold. This can make the described embodiments a truly green and zero waste solution.

[0039] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0040] Certain embodiments utilize a molten metal as the primary reactant, such as aluminum or an aluminum alloy bath. The aluminum can also be alloyed with other elements including, but not limited to, zinc, iron, copper, silicon and calcium. Other metals and metal alloys such as calcium and silicon are also envisioned. The flue gas stream, which contains oxygen containing greenhouse gases produced by combustion processes, is passed through the aluminum alloy bath to remove the oxygen-containing gases from the flue gas stream.

[0041] In the process, excess heat can be generated and can be used to facilitate other processes such as cogeneration of power. The excess heat generated by the process is a function of the makeup of the carbon precursor feedstock or gases in the feed.

[0042] When the feed stock contains other compounds, those compounds can also be decomposed or captured. For example, if the feed stock contains inorganic compounds, such as chlorine, the process will produce an aluminum salt, in this case aluminum chloride. The present disclosure also provides methods and systems for capturing heavy metals, such as, but not limited to mercury or rare earth metals, which are often found in consumer electronics or munitions. In the process, the molten metal bath breaks down the metal compounds as they are introduced into the molten metal bath. As additional aluminum is added to the bath, the heavy metals settle to the bottom of the reaction vessels and are removed from the reaction vessel. While some aluminum may be entrained in the heavy metals that are removed from the bottom of the reaction vessel, the aluminum can be removed and refined and the heavy metals can be captured.

[0043] FIG. 1 shows one possible embodiment 100 under the present disclosure. In the basic process, ground material is introduced below the surface of the molten metal bath 103 using an injection feed system 101 through feed line 102. The elemental material, such as carbon, sulfur and the like, is captured 104, less dense secondary compounds are removed from the surface of bath 105, and denser secondary compounds are removed from the bottom of the bath 106. While this has been described as a method to recycle plastics, electronics, munitions or propellants, use of this method to recycle other organic compounds, such as, but not limited to rubbers, coal, coke, oils and tars are also contemplated.

[0044] FIG. 2 shows a further possible process flow embodiment 200. While the process described discusses processing recycling plastics, electronics, munitions, propellants, and other materials can be processed. The ground feed stock is introduced into the treatment process through blower feed line 211. Blower 210, which may be another type of injector, is used to inject the ground feed stock into reaction vessel 220 through injection line 212. Injection line 212 introduces the ground feed stock, which is entrained in an inert gas such as nitrogen, or an active gas such as but not limited to Hydrogen, propylene, natural gas, below the surface of the molten aluminum compound 226. Injection line 212 must be sufficiently below the surface of the molten aluminum compound 226 to allow for sufficient mixing. The heavy products of the reaction, typically the heavy metals described above will settle out in the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel typically has a sloped bottom, however other designs such conical bottoms and the like can be utilized. Once the heavy products settle out, they are collected using is a collection line from the top, a pump or collection lines 223, 224, and 225. Collection lines 223, 224, and 225 allow for heavy metals of different densities to be removed. Depending on the size of the process, the heavy products can be continuously removed or a batch removal process can be used.

[0045] Reaction vessel 220 also includes an aluminum feed line 221, which is used to supply additional aluminum compound to replace that consumed by the reaction with the ground feed stock. Additional heat may be required during start-up, for example. Heater 227 is provided for this purpose. Heater 227 can be any type of heater, including radiative, inductive, and convective. For example, heater 227 would be a microwave heater or a radio frequency heater wherein the frequency is tuned for the metal alloy used.

[0046] The heat generated by the process is preferably removed. Section A, which is shown in more detail in FIG. 3, shows one way the heat can be removed from the process. The reaction vessel 220 is lined with a refractory material 310, which protects the vessel wall 320. Cooling plate 330 is attached to the vessel wall 320 and cooling media (e.g., air, water, other fluid)is circulated in the channels created between the cooling plant 330 and the vessel wall 320. Insulation 340 surrounds the cooling plate to maximize heat recovery, as well as for safety purposes. Once the cooling water picks up the heat generated from the process, it can be either sent to a cooling tower or the heat can be recovered and used for other purposes. If the process is used in a facility that needs a hot water source, then the heat recovery system can be designed for this purpose. However, the heat can also be used to generate electricity.

[0047] Turning back to FIG. 2, a steam turbine electric generation process is represented. In this case, the cooling water is introduced thorough cooling feed 228. As the cooling water travels around the reaction vessel 220, it picks up heat and steam is generated. The steam generated is then sent via steam line 229 to steam turbine 232. The steam passes through the turbine and as it condenses, turns the turbine blades of turbine 232. Turbine 232 is coupled to generator 231. As the turbine turns the rotor of generator 231 though the stator, it generates electricity. While this process is only briefly described, this steam turbine-electric generator process is well known in the art. And any steam turbine-electric generator process could be utilized.

[0048] Also, as described above, the reaction can also produce elemental carbon, elemental sulfur, molecular nitrogen and molecular hydrogen, or other materials. These can be removed from the reaction vessel using blower 250. Blower 250 can e.g., pull high temperature elemental carbon, elemental sulfur, molecular nitrogen and molecular hydrogen from the reaction vessel 220 through heat exchanger feed line 241 into heat exchanger 240. Heat exchanger 240 will then cool this material to enable further processing. Any hydrocarbons that are produced may also be condensed in heat exchanger 240. These liquid hydrocarbons can be collected for further use or sale. Heat exchanger 240 can be any heat exchanger, however in the preferred embodiment, heat exchanger 240 is a forced air heat exchanger, however other heat exchangers, are also envisioned. The process stream then leaves the heat exchanger through line 242 and passes through blower 250 and blower discharge line 252 into two cyclone separators. The first separator 260 separates out carbon from process stream. The carbon is collected though separation line 263. The remaining process stream proceeds to the second separator 270, which separates out sulfur from the process stream. The sulfur may be removed using a cold finger as the stream is cooled to less than 444 degrees Celsius. The sulfur is collected through separation line 273. The remaining process stream, which may include gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen, is then separated in cryo unit 280. In this unit, the gas stream is cooled further and to allow the components to be separated.

[0049] Below is a limited list of possible ground feed stock that may be recycled, and the resulting elemental outputs produced by the reactions within the molten metal bath.

TABLE-US-00001 Poly Vinyl Chloride: 2(C2H3Cl)n.fwdarw.4C + 3H2 + 2Cl Polypropylene: (C3H6)n.fwdarw.3C + 3H2 PET: (C10H8O4)n.fwdarw.10C + 4H2 + 2O2 Polycarbonate: (C16H14O3)n.fwdarw.16C + 7H2 + 30O2 ABS: (C8H8*C4H6*C3H3N)n.fwdarw.15C + 17/2H2 + 1N 4-(tert-butyl)styrene (butyl styrene): (CH3)3C6H4CH?CH2.fwdarw.12C + 8H2 Nylon 66: (C12H22N2O2)n.fwdarw.12C + 11H2 + 2N + 2O2 Dibutyl Phthalate: 3C16H22O4 + 8Al?48C + 33H2 + 4Al2O3 Diphenylamine: 2C12H11N + 0Al?24C + 22H2 + N2 Nitrocellulose: 6C6H9(NO2)O5 + 12Al?36C + 27H2 + 3N2 + 6Al2O3 2C6H9(NO2)2O5 + 12Al?12C + 9H2 + N2 + 6Al2O3 6C6H9(NO2)3O544Al?36C + 27H2 + 9N2 + 22Al2O3 Dinitrotoluene: 3C7H6N2O4 + 8Al?21C + 9H2 + 3N2 + 4Al2O3

[0050] FIG. 4 illustrates another possible embodiment. FIG. 4 shows a modified process flow 400 using a vortex entry. As with the process described in FIG. 2, the modified process enables recycling of e.g., plastics, electronics, coal, coke, munitions or propellants. Instead of being directly injected into the aluminum bath, the ground feed stock is introduced into the treatment process through line fed by a vortex 402. The vortex 402 is formed within a ceramic bowl 415 by pumping in molten aluminum or aluminum alloy. The molten aluminum or aluminum alloy may be added through a new aluminum input line 404, or it may be recirculated from the aluminum bath using a pump 406. The ground feed stock (which may include any of the materials above that need to be recycled) may then be introduced into the ceramic bowl 415 through a gravity feed 405. The ground feed stock mixes with the molten aluminum or aluminum alloy and the mixture is pulled to the bottom of the bowl from the rotation of the vortex 402. The bottom of the ceramic bowl 415 may have a connecting line 408 to the aluminum bath, and the mixture of ground feed stock and molten aluminum or aluminum alloy enters the aluminum bath from the connecting line 408. Other aspects of the modified process flow 400 are similar to that shown with the flow in FIG. 2.

[0051] The vortex entry illustrated in FIG. 4 allows for some benefits over other injection systems. The vortex allows better mixing of the ground feed stock with the molten aluminum or aluminum alloy, which allows the recycling reactions to occur more efficiently. Additionally, because the ground feed stock has already mixed with the molten aluminum in the ceramic bowl 415, the temperature of the mixture has an opportunity to equalize, and the temperature may be relatively close to the temperature of the molten aluminum within the bath. Accordingly, there is less localized cooling, and a more consistent temperature gradient, at the entry injection point when the vortex entry is used.

[0052] As described above, once the feed stock enters the aluminum bath or the vortex, then reactions of the ground feed stock material with the aluminum or aluminum alloy bath will begin. The denser materials will begin to settle while the lighter materials will rise. The lightest materials, such as gas will bubble to the surface, to be recovered there.

[0053] Other embodiments under the present disclosure can focus on the production of graphene, such as carbon nanostructures and synthetic graphite. One synthesis method to manufacture graphene can be defined by mixing between an unrecyclable carbon precursor with a catalyst in a controlled oxygen free environment. The reaction is carried-out at a range from about 600? C. to 1400? C. The apparatus or system used can be similar to those illustrated in FIG. 1, 2 or 4. Such embodiments may be defined by the decomposition of the carbon precursor in carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The later only if available in the precursor. Such processes may include epitaxial assembly of the carbon atoms on the surface of the liquid aluminum. A doping process may occur as result of presence of oxygen during the graphene synthesis.

[0054] To assess various approaches to graphene synthesis, and to increase the graphitization levels, some growths were carried-out applying various reaction times, and temperatures. Thus, the system may be designed to vary the residence time of the carbon precursor to allow for the synthesis of various graphite or graphene structures. Various different metal catalysts (e.g., Mg, Fe, Co) can be added to the catalyst to aid in the synthesis of the different carbon allotropes. Embodiments of the reactor (e.g., of FIGS. 2 and 4) are currently designed to operate at relatively low pressures of about 3-5 psi gauge. It is envisioned that the reactor may be run at higher pressure up to several atmospheres. A carrier gas may or may not be used during the process. This carrier gas can be any of the short chain hydrocarbons, nitrogen, or hydrogen. An inert gas may or may not be used during the process. Currently nitrogen is used in some example embodiments as an inert gas, but argon or the other inert gases can be used. Hydrogen may or may not be a byproduct of the reaction. Further micronization, pulverizing or jet milling might be used to fine process any product materials and outputs.

[0055] Other methods might be used to functionalize the produced carbon. A combination of waste metals (e.g., Mg, Fe, Co, etc.) may be applied as secondary catalysts in some embodiments. The synthesis of carbon nanostructures and synthetic graphite may occur while recycling other metals. In certain embodiments, the synthesis of carbon nanostructures and synthetic graphite may occur in presence of chalcogenides (e.g., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium).

[0056] Several experiments were conducted to assess the graphene producing capabilities of certain embodiments. Several samples were prepared according with Table 1, below.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Sample Carbon Temperature prepared source range (? C.) Carbon material obtained ER-01 Plastic 900-950 Graphene, few-layered waste mix graphene ER-02 Natural gas 900-1100 Sulfur-Graphene ER-03 HDPE* 900-930 Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite like (HOPG)** *HDPE = High density polyethylene **synthetic graphite that mimics the natural type as well as HOPG.

Example 1Synthesis of Graphene Using Plastic Waste (Sample ER-01)

[0057] For Example 1, a mix of unrecyclable grinded plastic waste was inserted into the reactor with an aluminum alloy. An inert gas (e.g., nitrogen) was used as carrier to transport the graphene from the reaction chamber to the collecting container. The temperature range at the reaction chamber was kept between 600? C. to 950? C. The sample ER-01 included unrecyclable plastics (e.g., HDPE, PET, PP, Styrene, PVC) and tires (waste plastics). These served as a carbon precursor and aluminum alloys were used as catalyst.

[0058] FIGS. 5A-5N show scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the sample ER-01 after manual grinding. The sample was dispersed in methanol, sonicated by an ultrasound bath for 5 minutes, and drop-casted on a Si/SiO2 wafer. The images show particles aggregates above 5 ?m whereas higher resolution images (?250,000) show small flakes below 100 nm.

[0059] FIG. 6A-6N show transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of graphene sheets and ribbons (ER-01) after dispersion in methanol for 10 minutes by ultrasonicating bath. A drop of the sample was deposited on a nickel TEM grid coated with lacey carbon. FIGS. 6A-6N show graphene flakes (images A-F) and sheets (images G-N). The graphene sheets have up to three turbostratic layers according with Selected Area Electron Diffraction SAED (images J, N).

[0060] FIG. 7 shows Raman spectroscopy results of graphene (sample ER-01). The Raman spectra were acquired using a 532 nm laser line, acquisition time of 10 seconds, 10 to 15 acquisitions. The spectra show the D band at 1350 cm-1 and 1362 cm-1 which corresponds to the breathing mode of k point phonons of A1g symmetry. The D band arises from certain defects such as vacancies, grain boundaries, etc. The G band at 1608 cm-1 corresponds to the E2g phonon of the sp2 C atoms. The G/D ratio is 1.11. Two other bands were observed at 2700 and 2900 cm-1 which represent the 2D band and S3 band respectively. The S3 band is a second-order peak derived from the D-G peak combination. Likewise, the 2D band is observed to be broadened, attributed to the fact that the prepared graphene contains few layers with some defects.

[0061] FIGS. 8 and 9 show thermal gravimetric analysis (ER-01) for air and argon. Thermal gravimetric analysis was performed using synthetic air, using ?4 mg ramp from 30? C. to 950? C., heating rate of 10? C./minute. One analysis was done in synthetic air while the other was done in argon. The lines in FIG. 8 show the thermal decomposition profile of graphene (sample ER-01) in air. The temperature of degradation of the graphene starts at about 550? C. whereas the complete degradation happens at about 700? C. There is almost total degradation of the sample. The line in FIG. 9 shows the thermal decomposition profile of graphene (sample ER-01) in argon. The temperature of degradation of the graphene starts at about 720? C. whereas the end of the degradation happens at about 950? C. There is a residue of 70% after the temperature treatment.

[0062] FIG. 10 shows the C 1s spectra with peaks at 284 eV, 286 eV, 288 eV which correspond to CC, COC, OC?O bonds respectively.

Example 2Synthesis of Sulfo-Graphene (Sample ER-02)

[0063] For Example 2, natural gas was inserted into the reactor with aluminum alloy. An inert gas (e.g., nitrogen) was used as carrier to transport the graphene functionalized with sulfur from the reaction chamber to the collecting container. The temperature range at the reaction chamber was kept between 900? C. to 1100? C. The total reaction time was 120 min. Variations of the synthesis regarding the temperature/reaction time are as it follows, initial 60 minutes at temperature range of 900? C. to 950? C., followed by a ramp up to ?1100? C. The material was kept at temperature plateau of ?990? C. to 1100? C. for 30 minutes. After that the temperature was kept between 900? C. to 920? C. for 30 minutes.

[0064] FIGS. 11A-11H show SEM images of sulfur-graphene flakes from sample ER-02. The sample was dispersed in methanol, sonicated by ultrasound bath for 5 minutes, and drop-casted on a Si/SiO2 wafer. The results show graphene flakes, and nanorods.

[0065] FIG. 12 shows SEM mapping images of sulfur-graphene flakes from sample ER-02. The sample was dispersed in methanol, sonicated by ultrasound bath for 5 minutes, and drop-casted on a Si/SiO2 wafer. The mapping was obtained according with the initial EDS spectrum of the area obtained from image 13A. FIG. 12 shows the image of the area for mapping.

[0066] FIGS. 13A-13F show TEM images of sulfur-graphene from sample ER-02. These TEM images of the sample ER-02 were collected after dispersion in methanol for 10 minutes by ultrasonicating bath for 10 minutes. A drop of the sample was deposited on a nickel TEM grid coated with lacey carbon. FIGS. 13A-13F show graphene flakes and small particles of carbon/sulfur.

[0067] FIG. 14 shows Raman spectroscopy results of sulfur-graphene for sample ER-02. The Raman spectrum was acquired using a 532 nm laser line, acquisition time of 10 seconds, 10 to 15 acquisitions. The spectrum shows peaks from 161 cm-1 to 434 cm-1 which represent the contributions of stretching modes (v) related to SS, polymerized SS, as well as nanorods (ZnS?). The peak at 654 cm-1 represents (v) of CS bond. The D band at 1343 cm-1 which corresponds to a shifted breathing mode of k point phonons of A1g symmetry. The D band arises from certain defects such as vacancies, grain boundaries, etc. The G band at 1600 cm-1 corresponds to the E2g phonon of the sp2 C atoms. Two other bands were observed at 2660 and 2890 cm-1 which represent the 2D band and S3 band respectively. The 2D band is observed to be broadened, attributed to the fact that the prepared graphene contains few layers with some defects.

Example 3Synthesis of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite Like (Sample ER-03)

[0068] For Example 3, high density polyethylene (HDPE) was inserted into the reactor with aluminum alloy. An inert gas (e.g., nitrogen) was used as carrier to transport the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) like from the reaction chamber to the collecting container. The temperature range at the reaction chamber was kept between 900? C. to 950? C.

[0069] FIGS. 15A-15I show SEM images of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) like from sample ER-03. The sample was dispersed in methanol, sonicated by ultrasound bath for 5 minutes, and drop-casted on a Si/SiO2 wafer. The HOPG like material showed graphitic flakes embedded in round graphitic structures.

[0070] FIGS. 16, 17, and 18A-18F show SEM mapping images of HOPG like material from sample ER-03. The sample was dispersed in methanol, sonicated by ultrasound bath for 5 minutes, and drop-casted on a Si/SiO2 wafer. The mapping was obtained according with the initial EDS spectrum of the area obtained from image 23(a). FIG. 16 shows the image of the area to be mapped. FIG. 17 shows the EDS spectrum of the analyzed area. FIGS. 18A-18C represent the EDS mapping of carbon in FIG. 18A, oxygen in FIG. 18B, and sulfur in FIG. 18C.

[0071] FIG. 19 shows Raman spectroscopy results of HOPG-like for sample ER-03. The Raman spectrum was acquired using a 532 nm laser line, acquisition time of 10 seconds, 10 -15 acquisitions. The spectrum shows a D band at 1358 cm-1. The D band arises from certain defects such as vacancies, grain boundaries, etc. The G band at 1601 cm-1 corresponds to the E2g phonon of the sp2 C atoms. The peaks above 2500 cm-1 correspond to the spectral signature of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) like structure.

[0072] FIG. 20 shows a thermal gravimetric analysis of sample ER-03. The thermal gravimetric analysis was performed using synthetic air, using ?4 mg ramp from 30? C. to 1000? C., heating rate of 10? C./minute. FIG. 20 shows the thermal decomposition profile of sample ER-03 in air. The temperature of degradation of the graphene is at about 555? C. According with the data above, 96.21% of the sample decomposes at 555? C. A small degradation below 2% is observed in about 200? C. which can be attributed to equipment calibration or amorphous carbon.

Additional Embodiments

[0073] Another possible method embodiment under the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 21. Method 2600 comprises a method for manufacturing carbon material. Step 2610 is mixing a carbon precursor with a catalyst in a controlled oxygen free environment, where the reaction is carried-out at a range from about 600? C. to 1400? C. Method 2600 can comprise multiple variations and embodiments and/or additional and/or alternative steps.

[0074] Another embodiment possible method embodiment under the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 23. Method 2800 comprises a method of synthesizing carbon. Step 2810 is mixing a feed stock with molten aluminum. Step 2820 is injecting the molten aluminum and feed stock mixture into a reaction vessel containing further molten aluminum, wherein the injection occurs below the surface of the molten aluminum in the reaction vessel. Step 2830 is reacting the feed stock with the molten aluminum, such that one or more carbon-containing products are formed. Method 2800 can comprise multiple alternative embodiments with additional or alternative steps.

Abbreviations and Defined Terms

[0075] To assist in understanding the scope and content of this written description and the appended claims, a select few terms are defined directly below. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present disclosure pertains.

[0076] The terms approximately, about, and substantially, as used herein, represent an amount or condition close to the specific stated amount or condition that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms approximately, about, and substantially may refer to an amount or condition that deviates by less than 10%, or by less than 5%, or by less than 1%, or by less than 0.1%, or by less than 0.01% from a specifically stated amount or condition.

[0077] Various aspects of the present disclosure, including devices, systems, and methods may be illustrated with reference to one or more embodiments or implementations, which are exemplary in nature. As used herein, the term exemplary means serving as an example, instance, or illustration, and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments disclosed herein. In addition, reference to an implementation of the present disclosure or embodiments includes a specific reference to one or more embodiments thereof, and vice versa, and is intended to provide illustrative examples without limiting the scope of the present disclosure, which is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the present description.

[0078] As used in the specification, a word appearing in the singular encompasses its plural counterpart, and a word appearing in the plural encompasses its singular counterpart, unless implicitly or explicitly understood or stated otherwise. Thus, it will be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an and the include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to a singular referent (e.g., a widget) includes one, two, or more referents unless implicitly or explicitly understood or stated otherwise. Similarly, reference to a plurality of referents should be interpreted as comprising a single referent and/or a plurality of referents unless the content and/or context clearly dictate otherwise. For example, reference to referents in the plural form (e.g., widgets) does not necessarily require a plurality of such referents. Instead, it will be appreciated that independent of the inferred number of referents, one or more referents are contemplated herein unless stated otherwise.

[0079] References in the specification to one embodiment, an embodiment, an example embodiment, and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

[0080] It shall be understood that although the terms first and second etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.

[0081] It will be further understood that the terms comprises, comprising, has, having, includes and/or including, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and/or combinations thereof.

Conclusion

[0082] The present disclosure includes any novel feature or combination of features disclosed herein either explicitly or any generalization thereof. Various modifications and adaptations to the foregoing exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, any and all modifications will still fall within the scope of the non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.

[0083] It is understood that for any given component or embodiment described herein, any of the possible candidates or alternatives listed for that component may generally be used individually or in combination with one another, unless implicitly or explicitly understood or stated otherwise. Additionally, it will be understood that any list of such candidates or alternatives is merely illustrative, not limiting, unless implicitly or explicitly understood or stated otherwise.

[0084] In addition, unless otherwise indicated, numbers expressing quantities, constituents, distances, or other measurements used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term about, as that term is defined herein. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the subject matter presented herein. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the subject matter presented herein are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

[0085] Any headings and subheadings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims. The terms and expressions which have been employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, it should be understood that although the present disclosure has been specifically disclosed in part by certain embodiments, and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this present description.

[0086] It will also be appreciated that systems, devices, products, kits, methods, and/or processes, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure may include, incorporate, or otherwise comprise properties or features (e.g., components, members, elements, parts, and/or portions) described in other embodiments disclosed and/or described herein. Accordingly, the various features of certain embodiments can be compatible with, combined with, included in, and/or incorporated into other embodiments of the present disclosure. Thus, disclosure of certain features relative to a specific embodiment of the present disclosure should not be construed as limiting application or inclusion of said features to the specific embodiment. Rather, it will be appreciated that other embodiments can also include said features, members, elements, parts, and/or portions without necessarily departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0087] Moreover, unless a feature is described as requiring another feature in combination therewith, any feature herein may be combined with any other feature of a same or different embodiment disclosed herein. Furthermore, various well-known aspects of illustrative systems, methods, apparatus, and the like are not described herein in particular detail in order to avoid obscuring aspects of the example embodiments. Such aspects are, however, also contemplated herein.

[0088] It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that methods, devices, device elements, materials, procedures, and techniques other than those specifically described herein can be applied to the practice of the described embodiments as broadly disclosed herein without resort to undue experimentation. All art-known functional equivalents of methods, devices, device elements, materials, procedures, and techniques specifically described herein are intended to be encompassed by this present disclosure.

[0089] When a group of materials, compositions, components, or compounds is disclosed herein, it is understood that all individual members of those groups and all subgroups thereof are disclosed separately. When a Markush group or other grouping is used herein, all individual members of the group and all combinations and sub-combinations possible of the group are intended to be individually included in the disclosure.

[0090] The above-described embodiments are examples only. Alterations. modifications, and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the description, which is defined solely by the appended claims.