OXIDATION RESISTANT AL-MG HIGH STRENGTH DIE CASTING FOUNDRY ALLOYS

Abstract

The present disclosure concerns a foundry alloy suitable for casting operations which lack beryllium. The foundry alloy comprises, in weight percent, Mg (between about 1.0 and about 17.0), Fe (between about 0.5 and about 1.8), one of Ca (between about 0.003 and about 6.0) or Sr (between about 0.003 and about 2.5), optionally a grain refiner and the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities. The foundry alloy can be used in a process for making a cast aluminum product, for reducing Mg loss and/or dross generation during the casting operation.

Claims

1. A foundry alloy comprising, in weight percent: Mg between about 1.0 and about 17.0; Fe between about 0.5 and about 1.8; one of Ca between about 0.003 and about 6.0 or Sr between about 0.003 and about 2.5; and the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities, wherein the foundry alloy lacks Be as an alloying element.

2. The foundry alloy of claim 1, further comprising a grain refiner.

3. (canceled)

4. The foundry alloy of claim 1, comprising between about 0.01 and about 0.3 Ca.

5. The foundry alloy of claim 1, comprising between about 3.0 to about 8.0 Mg, optionally between about 4.0 and about 6.0 Mg.

6. The foundry alloy of claim 1, comprising between about 4.0 and about 6.0 Mg.

7-8. (canceled)

9. A process for making a cast aluminum product, the process comprising casting the foundry aluminum alloy of claim 1 in a mold.

10. The process of claim 9, further comprising submitting the cast aluminum alloy to high-pressure vacuum die casting, optionally lacking a post-cast thermal treatment step.

11-18. (canceled)

19. The process of claim 9, wherein the process further compromises limiting Mg loss and dross generation by adding one of Ca between about 0.003 and about 6.0 or Sr between about 0.003 and about 2.5 to a first aluminum alloy to obtain a foundry alloy intended to be cast, the first aluminum alloy comprising, in weight percent: Mg between about 1.0 and about 17.0; Fe between about 0.5 and about 1.8; and the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities, wherein the first aluminum alloy and the foundry alloy lack Be as an alloying element.

20. The process of claim 19, wherein the first aluminum alloy further comprises a grain refiner.

21. The process of claim 19, further comprising melting the foundry alloy to obtain a molten foundry alloy.

22. The process of claim 21, for reducing Mg loss lower than about 12 weight percent, when the molten foundry alloy is held for a period of at least 6 hours.

23. The process of claim 21, for reducing dross generation lower than about 7 weight percent, when the molten foundry alloy is held for a period of at least 6 hours.

24. The process of claim 21, further comprising casting the molten foundry alloy to obtain a cast aluminum alloy.

25. The process of claim 24, further comprising submitting the cast aluminum alloy to high-pressure vacuum die casting.

26. The process of claim 19, lacking a post-cast heat treatment step.

27. The process of claim 19, wherein the first aluminum alloy comprises Ca.

28. The process of claim 27, wherein the first aluminum alloy comprises between about 0.01 and about 0.3 Ca.

29. The process of claim 19, wherein the first aluminum alloy comprises between about 3.0 and about 8.0 Mg.

30. The process of claim 19, wherein the first aluminum alloy comprises between about 4.0 and about 6.0 Mg.

31. The process of claim 19, wherein the first aluminum alloy comprises between about 0.8 and about 1.8 Fe.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] Having thus generally described the nature of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, showing by way of illustration, a preferred embodiment thereof, and in which:

[0024] FIG. 1 provides the experimental procedure used in the Example.

[0025] FIG. 2A provides a picture of the HPVDC plates used in the Example. The dotted line shows the section used for the tensile test presented in the Example.

[0026] FIG. 2B provides a representation of ASTM B557 tensile test specimen dimensions used in the Example.

[0027] FIG. 3 provides pictures of the melt surface evolution during air exposure oxidation tests (from left to right, after skimming, 1 hour, 2 hours or 20 hours holding).

[0028] FIG. 4A provides a picture of the solid dross morphology.

[0029] FIG. 4B provides an electron micrograph of the dross showing energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)-1 and EDX-2 particles. Scale bar 20 ?m.

[0030] FIG. 4C provides EDX-1 results from FIG. 4B.

[0031] FIG. 4D provides EDX-2 results from FIG. 4B.

[0032] FIG. 5A provides the weight percentage of Mg in a base alloy (Ca, Sr and/or a combination of Ca and Sr, stapled line), in an alloy comprising 100 ppm Ca (?), 1000 ppm Ca (?), 100 ppm Sr (X) or 1000 ppm Sr (?) during a holding time of 0 to 6 hours.

[0033] FIG. 58 provides the percentage in loss of Mg in a base alloy (Ca, Sr and/or a combination of Ca and Sr), in an alloy comprising 100 ppm Ca, 1000 ppm Ca, 100 ppm Sr or 1000 ppm Sr after a total of holding time of 6 hours.

[0034] FIG. 6 provides pictures of the typical appearance of molten Al-1.5Fe-5Mg base alloy with no additive, with Ca only, Sr only and a combination of Ca and Sr after a 2-hour holding period at 770? C.

[0035] FIG. 7 provides the total dross generated (in weight percentage) of a base Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy, an alloy supplemented with Ca only, Sr only or a combination of Ca and Sr after a total of holding time of 6 hours.

[0036] FIG. 8 compares the mechanical properties of the base Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy and an alloy supplemented with Ca (0.1). Results are shown as ultimate tensile strength (left bars, in MPa), yield strength (middle bars, in MPa), elongation index (left bars, in %) and the quality index (?, in MPa) for the two alloys compared.

[0037] FIG. 9 compares the mechanical properties of comparative alloy 1, comparative alloy 2 (which comprises Be) and the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy. Results are shown as ultimate tensile strength (left bars, in MPa), yield strength (middle bars, in MPa), elongation index (left bars, in %) and the quality index (?, in MPa) for the three alloys compared.

[0038] FIG. 10A provides a representative optical image of the base Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy. Arrows point to porosity in the material. Scale bar 100 ?m.

[0039] FIG. 10B provides a representative optical image of the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy. Scale bar 100 ?m.

[0040] FIG. 10C provides a representative optical image of the base Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy. Scale bar 20 ?m.

[0041] FIG. 10D provides a representative optical image of the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy. Scale bar 20 ?m.

[0042] FIG. 11A provides scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, EDX and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) of the Al.sub.13Fe.sub.4 phase found in the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy.

[0043] FIG. 11B provides scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image and EDX of the Al.sub.3Mg.sub.2 phase found in the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy.

[0044] FIG. 11C provides scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, EDX and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) of the Al.sub.4Ca constituent found in the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy.

[0045] FIG. 11D provides scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image and EDX mapping of the AlMgCa phase found in the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy.

[0046] FIG. 12 provides results showing the effect of Mg on the yield strength of the alloy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] Aluminum alloys provide attractive solutions in the automotive industry to achieve lightweight objectives for improving fuel efficiency and reducing CO.sub.2 emissions. As a fast and economical near-net shape manufacturing method, high pressure vacuum die casting (HPVDC) is widely used to fabricate aluminum structural components. Alloys for structural die castings typically require good fluidity and die soldering resistance, high mechanical properties and sufficient corrosion resistance. Key challenges that are being addressed in the industry are die soldering, blistering during solution treatment, and requirement on the combination of strength and ductility. Well-designed aluminum alloys for F and T5 tempers are preferable from a broader cost and quality perspective.

[0048] In AlMg foundry alloys, Be is often used to limit or inhibit oxidation. However, in the present disclosure, it was sought to replace Be in AlMg foundry alloys intended to be used in casting operations. It was surprisingly found that the addition of Ca or Sr to an AlMg foundry alloy not only limited the oxidation of the alloy during the casting operations, but also provided a cast product exhibiting improved mechanical properties.

[0049] The foundry aluminum alloy of the present disclosure comprises either Ca or Sr. In some embodiments, the foundry aluminum alloy does not include a combination of Ca and Sr. As indicated above, Ca and Sr limit the oxidation of the alloy as well as, in some embodiments, improve the casting conditions. When the foundry aluminum alloy is used to make a cast product, in some embodiments, it can also improve one or more mechanical properties of the cast product (in some embodiments in its as-cast state).

[0050] The foundry aluminum alloy of the present disclosure can be any AlMg foundry alloy that is suitable for casting operations. In an embodiment, the foundry aluminum alloy of the present disclosure can be a 5xx.x aluminum alloy.

[0051] In some embodiments, Ca is present in the foundry aluminum alloy at a weight percentage equal to or higher than about 0.003. In some embodiments, Ca is present in the foundry aluminum alloy at a weight percentage equal to or higher than about 0.01. In some embodiments, Ca is present in the foundry aluminum alloy at a weight percentage equal to or higher than about 0.1. In additional embodiments, Ca is present at a weight percentage of at least about 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 or higher. When Ca is present in the alloy, it is present at a weight percentage equal to or below 6.0. In some embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02 or lower. In some specific embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between about 0.01 to about 6.0. In additional embodiments, Ca is present at a weight percentage of at least about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 or higher. In some embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 or lower. In some specific embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between about 0.1 to about 6.0. In yet other embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2 or higher. In yet further embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02 or lower. In yet additional embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1 or 0.2 and about 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03 or 0.02, such as, for example, at a weight percentage between about 0.01 and about 0.3. In yet other embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 0.1, 0.2 or higher. In yet further embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 0.3, 0.2 or lower. In yet additional embodiments, Ca is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between about 0.1 or 0.2 and about 0.3 or 0.2, such as, for example, at a weight percentage between about 0.1 and about 0.3.

[0052] In some embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage equal to or higher than about 0.003. In some embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage equal to or higher than about 0.01. In some embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage equal to or higher than about 0.1. In some additional embodiments, Sr is present at a weight percentage of at least about 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 or higher. When Sr is present in the alloy, it is present at a weight percentage equal to or below 2.5. In some embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.009, 0.008, 0.007, 0.006, 0.005, 0.004 or lower. In some specific embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between about 0.003 to about 2.5. In some additional embodiments, Sr is present at a weight percentage of at least about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 or higher. In some embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02 or lower. In some specific embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between about 0.01 to about 2.5. In some additional embodiments, Sr is present at a weight percentage of at least about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 or higher. In some embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 or lower. In some specific embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between about 0.1 to about 2.5. In yet other embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1 or 0.2. In yet further embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02 or lower. In yet additional embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1 or 0.2 and about 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03 or 0.02, such as, for example, at a weight percentage between about 0.01 and about 0.3. Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 0.1, 0.2 or higher. In yet further embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 0.3, 0.2 or lower. In yet additional embodiments, Sr is present in the alloy at a weight percentage between 0.1 or 0.2 and about 0.3 or 0.2, such as, for example, at a weight percentage between about 0.1 and about 0.3.

[0053] The foundry aluminum alloy of the present disclosure comprises Mg to provide acceptable mechanical properties in the resulting cast product. Since the main strengthening mechanism of Mg is solid solution strengthening, adding more than the Mg's solubility in aluminum would not further increase the mechanical properties of the corresponding aluminum cast product. As such, in the foundry aluminum alloy of the present disclosure, Mg is provided at a weight percentage of 17.0 or less. Mg is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0 or more. Mg is present in the alloy at a weigh percentage of no more than about 17.0, 16.0, 15.0, 14.0, 13.0, 12.0, 11.0, 10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0 or less. In an embodiment, Mg is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of between about 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0 and about 17.0, 16.0, 15.0, 14.0, 13.0, 12.0, 11.0, 10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, such as, for example, between about 1.0 and 17.0. In some embodiments, Mg is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 or more. In some embodiments, Mg is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 4.0 or less. In an embodiment, Mg is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of between about 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and about 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, such as, for example, between about 3.0 and 8.0. In some embodiments, Mg is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 4.0, 5.0 or more. In some embodiments, Mg is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 6.0, 5.0 or less. In an embodiment, Mg is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of between about 4.0, 5.0 and about 6.0, 5.0, such as, for example, between about 4.0 and 6.0.

[0054] The foundry aluminum alloy of the present disclosure comprises Fe to provide die soldering resistance during casting operations. However, the amount of Fe present in the foundry alloy of the present disclosure should be limited so as to avoid creating large iron phases that are brittle and could reduce the mechanical properties of the corresponding aluminum alloy product. As such, Fe is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 or more. Fe is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6 or less. In an embodiment, Fe is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of between about 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 and about 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, such as, for example, between about 0.5 and 1.8. In an embodiment, Fe is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of at least about 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 or more. Fe is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of no more than about 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, or less. In an embodiment, Fe is present in the alloy at a weight percentage of between about 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 and about 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, such as, for example, between about 0.8 and 1.8.

[0055] A grain refiner may be optionally included in the aluminum alloys of the present disclosure to solidify aluminum alloys with a fully equiaxed, fine grain structure, in the form of Ti, TiB2, TiB or TiC. When TiB is used as a grain refiner, this may result in a B content of up to 0.05 wt. % in the alloy. When TiC is used as a grain refiner, this may result in a C content of up to 0.01 wt. % in the alloy. The grain refiner can be added during manufacture of the ingot to be remelted or it can be added after remelting during production of the final casting.

[0056] The foundry alloys of the present disclosure lack Be as a deliberation addition or as an alloying element. When present, Be is considered to be an unavoidable impurity.

[0057] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the foundry alloy lacks Cu as a deliberation addition or as an alloying element. As such, in some embodiments, when present, Cu can be considered to be an unavoidable impurity.

[0058] The balance of the aluminum alloy of the present disclosure is aluminum (Al) and unavoidable impurities. In an embodiment, each impurity is present, in weight percent, at a maximum of about 0.05 and the total unavoidable impurities is present, in weight percent, at less than about 0.15 (in weight percent).

[0059] The cast aluminum alloy of the present disclosure can be submitted to various casting operations including, but not limited to high-pressure vacuum die casting (HPVDC) so as to provide cast aluminum product. The presence of Ca or Sr can, in some embodiments, improve the casting operations by reducing the amount of Mg loss and/or of dross generation during the holding of the melted aluminum alloy. In some embodiments, the presence of Ca or Sr can reduce Mg loss during melting lower than about 12 weight percent (when compared to a corresponding base alloyCa, Sr and/or a combination of Ca and Sr) when the molten alloy is held for at least 6 hours. In some embodiment, the presence of Ca or Sr can reduce dross generation lower than about 7 weight percent (when compared to a corresponding base alloy lacking Ca and Sr) when the molten alloy is held for at least 6 hours.

[0060] The present disclosure therefore provides a process for making a cast aluminum product from the foundry aluminum alloy described herein. Broadly, the process encompasses casting the foundry aluminum alloy described herein in a mold and optionally submitting the cast aluminum alloy to high-pressure vacuum die casting (HPVDC). In some embodiments, the process avoids using a post-cast thermal treatment step. In such embodiments, the corresponding aluminum product is provided in the as-cast state (e.g., F temper).

[0061] In some embodiments of the process, the foundry aluminum alloy, which can be provided in the form of an ingot, is submitted to a melting step to obtain a melted aluminum alloy. The melting step includes heating and stirring the aluminum alloy and optionally holding the melted aluminum alloy prior to casting. If a dross is generated during the melting step (for example during the holding step), the process can include removing the dross prior to casting. Once a melted aluminum alloy is obtained, it is cast in a mold to obtain a cast aluminum product. The casting step can include submitting the cast aluminum alloy to a high-pressure vacuum die-casting step. In some embodiments, the process can include a step of removing the cast aluminum product from the mold. In some embodiments, the process for making the cast aluminum product lacks a post-cast thermal treatment step and the cast aluminum product is provided in the as-cast state (e.g., F temper). However, in some embodiments, the process for making the cast aluminum can include one or more post-cast treatment step (e.g., an annealing step, a strain hardening step, a solution heat treatment step and/or a thermal treatment step).

[0062] In embodiments in which aluminum product is a cast product, the process can also exclude any post-cast treatment (e.g., it can be provided as cast or F temper). Alternatively, the process can include a post-cast heat treatment, such as, for example, a T5, T6 or T7 treatment (e.g., solution heat treatment and artificial aging steps). In the embodiments in which the aluminum product is a cast product, the latter can be an automotive part, such as a chassis or a rotor.

[0063] In some embodiments, the foundry alloys of the present disclosure can be used to reduce dross generation during the casting operation. In some embodiments, the foundry alloys of the present disclosure reduces the weight percent of the dross generated during the melting step (for example during the holding step) below 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1% when the melted aluminum alloy is held for a period of at least 6 hours.

[0064] In some embodiments, the foundry alloys of the present disclosure can be used to reduce the loss of Mg during the casting operation. In some embodiments, the foundry alloys of the present disclosure reduces the weight percent of Mg lost during the melting step (for example during the holding step) below 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2% or lower when the melted aluminum alloy is held for a period of at least 6 hours.

[0065] In some embodiments, the process of the present disclosure can include adding Ca or Sr to aluminum or to a first aluminum alloy to provide a master alloy or the foundry alloy of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, Ca or Sr is added to pure aluminum to provide a master alloy. In such embodiment, the master alloy can then be used to make the foundry alloy of the present disclosure and be supplemented with Mg, Fe and optionally a grain refiner. The pure aluminum or the master alloy lacks Be as an alloying element and, if Be is present, it is considered an impurity. In some embodiments, Ca or Sr is added to a first aluminum alloy comprises Mg and Fe, and optionally a grain refiner, the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities. The first aluminum alloy lacks Be as an alloying element and, if Be is present in the first aluminum alloy, it is considered an impurity.

[0066] The present disclosure also provides cast aluminum products are obtainable or can be obtained by the process described herein. In the context of the present disclosure, the term cast aluminum product can refer to a final cast products (such as a structural automotive part for example) or to an intermediary ingot which can further be remelted into a differently shaped aluminum product. In some embodiments, the cast aluminum product is a shock tower, a A-pillar, a B-pillar or a torque box. In some embodiments, the cast aluminum product of the present disclosure exhibits an improved ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, quality index, VDA angle and/or percent elongation when compared to the characteristics of a corresponding aluminum product lacking Ca or Sr (and optionally comprising Be). In some embodiments, the improved ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, quality index, VDA angle and/or percent elongation are observed in the as-cast state of the aluminum product (e.g., F temper).

[0067] In some embodiments, the cast aluminum products made from the foundry alloy of the present disclosure have an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250 MPa or more. In a specific embodiment, the cast aluminum products made from the foundry alloy of the present disclosure have an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 200 MPa. In some additional embodiments, the cast aluminum products made from the foundry alloy of the present disclosure have a yield strength of at least about 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 MPa or more. In some additional embodiments, the cast aluminum products made from the foundry alloy of the present disclosure have a yield strength of at least about 100 MPa. In some additional embodiments, the cast aluminum products made from the foundry alloy of the present disclosure have an elongation of at least about 7, 8, 9, 10% or more. In some additional embodiments, the cast aluminum products made from the foundry alloy of the present disclosure have an elongation of at least about 7%. In some additional embodiments, the cast aluminum products made from the foundry alloy of the present disclosure meets the standard VDA (Verband der Automobilindustrie) 238-100 angle of at least about 30? or more.

[0068] The present invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples which are given to illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope.

Example

[0069] This present example presents the development of a new aluminum alloy to provide excellent mechanical properties and die soldering resistance for aluminum HPVDC structural components in as cast temper application. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy and tensile/bend tests. The relationship between the microstructure and properties are analyzed and the strengthening mechanisms of the studied alloy are discussed. Based on the experimental results, the new alloy demonstrates a promising solution for HPVDC components to be applied in as-cast condition.

[0070] As potential alternatives to Be, Ca and Sr were investigated for their effects on oxidation inhibition of liquid Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloys through observations and measurements of oxidation morphology, dross generation and loss of magnesium.

[0071] Moten Al-5Mg oxidation tests. Various additions of Ca and Sr in Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloys were tested. The alloys were prepared using P1020 aluminium, pure magnesium and pure iron powders. The Sr and Ca elements were batched using Al-10% Sr and Al-10% Ca master alloys. The chemical compositions of these alloys were analysed by optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and the results are shown in Table 1. The alloys were melted in laboratory using a 350-kg electric resistance furnace.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Chemical compositions used in the oxidation tests (wt. %) Charge Codes Fe Mg Ca Sr Al kg Base Al-1.5Fe-5Mg 1.53 5.0 Rem. 290 100 ppm Ca 1.78 4.9 0.0087 Rem. 290 200 ppm Ca 1.70 4.9 0.0232 Rem. 287 1000 ppm Ca 1.80 5.1 0.0650 Rem. 298 0.13% Ca 1.70 5.2 0.0865 Rem. 293 0.3% Ca* 1.80 5.1 0.3 Rem. 297 100 ppm Sr 1.79 5.0 0.0233 Rem. 294 1000 ppm Sr 1.81 5.1 0.1380 Rem. 298 100 ppm Ca + 1.50 5.0 0.01 0.01 Rem. 290 100 ppm Sr* *marked alloys are the nominal composition

[0072] The experimental procedure is presented in FIG. 1. The procedure includes two steps: alloy batching and holding process. A typical alloy batching process was used. More specifically, P1020 was charged into the furnace and batched with Fe and Mg. Then, the molten metal was stirred and degassed using Argon. Fluxing salt was used to clean the melt during degassing. After degassing, Ca and Sr were added in a proportion of 100 ppm to 0.3% for Ca and 100 to 1000 ppm for Sr, as per the chemistry design in Table 1. An interrupted thermal holding process was used to investigate oxidation generation during casting. The holding temperature of the metal was set to 770? C., which is the high limit for typical casting. As the oxide mass formed on liquid metal increases with temperature, the test demonstrates the effect of Ca and Sr on AlMg oxidation under the most aggressive oxidation conditions. As shown in FIG. 1, three holding periods of two hours each followed the alloying. After each period, the molten metal surface appearance was captured. Complete skimming of the metal surface was carried out to quantify dross generation. Six OES samples were taken to evaluate the loss of magnesium. After each test, the crucible was thoroughly cleaned. For the base Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy, a prolonged thermal holding time of up to 20 hours was performed to study the oxidation evolution.

[0073] Properties and microstructure analysis of AlMg alloys. The effect of small amounts of Ca on the mechanical properties and bend ductility of the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy was studied. Plates with a thickness of 3 mm obtained by high-pressure vacuum die casting (HPVDC) were produced on a 260 t Buhler machine. An Al-1.5Fe-5Mg base alloy and a new Al-1.5Fe-5Fe0.1Ca alloy were cast. The chemical compositions of the investigated alloys were determined using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and the results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Chemistry of the studied alloys Alloy Si Fe Mg Cu Ca Mn Ti Be Al-1.5Fe-5Mg 0.05 1.46 4.9 0.001 0 0.01 0.002 0 Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca 0.05 1.47 5.1 0.001 0.07 0.01 0.002 0 Comparative alloy 1 7.5 0.17 0.35 0.02 0 0.5 0.1 0 Comparative alloy 2 0.05 1.6 4.3 0.05 0 0.15 0.2 0.001

[0074] Samples for tensile tests were cut from casting blanks (rectangular part in the middle of the sample, as shown in FIG. 2). The plates were then machined into the form of test samples with precise dimensions which meet the ASTM B557 standards. For each alloy, ten tensile samples in as-cast condition were pulled. Square samples of 60?60 mm were machined from 3 mm HPVDC plates for bend tests. Six samples of each alloy were tested according to VDA 238-100 norm.

[0075] Metallographic samples were taken from as-cast HPVDC plates. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the as-cast microstructure and to identify the intermetallic phases.

[0076] Effects of Ca and Sr on oxidation inhibition of molten AlMg alloys. The oxidation phenomenon of AlMg was studied to understand the oxidation mechanisms. The effects of Ca and Sr on the AlMg alloy oxidation inhibition effect were investigated.

[0077] Oxidation characterization of base Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy. FIG. 3 shows the melt surface of Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy during thermal holding at 770? C. in air. The surface of the melt is very clean after thorough skimming. After a 1-hour exposure, the surface presents a partial popcorn-shaped oxidation near the crucible edge. After a 2-hour exposure, the surface of the melt becomes completely covered with popcorn-shaped oxides. The metal temperature increased to 800? C. due to the exothermic oxidation reaction of aluminium and magnesium. After a 20-hour exposure, the colour of the oxides turns partially black. Solid popcorn-shaped oxides have a porous morphology, as shown in FIG. 4A, which constitutes a large number of pores and oxide clusters (see FIG. 4B). EDX analysis shows that the dross is mainly composed of magnesium oxide (MgO) and spinel (MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4).

[0078] FIGS. 5A and 5B show that the Mg concentration changes during a holding time of 0 to 6 hours, as well as the percentage in loss of Mg after a total of holding time of 6 hours. It can be observed that the base Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy had the highest Mg loss. The total Mg loss after 6 hours holding period is 0.63 wt. %, or 12.6% loss. Additions of Ca or Sr effectively reduced the Mg loss during melting. The Mg loss was lower than 0.1 wt. %, or 2% loss for alloys containing Ca, and lower than 0.3 wt. %, or 6% loss for alloys containing Sr.

[0079] Combination of Ca and Sr. FIG. 6 shows the visual appearance of molten Al-1.5Fe-5Mg base alloy with no additive, with Ca only, Sr only, and the combination of Ca and Sr. The alloy containing both Ca and Sr has a small wavy shape. This characteristic is similar to that of the alloy containing Sr. The oxidation layer appears to be thick There is no porous dross. This result indicates that the combination of Ca and Sr can effectively help withstand Al-1.5Fe-5Mg oxidation.

[0080] FIG. 7 shows the total dross generated (wt. % of the charge) after a total of holding time of 6 hours. It is noted that the combination of Ca and Sr effectively reduced dross generation. The alloy with both Ca and Sr showed a dross generation of 2.1 wt. %, which is lower than that of the base alloy (6.9 wt. %) and that of the alloy with Sr (2.9 wt. %). However, the amount of dross generated is higher than that of the alloy with Ca (1.0 wt. %).

[0081] In summary, the Mg in Al-1.5Fe-5Mg has a strong affinity for oxygen. Heavy oxides were found at the melt surface for the base alloy. Both Ca and Sr demonstrated a positive effect in inhibiting Al-1.5Fe-5Mg oxidation.

[0082] Mechanical properties. The properties of Al-1.5Fe-5Mg and Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca were tested. Table 3 summarizes the tensile properties and VDA bend results for the studied alloy and reference alloys in the as-cast state. FIG. 8 shows the effect of Ca on the mechanical properties of Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloys. It was found that Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca shows superior tensile properties compared to Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy. Both the tensile strength and ductility are higher for Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy than for Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy. The alloy quality index (QI) which is calculated using the equation of QI=UTS+150*log(EI %), is 459 MPa for Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca, which is 81 MPa, or 21% higher than that of Al-1.5Fe-5Mg. Meanwhile, as shown in Table 3, Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy gives better bending ductility than Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy (bending angle of 37.7? for Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca vs. 29.0? for Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy). The results highlight the beneficial effect of Ca on the mechanical performance of Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Property comparison of HPVDC alloys Alloys UTS (MPa) YS (MPa) El (%) QI (MPa) VDA Bend Angle (?) Al1.5Fe5Mg F 261 ? 16 136 ? 3 6 ? 1 378 29.0 ? 0.8 Al1.5Fe5Mg0.1Ca F 309 ? 12 147 ? 3 10 ? 2 459 37.7 ? 2.2 Comparative alloy 1 250 115 11.5 409 32.4 ? 1.9 Comparative alloy 2 254 ? 5.1 .sup.123 ? 4.1 14 ? 1 427

[0083] FIG. 9 shows the comparison of the mechanical properties of the new Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy with those of other commercial die casting alloys (e.g., comparative alloys 1 and 2). The new alloy showed a higher quality index value than comparative alloys 1 and 2. It had the highest overall tensile strength and yield strength.

[0084] Compared to comparative alloy 1 which contains 7.5 wt. % Si and 0.17 wt. % Fe, the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy had higher tensile strength and lower elongation. The elongation was 10% in the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy vs. 11.5% in comparative alloy 1. Interestingly, the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy showed better bending ductility than comparative alloy 1, with a bending angle of 37.7? in the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy compared to 32.4? in the comparative alloy 1. The Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy is expected to have similar or better ductility than the comparative alloy 1. In terms of die soldering resistance, the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy contains 1.5 wt. % Fe, which is expected to reduce the tendency to stick and significantly improve die life compared to the comparative alloy 1.

[0085] Compared with the comparative alloy 2, an Al-1.6Fe-4.2MgBe alloy, the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy showed higher strength but lower ductility. Without wishing to be bound to theory, this may be due to the higher Mg content in the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy (5.1 wt. % Mg) than in the comparative alloy 2 (4.3 wt. % Mg), which provided a higher solid solution strengthening effect. The ductility of the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy can be improved by decreasing the Mg amount if a higher elongation is needed. In terms of alloy quality index, the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy showed a higher quality index value (459 MPa) than the comparative alloy 2 (427 MPa). The Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy had overall better mechanical properties than the comparative alloy 2. Concerning the die soldering resistance, the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy and the comparative alloy 2 contained similar Fe contents, 1.5 vs. 1.6 wt. %. The Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy is expected to perform similarly to the comparative alloy in terms of die life.

[0086] As-cast microstructure analysis. A microstructure analysis was carried out on the as-cast plates to understand the strengthening mechanism of Ca in Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy. The results are shown in FIG. 10. Al-1.5Fe-5Mg shows shrinkage porosities while Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca shows a porosity-free microstructure. Since Ca is very efficient in reducing AlMg oxidation, it is logical that Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca has lower oxides and lower porosity.

[0087] Phase morphology and chemistry identification were carried out using SEM/EDX and EBSD analyses. The results are shown in FIG. 11. Table 4 summarizes the different stable phases identified in the two alloys of the study. The alloy matrix mainly consisted of Al.sub.13Fe4 and Al.sub.3Mg.sub.2 phases in Al-1.5Fe-5Mg alloy, and Al.sub.13Fe.sub.4 and A6Mg.sub.2/Al.sub.4Ca phases in Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy. Addition of Ca in the Al-5Mg-1.5Fe alloy allows the formation of the Al.sub.4Ca phase jointed with the Al.sub.3Mg.sub.2 phase or AlMgCa phase at the grain boundaries in the matrix. In addition, Ca appears to slightly modify the morphology of the iron-rich phases. A greater presence of partially fragmented script Fe phases distributed very heterogeneously in the microstructure of the Al-1.5Fe-5Mg0.1Ca alloy was observed. Small particles promote a uniform deformation in the tensile test and result in a higher elongation.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Phases in the studied alloys Al1.5Fe5Mg Al1.5Fe5Mg + Ca Morphologies Al.sub.13Fe.sub.4 Al.sub.13Fe.sub.4 (Chinese script Acicular (3 to 30 ?m) distributed heterogeneously) Mg.sub.2Si (??) Mg.sub.2Si (+++) Fine particle (<300 nm) Al.sub.3Mg.sub.2 Al.sub.3Mg.sub.2/Al.sub.4Ca Eutectic at grain boundaries (1 to 20 ?m)

[0088] In addition, the effect of addition of Mg on the mechanical properties of the alloy where tested. Essentially, as seen in Table 5 below and in FIG. 12, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) are increased with increase of Mg content.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Effect of addition Mg on mechanical properties Alloys Mg amount (%) UTS (MPa) YS (MPa) Al1.6Fe4Mg 4.47 218.2 110.8 Al1.6Fe5Mg 5.43 231.8 125.4 Al1.6Fe6Mg 6.5 249.8 141.7

[0089] While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that the scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.