Organic solid biomass conversion for liquid fuels/chemicals production in the presence of methane containing gas environment and catalyst structure

Abstract

A method provides for valorization of naturally abundant organic solid biomass under a specified gas atmosphere with the existence of a catalyst structure. The method effectively converts the organic solid feedstock while producing valuable liquid hydrocarbon products, as well as utilizing methane rich resources, providing an economical and environmental benefit in the oil & gas industry.

Claims

1. A method for the valorization of an organic solid biomass feedstock for liquid fuel and/or chemical productions, the method comprising: introducing an organic solid biomass feedstock into a reaction zone of a pyrolysis reaction system in presence of methane and a pyrolysis catalyst structure to convert the organic solid biomass feedstock to a liquid bio-oil product and a synthetic gas product, wherein the pyrolysis catalyst structure comprises a porous support structure including one or more of an aluminum oxide, an aluminosilicate material, and a silicon oxide, and a plurality of metals loaded in the porous support structure, the plurality of metals consisting of Ga, Ce and Zn; circulating the pyrolysis catalyst structure between the reaction zone and a regeneration zone, wherein carbonaceous material deposited on the pyrolysis catalyst structure is oxidized and removed from the pyrolysis catalyst structure within the regeneration zone to form a regenerated pyrolysis catalyst structure, and the regenerated pyrolysis catalyst structure is directed from the regeneration zone to the reaction zone; introducing the synthetic gas product into a liquefaction reaction system in presence of a second gas and a liquefaction catalyst structure to convert the synthetic gas product to a liquid oil product; and providing a gaseous product exiting the liquefaction reaction system as an input to the pyrolysis reaction system.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein a temperature within the pyrolysis reaction system is from about 400? C. to about 500? C., and a pressure within the pyrolysis reaction system is from about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solid biomass feedstock comprises one or more of a municipal solid waste, and an agricultural and/or forestry solid waste residue.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the methane is provided in a methane-containing gas that comprises one or more of a biogas and a natural gas.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the methane is provided in a methane-containing gas further comprising one or more of nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide and water.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein each metal loaded in the porous support structure of the pyrolysis catalyst structure is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % based upon the total weight of the pyrolysis catalyst structure.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquefaction catalyst structure is provided in a dual bed reactor within the liquefaction reaction system.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the liquefaction catalyst structure comprises a first catalyst structure in a first bed of the dual bed reactor, the first catalyst structure comprises a mixed metal oxide structure including two or more of Co.sub.3O.sub.4, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, NiO and MnO.sub.2, and a single alkali metal loaded in the mixed metal oxide structure, and the single alkali metal loaded in the mixed metal oxide structure is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of the first catalyst structure.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the liquefaction catalyst structure further comprises a second catalyst structure in a second bed of the dual bed reactor, the second catalyst structure comprises a porous support structure including one or more of an aluminum oxide, an aluminosilicate material, and a silicon oxide, and two or more metals loaded in the porous support structure, wherein the two or more metals loaded in the porous support structure are selected from the group consisting of Ni, Mo, Co, Ga, Ag, Zn and Ce, and each metal loaded in the porous support structure is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % of the second catalyst structure.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein, based upon a total weight of the pyrolysis catalyst structure, Ga is loaded in amount of 1 wt %, Ce is loaded in amount of 10 wt %, and Zn is loaded in an amount of 5 wt %.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid bio-oil product has a first viscosity, and the method further comprises: introducing the liquid bio-oil product into a catalytic reactor located downstream from the pyrolysis reaction system to convert the liquid bio-oil product to a second oil product having a second viscosity that is less than the first viscosity.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Drawings are included for the purpose of illustrating certain aspects of the invention. Such drawings and the description thereof are intended to facilitate understanding and should not be considered limiting of the invention. Drawings are included, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram for producing liquid fuel/chemicals from organic solid biomass (bio wastes) in the methane containing gas environment.

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a dual bed reactor configuration for syngas liquefaction at near atmospheric pressure.

(4) FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram including the configuration of FIG. 1 and an additional process flow for converting the upgraded bio-oil to a liquid bio fuel product.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) The present invention is directed toward the formulation of heterogeneous catalyst structures as well as to processes and systems which utilize the catalyst for organic solid biomass upgrading under a methane or natural gas environment for producing high value-added liquid fuels and/or chemicals without generating negative environmental impact.

(6) In particular, described herein are catalyst structures, systems and methods utilizing such catalyst structures for organic solid biomass (e.g., bio waste) valorization under a methane containing gas environment. It is observed that methane can be effectively activated, which facilitates the methanolysis and liquefaction process for maximizing high value-added liquid fuels and/or chemicals formation with minimized CO.sub.2 formation, beneficial for environmental protection. The disclosure provided herein facilitates a transformational way for renewable liquid fuels and/or chemicals production in oil & gas industries.

(7) For example, systems and processes are described herein that simultaneously convert methane rich gas and organic solid biomass, such as solid bio wastes, to valuable liquid chemicals or fuels with minimized formation of ash as filler for the construction industry and flammable gas for residential use. In one broad aspect, systems and processes described herein utilize a catalyst structure to pyrolyze and upgrade organic solid biomass feed stocks (e.g., municipal solid wastes, agricultural and/or residential residues) in a single step using methane containing gas. The methanolysis process combines pyrolysis and upgrading of bio-oils into one step. After proper condensation for upgraded bio-oil collection, the concurrently produced synthetic gas along with unconverted methane containing gas undergo a series of cleanup steps and a water-gas shift reaction to achieve a product having a desirable CO to H.sub.2 ratio, followed by a liquefaction step under the facilitation of another catalyst structure to form liquid hydrocarbon products. The process may be conducted at lower pressures (e.g., lower than 5 atm) and with methane containing gas (instead of the costly hydrogen as used in the prior art). The catalyst structures provide high quality performance for triggering methane activation in the presence of other higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates under non-oxidizing conditions. The upgraded bio-oil that is collected can be further upgraded via additional processing as described herein. The systems and processes described herein not only upgrade the quality of organic solid biomass, but may also produce more oil due to the introduction of cheap methane containing gas species.

(8) In the following detailed description, while aspects of the disclosure are disclosed, alternate embodiments of the present disclosure and their equivalents may be devised without parting from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. It should be noted that any discussion herein regarding one embodiment, an embodiment, an exemplary embodiment, and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, and that such particular feature, structure, or characteristic may not necessarily be included in every embodiment. In addition, references to the foregoing do not necessarily comprise a reference to the same embodiment. Finally, irrespective of whether it is explicitly described, one of ordinary skill in the art would readily appreciate that each of the particular features, structures, or characteristics of the given embodiments may be utilized in connection or combination with those of any other embodiment discussed herein.

(9) Various operations may be described as multiple discrete actions or operations in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the claimed subject matter. However, the order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations may not be performed in the order of presentation. Operations described may be performed in a different order than the described embodiment. Various additional operations may be performed and/or described operations may be omitted in additional embodiments.

(10) For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase A and/or B means (A), (B), or (A and B). For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase A, B, and/or C means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C).

(11) The terms comprising, including, having, and the like, as used with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure, are synonymous.

(12) In accordance with example embodiments, catalyst structures are described herein for use in the combination with processes for organic solid biomass valorization utilizing methane containing resources, e.g., natural gas, biogas, and coal-bed methane, and two or more of such catalyst structures to achieve a liquid product with high quality. A biogas can be produced by conversion of a biomass into gaseous components comprising methane and carbon dioxide. Natural gas also comprises primarily methane, but also can include components such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.

(13) The use of a methane containing gas, rather than hydrogen, in the organic solid biomass valorization process obviates the need for an economically unfavorable hydro treating step at high pressures and temperatures. The design of the catalyst so as to activate methane and selectively form desired products is very important to the efficacy of the process. Particularly, the catalyst structures described herein facilitate the methanolysis and liquefaction processes in the presence of methane rich gas at low temperatures (e.g., in the range of about 350? C. to about 600? C., preferably from about 400? C. to about 500? C., such as at around 400? C.) and pressures (e.g., in the range from about 1 atm to about 10 atm, preferably at about 5 atm) and in the presence catalyst structures.

(14) Solid Biomass for Use in Forming Hydrocarbon Fuel Products

(15) Any suitable solid organic or biomass/bio waste material can be utilized as the starting input or feed material for the processes described herein, in which the organic material is subjected to methanolysis to generate an upgraded bio-oil product as well as further refined/upgraded hydrocarbon fuel products.

(16) Examples of solid organic or solid biomass material that can be used as input to the process include, without limitation, solid bio waste such as municipal waste (e.g., municipal solid waste or MSW) including organic material, lignin based sources including agricultural and/or forestry residues such as corn stover, lignin feed stocks from wood (e.g., wood pellets, woodmill residues, etc.) and/or any other suitable sources of lignin, algae, industrial waste streams including organic material, etc., as well as any other suitable types of biomass material.

(17) Catalyst Structures for Methanolysis

(18) In accordance with the present invention, a methanolysis catalyst structure is provided that comprises one or a combination of mono or multi-metallic (e.g., bimetallic) active components loaded on highly porous supports for organic solid biomass pyrolysis in a methane containing gas environment as described herein (see FIG. 1). It is noted that the catalyst structures described herein can also be used for sulfur removal in other gas environments such as H.sub.2, He and N.sub.2 environment, although utilizing a methane or natural gas environment is preferred.

(19) The methanolysis catalyst structure can be synthesized by impregnating or doping a suitable support material with two or more metals. A suitably porous support material can be an aluminum oxide (i.e., Al.sub.2O.sub.3), an aluminosilicate (e.g. zeolite), and/or a silicon oxide (i.e. SiO.sub.2). Some non-limiting examples of a suitable zeolite material as a support material for the catalyst structure include HZSM-5 type zeolite, L-type zeolite, HX type zeolite, HY type zeolite and a zeolite structure commercially available from Rive Technology (Monmouth Junction, New Jersey). An ammonium type zeolite can also be utilized by conversion to a hydrogen type zeolite (e.g., by calcination in static air at a temperature of about 400? C. to about 600? ? C. for a period of about 4 hours to about 6 hours). When utilizing a zeolite material as the support material, a SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 ratio of the zeolite support material can be in the range of about 2.5 to about 280 (i.e., a ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 that is in the range of about 2.5:1 to about 280:1).

(20) Suitable metals that can be loaded on the porous support material by e.g., impregnation or doping, include any one or more (e.g., any two or more) metals selected from the group consisting of molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), silver (Ag), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn), and cerium (Ce). Each metal dopant or the combination of metal dopants can be provided within the catalyst structure in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % (i.e., based upon the total weight of the catalyst structure). For certain metals, the preferred metal loading is from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %. Specific examples are provided herein of different metal loadings for catalyst structures.

(21) The porous support material can be doped with a suitable amount of one or more metals in the following manner. One or more metal salts can be dissolved in deionized water to form an aqueous solution at suitable concentration(s) within solution. Metal precursor salts that can be used to form the catalyst structure include, without limitation, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, sulfides and polythiometalates. The one or more metal precursors in solution are then loaded into the porous support material to achieve a desired amount of metals within the catalyst structure (e.g., from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %). Any suitable loading process can be performed to load metals within the porous support material. Some non-limiting examples of metal loading processes include: IWI (incipient wetness impregnation, where an active metal precursor is first dissolved in an aqueous or organic solution, the metal-containing solution is then added to a catalyst support containing the same pore volume as the added solution volume, where capillary action draws the solution into the pores); WI (wet impregnation, where more liquid than the IWI volume is added to the support, and the solvent is then removed by evaporation); IE (ion-exchange, where metal cations are exchanged into the support from solution); and FI (framework incorporation, where metals are added to the support materials during the synthesis step of the support).

(22) Depending upon the particular loading process, the resultant metal loaded catalyst structure can be dried at a temperature between about 80? C. to about 120? C. for a period of time between about 2 hours to about 24 hours. The dried catalyst structure can then be calcined under air, N.sub.2 or He gas at a temperature ranging from about 300? C. to about 700? C. and at a suitable ramped or stepwise increased heating rate (e.g., heating rate at about 5? C./min to about 20? C./min), where such calcination temperatures, times and heating rates can be modified depending upon the type or types of metals doped into the catalyst structure as well as reaction conditions associated with the use of the catalyst structure.

(23) The resultant metal doped catalyst structure is suitable for use in organic solid biomass pyrolysis under methane containing gas environment in process as described herein. The catalyst structure can be processed into a granular form with a granule size desired for a particular operation.

(24) Catalyst Structures for Liquefaction (Gas-to-Liquid or GTL)

(25) A liquefaction catalyst structure is present in a dual bed arrangement or dual bed reactor described herein (see FIG. 2) to alter the conventional Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction pathway to a new route where a syngas feed stream passes through two consecutive catalyst beds with completely different formulations but operated under the same reaction conditions. A catalyst structure in the first bed is designed to convert syngas to a mixture of light hydrocarbons (C.sub.1?C.sub.4) along with residue C.sub.5+ products at near atmospheric pressure and temperature ranging from 350? C. to 450? ? C. The obtained product stream will then be exposed to a catalyst structure in the second bed where liquid products will be maximized under the same reaction conditions based on the synergetic effect between methane and co-existing higher hydrocarbons (C.sub.2+). The unreacted gas residue can be recycled back to the reactor inlet for the further reaction (optional).

(26) A first liquefaction catalyst structure in the first bed is a slightly modified conventional FT catalyst composed of a mixed metal oxide structure including two or more of Co.sub.3O.sub.4, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, NiO and MnO.sub.2, and any single alkali metal loaded in the mixed metal oxide structure. The alkali metal loaded in the mixed metal oxide structure is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %.

(27) The first liquefaction catalyst structure can be synthesized by impregnating or doping a suitable support material with a single alkali metal. A suitably mixed metal oxide support material can be made from two or more metal oxides selected from Co.sub.3O.sub.4, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, NiO, and MnO.sub.2 through co-precipitation: The nitrate precursors of the selected two metals are dissolved in deionized water to provide a transparent aqueous solution. An alkaline solution such as sodium carbonate is then introduced as a precipitation agent into the aqueous solution in a dropwise manner while maintaining a pH of 9 to 10 under agitation. The resulting slurry is vigorously stirred for 0.5 hour to 2 hours. The precipitates are aged at room temperature (e.g., about 25? C. to about 28? C.) for at least 12 hours (e.g., about 12-48 hours) and then filtrated and washed by deionized water several times. The precipitates are dried at about 90? C. to about 105? C. overnight (e.g., a time period from about 6 hours to about 12 hours) and calcined at about 350? C. to about 550? C. at a time period from about 2 hours to about 6 hours. The resulting mixed metal oxide support is then ready for impregnation.

(28) A suitable metal that can be loaded on the support material by impregnation or doping include any single alkali metal (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium etc.). Each metal dopant or the combination of metal dopants can be provided within the catalyst structure in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % (i.e., based upon the total weight of the catalyst structure).

(29) The support material can be doped with a suitable amount of one metal in the following manner. One metal salt can be dissolved in deionized water to form an aqueous solution at suitable concentration(s) within solution. Metal precursor salts that can be used to form the catalyst structure include, without limitation, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, sulfides and polythiometalates. The one metal precursor in solution is then loaded into the support material to achieve a desired amount of metal within the catalyst structure (e.g., from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %). Any suitable loading process can be performed to load metal within the support material. Some non-limiting examples of metal loading processes include: IWI (incipient wetness impregnation, where an active metal precursor is first dissolved in an aqueous or organic solution, the metal-containing solution is then added to a catalyst support containing the same pore volume as the added solution volume, where capillary action draws the solution into the pores); WI (wet impregnation, where more liquid than the IWI volume is added to the support, and the solvent is then removed by evaporation); IE (ion-exchange, where metal cations are exchanged into the support from solution); and FI (framework incorporation, where metal is added to the support material during the synthesis step of the support).

(30) Depending upon the particular loading process, the resultant metal loaded first liquefaction catalyst structure can be dried at a temperature between about 80? C. to about 120? C. for a period of time between about 2 hours to about 24 hours. The dried catalyst structure can then be calcined under air, N.sub.2 or He gas at a temperature ranging from about 300? ? C. to about 700? C. and at a suitable ramped or stepwise increased heating rate (e.g., heating rate from about 5? C./min to about 20? C./min), where such calcination temperatures, times and heating rates can be modified depending upon the type or types of metals doped into the catalyst structure as well as reaction conditions associated with the use of the catalyst structure.

(31) The resultant metal doped first catalyst structure is suitable for use in syngas conversion to form C.sub.1-C.sub.4 light hydrocarbons along with residue C.sub.5+ products under methane containing gas environment in process as described herein. The first catalyst structure can be processed into a granular form with a granule size desired for a particular operation.

(32) In accordance with the present invention, a second catalyst structure in the second bed is provided that comprises one or the combination of mono or multi-metallic (e.g., bimetallic) active components loaded on highly porous supports for light hydrocarbons liquefaction in a methane containing gas environment.

(33) The second liquefaction catalyst structure can be synthesized by impregnating or doping a suitable support material with two or more metals. A suitably porous support material can be an aluminum oxide (i.e., Al.sub.2O.sub.3), an aluminosilicate (e.g. zeolite), and/or a silicon oxide (i.e. SiO.sub.2). Some non-limiting examples of a suitable zeolite material as a support material for the catalyst structure include HZSM-5 type zeolite, L-type zeolite, HX type zeolite, HY type zeolite and a zeolite structure commercially available from Rive Technology (Monmouth Junction, New Jersey). An ammonium type zeolite can also be utilized by conversion to a hydrogen type zeolite (e.g., by calcination in static air at a temperature of about 400? C. to about 600? C. for a period of about 4 hours to about 6 hours). When utilizing a zeolite material as the support material, a SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 ratio of the zeolite support material can be in the range from about 2.5 to about 280 (i.e., a ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 that is in the range of 2.5:1 to 280:1).

(34) Suitable metals that can be loaded on the porous support material by impregnation or doping include any one or more (e.g., any two or more) from the following group: molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), silver (Ag), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn), and cerium (Ce). Each metal dopant or the combination of metal dopants can be provided within the second catalyst structure in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % (i.e., based upon the total weight of the catalyst structure). For certain metals, the preferred metal loading is from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %. Specific examples are provided herein of different metal loadings for second liquefaction catalyst structures.

(35) The porous support material can be doped with a suitable amount of one or more metals in the following manner. One or more metal salts can be dissolved in deionized water to form an aqueous solution at suitable concentration(s) within solution. Metal precursor salts that can be used to form the catalyst structure include, without limitation, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, sulfides and polythiometalates. The one or more metal precursors in solution are then loaded into the porous support material to achieve a desired amount of metals within the catalyst structure (e.g., from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %). Any suitable loading process can be performed to load metals within the porous support material. Some non-limiting examples of metal loading processes include: IWI (incipient wetness impregnation, where an active metal precursor is first dissolved in an aqueous or organic solution, the metal-containing solution is then added to a catalyst support containing the same pore volume as the added solution volume, where capillary action draws the solution into the pores); WI (wet impregnation, where more liquid than the IWI volume is added to the support, and the solvent is then removed by evaporation); IE (ion-exchange, where metal cations are exchanged into the support from solution); and FI (framework incorporation, where metals are added to the support materials during the synthesis step of the support).

(36) Depending upon the particular loading process, the resultant metal loaded second liquefaction catalyst structure can be dried at a temperature between about 80? C. to about 120? C. for a period of time between about 2 hours to about 24 hours. The dried catalyst structure can then be calcined under air, N.sub.2 or He gas at a temperature ranging from about 300? C. to about 700? C. and at a suitable ramped or stepwise increased heating rate (e.g., heating rate from about 5? C./min to about 20? C./min), where such calcination temperatures, times and heating rates can be modified depending upon the type or types of metals doped into the second catalyst structure as well as reaction conditions associated with the use of the second liquefaction catalyst structure.

(37) The resultant metal doped second liquefaction catalyst structure is suitable for use in light hydrocarbons liquefaction under methane containing gas environment in process as described herein. The second liquefaction catalyst structure can be processed into a granular form with a granule size desired for a particular operation.

(38) Systems and Methods for Organic Solid Biomass Valorization Under Methane Containing Gas Environment Utilizing the Catalyst Structures

(39) A system 100 is depicted in FIG. 1 including a methanolysis reaction system 102 that comprises a plurality of container units or vessels including a methanolysis reaction zone 104, a regeneration zone 106, and a plurality of gas cyclone units 110A, 110B, 110C. A biomass comprising bio waste stream 105 including bio waste material and a supply 108 of methane (e.g., natural gas) are input into the reaction zone 104 to facilitate gasification and pyrolysis (methanolysis) within the reaction zone with the presence of the methanolysis catalyst structure provided within the reaction zone. The methanolysis catalyst structure circulates between the reaction zone 104 and the regeneration zone 106 via circulation line 112 (extending from an outlet of the regeneration zone to an inlet of the reaction zone) and circulation line 114 (extending from an outlet of the reaction zone to an inlet of the regeneration zone), where combustion of material within the regeneration zone facilitates regeneration of the methanolysis catalyst structure prior to being circulated back to the reaction zone. In addition, output material flowing from the regeneration zone to the reaction zone facilitates further heat transfer to the reaction zone.

(40) The reaction zone 104 operates under a methane/natural gas environment at a temperature ranging from about 400? C. to about 500? C. The gas products formed within the reaction zone emerge or are output from the reaction zone and are separated from solid particles containing catalyst and biochar in the first cyclone unit 110A. The produced ash fine that is carried out by the product gas stream in a flow line 115 exiting the first cyclone unit 110A can be separated from the product gas stream in the second cyclone unit 110B. This allows for pretreated bio wastes to be continuously fed into the reactor system with continuous ash removal. Circulation line 114 provides output solid material (including the methanolysis catalyst structure) from the first cyclone unit 110A as an input to the regeneration zone 106.

(41) At the regeneration zone 106, air is also input with the solids output from the cyclone unit 110A to facilitate combustion within the regeneration zone that fully oxidizes formed char entrained from the reaction zone 104 by the methanolysis catalyst structure for generating heat to compensate the energy requirement from the endothermic gasification/pyrolysis reaction within the reaction zone, leading to minimized external energy input required for the reaction zone. The circulated methanolysis catalyst structure can also get refreshed through such air introduction in the event coke has become deposited on its surface (during the pyrolysis/gasification process). In other words, any coke or other carbonaceous material formed over surface portions of the methanolysis catalyst structure can be removed by the oxidation process. This is beneficial for longevity/lifetime extension/continuous re-use of the methanolysis catalyst structure. The regenerated methanolysis catalyst structure (which also serves as a heater carrier) is transported from the regeneration zone 106 and is separated from formed flue gas in the third cyclone unit 110C, where it is then recycled back via circulation line 112 to the reaction zone 104 for triggering next cycle pyrolysis/gasification of the input bio waste material.

(42) The product gas stream emerging from the second cyclone unit 110B is provided to a condenser unit 120 to form an upgraded liquid bio-oil product (also referred to herein as Product A) from the gaseous products which include a synthetic gas (syngas) and any unreacted natural gas. The liquid bio-oil product/Product A is separated from the syngas in a separation unit 122, where the Product A can then be collected for further processing at another section. The syngas and unreacted/unconverted natural gas exiting the separation unit 122 can undergo a series of conventional cleanup steps (e.g., a series of units for H.sub.2S, NH.sub.3, HCl, and heavy metals removal) at a clean-up unit section 126.

(43) The processed syngas exiting the clean-up unit section 126 can next be delivered, along with a supply of steam, to a reactor section 130 that subjects the syngas to a water-gas shift reaction so as to achieve a desirable CO to H.sub.2 ratio for the gas product, where non-converted H.sub.2O can then be removed from the syngas as condensate.

(44) The processed syngas exiting the clean-up unit section 126 is input to a liquefaction reaction system comprising a catalytic liquefaction or gas-to-liquid (GTL) unit 140, where the syngas is subjected to a liquefaction process in the presence of a plurality of liquefaction catalyst structures where syngas is first converted to a mixture of light hydrocarbons and then forms liquid hydrocarbon products based on a synergetic effect existing between methane and higher hydrocarbons at temperatures ranging from about 350? C. to about 450? ? C.

(45) Referring to FIG. 2, the GTL unit 140 includes a dual bed reactor comprising a first catalyst bed 142 that includes the first liquefaction catalyst structure as previously described herein and a second catalyst bed 144 that includes the second liquefaction catalyst structure as previously described herein. Each of the first and second liquefaction catalyst structures can be provided in granular form at any suitable particle sizes or particle size range as deemed suitable for the reaction process. As noted, the GTL unit 140 operates at a temperature ranging from about 350? C. to about 450? C. In addition, the GTL unit 140 can operate at low pressures at or near atmospheric pressure (e.g., an operating pressure of no greater than about 5 atm). The syngas feed stream (comprising H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2 and CH.sub.4) is delivered through the GTL unit 140, where it encounters the first catalyst bed 142 followed by the second catalyst bed 144. As previously noted herein, the consecutively arranged first and second catalyst beds include significantly different catalyst structures but can be operated under the same or substantially similar reaction conditions. The first liquefaction catalyst structure in the first catalyst bed 142 facilitates conversion of the syngas to a mixture of light hydrocarbons (e.g., C.sub.1-C.sub.4 range, with residue components comprising C.sub.5+). The product stream passing the first catalyst bed 142 is then exposed to the second catalyst bed 144 within the GTL unit 140 under the same reaction conditions as the first catalyst bed, resulting in liquefaction of at least some of the gaseous components under the methane gas environment so as to form liquid hydrocarbon products. Upon exiting the GTL unit 140, unreacted gas species can be separated from the liquid hydrocarbon products and recycled back to the inlet of the GTL unit 140 for further reaction.

(46) The liquid hydrocarbon products can be further processed in a separation or distillation unit 150 so as to isolate and collect liquid fuel products of interest (also referred to herein as Product B) at section 160. Condensed water can be removed from products as well as gaseous hydrocarbon products including methane/natural gas. The methane/natural gas can be recycled from the distillation unit 150, via recycle line 170, back to the transport reactor system 102 where it is mixed with the input methane/natural gas to the reaction zone 104.

(47) The system and associated method of FIG. 1 facilitates the conversion of organic solid biomass and selectivity towards valuable liquid hydrocarbon products which can further be fine-tuned using catalyst structures as described herein and under a methane containing environment. Different reactor systems and modified operating conditions (e.g., temperatures and pressures) as well as modifications of the catalyst structures within the reactor systems can also be implemented to achieve varied product compositions.

(48) Methane, as a main component in natural gas, is particularly useful for conversion of organic solid biomass in the presence of the catalyst structures described herein. Methane is typically regarded as chemically inert due to its stable structure, and methane activation has been a challenge in natural gas utilization. However, in accordance with the invention as described herein, methane utilization in the valorization of biomass material can be significantly enhanced with the assistance of the aforementioned catalyst structures, systems and corresponding methods.

(49) The organic solid biomass conversion utilizing the described catalyst structures, systems and methods as described herein further minimize the generation of CO.sub.2. In particular, methane activation and incorporation utilizing the catalyst structures as described herein can result in the generation or production of CO.sub.2 that is less than 5% by weight of the oil product, in some scenarios less than 3% by weight, or even less than 1% by weight (e.g., substantially no CO.sub.2 is formed in the process).

(50) In a further embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, the system of FIG. 1 has been modified to include a further hydrocarbon upgrading system that processes the upgraded bio-oil product (Product A) into a refined/further upgraded light oil product. For example, the upgraded light oil product can have properties such as a viscosity and an oxygen content that are lower than that of the bio-oil product. The upgrading process for the bio-oil can be carried out utilizing a process as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/792,574, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In particular, Product A, exiting as a liquid from separation unit 122 of system 100, can be provided to a hydrocarbon upgrading system 200 for upgrading of the bio-oil to a light oil fuel product (also referred to herein as Product C). A source 202 of feedstock including Product A along with a source 204 of methane (e.g., natural gas or other hydrocarbon source comprising about 95% by weight methane) are provided as inputs to system 200 and are combined in a mixing unit 206 and heated in a heater unit 208 to a suitable temperature (e.g., from about 350? C. to about 450? C., such as about 420 ?C) prior to being delivered to a catalytic reactor 210.

(51) The catalytic reactor 210 includes a catalyst bed with a fixed catalyst structure. The catalyst structure of reactor 210 comprises a suitable porous support material impregnated or doped with two or more metals (e.g., utilizing process such as wet impregnation or ion exchange to adsorb metal ions to the porous surfaces of the support material). A suitably porous support material can be an aluminum oxide material (e.g., Al.sub.2O.sub.3), an aluminosilicate (zeolite) material, or a zirconium oxide material (e.g., ZrO.sub.2). Some non-limiting examples of a suitable zeolite material for use as a support material for the catalyst structure include a ZSM-5 type zeolite (e.g., HZSM-5 zeolite, NaZSM-5 zeolite, etc.), A-type zeolite, L-type zeolite, HY type zeolite and a zeolite structure commercially available from Rive Technology (Monmouth Junction, New Jersey). An ammonium type zeolite can also be utilized by conversion to a hydrogen type zeolite (e.g., by calcination in static air at a temperature of about 400? C. to about 600? C. for a period from about 4 hours to about 6 hours). When utilizing a zeolite material as the support material, a SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 ratio of the zeolite support material can be in the range of about 1 to about 280 (i.e., a ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 that is 1:1 to 280:1), such as a range of 5-28, or a range of 23-280. The zeolite material can further have a BET surface area in the range from about 350 m.sup.2/g to about 950 m.sup.2/g. The support materials can optionally be modified with phosphorus prior to being synthesized into a suitable catalyst structure.

(52) Suitable metals that can be used to dope the porous support material include any one or more (and preferably any two or more) of gallium (Ga), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co) and cerium (Ce). Each metal dopant or the combination of metal dopants can be provided within the catalyst structure (e.g., in metal or metal oxide form) in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20 wt % (i.e., based upon the total weight of the catalyst structure). For certain metals, such as Ag and Ga, the preferred metal loading is from about 0.2 wt % to about 2 wt %. For other metals, such as Co, the preferred metal loading is from about 0.3 wt % to about 3 wt %. Formation of the catalyst support structure by doping or impregnating a porous support structure with one or more metals and at the desired weight percentages as described herein can be achieved in a similar manner as other types of catalyst structures described herein that are formed with similar porous support structures. In addition, the catalyst support structure for the reactor 210 can be converted into pellets or provided in powder or granular form. Further, the catalyst structure can be regenerated, either before or after a period of time of its use in upgrading hydrocarbons of the feedstock 202, to enhance the performance of the catalyst structure. The regeneration process comprises rinsing the catalyst with toluene, drying in air to remove toluene (e.g., drying at about 100? C. to about 200? C., e.g., about 150? C., for at least 1 hour, e.g., about 3 hours or greater) and calcination (heating in air) at a temperature of at least about 500? C. (e.g., about 600? C. or greater) for a sufficient period of time, e.g., at least about 3 hours (e.g., about 5 hours or greater). The regeneration process can also be repeated any number of times and depending upon a particular application.

(53) The bio-oil (Product A) is converted to a light fuel oil product (Product C) in the presence of the catalyst structure within the catalytic reactor 210. The output from the reactor 210 is delivered to a separator 220 which separates the light fuel oil (Product C) from gaseous components including unreacted methane. The gaseous components can be recycled, via line 222, back to the input to the mixing unit 206, while the light fuel oil (Product C) can be collected at 230.

(54) Thus, three upgraded hydrocarbon products are formed in the process of FIG. 3, specifically: the upgraded bio-oil (Product A), the light hydrocarbon products (Product B) formed in a GTL (gas to liquids) process from syngas that was separated from the upgraded bio-oil, and a light fuel oil (Product C) formed via the upgrading of the bio-oil (Product A) reacted with methane.

Example #1

(55) A process using the system of FIG. 3 was performed to form the bio-oil product (Product A) from solid bio waste (or other biomass) material and the light fuel oil (Product C) from upgrading the bio-oil. The products were obtained by running the methanolysis process (within reaction zone 104 of the transport reaction system 102) to form Product A continuously for 60 days, and running the system 200 for forming Product C continuously for 30 days.

(56) The catalyst structure used for methanolysis to form the bio-oil (Product A) in reaction zone 104 was 1 wt % Ga-5 wt % Zn-10 wt % Ce/HZSM-5 (80:1), while the catalyst structure used for converting the bio-oil (Product A) to the light fuel oil product (Product C) in the reactor 210 was 1 wt % Ag-1 wt % Ga-2 wt % Co-6 wt % Mo-10 wt % Ce/HZSM-5 (80:1). The solid organic biomass material fed to the reaction zone 104 was wood chip.

(57) In the methanolysis process (forming Product A), the conditions in reaction zone 104 were as follows: Reaction temperature: 400? C. Reaction pressure: 10-15 psig (0.68-1.02 atm) Biomass feed rate: 70 g/min Gas flow rate: 2 m.sup.3/min Catalyst load: 35 kg Overall mass balance: 96 wt % Char yield: 30 wt % Gas yield: 10 wt % Liquid yield: 56 wt % (water rich liquid phase yield: 23 wt %; oil rich liquid phase yield: 33 wt %)

(58) In the fixed bed upgrading process under methane (forming Product C), the process conditions were as follows: Reaction temperature: 400? C. Reaction pressure: 50 bar (49.3 atm) WHSV (weight hour space velocity): 1 hr.sup.?1 Liquid yield: 99 wt %

(59) Characterization for each of the bio-oil (Product A) and the light fuel oil (Product C) formed from the process under the noted process conditions is set forth as follows:

(60) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Product A (bio-oil) characterization Physical property Value Kinematic Viscosity (40? C.) 47.38 mm.sup.2/s Kinematic Viscosity (100? C.) 7.024 mm.sup.2/s Viscosity index 105 Flash point (open cup) 221? C. Density (20? C.) 841.2 kg/m.sup.3 TAN 0.15 mg KOH/g Cetane Number 22 Organic chlorine content <1.0 mg/kg Freezing point ?21? C. Pour point ?15? C. Boiling range Temperature (? C.) Initial boiling point (0.5 weight percent) 233.0 With 2% mass recovery 304.0 With 5% mass recovery 364.0 With 10% mass recovery 389.5 With 20% mass recovery 416.0 With 30% mass recovery 433.0 With 40% mass recovery 447.5 With 50% mass recovery 460.0 With 60% mass recovery 471.0 With 70% mass recovery 482.5 With 80% mass recovery 493.0 With 90% mass recovery 508.0 With 95% mass recovery 519.0 With 98% mass recovery 531.5 With 99.5% mass recovery >545.0 Component content Amount (weight percent) Saturated hydrocarbons 84.49 Aromatic hydrocarbons 14.21 Polar components (Resin + Asphaltene) 1.30 Water 0.025 Nitrogen 0.21 Oxygen 3.41 Sulfur 1.32 Carbon residue 0.10 Ash content 0.01 Elemental Analysis (element present) Amount (mg/kg) Ca 9.1 K 13.2 Na 6.5 Mg 14.4 P 15.6

(61) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Product C (light fuel oil) characterization Physical property Value Kinematic Viscosity (40? C.) 7.736 mm.sup.2/s Kinematic Viscosity (100? C.) 2.475 mm.sup.2/s Viscosity index 161 Flash point (open cup) 112? C. Density (20? C.) 844.8 kg/m.sup.3 TAN 0.01 mg KOH/g Cetane Number 52 Organic chlorine content <1.0 mg/kg Freezing point ?32? C. Pour point ?26? C. Boiling range Temperature (? C.) Initial boiling point (0.5 weight percent) 121.5 With 2% mass recovery 152.0 With 5% mass recovery 181.0 With 10% mass recovery 213.5 With 20% mass recovery 235.0 With 30% mass recovery 253.5 With 40% mass recovery 267.5 With 50% mass recovery 281.5 With 60% mass recovery 316.0 With 70% mass recovery 334.0 With 80% mass recovery 347.5 With 90% mass recovery 360.0 With 95% mass recovery 387.5 With 98% mass recovery 401.5 With 99.5% mass recovery 405.0 Component content Amount (weight percent) Saturated hydrocarbons 74.47 Aromatic hydrocarbons 25.51 Polar components (Resin + Asphaltene) 0.02 Water Trace amount Nitrogen 0.0052 Oxygen 0.07 Sulfur 0.210 Carbon residue 0.07 Ash content 0.008 Elemental Analysis (element present) Amount (mg/kg) Ca 4.2 K 3.2 Na 2.4 Mg 6.1 P 8.7

Example #2

(62) A process using the system of FIG. 3 was performed to form the bio-oil product (Product A) from solid bio waste material and the light fuel oil (Product C) from upgrading the bio-oil. The products were obtained by running the methanolysis process (within reaction zone 104 of the transport reaction system 102) to form Product A continuously for 30 days, and running the system 200 for forming Product C continuously for 30 days.

(63) The catalyst structure used for methanolysis to form the bio-oil (Product A) in reaction zone 104 was 1 wt % Ga-5 wt % Zn-10 wt % Ce/HZSM-5 (80:1), while the catalyst structure used for converting the bio-oil (Product A) to the light fuel oil product (Product C) in the reactor 210 was 1 wt % Ag-1 wt % Ga-2 wt % Co-6 wt % Mo-10 wt % Ce/HZSM-5 (80:1). The solid organic biomass material fed to the reaction zone 104 was rice straw.

(64) In the methanolysis process (forming Product A), the conditions in reaction zone 104 were as follows: Reaction temperature: 400? ? C. Reaction pressure: 10-15 psig (0.68-1.02 atm) Biomass feed rate: 70 g/min Gas flow rate: 2 m.sup.3/min Catalyst load: 35 kg Overall mass balance: 96 wt % Char yield: 43 wt % Gas yield: 15 wt % Liquid yield: 38 wt % (water rich liquid phase yield: 21 wt %; oil rich liquid phase yield: 17 wt %)

(65) In the fixed bed upgrading process under methane (forming Product C), the process conditions were as follows: Reaction temperature: 400? C. Reaction pressure: 50 bar (49.3 atm) WHSV (weight hour space velocity): 1 hr.sup.?1 Liquid yield: 97.5 wt %

(66) Characterization for each of the bio-oil (Product A) and the light fuel oil (Product C) formed from the process under the noted process conditions is set forth as follows:

(67) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Product A (bio-oil) characterization Physical property Value Kinematic Viscosity (40? C.) 38.67 mm.sup.2/s Kinematic Viscosity (100? C.) 5.512 mm.sup.2/s Viscosity index 101 Flash point (open cup) 205? C. Density (20? C.) 846.7 kg/m.sup.3 TAN 0.12 mg KOH/g Cetane Number 25 Organic chlorine content <1.0 mg/kg Freezing point ?27? C. Pour point ?18? C. Boiling range Temperature (? C.) Initial boiling point (0.5 weight percent) 221.0 With 2% mass recovery 288.5 With 5% mass recovery 347.5 With 10% mass recovery 372.0 With 20% mass recovery 398.5 With 30% mass recovery 415.5 With 40% mass recovery 429.0 With 50% mass recovery 443.5 With 60% mass recovery 454.0 With 70% mass recovery 465.5 With 80% mass recovery 475.5 With 90% mass recovery 491.0 With 95% mass recovery 503.5 With 98% mass recovery 516.5 With 99.5% mass recovery >530.0 Component content Amount (weight percent) Saturated hydrocarbons 82.34 Aromatic hydrocarbons 16.21 Polar components (Resin + Asphaltene) 0.85 Water 0.21 Nitrogen 0.18 Oxygen 7.32 Sulfur 0.13 Carbon residue 0.15 Ash content 0.02 Elemental Analysis (element present) Amount (mg/kg) Ca 5.2 K 28.1 Na 15.3 Mg 26.2 P 14.3

(68) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Product C (light fuel oil) characterization Physical property Value Kinematic Viscosity (40? C.) 6.238 mm.sup.2/s Kinematic Viscosity (100? C.) 1.074 mm.sup.2/s Viscosity index 158 Flash point (open cup) 95? C. Density (20? C.) 848.9 kg/m.sup.3 TAN 0.01 mg KOH/g Cetane Number 53 Organic chlorine content <1.0 mg/kg Freezing point ?38? C. Pour point ?30? C. Boiling range Temperature (? C.) Initial boiling point (0.5 weight percent) 108.5 With 2% mass recovery 137.5 With 5% mass recovery 168.5 With 10% mass recovery 205.0 With 20% mass recovery 221.5 With 30% mass recovery 239.0 With 40% mass recovery 251.5 With 50% mass recovery 269.0 With 60% mass recovery 309.5 With 70% mass recovery 323.0 With 80% mass recovery 336.5 With 90% mass recovery 349.5 With 95% mass recovery 375.0 With 98% mass recovery 391.5 With 99.5% mass recovery 401.0 Component content Amount (weight percent) Saturated hydrocarbons 70.92 Aromatic hydrocarbons 29.07 Polar components (Resin + Asphaltene) 0.01 Water Trace amount Nitrogen 0.0034 Oxygen 0.05 Sulfur 0.06 Carbon residue 0.09 Ash content 0.005 Elemental Analysis (element present) Amount (mg/kg) Ca 3.1 K 2.8 Na 1.6 Mg 4.8 P 3.3

Example #3

(69) A process using the system of FIG. 3 was performed to form the bio-oil product (Product A) from solid bio waste material and the light fuel oil (Product C) from upgrading the bio-oil. The products were obtained by running the methanolysis process (within reaction zone 104 of the transport reaction system 102) to form Product A continuously for 30 days, and running the system 200 for forming Product C continuously for 30 days.

(70) The catalyst structure used for methanolysis to form the bio-oil (Product A) in reaction zone 104 was 1 wt % Ga-5 wt % Zn-10 wt % Ce/HZSM-5 (80:1), while the catalyst structure used for converting the bio-oil (Product A) to the light fuel oil product (Product C) in the reactor 210 was 1 wt % Ag-1 wt % Ga-2 wt % Co-6 wt % Mo-10 wt % Ce/HZSM-5 (80:1). The solid organic biomass material fed to the reaction zone 104 was corn stover.

(71) In the methanolysis process (forming Product A), the conditions in reaction zone 104 were as follows: Reaction temperature: 400? C. Reaction pressure: 10-15 psig (0.68-1.02 atm) Biomass feed rate: 70 g/min Gas flow rate: 2 m.sup.3/min Catalyst load: 35 kg Overall mass balance: 96.5 wt % Char yield: 23.5 wt % Gas yield: 13.5 wt % Liquid yield: 59.5 wt % (water rich liquid phase yield: 28 wt %; oil rich liquid phase yield: 31.5 wt %)

(72) In the fixed bed upgrading process under methane (forming Product C), the process conditions were as follows: Reaction temperature: 400? ? C. Reaction pressure: 50 bar (49.3 atm) WHSV (weight hour space velocity): 1 hr.sup.?1 Liquid yield: 97 wt %

(73) Characterization for each of the bio-oil (Product A) and the light fuel oil (Product C) formed from the process under the noted process conditions is set forth as follows:

(74) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Product A (bio-oil) characterization Physical property Value Kinematic Viscosity (40? C.) 84.23 mm.sup.2/s Kinematic Viscosity (100? C.) 7.718 mm.sup.2/s Viscosity index 25 Flash point (open cup) 236? C. Density (20? C.) 948.6 kg/m.sup.3 TAN 13.8 mg KOH/g Cetane Number 21 Organic chlorine content <1.0 mg/kg Freezing point 4? C. Pour point 6? C. Boiling range Temperature (? C.) Initial boiling point (0.5 weight percent) 258.5 With 2% mass recovery 281.5 With 5% mass recovery 323.0 With 10% mass recovery 354.5 With 20% mass recovery 377.5 With 30% mass recovery 399.0 With 40% mass recovery 421.0 With 50% mass recovery 449.5 With 60% mass recovery 468.0 With 70% mass recovery 485.5 With 80% mass recovery 509.5 With 90% mass recovery 530.0 With 95% mass recovery 553.0 With 98% mass recovery 576.5 With 99.5% mass recovery >600.0 Component content Amount (weight percent) Saturated hydrocarbons 82.34 Aromatic hydrocarbons 16.21 Polar components (Resin + Asphaltene) 0.85 Water 1.28 Nitrogen 0.17 Oxygen 10.6 Sulfur 0.38 Carbon residue 0.32 Ash content 0.18 Elemental Analysis (element present) Amount (mg/kg) Ca 19.3 K 35.9 Na 15.3 Mg 13.3 P 9.4

(75) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Product C (light fuel oil) characterization Physical property Value Kinematic Viscosity (40? C.) 8.036 mm.sup.2/s Kinematic Viscosity (100? C.) 2.587 mm.sup.2/s Viscosity index 174 Flash point (open cup) 101? C. Density (20? C.) 857.3 kg/m.sup.3 TAN 0.01 mg KOH/g Cetane Number 51 Organic chlorine content <1.0 mg/kg Freezing point ?19? C. Pour point ?15? C. Boiling range Temperature (? C.) Initial boiling point (0.5 weight percent) 119.5 With 2% mass recovery 148.5 With 5% mass recovery 179.5 With 10% mass recovery 218.0 With 20% mass recovery 239.5 With 30% mass recovery 258.5 With 40% mass recovery 279.0 With 50% mass recovery 298.0 With 60% mass recovery 317.5 With 70% mass recovery 331.0 With 80% mass recovery 351.5 With 90% mass recovery 368.5 With 95% mass recovery 386.0 With 98% mass recovery 401.5 With 99.5% mass recovery 425.0 Component content Amount (weight percent) Saturated hydrocarbons 74.87 Aromatic hydrocarbons 25.12 Polar components (Resin + Asphaltene) 0.01 Water Trace amount Nitrogen 0.0057 Oxygen 0.04 Sulfur 0.08 Carbon residue 0.12 Ash content 0.001 Elemental Analysis (element present) Amount (mg/kg) Ca 5.8 K 7.9 Na 1.8 Mg 1.6 P 2.1

(76) Each of the upgraded hydrocarbon products (Products A, B and C) have much lower oxygen content, much lower moisture (water) content and lower viscosity in relation to conventional bio-oil or fuel oil products. With regard to Product A and Product C, the upgrading of Product A to form Product C can result in an upgraded bio fuel having a lower viscosity, a lower sulfur content, a lower oxygen content, a lower TAN value, lower water content, as well as other enhanced properties in relation to the bio oil prior to upgrading. Product B can be formed from synthetic gas as a light hydrocarbon product (e.g., a light oil such as a diesel oil product) having a dynamic viscosity less than 2?10.sup.3 cP (mPa.Math.s).

(77) The upgrading process of the hydrocarbon products results in a change in one or more properties in the hydrocarbon products. The change (from first hydrocarbon product to upgraded, second hydrocarbon product) to one or more properties in the hydrocarbon product include, without limitation, change (decrease) in density, change (decrease) in viscosity, change (decrease) in sulfur content, change (decrease) in TAN (total acid number), change (decrease) in an amount (e.g., weight percentage) of olefins, change (decrease) in an amount (e.g., weight percentage) of nitrogen, change (decrease) in pour point, change (increase) in an amount (e.g., weight percentage) of one or more aromatic hydrocarbons, change (increase) in the hydrogen to carbon ratio (H/C ratio), and change (increase) in cetane number.

(78) Thus, the processes and systems described herein, including selection of various different catalyst structures used in in the reactors for forming each of the upgraded hydrocarbon products, facilitate a wide variety of solid organic or biomass/bio waste input feed stocks that can be used which further facilitate generation of enhanced hydrocarbon products for a wide variety of uses.

(79) While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.