Compound, composition, and method for detecting caspase activity and/or apoptosis
10294271 ยท 2019-05-21
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
C07K5/0821
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07K5/081
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
A61P43/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07K17/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07K16/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07K7/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K38/04
HUMAN NECESSITIES
Abstract
Molecular probe suitable for quantification of caspase activity in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET). Embodiments of the present invention can detect apoptosis in tumors and as a novel, potentially translatable biomarker for predicting response to personalized medicine.
Claims
1. A method of imaging a molecular event in a sample, comprising: (a) administering to said sample a probe having an affinity for a target, the probe comprising a compound of the following: ##STR00014## wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from (i) alkyl-halogen, CO-alkyl-halogen, CO-phenyl, CO-alkyl-phenyl, CO-pyridinyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, and phenyl or pyridinyl is optionally halogen-substituted; ##STR00015## ##STR00016## X is iodine or fluorine; R.sub.3 is halogen; R.sub.5 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy; R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2; X.sub.1 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and X.sub.2 is H; X.sub.3 is independently C, CR.sub.7, N, NR.sub.7; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and (b) detecting a signal from said probe.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the molecular event is caspase activity.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting step is with positron emission tomography (PET).
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the following formula: ##STR00017## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said sample is at least one of cells, tissue, cellular tissue, serum, cell extract, bodily fluids and wherein the administration step is in vivo or in vitro.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said molecular event is at least one of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and caspase activity.
7. A compound of the following formula: ##STR00018## wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from (i) alkyl-halogen, CO-alkyl-halogen, CO-phenyl, CO-alkyl-phenyl, CO-pyridinyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, and phenyl or pyridinyl is optionally halogen-substituted; ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021## X is iodine or fluorine; R.sub.3 is halogen; R.sub.5 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy; R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2; X.sub.1 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and X.sub.2 is H; X.sub.3 is independently C, CR.sub.7, N, NR.sub.7; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
8. The compound of claim 7, of the following formula: ##STR00022## and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
9. A method of quantifying the progression of a disease state in a subject, comprising: (a) administering to a first sample of the subject a probe having an affinity for a target, the probe comprising a compound of the following: ##STR00023## wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from (i) alkyl-halogen, CO-alkyl-halogen, CO-phenyl, CO-alkyl-phenyl, CO-pyridinyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, and phenyl or pyridinyl is optionally halogen-substituted; ##STR00024## ##STR00025## X is iodine or fluorine; R.sub.3 is halogen; R.sub.5 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy; R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2; X.sub.1 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5-C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and X.sub.2 is H; X.sub.3 is independently C, CR.sub.7, N, NR.sub.7; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; (b) detecting a signal from said probe; (c) after a period of time from step (b), administering to a second sample of the subject a probe having an affinity for a target, the probe comprising a compound of the following: ##STR00026## wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from (i) alkyl-halogen, CO-alkyl-halogen, CO-phenyl, CO-alkyl-phenyl, CO-pyridinyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, and phenyl or pyridinyl is optionally halogen-substituted; ##STR00027## ##STR00028## X is iodine or fluorine; R.sub.3 is halogen; R.sub.5 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy; R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2; X.sub.1 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5-C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and X.sub.2 is H; X.sub.3 is independently C, CR.sub.7, N, NR.sub.7; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; (d) detecting a second signal; and (e) comparing the first signal with the second signal to determine the progress of a disease state.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said sample is at least one of cells, tissue, cellular tissue, serum, cell extract, bodily fluid.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the probe is a compound of the following formula: ##STR00029## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutical carrier.
12. A method of determining the presence of a disease state, comprising: (a) administering to a first sample of the subject a probe having an affinity for a target, the probe comprising a compound of the following: ##STR00030## wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from (i) alkyl-halogen, CO-alkyl-halogen, CO-phenyl, CO-alkyl-phenyl, CO-pyridinyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, and phenyl or pyridinyl is optionally halogen-substituted; ##STR00031## ##STR00032## X is iodine or fluorine; R.sub.3 is halogen; R.sub.5 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy; R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2; X.sub.1 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5-C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and X.sub.2 is H; X.sub.3 is independently C, CR.sub.7, N, NR.sub.7; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; (b) detecting a signal from said probe.
13. The method of claim 12 further comprising a disease state treatment step either before step (a), after step (b), or both.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the disease state is cancer.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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(8)
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(9) The presently-disclosed subject matter further includes a method of imaging a molecular event, which involves administering a probe with an affinity for a target, the probe being selected from a compound and/or the a pharmaceutical composition as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; and detecting a signal from the probe.
(10) In some embodiments of the method, the sample is at least one of a cell or a tissue. In some embodiments of the method, the administration method is in vivo or in vitro. In some embodiments of the method, the detecting step is with PET imaging.
(11) In some embodiments of the method, the molecular event is selected from caspase activity and apoptosis. In some embodiments of the method, the method further involves quantifying caspase activity and/or apoptosis. In some embodiments of the method, the caspase activity and/or apoptosis is caspase activity in a tumor and/or apoptosis in a tumor. In some embodiments of the method, the method further involves analyzing the signal to determine therapeutic efficacy.
(12) While the terms used herein are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, definitions are set forth herein to facilitate explanation of the presently-disclosed subject matter.
(13) Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the presently-disclosed subject matter belongs. Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the presently-disclosed subject matter, representative methods, devices, and materials are described herein.
(14) Following long-standing patent law convention, the terms a, an, and the refer to one or more when used in this application, including the claims. Thus, for example, reference to a cell included a plurality of such cells, and so forth.
(15) Ranges can be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent about, it will be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as about that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value 10 is disclosed, then about 10 is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
(16) As used herein, the terms optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
(17) As used herein, the term subject refers to a target of administration. The subject of the herein disclosed methods can be a vertebrate, such as a mammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian. Thus, the subject of the herein disclosed methods can be a human, non-human primate, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent. The term does not denote a particular age or sex.
(18) Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered. A patient refers to a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder. The term patient includes human and veterinary subjects.
(19) As used herein, the terms administering and administration refer to any method of providing a pharmaceutical preparation to a subject. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topical administration, intravaginal administration, ophthalmic administration, intraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectal administration, and parenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration. Administration can be continuous or intermittent. In various aspects, a preparation can be administered therapeutically; that is, administered to treat an existing disease or condition. In further various aspects, a preparation can be administered prophylactically; that is, administered for prevention of a disease or condition.
(20) As used herein, the term pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants. These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents such as paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid and the like. It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin, which delay absorption. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide, poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues. The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable media just prior to use. Suitable inert carriers can include sugars such as lactose. Desirably, at least 95% by weight of the particles of the active ingredient have an effective particle size in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrometers.
(21) A residue of a chemical species, as used in the specification and concluding claims, refers to the moiety that is the resulting product of the chemical species in a particular reaction scheme or subsequent formulation or chemical product, regardless of whether the moiety is actually obtained from the chemical species. Thus, an ethylene glycol residue in a polyester refers to one or more OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2O units in the polyester, regardless of whether ethylene glycol was used to prepare the polyester. Similarly, a sebacic acid residue in a polyester refers to one or more CO(CH.sub.2).sub.8CO moieties in the polyester, regardless of whether the residue is obtained by reacting sebacic acid or an ester thereof to obtain the polyester.
(22) As used herein, the term substituted is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, can have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Also, the terms substitution or substituted with include the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.
(23) The term alkyl as used herein is a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, s-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. The alkyl group can be cyclic or acyclic. The alkyl group can be branched or unbranched. The alkyl group can also be substituted or unsubstituted. For example, the alkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein. A lower alkyl group is an alkyl group containing from one to six (e.g., from one to four) carbon atoms.
(24) Throughout the specification alkyl is generally used to refer to both unsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl groups; however, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to herein by identifying the specific substituent(s) on the alkyl group. For example, the term halogenated alkyl specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halide, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The term alkoxyalkyl specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as described below. The term alkylamino specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more amino groups, as described below, and the like. When alkyl is used in one instance and a specific term such as alkylalcohol is used in another, it is not meant to imply that the term alkyl does not also refer to specific terms such as alkylalcohol and the like.
(25) This practice is also used for other groups described herein. That is, while a term such as cycloalkyl refers to both unsubstituted and substituted cycloalkyl moieties, the substituted moieties can, in addition, be specifically identified herein; for example, a particular substituted cycloalkyl can be referred to as, e.g., an alkylcycloalkyl. Similarly, a substituted alkoxy can be specifically referred to as, e.g., a halogenated alkoxy, a particular substituted alkenyl can be, e.g., an alkenylalcohol, and the like. Again, the practice of using a general term, such as cycloalkyl, and a specific term, such as alkylcycloalkyl, is not meant to imply that the general term does not also include the specific term.
(26) The terms alkoxy and alkoxyl as used herein to refer to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group bonded through an ether linkage; that is, an alkoxy group can be defined as -OA.sup.1 where A.sup.1 is alkyl or cycloalkyl as defined above. Alkoxy also includes polymers of alkoxy groups as just described; that is, an alkoxy can be a polyether such as -OA.sup.1-OA.sup.2 or -OA.sup.1-(OA.sup.2).sub.a-OA.sup.3, where a is an integer of from 1 to 200 and A.sup.1, A.sup.2, and A.sup.3 are alkyl and/or cycloalkyl groups.
(27) The term cycloalkyl as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and the like. The term heterocycloalkyl is a type of cycloalkyl group as defined above, and is included within the meaning of the term cycloalkyl, where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.
(28) The term aryl as used herein is a group that contains any carbon-based aromatic group including, but not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, phenyl, biphenyl, phenoxybenzene, and the like. The term aryl also includes heteroaryl, which is defined as a group that contains an aromatic group that has at least one heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Likewise, the term non-heteroaryl, which is also included in the term aryl, defines a group that contains an aromatic group that does not contain a heteroatom. The aryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. The term biaryl is a specific type of aryl group and is included in the definition of aryl. Biaryl refers to two aryl groups that are bound together via a fused ring structure, as in naphthalene, or are attached via one or more carbon-carbon bonds, as in biphenyl.
(29) The term pharmaceutically acceptable describes a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., without causing an unacceptable level of undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner.
(30) As used herein, the term derivative refers to a compound having a structure derived from the structure of a parent compound (e.g., a compounds disclosed herein) and whose structure is sufficiently similar to those disclosed herein and based upon that similarity, would be expected by one skilled in the art to exhibit the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds, or to induce, as a precursor, the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds. Exemplary derivatives include salts, esters, amides, salts of esters or amides, and N-oxides of a parent compound.
(31) Compounds described herein can contain one or more double bonds and, thus, potentially give rise to cis/trans (E/Z) isomers, as well as other conformational isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible isomers, as well as mixtures of such isomers.
(32) Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer and diastereomer, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture. Compounds described herein can contain one or more asymmetric centers and, thus, potentially give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Mixtures of stereoisomers, as well as isolated specific stereoisomers, are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.
(33) It is understood that the compositions disclosed herein have certain functions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements for performing the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there are a variety of structures that can perform the same function that are related to the disclosed structures, and that these structures will typically achieve the same result.
(34) Compounds
(35) In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, useful as in methods for detecting caspase activity and/or apoptosis, including quantifying and/or imaging caspase activity and/or apoptosis in a tumor in vivo. In general, it is contemplated that each disclosed derivative and variable (R groups, for example) is independent and can be optionally further substituted. It is also contemplated that any one or more derivative can be optionally omitted from the invention. It is understood that a disclosed compound can be provided by the disclosed methods. It is also understood that the disclosed compounds can be employed in the disclosed methods of using.
(36) In one aspect of the present invention, the invention relates to compounds having a structure represented by formula (II):
(37) ##STR00002##
including wherein
(38) R.sub.1 is selected from CR.sub.5-halogen, COR.sub.5-halogen, COR.sub.5R.sub.6-halogen, COR.sub.6, OR.sub.6, OR.sub.6R.sub.6, SO.sub.2R.sub.6R.sub.6, OCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.6OCOR.sub.6;
(39) R.sub.3 is selected from halogen, R.sub.5-halogen;
(40) R.sub.5 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, or a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R7, COR.sub.6, OR.sub.6, OR.sub.6R.sub.6, SO.sub.2R.sub.6R.sub.6, OCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.6OCOR.sub.6;
(41) R.sub.6 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, or a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7;
(42) R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2;
(43) X.sub.2 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and
(44) X.sub.3 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7;
(45) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
(46) In an embodiment of the invention, R.sub.1 is selected from
(47) ##STR00003##
alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-phenyl, CO-alkyl-phenyl, wherein X.sub.3 is C, CR.sub.7, N, NR.sub.7.
(48) In another embodiment, said C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7 is independently heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl.
(49) In another embodiment, the C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N is optionally substituted phenyl, pyridinyl, and piperazinyl.
(50) In another embodiment, the compound has a structure represented by formula (I):
(51) ##STR00004##
including wherein R.sub.1 is selected from the following:
(52) ##STR00005## ##STR00006##
X is iodine or fluorine; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
(53) In another embodiment, R.sub.1 is selected from the following:
(54) ##STR00007##
(55) In another embodiment, the compound is at least one of the following:
(56) ##STR00008## ##STR00009## ##STR00010##
(57) The compounds disclosed herein can include all salt forms, for example, salts of both basic groups, inter alia, amines, as well as salts of acidic groups, inter alia, carboxylic acids. The following are non-limiting examples of anions that can form salts with protonated basic groups: chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, oxalate, malonate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, fumarate, citrate, and the like. The following are non-limiting examples of cations that can form salts of acidic groups: ammonium, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bismuth, lysine, and the like.
(58) The analogs (compounds) of the present disclosure are arranged into several categories to assist the formulator in applying a rational synthetic strategy for the preparation of analogs which are not expressly exampled herein. The arrangement into categories does not imply increased or decreased efficacy for any of the compositions of matter described herein.
(59) Pharmaceutical Compositions
(60) In one aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the disclosed compounds. That is, a pharmaceutical composition can be provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
(61) In certain aspects, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions comprise the disclosed compounds (including pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and, optionally, other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants. The instant compositions include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
(62) As used herein, the term pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids. When the compound of the present invention is acidic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases, including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper (-ic and -ous), ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganese (-ic and -ous), potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthesized substituted amines. Other pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed include ion exchange resins such as, for example, arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
(63) As used herein, the term pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids includes inorganic acids, organic acids, and salts prepared therefrom, for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like. Preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and tartaric acids.
(64) In practice, the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of this invention can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous). Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Further, the compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in-water emulsion or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In addition to the common dosage forms set out above, the compounds of the invention, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, can also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices. The compositions can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, such methods include a step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or more necessary ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can then be conveniently shaped into the desired presentation.
(65) Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the invention. The compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds. The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid. Examples of liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water. Examples of gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
(66) In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any convenient pharmaceutical media can be employed. For example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like can be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like can be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. Optionally, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques
(67) By way of example, a tablet containing the composition of this invention can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
(68) The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can comprise a compound of the invention (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally one or more additional therapeutic agents or adjuvants. The instant compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
(69) Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration can be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water. A suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms.
(70) Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions. Furthermore, the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability. The pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.
(71) Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, mouth washes, gargles, and the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations can be prepared, utilizing a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by mixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency.
(72) Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories can be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in moulds.
(73) In addition to the aforementioned carrier ingredients, the pharmaceutical formulations described above can include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like. Furthermore, other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Compositions containing a compound of the invention, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be prepared in powder or liquid concentrate form.
(74) Accordingly, the subject compounds can be used alone or in combination with other agents which are known to be beneficial in the subject indications or other drugs that affect receptors or enzymes that either increase the efficacy, safety, convenience, or reduce unwanted side effects or toxicity of the disclosed compounds. The subject compound and the other agent may be coadministered, either in concomitant therapy or in a fixed combination.
(75) Method of Using
(76) As stated above, embodiments of the present invention include methods of using compounds and/or compositions of the present invention.
(77) One aspect of the present invention is a method of imaging a molecular event in a sample, the method steps comprising administering to the sample a probe having an affinity for a target. The probe contacts the target and emits a detectable signal. Thus, after the probe is administered, a signal from the probe may be detected. In embodiments of the present invention, the sample can be at least one of cells, tissue, cellular tissue, serum, cell extract, bodily fluids. The bodily fluids may be, for example, breast milk, sputum, vaginal fluids, urine.
(78) Thus, one aspect of the present invention is a method of imaging a molecular event in a sample, comprising:
(79) (a) administering to said sample a probe having an affinity for a target, the probe being selected from substituted Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and
(80) (b) detecting a signal from said probe.
(81) In embodiments of the invention, the molecular event is caspase activity. Also, in embodiments of the invention, the detecting step is with positron emission tomography (PET).
(82) In other embodiments of the invention, the probe comprises a compound that has a structure represented by formula (II):
(83) ##STR00011##
including wherein
(84) R.sub.1 is selected from CR.sub.5-halogen, COR.sub.5-halogen, COR.sub.5R.sub.6-halogen, COR.sub.6, OR.sub.6, OR.sub.6R.sub.6, SO.sub.2R.sub.6R.sub.6, OCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.6OCOR.sub.6;
(85) R.sub.3 is selected from halogen, R.sub.5-halogen;
(86) R.sub.5 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, or a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, COR.sub.6, OR.sub.6, OR.sub.6R.sub.6, SO.sub.2R.sub.6R.sub.6, OCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.6OCOR.sub.6;
(87) R.sub.6 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, or a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7;
(88) R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2;
(89) X.sub.2 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and
(90) X.sub.3 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7;
(91) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
(92) Another aspect of the present invention is a method of quantifying the progression of a disease state in a subject, comprising:
(93) (a) administering to a first sample of the subject a probe having an affinity for a target, the probe being selected from a substituted Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone;
(94) (b) detecting a signal from said probe;
(95) (c) after a period of time from step (b), administering to a second sample of the subject a probe having an affinity for a target, the probe being selected from a substituted Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone;
(96) (d) detecting a second signal; and
(97) (e) comparing the first signal with the second signal to determine the progress of a disease state.
(98) In embodiments of the invention, the sample may be at least one of cells, tissue, cellular tissue, serum, cell extract, bodily fluid.
(99) In other embodiments, the the probe is a compound of the following formula:
(100) ##STR00012##
including wherein
(101) R.sub.1 is selected from CR.sub.5-halogen, COR.sub.5-halogen, COR.sub.5R.sub.6-halogen, a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, COR.sub.6, OR.sub.6, OR.sub.6R.sub.6, SO.sub.2R.sub.6R.sub.6, OCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.6OCOR.sub.6;
(102) R.sub.3 is selected from halogen, R.sub.5-halogen;
(103) R.sub.5 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, or a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, COR.sub.6, OR.sub.6, OR.sub.6R.sub.6, SO.sub.2R.sub.6R.sub.6, OCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.6OCOR.sub.6;
(104) R.sub.6 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, or a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7;
(105) R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2;
(106) X.sub.2 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and
(107) X.sub.3 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7;
(108) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and a pharmaceutical carrier.
(109) Another aspect of the present invention is a method of determining the presence of a disease state, comprising:
(110) (a) administering to a first sample of the subject a probe having an affinity for a target, the probe being a substituted Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone;
(111) (b) detecting a signal from said probe.
(112) In embodiments of the invention, the method further comprising a disease state treatment step either before step (a), after step (b), or both. Also, in certain embodiments, the disease state is cancer.
(113) In other embodiments, the probe is a compound of the following formula:
(114) ##STR00013##
including wherein
(115) R.sub.1 is selected from CR.sub.5-halogen, COR.sub.5-halogen, COR.sub.5R.sub.6-halogen, a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, COR.sub.6, OR.sub.6, OR.sub.6R.sub.6, SO.sub.2R.sub.6R.sub.6, OCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.6OCOR.sub.6;
(116) R.sub.3 is selected from halogen, R.sub.5-halogen;
(117) R.sub.5 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, or a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7, COR.sub.6, OR.sub.6, OR.sub.6R.sub.6, SO.sub.2R.sub.6R.sub.6, OCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.6OCOR.sub.6;
(118) R.sub.6 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, or a C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7;
(119) R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, CONR.sub.5R.sub.5, S(O).sub.0-2NR.sub.5R.sub.5, CSNH.sub.2;
(120) X.sub.2 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7; and
(121) X.sub.3 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, R.sub.5C.sub.3-8 membered ring containing C, O, S and/or N, optionally substituted with one or more R.sub.7;
(122) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and a pharmaceutical carrier.
(123) In embodiments of the invention, the disease state can be cancer. In other embodiments of the present invention, the disease state can be brain cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer,
(124) In the above embodiments and other embodiments of the present invention, the administration step is in vivo or in vitro.
EXPERIMENTAL AND DISCUSSION
(125) The following experimental an discussion section highlights examples of the present invention, demonstrating embodiments of the present invention. The following is intended to be exemplary of the present invention and not intended to be limiting thereof. The following shows that the VAD-FMK peptide is a promising scaffold for molecular imaging of caspase activity and response to molecularly targeted therapy using positron emission tomography. Among these peptides, embodiments of the present invention, including [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK are effective PET imaging probes for non-invasive quantification of apoptosis in tumors and represent a translatable biomarker of therapeutic efficacy in personalized medicine.
(126) Materials and Methods
(127) Molecular Modeling
(128) Co-crystal structures for the caspase-3 protein with an aza-peptide epoxide inhibitor (PDB ID 2CNN) and a covalently bound -strand peptidomimetic inhibitor (PDB ID 3KJF) were obtained from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank and used to evaluate the potential of prosthetically labeled VAD-FMK, and deviations thereof, to be accommodated within the active caspase-3 binding domain. Structural alignment of both caspase-3 inhibitor co-crystal structures was performed using PyMOL (Molecular Graphics System, Version 1.5.0.4, Schrdinger, LLC) to reveal a minor 0.22 angstrom -carbon protein backbone coordinate root mean squared deviation (RMSD). Both caspase-3 inhibitor-binding sites were treated as energetically equivalent and the smaller -strand peptidomimetic inhibitor structure (PDB ID 3KJF) was chosen as the starting point for molecular docking calculations. Following removal of the co-crystallized covalent inhibitor ligand, molecular docking was performed using the high resolution, flexible SurflexDock GeomX protocol as implemented in SYBYL-X 2.0 (Tripos International, 1699 South Hanley Rd., St. Louis, Mo., 63144, USA), with a protomol target based on the -strand peptidomimetic inhibitor structure with the addition of a 2.0 angstrom bloat parameter. Best scoring energy-minimized docked poses were ranked using the Tripos SYBYL Surflex-Dock flexible protein scoring function, PF-score (Crash parameter) for FB-VAD-FMK, Z-VAD-FMK, IZ-VAD-FMK and VAD-FMK were determined for comparison of physically plausible, low energy minimized conformations in the bound state across the proposed peptide ligand modifications.
(129) Peptide and Derivatives
(130) [.sup.19F]FB-VAD-FMK and [.sup.127I]IZ-VAD-FMK were synthesized as described below. VAD-FMK (American Peptide) and Z-VAD-FMK (TOCRIS Bioscience, #2163) were obtained commercially and used without further purification. Relative enzyme selectivity of [.sup.19F]FB-VAD-FMK compared to parent peptide was evaluated as described below. Lipophilicity measurements (Log P.sub.7.5) of peptide derivatives were determined analogously to reported methods and described below.
(131) Biochemical Caspase-3 Inhibition Assay
(132) Caspase-Glo 3/7 (Promega) was employed as a readout of inhibition where by a caspase-cleavable protected luciferase substrate is directly sensitive to caspase-3/7 activity and quantifiable by bioluminescence. Caspase inhibitor dissolved in DMSO (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 10000 nM) was combined with recombinant human caspase-3 enzyme (C1224-10UG, Sigma) (100 nM) in 1 phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in microcentrifuge tubes, vortexed, and incubated at 37 C. for 30 min. After incubation, Caspase-Glo 3/7 reagent (Promega) was added in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Solutions were vortexed, incubated for an additional 30 min, and dispensed into opaque wall/bottom 384-well plates (BD Biosciences) for measurement of caspase activity. Sample luminescence was measured using a Synergy 4 plate reader (BioTek).
(133) Cellular Caspase Inhibition Assay
(134) DiFi cells were propagated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, Mediatech) and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Atlanta Biologicals) and 1 mg/mL gentamycin sulfate (Gibco) in a 95% humidity, 5% CO.sub.2, 37 C. atmosphere. Cells were seeded as sub-confluent monolayer cultures at a density of 110.sup.4 per well into 96-well, black wall/bottom plates (BD Biosciences) and allowed to adhere for 24 h at 37 C. For evaluation of caspase-3/7 inhibition concomitant with drug exposure, DiFi cells were incubated with cetuximab (0.5 g/mL) for 24 h, based on our experience from previous work. Cell media was then replaced with 1PBS containing inhibitor (0, 10, 100, 1000, 10000 nM) and incubated at 37 C. for 30 min Inhibition was assessed using Caspase-Glo 3/7 reagent in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Luminescence was quantified using a Synergy 4 plate reader.
(135) Radiotracer Preparation
(136) Detailed chemical and radiochemical methods and characterization is described below. The radiochemical intermediate [.sup.18F]N-succinimidyl-4-fluorobenzoate ([.sup.18F]SFB), was prepared using commercial GE TRACERlab-Synthesizer MX production kits (ABX) with a BIOSCAN Coincidence radiochemistry module. [.sup.18F]SFB was then conjugated to VAD-FMK forming [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK.
(137) Animal Model
(138) Studies involving animals were conducted in accordance with federal and institutional guidelines. Biodistribution studies were performed using male C57BL/6 mice. A detailed description of in vitro drug response studies that support the subsequently described animal models and drug therapies is provided below.
(139) Dual xenograft-bearing mice were sequentially injected with 110.sup.7 SW620 and 510.sup.6 DLD-1 human CRC cells subcutaneously onto the left or right hind limbs (respectively) of 5- to 6-week old female, athymic nude mice (Harlan Sprague-Dawley). Palpable tumors were observed 2-3 weeks following inoculation. Animals bearing SW620 and DLD-1 xenograft tumors were treated with vehicle or AZD-1152 (25 mg/kg, DMSO) via intraperitoneal injection once daily for five days, analogous to previous work. In vivo PET imaging studies were performed on Day 5, approximately 4-6 h after treatment.
(140) COLO-205 and LIM-2405 xenografts were generated by subcutaneously injecting 110.sup.7 cells onto the right flank of 5- to 6-week old female, athymic nude mice (Harlan Sprague-Dawley). Palpable tumors were observed within three weeks following inoculation. For BEZ-235 (Selleckchem) and PLX-4720 (synthesized using reported methods) single-agent treatment, animals were administered vehicle, BEZ-235 (35 mg/kg, 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.5% methyl cellulose) or PLX-4720 (60 mg/kg, DMSO) via oral gavage once daily for four days. For BEZ-235 and PLX-4720 combination treatment, BEZ-235 (35 mg/kg, 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.5% methyl cellulose) and PLX-4720 (60 mg/kg, DMSO) were administered via oral gavage as separate doses (respectively) approximately 7-8 h apart. To monitor tumor growth, tumor volumes were measured on Days 1 and 4 of treatment using a previously established ultrasound imaging based methodology. In vivo imaging studies were performed on the 4.sup.th day (PET), based on our previous experience with BRAF inhibition in vivo.
(141) In Vivo PET Imaging and Analysis
(142) Imaging acquisition and processing was performed analogously to our previously reported methods. Further details are described below.
(143) Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
(144) Tumor tissues were harvested immediately following conclusion of imaging, fixed for 24 h in 5% buffered formalin, and blocked in paraffin. Immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 (Cell Signaling, #9664) was carried out as previously described. Tissues were stained using standard H&E methods and reviewed by an expert gastrointestinal pathologist (M. Kay Washington). Images displayed are representative of three randomly selected high-power fields (40). Semi-quantitative IHC analysis was performed using the image processing software ImageJ and is further described below.
(145) Statistical Methods
(146) Unless otherwise stated, experimental replicates are reported as the arithmetic meanstandard deviation. Statistical significance of in vitro and in vivo data sets was evaluated using an unpaired, two-tailed t-test. Differences were assessed within the GraphPad Prism 6.01 software package and considered statistically significant if p<0.05.
(147) Chemicals
(148) Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals, reagents, and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received.
Synthesis of [19F]4-Succinimidyl-4-Fluorobenzoate ([19F]SFB) (1)
(149) 4-[.sup.19F]Fluorobenzoic acid and N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-O(N-succinimidyl)uronium tetrafluoroborate (1:1.5) were combined in a round bottom flask with acetonitrile for a final 4-[.sup.19F]fluorobenzoic acid concentration of 71.4 mM. Upon reaching the final reaction temperature, 45-50 C., solid tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH, 1.5 eq) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction vessel was flushed with positive N.sub.2(g) pressure and held at this temperature overnight (16-18 h) with stirring. [.sup.19F]SFB (1) formation was monitored by normal phase thin layer chromatography (TLC) (1:1, ethyl acetate:chloroform, R.sub.F=0.76). Purification was performed by flash chromatography with SNAP silica cartridges using an hexanes:ethyl acetate gradient (100% 0-1 min, 100-70% 1-10 min, 70% 10-15 min, 70-30% 15-25 min, 30% 25-35 min; all percentiles with respect to hexanes) on a Biotage flash purification system to give the final, pure product in up to 85% yield. .sup.1H-NMR characterization matched that of commercially available authentic compound purchased from Advanced Biochemical Compounds (ABX).
Synthesis of [19F]4-fluorobenzylcarbonyl-VAD-FMK ([19F]FB-VAD-FMK) (3)
(150) Upon synthesis, (1) was conjugated to VAD-FMK peptide (2) (American Peptide Company) through the N-terminus to form the non-radioactive probe analogue, [.sup.19F]FB-VAD-FMK (3) (Fig. S2A). Compounds (1) and (2) were reconstituted separately in anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) with equimolar amounts of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA). Solution (2) was added drop-wise to solution (1) for a final compound (2) concentration of 37.5 mM and final molar equivalencies: 1:2:2 [(1):(2):DIPEA]. The reaction vessel was then flushed with positive N.sub.2(g) pressure, heated to 55 C., and held at that temperature overnight (16-18 h) with stirring. Product formation was monitored by TLC [6:4, dichloromethane (DCM):(chloroform:methanol:triethylamine (TEA), 8:1.8:0.2), R.sub.F=0.5]. Authentic compound was isolated from free peptide and unconjugated [.sup.19F]SFB using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Varian Dynamax, Microsorb C18, 8 m, 21.4250 mm, =254 nm). The product eluted between 22-24 min using a phosphate buffer (1 mM):acetonitrile gradient (85% 0-2 min, 85-60% 2-10 min, 60% 10-15 min, 60-30% 15-22 min, 30% 22-40 min; all percentiles with respect to aqueous phase) at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. The final product was rinsed with ethyl acetate and obtained in up to 65% yield.
(151) High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) was performed using a Waters Synapt Quadrupole Time-of-Flight high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with a dual channel ESCI ion source. HRMS calculated for C.sub.21H.sub.28F.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.6 m/z=456.1946 (M).sup.+, found 456.1945. .sup.1H, .sup.13C, and .sup.19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm using residual DMSO as the internal standard (2.50 ppm for .sup.1H, 39.51 ppm for .sup.13C). The following abbreviations are used for multiplicity of NMR signals: s=singlet, d=doublet, dd=doublet of doublets, t=triplet, q=quartet, sep=septet, m=multiplet. .sup.1H-NMR ((CD.sub.3).sub.2SO, 400 MHz) : 8.62 (d, 1H, J=7.41 Hz), 8.48 (d, 1H, J=7.88 Hz), 8.35-8.27 (m, 2H), 7.94 (m, 2H), 7.28 (t, 2H, J=8.45 Hz), 5.32-5.04 (m, 2H), 4.64 (q, 1H, J=6.90 Hz), 4.48 (q, 1H, J=6.84 Hz), 4.28 (t, 1H, J=8.17 Hz), 4.22-4.12 (m, 1H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 2.86-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.67-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.09 (sep, 1H, J=6.84 Hz), 1.21 (dd, 3H, J=7.08 Hz, J=3.73 Hz), 0.95-0.89 (m, 6H). .sup.13C-NMR ((CD.sub.3).sub.2SO, 400 MHz, .sup.1H decoupled) : 197.87, 197.73, 197.52, 197.38, 168.54, 168.41, 166.63, 166.57, 166.28, 166.10, 161.07, 161.05, 160.60, 158.13, 125.73, 125.64, 110.65, 110.44, 54.27, 47.76, 47.15, 47.12, 47.01, 44.07, 43.74, 29.51, 29.23, 25.56, 14.65, 14.31, 14.28, 12.82, 12.73. .sup.19F-NMR ((CD.sub.3).sub.2SO, 400 MHz, .sup.1H decoupled) : 107.36, 230.90, 231.06.
Synthesis of [127I]4-iodobenzyl Chloroformate (4)
(152) [.sup.127I]4-Iodobenzyl alcohol was solubilized in chilled anhydrous dichloromethane (DCM) (0 C.) and added drop-wise to solid triphosgene (1:1) in a reaction vessel under positive N.sub.2(g) pressure, with stirring, at 0 C. Final concentration of 44.sup.127I]iodobenzyl alcohol and triphosgene was 674 mM. Reaction mixture was maintained at 0 C. with stirring for 15 min, then brought to room temperature and stirred overnight (16-18 h) protected from light. [.sup.127I]4-iodobenzyl chloroformate (4) formation was monitored by normal phase TLC (2:8, ethyl acetate:hexanes, R.sub.F=0.64). The reaction solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to obtain a mixture of an off-white solid and a brown-colored liquid. The mixture was subsequently washed with hexanes and the liquid phase extracted. Hexanes were removed to obtain (4) as a brown-liquid that was used immediately without further purification.
Synthesis of [127I]4-iodobenzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone ([127I]IZ-VAD-FMK) (5)
(153) [.sup.127I]IZ-VAD-FMK was synthesized as the para-iodinated regioisomer. Here, (4) was conjugated to (2) to form (5) (Fig. S2B). Compounds (4) and (2) were reconstituted separately in chilled anhydrous DCM (0 C.) with TEA. Solution (4) was added drop-wise to (2) in a reaction vessel under positive N.sub.2(g) pressure, with stirring, at 0 C. for a final compound (2) concentration of 60 mM and final molar equivalencies: 4:1:2 [(4):(2):TEA]. The reaction mixture was maintained at 0 C. with stirring for 15 min, then brought to room temperature and subsequently heated at 55 C., with stirring, for 12 h, protected from light. Product formation was monitored by TLC [6:4, DCM:(chloroform:methanol:TEA, 8:1.8:0.2), R.sub.F=0.30]. The authentic compound was isolated from free peptide and (4) using HPLC (Varian Dynamax, Microsorb C18, 8 m, 21.4250 mm, =254 nm). The product eluted between 22-24 min using a phosphate buffer (1 mM):acetonitrile gradient (85% 0-2 min, 85-60% 2-10 min, 60% 10-15 min, 60-30% 15-22 min, 30% 22-40 min; all percentiles with respect to the aqueous phase) at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. The final product was received in approximately 15% yield.
(154) High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) was performed using a Waters Synapt Quadrupole Time-of-Flight high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with a dual channel ESCI ion source. HRMS calculated for C.sub.22H.sub.30FIN.sub.3O.sub.7 m/z=594.1113 (M).sup.+, found 594.1107. .sup.1H- and .sup.13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm using residual chloroform as the internal standard (7.26 ppm for .sup.1H, 77.36 ppm for .sup.13C). The following abbreviations are used for multiplicity of NMR signals: s=singlet, br s=broad singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, m=multiplet. .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 500 MHz) : 7.69 (d, 2H, J=8.28 Hz), 7.10 (m, 2H), 6.48 (br s, 1H), 5.36 (m, 1H), 5.23-5.18 (m, 1H), 5.13-4.97 (m, 4H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 4.52-4.45 (m, 1H), 3.97 (t, 1H, J=6.82 Hz), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.13-3.08 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.98 (m, 1), 2.91-2.84 (m, 1), 2.17-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.37 (m, 4H), 1.25 (s, 2H), 0.98-0.92 (m, 7H). .sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 500 MHz, .sup.1H decoupled) : 202.56, 172.39, 171.68, 171.62, 156.80, 138.06, 136.05, 130.32, 130.27, 94.33, 85.35, 85.26, 83.89, 83.80, 66.94, 61.00, 52.64, 52.31, 49.33, 35.17, 31.14, 30.05, 19.58, 18.31, 18.10, 8.96.
(155) Analysis of Lipophilicity
(156) Lipophilicity characterization of compounds (3) and (5), as well as Z-VAD-FMK, was performed through log P.sub.7.5 quantification using methodology analogous to those previously reported (1). Using reversed phase HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18, 5 m, 100 , 4.6250 mm) and a (85:15) phosphate buffer (2 mM, pH 7.5) isocratic system (1 mL/min), log P.sub.7.5 values were calculated using an average of compound retention times from three individual runs and standard curve derived linear regression. The following standards with known log P values were used for curve development: catechol, aniline, benzene, bromobenze, toluene, ethylbenzene, 2-chlorobiphenyl, biphenyl, 1-chloronaphthalene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene. Log P.sub.7.5 values were found to be 1.41, 2.38, and 2.20 for (3), (5), and Z-VAD-FMK, respectively.
(157) Enzyme Selectivity Assay
(158) Relative enzyme inhibition of [.sup.19F]FB-VAD-FMK was evaluated against caspase-3/6/7/8 using homogeneous caspase fluorescence assay kits (BPS Bioscience) and compared to parent peptide. Caspase inhibitor dissolved in caspase assay buffer and 1% DMSO (0.0003-10 M) was combined with the caspase assay substrate and enzyme at room temperature for 30 min in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Fluorescence intensity was measured at an excitation of 360 nm and an emission of 460 nm using an Infinite M1000 microplate reader (Tecan).
(159) Radiochemical Production of [.sup.18 F]4-fluorobenzylcarbonyl-VAD-FMK ([.sup.18 F]FB-VAD-FMK) (11)
(160) [.sup.18F]SFB was prepared using commercial GE TRACERlab-Synthesizer MX production kits (ABX) with a BIOSCAN Coincidence radiochemistry module. The automated synthetic route included flourine-18 radiolabeling of 4-[1,1-dimethylethyl ester]-N,N,N-trimethyl-benzenammonium triflate (6) to 4-[.sup.18F]-1,1-dimethylethyl ester benzoic acid (7), deprotection of to 4-[.sup.18F]fluorobenzoic acid (8) through alcoholic saponification, and subsequent formation of the activated ester [.sup.18F]SFB (9) from (8) (Fig. S3A). Radiochemical purity (952%) was determined by analytical HPLC (Hitachi High Technologies LaChrom C18, 5 m, 4.6150 mm, 1 mL/min, 20-70% acetonitrile:water over 15 min, retention time (RT)=11.5 min, =254 nm). [.sup.18F]SFB was delivered in approximately 3 mL of 4:1 acetonitrile:water, a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 364%, and concentrated to <0.5 mL using positive nitrogen pressure and heating at 55 C. Once concentrated, VAD-FMK (10 mg/mL DMF) and DIPEA (30 mol) were added to [.sup.18F]SFB (7.4-13.0 GBq) and heated in a sealed vessel at 55 C. for 45 min (Fig. S3B). [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK was purified using semi-prep reversed-phase HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18, 5 m, 10150 mm) and eluted between 17.7-19 min using a phosphate buffer (1 mM):acetonitrile gradient (85% 0-5 min, 85-60% 5-15 min, 60% 15-25 min, 60-30% 25-45 min; all percentiles in respect to aqueous phase) with a 4 mL/min flow rate. The product fraction was diluted 100-fold with water and passed through a C18 Sep-Pak (Waters). Labeled peptide was eluted with ethanol into a sterile flask and loaded with normal saline (0.9%). Volumes of eluent were modified as needed to ensure a final concentration of 74-185 MBq/mL (1/9, ethanol/saline) with a decay corrected radiochemical yield of 257%. [.sup.18F]SFB conjugation efficiency of crude product (575%) and radiochemical purity of final post-prep product (981%) were determined using analytical HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18, 5 m, 100 , 4.6250 mm) and the following phosphate buffer (1 mM): acetonitrile gradient: 85% 0-2 min, 85-30% 2-10 min, 30% 10-35 min; all percentiles in respect to aqueous phase (flow rate=1 mL/min, RT=12.3 min). Specific activities for [.sup.18F]SFB (8356 TBq/mmol) and [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK (63 TBq/mmol) were calculated using an HPLC-derived standard curve.
(161) Cell Cycle Assays
(162) For cell cycle analysis, SW620 and DLD-1 cells were propagated to 50% confluency in 6 cm plates and treated with AZD-1152-hydroxyquinazoline pyrazol anilide (HQPA) (Selleckchem), 0, 10, 100, 1000, or 5000 nM, for 24 or 48 hrs and prepared for flow cytometry as described (2). Propidium iodide (PI)-stained cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACStar PLUS, Becton-Dickinson). Data analysis was performed using CellQuest software (Becton-Dickinson) by manually gating to define and quantify sub-G0, G1, S, G2/M, and polyploidy populations. For assay of apoptosis following in vitro AZD-1152-HQPA exposure, SW620 and DLD-1 cells were seeded as sub-confluent monolayer cultures at a density of 110.sup.4 per well into 96-well, black wall/bottom plates (BD Biosciences), allowed to adhere for 24 h, and treated with AZD-1152-HQPA, 0, 10, 50, 75, 100, or 1,000 nM, for 24 hrs. Apoptosis was assessed using the Caspase-Glo 3/7 reagent, in accordance with manufacturer's instructions, and analyzed using a Synergy 4 plate reader.
(163) Immunoblotting
(164) After 24 h of drug exposure, in vitro cell samples were collected from 10-cm plates. Medium was removed and cell monolayers washed with 1 phosphate buffered saline (PBS) followed by addition of 450 mL of lysis buffer containing: 7 mL of CelLytic M lysis buffer (Sigma), mini protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche), and 100 mL of phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 1 and 2 (Sigma). Protein concentrations were normalized using a bicinchoninic acid assay. All samples were vortexed and centrifuged prior to final cell lysate collection.
(165) Immunoblotting was performed by loading 20-40 g of protein into 7.5-12% SDS PAGE gels and resolved by electrophoresis. Membranes were incubated with antibodies to cleaved PARP (Cell Signaling, 9541S), cleaved caspase-3 (Cell Signaling, 9664), or GAPDH (Millipore, MAB374)and imaged on a Xenogen IVIS 200 using Western Lightning Plus-ECL (PerkinElmer) substrate.
(166) In Vivo PET Imaging and Analysis
(167) For all imaging studies, mice were maintained under 2% isofluorane anesthesia in 100% oxygen at 2 L/min and kept warm via a circulating water heating pad for the duration of the PET scan. Small-animal PET imaging was performed using a dedicated Concorde Microsystems Focus 220 microPET scanner (Siemens Preclinical Solutions). Animals were administered 7.4-9.3 MBq of [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK via intravenous injection. Both static and dynamic data sets were acquired. For static scans, animals were allowed free access to food and water during a 20-40 minute uptake period, followed by anesthetization and a 20-minute image acquisition. Analogously, sixty minute dynamic acquisitions for all xenografts were initiated at the time of [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK injection.
(168) PET data were reconstructed using a three-dimensional (3D) ordered subset expectation maximization/maximum a posteriori (OSEM3D/MAP) algorithm. Dynamic data was binned into twelve 5 s (0-1 min) and fifty-nine 60 s (2-60 min) frames. The resulting three-dimensional reconstructions had an x-y voxel size of 0.474 mm and inter-slice distance of 0.796 mm. ASIPro software (Siemens Preclinical Solutions) was used to manually draw three-dimensional regions of interest (ROI) in the tumor volume. Areas of perceived necrosis were excluded when drawing ROIs. [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK uptake was quantified as the percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g); for dynamic scans, only data points collected within the time frame analyzed for analogous static scans were considered.
(169) Semi-Quantitative Analysis
(170) For semi-quantitative analysis of cleaved caspase-3 IHC, the public domain image processing software ImageJ was used to selectively measure the area of positive staining of each cohort through manual threshold manipulation of hue, pixel saturation, and brightness. Analysis was performed for multiple low field (2.5) tissue micrographs and values reported as the percent area of positive staining over total staining.
(171) Results
(172) Caspase-3 Active Site Accommodates N-Terminal Functionalization of VAD-FMK
(173) Imaging labels should impart minimal, if any, effects upon the biological and chemical properties of the parent molecule. Given this, we initially used a molecular modeling approach to explore multiple N-terminally functionalized analogues of VAD-FMK (
(174) TABLE-US-00001 Total Score Compound (log K.sub.d) Crash Polar Strain Similarity FB-VAD-FMK 6.2458 0.861 5.676 0.7802 0.2979 Z-VAD-FMK 8.6257 1.004 4.776 3.0018 0.5373 IZ-VAD-FMK 9.5465 1.381 4.3824 1.4081 0.5396 VAD-FMK 5.1466 1.155 4.8703 2.567 0.4582
(175) The Surflex-Dock scoring term for Polar contacts suggested that the FB-VAD-FMK peptide had greater potential to form hydrogen bonds with active caspase-3 site residues relative to other candidate structures, including the parent peptide, while displaying less internal ligand Strain scores. Of note, IZ-VAD-FMK produced docking scores that reflected a lower-scoring Polar term and demonstrated that more poses buried the larger, lipophilic iodo-moiety toward the protein active site, suggesting greater lipophilicity than FB-VAD-FMK. Though exploratory in nature, these studies suggested both tolerance to functionalization of VAD-FMK at the N-terminus with the FB prosthesis and that the resulting PET imaging probe might possess favorable physical and chemical properties relative to parent peptide and the IZ-labeled form.
(176) Enzyme Selectivity of VAD-FMK Peptide Analogues
(177) From the binding mechanism of VAD-FMK-type peptides, we anticipated that FB-VAD-FMK would exhibit caspase selectivity similar to that of the parent peptide. To explore this, we evaluated the relative affinity of [.sup.19F]FB-VAD-FMK against activated caspases-3/6/7/8 (Fig. S1). Addition of the FB-prosthesis had little impact on caspase selectivity compared to that of the parent peptide, where both peptides inhibited caspases-3/6/7 with single micro molar potency and caspase-8 with slightly greater potency. Caspase-3 was used in subsequent characterization and validation studies as a representative of other relevant caspases.
(178) Lipophilicity of VAD-FMK Peptide Analogues
(179) To validate the predicted physical properties of the labeled VAD-FMK derivatives, lipophilicity studies were undertaken using [.sup.19F]FB-VAD-FMK (Fig. S2A), Z-VAD-FMK, and [.sup.127I]IZ-VAD-FMK (Fig. S2B). We determined that the FB-modified peptide (log P.sub.7.5=1.41) was between 50-100 times less lipophilic than both Z-VAD-FMK (log P.sub.7.5=2.20) and [.sup.127I]IZ-VAD-FMK (log P.sub.7.5=2.38), in support of the predicted Polar contact scores determined by molecular modeling. These findings also agree with a previous report of IZ-VAD-FMK, which suggested this compound to be too lipophilic for in vivo use.
(180) [.sup.19 F]FB-VAD-FMK Potently Inhibits Active Caspase Activity
(181) The biological activity of labeled VAD-FMK derivatives was validated with recombinant caspase-3 enzyme using a commercially available chemiluminescent caspase activity assay. Nonlinear regression analysis of the resultant inhibitory profiles yielded a mean (n3) fifty-percent inhibitory concentration (IC.sub.50) of approximately 22570 nM for [.sup.19F]FB-VAD-FMK (
(182) In Vivo Normal Tissue Uptake of [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK
(183) Radiochemical preparation of [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK (Fig. S3) was performed as described above. The in vivo biodistribution of [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK was evaluated by ex vivo tissue counting at 60 min post-administration and correlative PET imaging up to 75 min post-administration. Upon intravenous administration, [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK was widely distributed throughout a range of normal tissues, with the greatest activity in kidneys and liver after 60 minutes of uptake (
(184) [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK PET Reflects AZD-1152-Dependent Caspase-3 Activity in Tumors
(185) In vivo uptake of [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK in tumor was evaluated in SW620 and DLD-1 human CRC cell line xenografts given the in vitro data which demonstrated, in concert with polyploidy (
(186) In vivo [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK PET was explored as a means to reflect response to AZD-1152 compared to vehicle. Animals were treated for five days and subjected to imaging after treatment on the fifth day. While vehicle treatment did not result in significant accumulation of [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK in either xenograft model, AZD-1152 treatment increased [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK uptake relative to vehicle in SW620 xenografts (0.790.15% ID/g and 0.420.25% ID/g respectively, p=0.030) (
(187) To validate imaging, xenograft tissues were harvested for histology immediately following imaging. In agreement with [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK PET, caspase-3 immunoreactivity appeared modest in both vehicle-treated SW620 and DLD-1 xenografts (
(188) [.sup.18 F]FB-VAD-FMK PET Reflects Response to Combination Therapy
(189) Rational combination therapy for .sup.V600EBRAF melanoma and colon cancer include an inhibitor of mutant BRAF and a PI3K family inhibitor. Leveraging this concept, [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK uptake was evaluated in .sup.V600EBRAF-expressing CRC xenograft-bearing mice (COLO-205 and LIM-2405) treated with vehicle, single-agent PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (BEZ-235), single-agent BRAF inhibitor (PLX-4720), or combination therapy (BEZ-235/PLX-4720). Animals were imaged by PET after treatment on Day 4. Elevated probe uptake in COLO-205 xenografts, relative to vehicle treatment (0.840.16% ID/g), was observed in the dual-agent-treated cohort (1.540.55% ID/g, p=0.007) but not for either the BEZ-235 or PLX-4720 single agent cohorts (0.940.09% ID/g, p=0.14 and 0.870.13% ID/g, p=0.69, respectively) (
(190) Discussion
(191) Irreversible caspase binding ligands are frequently utilized as tool compound inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. Among the known inhibitors, we sought to extend the utility of VAD-FMK-type peptides to PET imaging probe development. Mechanistically, VAD-FMK peptides irreversibly bind active caspase through condensation of the fluoromethyl ketone moiety with a cysteine thiol, Cys163 for caspase-3, within the active site, permanently inactivating the enzyme. As a molecular imaging probe, irreversible binding may confer certain advantages, such as enhanced retention in apoptotic versus healthy cells, due to slow dissociation kinetics. We believe this study is the first to report development and in vivo validation of a novel PET imaging probe derived from the VAD-FMK peptide sequence. In general, the VAD-FMK sequence is known to be quite versatile and has been previously functionalized with fluorophores and a radioisotope for in vitro and certain preclinical applications. The probe developed here possesses all of the inherent advantages of a PET imaging agent, which include sensitivity, depth, and quantification. Furthermore, the FB derivative exhibits certain physical properties, such as improved water solubility which was a previously reported limitation of another reported labeled peptide IZ-VAD-FMK.
(192) Using established radiochemical methods, [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK was produced with activity and purity suitable for use in small animal PET imaging studies. [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK was initially evaluated in vivo in two CRC cell line models (SW620 and DLD-1) in response to prodrug (AZD-1152) treatment. Upon conversion to the active form of AZD-1152-HQPA in plasma, AZD-1152-HQPA inhibits Aurora B kinase activity and induces 4N DNA accumulation, endoreduplication, and polyploidy. As demonstrated here and elsewhere, these events lead to apoptosis-induced cell death and elevated caspase activity in SW620 tumor cells. The present inventors discovered that [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK PET could be used to monitor response in this setting and that imaging accurately reflected elevated levels of apoptosis in prodrug-versus vehicle-treated tumors and was validated by immunohistochemistry analysis. Caspase-3 activity corresponded accordingly with evidence of drug exposure as determined by tumor polyploidic events in tissue. Interestingly, in DLD-1 xenografts, [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK uptake was not differential between drug-treated and vehicle-treated tumors. Tissues collected from these animals agreed with these findings and revealed little evidence of drug activity, as noted by the absence of polyploidy and caspase-3 activity. Thus, in this model, [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK PET quantization reflected a lack of efficacy that appeared to be the result of poor therapeutic delivery.
(193) Next, [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK PET was used to evaluate response to a multi-drug therapeutic regimen, which included an inhibitor of mutant BRAF and a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in .sup.V600EBRAF-expressing CRC models. A non-invasive imaging metric that can be used to elucidate the basis of response to complicated therapeutic multidrug regimens would be very attractive within the setting of drug development clinical trials. [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK PET imaging demonstrated that combination therapy led to elevated apoptosis in one of two models compared to vehicle-treated or single-agent-treated CRC xenograft bearing mice. It was found that changes in tumor growth closely correlated with levels of caspase activity detected by both [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK PET and IHC analysis.
(194) Embodiments of the present invention show that caspase-specific PET imaging probes, such as [.sup.18F]FB-VAD-FMK, are beneficial in the assessment of early clinical response to therapeutics.
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(196) It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the Specification and Example be considered as exemplary only, and not intended to limit the scope and spirit of the invention.
(197) Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as reaction conditions, and so forth used in the Specification and Claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term about. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the Specification and Claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be determined by the present invention.
(198) Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the experimental or example sections are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.