Cellular Reprogramming Utilizing mRNA
20190136200 ยท 2019-05-09
Inventors
Cpc classification
C12N2506/45
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C12N2506/1384
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C12N5/0696
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K35/545
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C12N15/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
Abstract
Methods for accelerated cell lineage conversion and the treatment of patients with the lineage converted cells are provided. The methods include the steps of transfecting a cell with a composition that includes at least one synthetic mRNA encoding a chimeric protein that corresponds to an engineered fusion of a transcription factor and an heterologous peptide sequence derived from the C-terminal TAD of Gal4. The TAD domain enhances the epigenetic remodeling activity of the chimeric protein increasing the speed of lineage conversion. The converted cells may be used for research or administered to a human or animal patient as a therapy. In one preferred embodiment, the reprogramming of a somatic cell to pluripotency is accelerated by using a cocktail of mRNAs expressing a combination of wild-type or engineered reprogramming factors where Oct4 and/or Sox2 and/or Nanog are expressed as Gal4 TAD chimeras.
Claims
1. A method for accelerating cell lineage conversion comprising the steps of transfecting a cell with a composition comprising at least one synthetic mRNA encoding a engineered chimeric transcription factor incorporating a heterologous peptide sequence derived from the C-terminal transactivation domain (TAD) of Gal4, wherein the activity of said chimeric transcription factor is enhanced by the presence of said fused transactivation domain thereby promoting accelerated lineage conversion as compared to other methods of cell lineage conversion.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cell lineage conversion is a dedifferentiation, a transdifferentiation or a directed differentiation.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said cell is a somatic cell.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said cell lineage conversion reprograms said somatic cell into an induced pluripotent stem cell.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein said somatic cell is selected from the group consisting of fibroblasts, renal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, adipose-derived stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, blood-derived endothelial progenitors and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said engineered chimeric transcription factor(s) are based on Oct4 and/or Sox2 and/or Nanog.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said composition comprises synthetic mRNAs encoding wild-type, mutant or engineered forms of at least four factors from the group Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Lin28, Nanog and Myc (either c-Myc or L-Myc).
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cell is a human cell.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cell is a non-human cell.
10. A method of cell therapy comprising: isolating somatic cells from a patient; transfecting said somatic cells with a composition comprising at least one mRNA encoding one or more chimeric transcription factors having a heterologous peptide sequence derived from the C-terminal transactivation domain (TAD) of Gal4, wherein the activity of said chimeric transcription factor is enhanced by the presence of said transactivation domain; and administering said transfected cells into said patient.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein said somatic cells are genetically modified prior to the step of administering said transfected cells into said patient.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein said transfecting of said somatic cells reprograms said somatic cells to pluripotency.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein said pluripotent cells are differentiated in vitro before the step of administering said cells into said patient.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0035]
[0036]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
[0037] The term cell lineage as used herein refers to a cell's position within a hierarchically-organized tree of phenotypic specialization such as unfolds over the course of development in almost all multicellular organisms.
[0038] The terms differentiation, differentiating and differentiated as used herein refer to the developmental process by which cells take on more specialized phenotypes or give rise to more specialized progeny.
[0039] The term lineage potential as used herein refers to the range of possible lineages open to a cell or its clonal progeny. For example, the pluripotent cells in the inner cell mass of the early embryo have the potential to give rise to all somatic lineages, the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) found in the bone marrow of an adult mammal have the potential to give rise to the myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid lineages, and HSC-derived lymphoid progenitors can give rise to the yet more-restricted B and T cell lineages.
[0040] The term dedifferentiation, dedifferentiated and dedifferentiating as used herein refer to processes (typically artificially induced) by which a cell or its progeny become less specialized in phenotype and broader in lineage potential.
[0041] The terms messenger RNA and mRNA as used herein refer to an RNA molecule that is competent to be translated into a specific, encoded polypeptide by the ribosomes and associated machinery present in living cells.
[0042] The term microRNA and miRNA as used herein refers to a class of naturally-occurring small, non-coding RNA transcripts that interact with cognate mRNAs based on sequence complementarity and generally seem to regulate or silence their targets through effects on translation and turnover. These terms are also used for synthetic analogs of these transcripts.
[0043] The term transgene as used herein refers to a nucleic acid or polypeptide corresponding to a gene or gene product that is expressed inside cells in culture or in vivo by means of an artificial vector such as an engineered virus, transposon, plasmid, artificial mRNA, miRNA analog or cell-penetrating peptide.
[0044] The term ectopic expression as used herein refers to the expression of a gene or gene product in cells outside the context in which it is normally expressed (e.g., owing to the delivery of an artificial transgene, or naturally as the consequence of a mutation affecting gene regulation in cancer).
[0045] The terms self-renew and self-renewal as used herein refer to cell divisions in which at least one daughter cell shares the phenotype and lineage potential of the parental cell.
[0046] The term stem cell as used herein refers to a partially or completely undifferentiated cell having both the capacity to self-renew and the ability to give rise to more specialized daughter cells. This includes the cells of the early embryo and certain cells in the adult organism that serve to replenish the body's stock of differentiated cells.
[0047] The term pluripotent stem cell or PSC as used herein refer to a stem cell with the potential to give rise to specialized progeny from the three foundational lineages that emerge at the beginning of development in animals (mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm). Such cells may be isolated from the early embryo (embryonic stem cells or ESCs) or induced artificially from differentiated cells (induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs). The ability of pluripotent stem cells to develop into the three foundational lineages distinguishes them from the more limited oligopotent or multipotent adult stem cells which replenish the stocks of specific lineages in the mature organism (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells).
[0048] The term progenitor as used herein refers to a partially-differentiated cell that has little or no capacity for self-renewal, but which has the potential to give rise to specialized cells of at least one lineage. Such cells arise as intermediates in the process of cellular differentiation.
[0049] The term terminal differentiation as used herein refers to a differentiation process which yields a fully specialized (i.e., terminally differentiated) cell that is incapable of further differentiation in the course of normal development. Terminally differentiated cells can sometimes be induced to dedifferentiate by artificial means, e.g., by cellular reprogramming.
[0050] The term lineage commitment as used herein refers to a decision effected within the cell at the level of the gene regulatory network to take on a specific differentiated phenotype. The maturation of this phenotype may take some time and/or be realized only within the clonal descendants of the committed cell.
[0051] The term chromatin as used herein refers to the complexes of DNA wrapped around histone proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes, the local and long-range structure of such complexes being associated with the regulation of gene expression and consequently cellular phenotype.
[0052] The terms epigenetic, epigenetics and epigenome as used herein refer to the status of a gene, set of genes or an entire genome apart from the aspect of heritable DNA sequence content, particularly with regard to the levels of transcriptional activity and/or the condition of the chromatin at loci of interest. The term epigenetic change is often used to refer specifically to phenomena which influence transcriptional activity by altering the local conformation of the chromatin to make loci more or less susceptible to transcription, often involving covalent chemical changes such as DNA or histone methylation.
[0053] The term transcription factor as used herein refers to a protein that modulates the activity of one or more target genes, typically by binding specific DNA sequences close to the genes and then either directly interacting with the machinery of transcription (e.g., RNA polymerase and/or various accessory proteins) or indirectly affecting the recruitment of this machinery through changes to the local chromatin architecture.
[0054] The term DNA-binding domain as used herein refers to an amino acid sequence within a protein (e.g., a transcription factor) that mediates sequence-specific non-covalent binding of the protein to DNA.
[0055] The term transactivation domain or TAD as used herein refers to an amino acid sequence within a transcription factor that mediates the factor's effects on transcription (e.g., by promoting or inhibiting the recruitment of RNA polymerase and/or associated proteins, or through covalent changes to the DNA or histones that alter the accessibility of the DNA to the transcriptional apparatus).
[0056] The term transdifferentiated, transdifferentiating and transdifferentiation as used herein refers to a process by which a differentiated cell of one specialized type is converted into a cell of different type without going through a stem cell-like intermediate state, such as when a fibroblast is directly converted into a neuron. Such transdifferentiations can be artificially induced (e.g., through expression of lineage-specific transcription factors or miRNAs). While there have been reports in the scientific literature that similar conversions occur spontaneously in vivo, these findings have not been widely accepted.
[0057] The term direct conversion as used herein is synonymous with transdifferentiation.
[0058] The term directed differentiation as used herein refers to the guided differentiation of a stem or progenitor cell to a specific lineage fate (e.g., through the use of specific cytokines or small molecules in culture media or by the expression of lineage-specific transcription factors or miRNAs from transgenes).
[0059] The term somatic cell as used herein refers to a cell contributing to the fully-formed body of a multicellular organism outside of the germ line (also referred to as sex cells) and distinguished from the undifferentiated stem cells making up the early embryo.
[0060] The terms reprogram, reprogrammed, and reprogramming as used herein refer to the process by which a differentiated somatic cell is dedifferentiated into a pluripotent stem cell based on ectopic expression of reprogramming factors from transgene vectors, and more broadly to technologically-induced cell lineage conversion in general.
[0061] The term reprogramming factor as used herein refers to a transgene utilized to promote cellular reprogramming, often (but not necessarily) a transcription factor or microRNA.
[0062] In the context of cell fate manipulation, the term cocktail as used herein refers to a combination of two or more reprogramming factors used in conjunction to promote lineage conversion.
[0063] The term transfect, transfects, transfecting and transfection as used herein refer to the delivery of nucleic acids (usually DNA or RNA) to the cytoplasm or nucleus of cells (e.g., through the use of a cationic lipid vehicle or by means of electroporation).
[0064] The term modified base as used herein refers to a chemically-distinct variation on one of the canonical nucleobases (i.e., adenosine (DNA/RNA), cytosine (DNA/RNA), guanine (DNA/RNA), thymine (DNA) and uridine (RNA)). The chemical modification may take the form of isomerism (as in the case of the uridine variant pseudouridine) or the presence of a decorating chemical group (as in the case of the cytidine variant 5-methylcytidine).
[0065] The term modified nucleotide as used herein refers to a nucleotide triphosphate featuring a modified base, sugar or backbone moiety.
[0066] The term heterologous peptide as used herein refers to an amino acid sequence engineered into a modified version of a naturally-occurring protein, the sequence typically corresponding to a functional domain excerpted from another naturally-occurring protein and usually endowing it with greater potency or novel functionality.
[0067] The term fusion protein as used herein refers to an engineered polypeptide that combines sequence elements excerpted from two or more naturally-occurring proteins.
[0068] The term chimeric transcription factor as used herein refers to an artificial transcription factor engineered by combining components excerpted from two or more naturally-occurring proteins together in a fusion construct.
[0069] The term enhanced activity, in the context of engineered transcription factors, refers to alterations to a native protein sequence that exaggerate the factor's effects on transcriptional activity at target genes (e.g., by increasing the degree to which the factor promotes or inhibits recruitment of transcriptional machinery such as RNA polymerase and/or its accessory proteins, or by increasing the rate of covalent changes to local chromatin where these changes mediate the factor's effects on transcription).
[0070] The term Gal4 as used herein refers to a transcription factor expressed in the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
[0071] Described herein are detailed compositions and methods for changing the lineage of human or animal cells by means of synthetic mRNAs expressing chimeric versions of transcription factors which have been potentiated through the incorporation of a TAD peptide sequence excerpted from the C-terminal region of Gal4. The methods and compositions described herein are faster than currently known methods, avoid the cleanup and screening requirements and residual risks associated with the use of DNA-based gene expression vectors, all of which undergo recombination with cellular genomes (either necessarily by their mode of action or stochastically at low frequency) including retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, transposon, plasmid and episomal vectors. The methods and compositions described herein are also easier to control and do not suffer from the cleanup and screening requirements and residual risks associated with expression vectors based on RNA viruses (e.g., Sendai virus) or self-replicating mRNA molecules. The accelerated lineage conversions facilitated by the methods and compositions described herein can reduce costs and turnaround times, relax burdensome technical constraints such as the need to grow target cells on feeder cells (which is inconvenient and also problematic for clinical applications), and lower the need to employ costly countermeasures to abrogate cellular immune responses to the administration of exogenous RNA. Further, by significantly reducing the number of transfections needed to achieve lineage conversion through faster remodeling of the epigenome, the methods and compositions described herein facilitate application of clinically-relevant mRNA-based methods to cell types such as blood cells which, are otherwise refractory to this general approach owing to the difficulty of achieving efficient, sustained delivery of nucleic acids to the cells in culture.
Cellular Differentiation and Lineage Conversion
[0072] Multicellular organisms (metazoans) are made up of complex communities of cells expressing diverse phenotypes. For example, it is estimated that there are two hundred distinct cell types in the human body. This diversity of cellular phenotypes reflects the adaptive advantages, which proceed from realizing a division of labor in the organismal context. The various cellular phenotypes are manifestations of distinct gene expression profiles, with the expression profile at the level of gene transcription determining the contents of the proteome, which in turn dictates cellular structure and function. For instance, liver cells uniquely express certain specialized enzymes involved in degrading toxic metabolic waste products, while neurons distinctively express specialized cytoskeletal proteins that support the extension of processes required for long-range cell-cell signaling. It is currently understood that since every metazoan cell community arises from a single, founding zygote, the phenotypically diverse cells found in the mature organism emerge clonally from less specialized and ultimately completely unspecialized ancestor cells. The process of phenotypic diversification and specialization is referred to as cellular differentiation. Cellular differentiation proceeds in a hierarchical fashion, with the growing cellular community progressively partitioned into subpopulations with increasingly specialized characteristics and more restricted fate potential. The differentiation status of a cell is often referred to as its lineage in recognition of the nested, branching character of this process. The first stage in the differentiation process is called gastrulation and occurs when the superficially homogenous ball of cells that comprises the early embryo segregates into three distinct germ layers designated the mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm. These three layers represent foundational cell lineages that subsequently give rise to specific sub-lineages (e.g., the bone, connective tissue and circulatory system (mesoderm), the digestive tract (endoderm), and the epidermis and sensory-nervous system (ectoderm)). Following this initial step, cellular differentiation proceeds iteratively over the remainder of development, with increasingly specialized cell types emerging and forming complex, ordered structures including tissues and organs as a result of migration, cell-cell contacts and/or spatially-patterned lineage commitment decisions.
[0073] Terminal cellular differentiation, whereby a cell takes on a fixed phenotype without further scope for specialization, is often associated with growth arrest. The cessation of cell division may be conditional, for example, fibroblasts (i.e., mesodermal cells which make up the bricks and mortar of connective tissue) can be triggered to resume dividing in response to injury. In other situations, the capacity to divide is completely lost, as seems to be generally the case for mature neurons. Some tissues undergo continuous cell turnover over the lifetime of the organism, for example the blood, dermis, and intestinal epithelium. It has been discovered that in many, if not all, such cases these tissues are replenished from a small reservoir of multipotent stem cells which have the capacity both to self-renew and to give rise to a range of different cell types. For example, the diverse terminally-differentiated cell types of the blood (macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, B and T lymphocytes, etc.) are replenished from a pool of self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) resident in the bone marrow via intermediate progenitor cells with more limited proliferative and lineage potential. Stem cell and intermediate progenitor populations have also been identified in other tissues such as the muscle and the lining of the gut. Generally, cellular differentiation in vivo is believed to be a one-way street in that during the expansion of any given clone of cells the members of the clone either maintain a constant phenotype or take on more specialized sub-lineages. It is possible that limited dedifferentiation can occur in situations such as wound healing, but claims that cells spontaneously transdifferentiate to completely different lineages in vivo (e.g., from fibroblast to neuron) or sometimes regress to become stem cells in response to stress have failed to gain wide acceptance.
[0074] Genetically identical cells within a single organismal cell community can stably take on very different gene expression profiles owing to the character of the genomic regulatory networks found in metazoans. The regulatory network can be conceptualized as a directed graph representing the influence of the transcriptional activity of each gene on the other genes (nodes) in the network. The periphery of the network, where most of the genes reside, comprises terminal nodes corresponding to genes encoding effector proteins that determine the broad phenotypic characteristics of the cell, including enzymes and structural proteins. The compact core of the network comprises genes that express regulatory proteins, including transcription factors, which interact in a sequence-specific manner with cis-acting regulatory regions in the DNA. Transcription factors influence the activity of target genes located near their cognate DNA binding sites, typically either by enhancing or blocking the recruitment of transcriptional machinery through the action of peptide transactivation domains (TADs). These factors control the expression of the peripheral effector genes in master-slave relationships, often co-regulating the expression of entire gene batteries (i.e., sets of functionally-related genes that act together under specific conditions or within specific cell types). Transcription factors can also regulate the activity of other transcription factors, either positively or negatively. Many examples of auto-regulating and cross-regulating transcription factors are found in metazoan genomic regulatory networks. These network relationships limit and define the stable patterns of gene expression accessible to the network and the transitions permitted between states. As an example, a common network motif features a pair of master regulator transcription factors that positively autoregulate while negatively cross-regulating each other, these two factors also controlling distinct effector gene batteries associated with alternative cell lineage fates. In this scenario, the two master transcription factors are both inactive early on in development. Subsequently, one or other factor is nudged into activity and locks itself and its associated effector gene battery into a stable ON state, while simultaneously suppressing the activity of the other factor and its downstream effector battery. These events at the genomic regulatory network level underpin a stable differentiation event at the level of cellular phenotype. The trigger pushing this bistable sub-net to commit might involve signal transduction (e.g., readout of a threshold level of one of the graded extracellular morphogen factors which establish spatial coordinate systems in the developing embryo). Alternatively, the sub-net might be evolutionarily tuned to generate divergent lineages probabilistically in the appropriate ratio as a consequence of gene expression noise, or some combination of cue-driven and stochastic commitment could be built into the architecture of the genetic network.
[0075] The understanding that cross-linkages within genomic regulatory networks constrain them to a limited number of attractor states out of an almost limitless number of potential expression profiles suggests the idea that the differentiation status of a cell could be profoundly influenced by artificially-induced changes in the levels of a small number of transcription factors. It has been shown that the ectopic expression of even a single master regulator factor in cultured cells can, in some cases, unleash a cascade of secondary gene expression changes and bring on a lineage switch. For example, a few days' sustained expression of the myogenic transcription factor MyoD from a transgene in fibroblasts is sufficient to convert many of the targeted cells into multinucleate, muscle-like cells bearing little resemblance to the starting fibroblasts. More commonly, the joint expression of multiple transcription factors (sometimes in conjunction with microRNAs) from transgenes has been required to drive direct conversion or transdifferentiation from one terminally-differentiated cell type to another at reasonable levels of efficiency. Examples include the conversion of fibroblasts into neurons using the transcription factor combination Ascl1, Brn2 and Myt1l or to macrophages using PU.1 and C/EBPa. It should be noted that while there is often a wholesale remodeling of cellular phenotype in these experiments, consistent with the attractor idea, it remains uncertain how fully these artificially-induced fate conversions recapitulate the results of normal development.
Reprogramming to Pluripotency
[0076] Cellular differentiation has been analogized to the process of a ball rolling down an inclined landscape starting from a high point that corresponds to an entirely uncommitted state in the early embryo, and progressing through a branching landscape of valleys corresponding to the increasingly specialized lineage choices made during development. This Waddington landscape (named for biologist C. H. Waddington) can also be thought of as an attractor landscape at the level of the transcriptional networks governing cell phenotype. In the type of direct conversion described above, the forcing input of transgene expression allows the network to overcome an energy barrier and traverse from one of the valleys near the bottom of the hill to a neighboring valley. An even more dramatic overriding of the natural course of fate determination would be to push the ball from the bottom of the landscape (the terminally-differentiated state) all the way back up the hill to the embryonic state. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to two scientists, Sir John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka, who proved such a reversal, is in fact feasible. Gurdon's early work on cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer) showed that the cytoplasm of an oocyte contains factors that can reset the nucleus of a differentiated cell back to an embryonic ground state. Half a century later, informed by new understanding of the role played by genomic regulatory networks in the specification of cell fate, Yamanaka searched for a combination of transcription factors whose joint expression would suffice to completely dedifferentiate a terminally-differentiated somatic cell. Yamanaka focused on transcription factors known to be particularly active in the embryonic stem cells (ESCs) which have been derived from the inner cell mass of the early embryo. These cells are known to be pluripotent, which is to say they can give rise to all three of the founding lineages which emerge at gastrulation and thus ultimately to all the tissues of the adult organism. Yamanaka used retroviral vectors to co-express diverse combinations of his candidate factors in mouse fibroblasts and screened the cultures for colonies bearing molecular markers of pluripotency. Using this approach, he was able to identify a combination or cocktail of four transcription factors whose co-expression is sufficient to reliably convert a small percentage of the targeted fibroblasts into ESC-like cells. The Yamanaka factors, as they became known, are Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, and the cocktail is frequently referred to by the acronym OSKM. The cells produced using Yamanaka's approach are designated induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. The term cellular reprogramming is commonly used to refer specifically to the derivation of iPSCs, although reprogramming is also sometimes used more broadly to describe artificially-induced lineage conversion in general.
[0077] Yamanaka's breakthrough inaugurated a burgeoning new field of biomedical research based on the derivation and application of iPSCs. These cells circumvent the ethical concerns that have limited the application of ESC and, unlike ESCs, they can readily be derived from parental cells of any genetic background desired, e.g., cells taken from patients with genetically-linked diseases. The iPSCs can theoretically be used to produce cells of any somatic lineage, and protocols based on specific culture conditions and cytokines exist for producing many cell types of interest, for example cardiomyocytes, T cells, and various neuronal sub-types. Ultimately, experts predict it may well be possible to use patient-specific iPSCs to make immunologically-compatible cells, tissues and organs for diverse applications in regenerative medicine.
[0078] A major stumbling block to the therapeutic application of iPSCs derived using Yamanaka's original retroviral transgene delivery system is that it leaves copies of powerful, potentially immortalizing transgenes scattered through the genomes of the reprogrammed cells. The development of safer approaches based on non-integrating or footprint-free expression vectors quickly became a priority for stem cell researchers. Of the numerous different technical approaches which have been described, the three which have found the most adherents are based on, respectively: (a) episomal DNA, (b), Sendai virus, and (c) mRNA transfection. Episomal vectors are circular DNA constructs similar to plasmids in that they are carried in the nucleus of target cells. They are distinguished from regular plasmids by the presence of a eukaryotic origin of replication which prevents the rapid dilution of the vector in dividing cell populations and gives a much greater perdurance of transgene expression. The Sendai virus has a completely cytoplasmic, RNA-based life cycle, in contrast to retrovirus and lentivirus which survive by inserting a copy of their genome into the host cell's nuclear genome. Messenger RNA is rapidly degraded in the cytoplasm after delivery to cells and is usually re-administered on a daily basis during the reprogramming process. Comparing the popular footprint-free systems, the episomal DNA and Sendai-based approaches offer the simplicity of one-shot transgene delivery, but entail the inconvenience of downstream cleanup and/or screening steps along with some residual risk that vector elements could persist in the wake of reprogramming. The mRNA system sidesteps these safety concerns and is thus the most clinically relevant of the three methods.
[0079] The drawbacks and limitations of the mRNA reprogramming system currently relate to the need for repeated delivery of the vector to the target cells. By using doxycycline-controlled expression of integrated lentiviral Yamanaka factors, researchers have shown that the OSKM combination needs to be expressed for weeks in human fibroblasts to fully activate the endogenous pluripotency circuit and lock in commitment to the pluripotent state. Early mRNA reprogramming protocols called for 14-18 transfections at 24-hour intervals in order to robustly generate iPSC colonies with useful efficiency. Thus, a substantial commitment of hands-on time is required (with no relief for weekends and holidays) and this has been a factor slowing the uptake of mRNA reprogramming compared to the episomal and Sendai techniques. A second important limitation of the mRNA system is that the need for repeated dosing makes the application of the method challenging in some cell types of interest. The first cells to be reprogrammed to pluripotency were fibroblasts, and this is still the most popular starting cell type for iPSC derivation. Fibroblasts are relatively easy to culture from skin biopsies and are among the most tractable and long-lived primary cells available for in vitro work. This has led to their popularity as a model system and the existence of many large patient-specific fibroblast banks. Fortunately, it is easy to achieve efficient mRNA transfection into fibroblasts and it has been found that their transfectability actually improves after expression of the Yamanaka factors pushes them to undergo mesenchymal-epithelial transition. A few other somatic cell types have been identified that might be preferred over fibroblasts as starting material for iPSC derivation in some settings, (e.g., because they can be obtained using less invasive techniques). These alternative cell types include: adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), which can be isolated from liposuction aspirates; keratinocytes, which can be cultured from the roots of plucked hairs; urine-derived renal epithelial cells, which are easily isolated and cultured from urine samples; blood-derived cells including true blood lineages (e.g., peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphocytes) and endothelial progenitors, which can be obtained from a regular blood draw or, in some cases, a finger prick. All of the aforementioned cell types can be reprogrammed using viral or episomal techniques, but so far the ease of mRNA reprogramming in fibroblasts has only been recapitulated in the urine-derived epithelial cells. In the case of blood cells, at least, it is clear that the difficulty of achieving sustained transgene expression from mRNA in these cells represents a major hurdle to implementing effective mRNA reprogramming protocols.
[0080] One strategy for simultaneously addressing the inconvenience of current mRNA protocols and opening up additional cell types to mRNA reprogramming involves potentiating the cocktail of reprogramming factors so that pluripotency can be induced with an abbreviated regimen of transfections. The scientific literature contains numerous reports of alternative reprogramming factors or factor combinations which, at least in certain contexts, lead to faster and more productive reprogramming. Two alternative reprogramming factors identified by James Thomson, Nanog and Lin28, both enhance reprogramming kinetics and productivity when used in conjunction with the four Yamanaka factors in the context of mRNA reprogramming. Engineered reprogramming factors have also been described that can accelerate the activation of the endogenous pluripotency circuit. In this approach, the activity of an established reprogramming factor is enhanced by expressing it as a fusion protein featuring one or more additional TADs. In some cases, TADs for the construction of such chimeric reprogramming factors have been isolated from proteins which are known to produce unusually strong transactivating effects, without any connection to the regulation of pluripotency. For example, TADs derived from MyoD transcription factor and from the viral transactivator VP16 have both been used to enhance the activity of Oct4 in reprogramming. In the setting of mRNA reprogramming, an enhanced, 6-factor derivative of Yamanaka's original OSKM cocktail featuring an Oct4-MyoD TAD fusion (M.sub.3O) along with Nanog and Lin28 cuts the number of transfections needed for reprogramming by roughly 50% relative to the originally-presented OSKM and OSKM+Lin28 mRNA protocols. Using this potentiated cocktail, high iPSC productivity can generally be achieved with nine days of transfection, and a few colonies can often be obtained from as little as five or six transfections. This reduced time has made it possible to establish robust second-generation mRNA reprogramming protocols that avoid the need for a feeder cell layer, an important desideratum for clinical application.
[0081] Hundreds of different transcription factors have been identified in the genomes of animals, microorganisms and even viruses. In principle, transactivating domains isolated from any of these factors might enhance the speed and/or efficiency of cell lineage conversion when fused to known reprogramming factors. It is an empirical question which chimeric factors can offer a benefit within a given setting defined by cell type, reprogramming factor combination and stoichiometry, time course of ectopic gene expression, delivery vector employed, etc. The Gal4 transcription factor from yeast has been used for decades as a model system to develop our understanding of how genetic transcription is regulated, and the structure and function of this protein's component domains has been dissected and analyzed extensively in the scientific literature. Because Gal4 naturally occurs in a single-celled organism, its native role is far removed from the control of cellular differentiation, let alone the induction of pluripotency. Consequently, its use in a fusion construct is unique and the results obtained unexpected. The methods and compositions described herein pertain to the application of chimeric reprogramming factors featuring the C-terminal transactivating domain excerpted from the Gal4 in the context of mRNA-based lineage conversion.
Production of Synthetic mRNA
[0082] Methods for mass-producing long, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules are well known to those of skill in the art. While RNA oligomers up to a few dozen nucleotides in length can be made using chemistries similar to those employed to manufacture PCR primers, longer RNA molecules can currently only be mass-produced using enzymatic techniques. Single-stranded RNA molecules in the size range of hundreds to thousands of nucleotides with specific sequence composition can be generated in bulk in enzymatic reactions employing recombinant versions of phage RNA polymerase enzymes, including the T3, T7 and SP6 RNA polymerases. This general approach is referred to as in vitro transcription (IVT) and has been practiced by molecular biologists for decades. Various commercial kits are available that streamline and optimize the procedure, for example the MEGAscript kit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, Mass.) and HiScribe kit (NEB, Ipswich, Mass.). In IVT reactions an RNA polymerase and a DNA template are added to a buffer containing ribonucleotide triphosphates. The DNA template contains the complementary sequence required to template transcription of the desired RNA positioned downstream of a short promoter region whose sequence is specific to the phage polymerase of choice. Only the promoter needs to be double-stranded, although in practice the template is usually a fully double-stranded PCR product or a cut plasmid. The RNA polymerase enzyme is highly processive and upon binding the promoter normally transcribes the template sequence into a single RNA transcript until it reaches the end of the DNA template, whereupon it is released to carry out further rounds of transcription. Transcription continues until the NTPs are depleted. Typically, IVT reactions are run for several hours and yield tens or hundreds of RNA molecules for every molecule of DNA template. The DNA template can be degraded away by addition of a recombinant DNase enzyme if desired. In most applications, it is necessary to purify the RNA product from the IVT buffer components, e.g., using traditional precipitation-based methods or the convenient spin columns available for this purpose such as those in the popular MEGAclear kit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, Mass.).
[0083] Exogenous RNA engages innate immune antiviral defense pathways on delivery to mammalian cells in culture, and this can lead to deleterious consequences including suppressed translation of synthetic mRNA transcripts, release of stress-associated cytokines, cell apoptosis and senescence. These effects are dose dependent and tend to become more pronounced on repeat administration owing to sensitization of the cells mediated by the activation of Type I interferon signaling. Incorporation of certain modified nucleobases in synthetic mRNA transcripts (e.g., pseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 5-methylcytidine and 5-methoxycytidine, can reduce the immunogenicity of the material). Several suitable modified nucleotides are available commercially and these can be incorporated into synthetic transcripts through partial or total substitution of the corresponding canonical form of the nucleotide in the IVT reaction buffer. In addition, sophisticated RNA purification methods such as the use of HPLC or size-exclusion columns can be applied to lower the residuum of immunogenic IVT side-products such as the short transcripts that are produced by abortive transcription events in these reactions.
[0084] Naturally-occurring mRNA molecules are long ssRNAs incorporating an Open Reading Frame (ORF) which encodes a polypeptide, this protein coding sequence being delimited by start and stop codons. Importantly, additional features must be present in order for the mRNA molecule to be efficiently translated in a cell. In eukaryotes, ribosomes are normally recruited to the 5 end of the RNA by a cap, which is added to nascent RNA transcripts enzymatically in the nucleus. This structure comprises a guanosine nucleotide covalently bonded to the 5 end of the transcript by a distinctive triphosphate bridge. Accessory proteins bind the cap and facilitate recruitment of the ribosome, which subsequently starts scanning down the RNA and initiates translation on reaching the first start codon (i.e., a 5-AUG-3 triplet). In order to be efficiently translated, mRNA must also incorporate a polyA tail at its 3 end. The tail is a homopolymeric riboadenosine tract of tens to hundreds of bases length. As with the 5 cap, the 3 tail is added enzymatically to nascent message transcripts within the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. PolyA binding proteins (PABPs) bind the tail in the cytoplasm and these promote ribosome recruitment and recycling via looping interactions with protein complexes bound to the 5 cap. It is known that translation of mRNA transcripts is much diminished in the absence of either the cap or the tail structures, and drastically curtailed when both features are absent. Enzymatic removal of the cap and tail is part of the normal cellular mRNA turnover pathway, effectively inactivating transcripts before they are fully degraded. The translational activity and functional lifetime of mRNA transcripts is also influenced by the content of untranslated regions (UTRs) flanking the protein coding region. The sequence content of the 5 and 3 UTRs and their functional impacts are highly diverse. It is known that the immediate sequence context of the start codon has an impact on the rate of translation, and preferred Kozak sequences that extend into the start-codon proximal bases of the 5 UTR have been identified which promote efficient translational initiation. Otherwise, most of the sequence motifs that have been catalogued pertaining to the UTRs relate to conditional down-regulation (e.g., by presenting target sites for the binding of microRNAs expressed in specific developmental contexts).
[0085] In order to act effectively as mRNA on delivery to the cytoplasm of cells in vivo or in vitro, artificial ssRNAs made using IVT reactions should incorporate the key features of natural mRNA, including the 5 cap and polyA tail structures. Methods for making synthetic mRNA with these features are known to those skilled in the art. The cap can be added enzymatically to transcripts after the IVT reaction is complete using a recombinant version of an RNA capping enzyme isolated from the Vaccinia virus. Kits for enzymatic capping are currently available from CELLSCRIPT (Madison, Wis.) and NEB (Ipswich, Mass.). The cap structure added by the viral enzyme closely resembles the native cap structure found in eukaryotic mRNA. An alternative approach is co-transcriptional capping, based on the inclusion of a synthetic cap analog in the IVT reaction buffer. This technique relies on the fact that the 5 nucleotide in IVT transcripts is templated from the 3 end of the phage polymerase promoter and is therefore fixed. In the case of T7 RNA polymerase, this base is always a G, and a 5 cap can be incorporated into a high percentage of transcripts by substituting a synthetic di-guanosine dinucleotide for a fraction of the rGTP in the reaction buffer. For example, when 80% of the rGTP normally included in an IVT reaction is replaced by such a cap analog, 80% of RNA transcripts can be expected to incorporate the cap structure at the 5 end. Several cap analogs are commercially available, their chemical structures matching the natural cap with varying degrees of fidelity. Some of the low-cost analogs have the drawback that they are only incorporated into transcripts with the preferred stereochemistry 50% of the time, lowering the activity of the resulting mRNA inside the cell. Currently, Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) is the cap analog of choice as it closely mimics the natural eukaryotic cap and is always incorporated with the appropriate stereochemistry. Novel cap analogs have been described with special features such as resistance to the decapping enzymes involved in mRNA turnover and might offer future performance benefits. Although convenient, co-transcriptional capping tends to be relatively expensive because IVT reaction yields fall sharply as the rGTP concentration is sacrificed to attain higher capped-product fractions. By contrast, enzymatic capping can in the best case achieve near-100% capping efficiency without entailing any compromise of IVT yields. As it is technically difficult to routinely assay the capped fraction achieved in practice, potential batch-to-batch variation in mRNA activity is of concern when using the enzymatic method. Given this balance of pros and cons, both the enzymatic and co-transcriptional capping strategies find adherents among those skilled in the art of making synthetic mRNA.
[0086] As with capping, the incorporation of the polyA tail can also be achieved either through an enzymatic post-IVT step or co-transcriptionally in the IVT reaction itself. Again, the two approaches have balanced advantages and disadvantages and both strategies are in widespread use. Commercially available tailing enzyme reagents can be used to add polyA tails of up to several hundred bases to IVT reaction products. Alternatively, co-transcriptional addition of the polyA tail can be driven through the use of an IVT template incorporating an oligo(dT) tract downstream of the 3 UTR template. This approach simplifies the workflow and is more conducive to achieving a consistent product than enzymatic capping. It can be challenging to maintain plasmid constructs with homopolymeric runs as these features promote plasmid recombination and instability in bacterial culture. This is a hurdle to the application of co-transcriptional tailing when it is desired to use linearized plasmid directly as an IVT template. Some practitioners have addressed this issue through the use of low-recombination bacterial strains. Alternatively, the oligo(dT) stretch can be incorporated into PCR products generated by amplification of untailed plasmid sequences using heeled reverse primers. The PCR approach has the benefit that large quantities of IVT template can be made up from small, miniprep-scale plasmid stocks. There is a practical limit on the length of the oligo(dT) tract that can be introduced via the heeled primer approach owing to the size limits on primer synthesis. Experiments have shown that a polyA tail of around 30 nucleotides is the minimum size required to give strong translation. Increasing the length of the tail to 60-120 nucleotides gives markedly higher translational activity, but the improvements seem to taper off after that. Currently, the heeled primer technique can readily be applied to produce synthetic mRNA with polyA tails of 120 nucleotides length.
[0087] Whatever the preferred capping and tailing strategies employed, the foundation for a synthetic mRNA production pipeline is generally a DNA template construct featuring an RNA polymerase promoter, a 5 UTR, a protein coding sequence and a 3 UTR. While the UTR sequences used in such constructs could in principle be taken from the natural mRNAs encoding the protein to be expressed, a more typical practice is to employ an optimized and tested generic UTR framework for all such constructs. For example, some workers use a 5 UTR incorporating an AT-rich, low-secondary structure leader adapted from the tobacco etch virus genome upstream of a strong Kozak consensus sequence along with a 3 UTR sequence excerpted from one of the long-lived globin transcripts. The assembly of such constructs is a straightforward application of well-established molecular biology techniques for one skilled in the art. For example, standard oligo synthesis, PCR and cloning techniques can be used to create a plasmid vector containing the generic parts of the template, and the precisely delimited coding sequences for the proteins of interest can be PCR-amplified from a cDNA prep or an extant plasmid and cloned into this vector to produce complete, gene-specific mRNA synthesis templates. In recent years the generation of such constructs has been considerably simplified by the emergence of novel cloning approaches such as Gibson Assembly and various forms of Ligation-Independent Cloning. These techniques support efficient, seamless assembly of multiple DNA fragments without the need for the extraneous restriction sites required by traditional cloning methods. In addition, the rise of low-cost commercial gene synthesis services now makes it economically feasible to have large fragments or entire multi-kilobase DNA constructs made to order. The de novo gene synthesis approach facilitates implementation of constructs featuring codon optimized ORFs (to enhance translation kinetics and/or mRNA half-life) and engineered ORFs encoding, for example chimeric, fusion proteins with improved or novel functionality.
[0088]
Delivery of mRNA into Cultured Cells
[0089] The delivery of synthetic mRNA into cultured cells can be achieved using the same basic methods applied to deliver other nucleic acids such as plasmids and siRNAs. There are two common approaches: (a) chemical transfection, and (b) electroporation. In the chemical transfection approach the RNA is complexed with a cationic (i.e., positively-charged) vehicle and then added to cell culture media. The positive charges drive ionic bonding of the vehicle to the negatively-charged nucleic acid, forming molecular complexes or nanoparticles on the order of tens of nanometers in diameter. The presence of cationic chemical groups on the vehicle and the overall charge neutralization resulting from complexation facilitates the accretion of the RNA-containing nanoparticles to the negatively-charged plasma membrane of cells. The vehicle typically features a lipid or polymer backbone whose lipophilic character also contributes to the attachment of complexes to the cell membrane. The plasma membrane of mammalian cells turns over gradually as patches of membrane sporadically invaginate, encapsulating membrane-bound material, and bud off as vesicles called endosomes inside the cell. This natural process of endocytosis brings surface-bound RNA/vehicle complexes into the cell. The fate of internalized vesicles varies depending on the specific endocytic pathway involved, but the spontaneous release of intact endosomal contents into the cytoplasm is generally disfavored. The manufacturers of transfection reagents have developed chemical strategies to promote endosomal escape (e.g., by exploiting the low pH characteristic of endosomal compartments). Nonetheless, while it can be expected that a significant fraction of complexed mRNA delivered to culture media binds to cells and is eventually internalized, typically only a small fraction of that material will be released productively to the cytoplasm. In spite of this bottleneck there are a number of cationic transfection reagents on the market which can deliver physiologically useful titers of synthetic mRNA into cell types of interest, including RNAiMAX, MessengerMAX, and Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies, San Diego, Calif.), Stemfect (Stemgent, Lexington, Mass.), Trans-IT mRNA (Mirus Bio, Madison, Wis.) and mRNA-In (GlobalStem, Gaithersburg, Md.). The cytotoxicity of these reagents is generally quite low and in some cases the same reagent can be used to transfect short single-stranded or double-stranded RNA (e.g., siRNA or miRNA). The transfection process itself is generally very simple: synthetic mRNA is mixed with vehicle at an empirically-determined optimum ratio in a buffer solution, incubated for a few minutes and then either pipetted onto cell cultures or diluted into bulk culture media immediately before performing media changes. The efficiency of transfection is sensitive to culture media formulation and tends to vary with cell density (often becoming poor at high confluence), all of which can present challenges to protocol optimization. However, the major limitation with these reagents is the low penetrance of transfection achievable in some important cell types of interest, notably the blood lineages. This is especially problematic when using mRNA as an expression vector as each transfection gives only a transient burst of protein expression owing to mRNA turnover and cell division. Transcription factors are generally short-lived proteins and daily mRNA delivery is typically needed to sustain their robust expression in lineage conversion applications. When well under 50% of cells take up significant amounts of RNA, as is typical going into blood cells with cationic reagents, the percentage of cells that experience prolonged, uninterrupted factor expression on repeat transfection is inevitably very small. The other main approach to mRNA transfection mentioned above, electroporation, offers a way around this difficulty. In this technique target cells are resuspended in a buffer containing mRNA and subjected to a pulsed electric field. The pulses create short-lived rips or holes in the plasma membrane, permitting RNA to enter the cytoplasm by passive diffusion before the membrane heals. This technique is most readily applied to suspension cells since adherent cells (e.g., fibroblasts) typically have to be detached and brought into suspension before the electroporation procedure is performed. Electroporation can deliver mRNA efficiently to blood cells given appropriate optimization of experimental parameters such as the electric pulse waveform and the buffer concentration of mRNA. Unfortunately, electroporation is a relatively harsh procedure, and a prolonged regimen of daily electroporation is unlikely to be well tolerated by target cells.
[0090] The twin hurdles presented by low-penetrance delivery using cationic reagents and the high cytotoxicity associated with electroporation put a premium on abbreviating the mRNA dosing schedule required to effect lineage conversion in blood cells. This need is addressed by the compositions and methods described herein.
[0091] The mRNA cocktail used to induce pluripotency should include transcripts encoding at least four reprogramming factors from the group Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Lin28, Nanog and Myc (either c-Myc or L-Myc), and transcripts representing at least one factor from the group Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog should be present in the form of a Gal4 TAD chimera. Aside from the Gal4 TAD, other engineered enhancements over the wild-type version of the reprogramming factors may also be represented within the cocktail, e.g., Sy can be substituted for Sox2, and where applicable these attributes can be combined with Gal4 chimerism in the same factor. The individual transcripts encoding the selected factors should be present at from 5% to 50% by mass of the mRNA cocktail. The preferred combination and stoichiometry of factors will vary according to the target cell type, and can be optimized straightforwardly by scoring a matrix of alternative cocktail recipes in reprogramming trials based on the yield of TRA-1-60.sup.+ colonies at the end of the run. In general, a good starting point is to include all the selected factors in equimolar ratio (based on the computed molecular weight of each transcript species). The most important reprogramming factor, Oct4, and any engineered factors present in the mix should be prioritized as variables in stoichiometry optimization. The mRNA cocktail should be delivered to cells at 24-hours intervals for from 3 to 5 days. When using cationic transfection reagents to deliver the mRNA, a suitable daily dose range to evaluate for fibroblasts is from 100 to 1000 ng per well in 6-well format. Dosing can easily be optimized for specific conditions (such as the cell type and transfection reagent) based on a dose-ramp reprogramming trials.
Delivery of Reprogrammed Cells into the Patient
[0092] Reprogrammed cells may be introduced into a patient by injection or by surgical methods known to those skilled in the art. Transfected cells that have been reprogrammed may be introduced into the patient at or near the location desired. This may be a site where cells naturally exist of a type that match the newly reprogrammed cell type or they may be injected at a location containing cells of a different cell type. The reprogrammed cells may be re-introduced into the patient from whom they were extracted or into different patient. Further, the patient may be human or non-human and the reprogrammed cells may also be introduced into a different species.
EXAMPLES
[0093] Described herein is one exemplary method of reprogramming human fibroblasts based on delivery of a 6-factor synthetic mRNA cocktail that includes a transcript encoding an Oct4-Gal4 TAD fusion protein. Remarkably, this method robustly and efficiently makes iPSCs from low-passage human fibroblasts in a feeder-free setting with as few as four or five transfections, less than a third of the number required by the first working mRNA reprogramming protocol described by Warren et al. (Cell Stem Cell 7(5):618-630, 2010).
Example 1
Ultra-Rapid mRNA Reprogramming of Fibroblasts using an Oct4-Gal4 TAD Fusion Construct
A. IVT Templates
[0094] The IVT templates for making individual components of the mRNA cocktail are produced by PCR amplification of miniprepped plasmid constructs. The individual constructs can be produced by cloning DNA fragments representing the coding sequence for each protein of interest into a generic plasmid host vector featuring a T7 promoter, low-secondary structure 5 UTR with a strong Kozak sequence, a 3 UTR excerpted from the murine alpha-globin transcript, and a T7 terminator. The coding sequence inserts can be de novo synthesized DNA fragments made using, for example, the gBlocks service offered by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) (Coralville, Iowa). The vector plasmid can also be made-to-order, e.g., using IDT's MiniGene synthesis service. These fragments can be seamlessly cloned into the vector at the junction of the 5 and 3 UTR sequences using, for example, the HiFi DNA Assembly Cloning Kit (NEB, Ipswich, Mass.). To generate large quantities of linear IVT template DNA featuring oligo(dT) runs to template co-transcriptional addition of a 120-nucleotide polyA tail, a construct clone should be PCR amplified using a high-fidelity DNA polymerase (e.g., using HiFi Hotstart Master Mix (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, Mass.)) with a forward primer that binds upstream of the T7 promoter and a PAGE-purified, T.sub.120-heeled reverse primer with a binding site that precisely abuts the end of the 3 UTR. PCR products should be column-purified before being taken forward to IVT reactions.
[0095] Six templates are required for the protocol described below, containing the coding sequences for the Oct4-Gal4 TAD fusion protein, the Sox2-YAP TAD fusion protein (Sy) described in the references, wild-type Klf4, the T58A mutant form of c-Myc (often used in reprogramming because of its heightened potency relative to wild-type c-Myc), Lin28 and Nanog.
B. IVT Reactions
[0096] IVT reactions are performed at the 40 l scale using the MEGAscript kit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, Mass.). Approximately 0.5-1 g of DNA template should be used per reaction at this reaction scale. The standard riboNTPs included in the MEGAscript kit should be replaced by a blend of ARCA cap analog and rATP, 5-methoxy-CTP, rGTP, and rUTP. ARCA cap analog and 5-methoxy-CTP are available from Trilink Biotechnologies (San Diego, Calif.). A 4:1 ratio of ARCA to rGTP is used to ensure the production of a high percentage of capped RNA (nominally, 80% at this ARCA:rGTP ratio). Assembled reactions should be incubated for 4 hours at 37 C. and subjected to a 15-minute TURBO DNase treatment to digest the template as per the Ambion manual. The reaction is purified using MEGAclear columns (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, Mass.), and treated with Antarctic Phosphatase (NEB, Ipswich, Mass.) to remove immunogenic 5 triphosphate moieties from the uncapped RNA fraction. The RNA should be re-purified on spin columns and quantitated (e.g., using a UV spectrophotometer). The individual factors should be diluted with pH 7.0 TE (Tris-EDTA) buffer to make 100 ng/l working stocks.
C. Cocktail Assembly
[0097] The 100 ng/l working stocks of the individual mRNAs should be combined in approximately equimolar ratio to make up a 100 ng/l working stock of reprogramming cocktail, as follows:
TABLE-US-00001 Oct4-Gal4 TAD Fusion 18% Sy 21% Klf4 19% c-Myc T58A 18% Lin28 10% Nanog 14%
D. Transfection of mRNA
[0098] The desired amount of RNA should be diluted along with mRNA-In transfection reagent (GlobalStem, Rockville, Md.) at a ratio of 5 L of reagent per microgram of mRNA in calcium-and magnesium-free DPBS at a final mRNA concentration of 10 ng/l. The transfection cocktails should be incubated for 10 minutes and then added to reprogramming media at a final RNA concentration of 200 ng/ml. Whenever RNA is delivered in reprogramming media, the media should also be supplemented with B18R interferon inhibitor (eBioscience, San Diego, Calif.) at a final concentration of 100 ng/ml. The media should be used promptly after supplementation with mRNA to perform a media change on the cells under reprogramming.
E. Reprogramming Media
[0099] The reprogramming media is E6 (Thermo, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with Lipid Mixture and Poloxamer 188 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), human platelet lysate (Biological Industries, Cromwell, Conn.), and 20 ng/ml bFGF (basic Fibroblast Growth Factor).
F. Plating of Fibroblasts
[0100] Set multiple reprogramming wells with human fibroblasts at different densities as line-to-line variation in growth characteristics will lead to significant variation in the optimal starting cell density for reprogramming. When working with vigorous, low-passage fibroblasts in a 6-well format it generally works well to set cultures with 30K, 60K and 90K cells. It can be helpful to increase these numbers if working with slow-growing fibroblasts, or decrease them if working with highly robust, proliferative cells. Pre-coat culture wells with recombinant Laminin 521 (BioLamina, Sundbyberg, Sweden) per the manufacturer's instructions. Plate fibroblasts in FibroGRO Xeno-Free Fibroblast Expansion Media (EMD Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) the day before the first transfection. Cells should be cultured at 5% O.sub.2 tension as this strongly enhances the efficacy of mRNA reprogramming. Media should be pre-equilibrated in the CO.sub.2/O.sub.2-regulated incubator for 1-4 hours before being applied to cells.
G. Reprogramming Regimen
[0101] Deliver mRNA cocktails to cells by media change as described above, starting on the day after plating and repeating four more times at 24-hour intervals. Note that the first transfection media change defines the start of day 0 in the protocol timeline. For the best results, tailor the dosage of mRNA-supplemented media to the density of the reprogramming culture, e.g., use 1 ml media when cells are sparse, 1.5 ml when cells reach medium density, and 2 ml or more at near or full confluence.
H. Emergence of Colonies
[0102] From day 5 on, replace media daily using regular Nutristem XF pluripotent stem cell expansion media (Biological Industries, Cromwell, Conn.). Immature pre-colonies will normally be apparent by the end of the reprogramming phase and mature-looking colonies with classic iPSC morphology should be observed starting around day 6 or day 7. Colonies can be picked or alternatively bulk-passaged en masse using EDTA to establish passage 1 (P1) iPSC cultures for expansion and stabilization. Oct4/TRA-1-60 costaining of fixed and permeabilized reprogramming cultures or expansion cultures can be used to confirm the presence of characteristic human pluripotent stem cell markers.
[0103] While all of the fundamental characteristics and features of the invention have been shown and described herein, with reference to particular embodiments thereof, a latitude of modification, various changes and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosure and it will be apparent that in some instances, some features of the invention may be employed without a corresponding use of other features without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth. It should also be understood that various substitutions, modifications, and variations may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Consequently, all such modifications and variations and substitutions are included within the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.