ON-BIPOLAR CELL-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS FOR OCULAR GENE DELIVERY

Abstract

The present invention relates to synthetic retinal ON-bipolar cell-specific promoter sequences and their use in therapeutic transgene delivery to the eye for the improvement and/or restoration of vision. The invention features metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) promoters for an increased and more specific expression in ON-bipolar cells, in particular in cone ON-bipolar cells of the human macula.

Claims

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule of 850 base pairs (bp) to 1500 bp length, comprising a. an enhancer sequence element selected from SEQ ID NO 1 to 3, and b. a promoter sequence element of SEQ ID NO 7.

2. An isolated nucleic acid molecule of 850 base pairs (bp) to 1500 bp length, comprising a. an enhancer sequence element being at least (≥)70%, particularly ≥75%, ≥80%, more particularly ≥85%, more particularly ≥90%, more particularly ≥95%, even more particularly ≥98%, most particularly 100% identical to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 1 to 3; and b. a promoter sequence element being ≥70%, particularly ≥75%, more particularly ≥80%, more particularly ≥85%, more particularly ≥90%, more particularly ≥95%, even more particularly ≥98%, most particularly 100% identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO 7;  and said isolated nucleic acid molecule has ≥40%, particularly ≥50%, more particularly ≥60%, even more particularly ≥70%, more particularly ≥80%, even more particularly ≥90%, most particularly 100% of the cone ON bipolar cell-specificity from a sequence of SEQ ID NO 13 and a cone ON bipolar cell preference of ≥20%, particularly ≥25%, more particularly ≥30%, even more particularly ≥35%, more particularly ≥40%, most particularly ≥50%.

3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the isolated molecule consists of one and only one of said enhancer sequence elements, one and only one of said promoter sequence elements and optionally, a spacer separating the enhancer sequence element from the promoter sequence element.

4. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to any one of the preceding claims comprising or consisting of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 11, SEQ ID NO 13, and SEQ ID NO 15, or comprising or consisting of a sequence characterized by ≥98% identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 11, SEQ ID NO 13, and SEQ ID NO 15.

5. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to any one of the preceding claims comprising or consisting of the sequence SEQ ID NO 11 or SEQ ID NO 13, or comprising or consisting of a sequence characterized by ≥98% identity to SEQ ID NO 11 or SEQ ID NO 13, particularly comprising or consisting of the sequence SEQ ID NO 13, or comprising or consisting of a sequence characterized by ≥98% identity to SEQ ID NO 13.

6. A nucleic acid expression vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of the previous claims.

7. The nucleic acid expression vector according to claim 6, wherein the nucleic acid expression vector is an adeno-associated virus vector or a recombinant adeno-associated vector (rAAV), particularly wherein the nucleic acid expression vector is a recombinant AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, or AAV12 vector, more particularly wherein the nucleic acid expression vector is a recombinant AAV2 vector.

8. The nucleic acid expression vector according to any one of claims 6 to 7, additionally comprising a. a sequence encoding a capsid protein, and b. a transgene.

9. The nucleic acid expression vector according to claim 8, wherein the transgene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO 16.

10. An adeno-associated virion particle comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or the nucleic acid expression vector according to any one of claims 6 to 9.

11. An agent selected from the isolated nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or the nucleic acid expression vector according to any one of claims 6 to 9, and the adeno-associated virion particle according to claim 10 for use as a medicament.

12. An agent selected from the isolated nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the nucleic acid expression vector according to any one of claims 6 to 9, and the adeno-associated virion particle according to claim 10 for use in treatment of congenital stationary night blindness (CSBN1) or rod-cone and cone-rod dystrophies, particularly of retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration.

13. An agent selected from the isolated nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the nucleic acid expression vector according to any one of claims 6 to 9, and the adeno-associated virion particle according to claim 10, wherein the agent is administered by a. intravitreal administration, particularly by intravitreal injection, or by b. subretinal injection.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0110] FIG. 1 Genome browser view of the human GRM6 sequences chosen for promoter design. (A) Distal enhancer region of human GRM6 (positioned at approx. −14 kb rel. to translation start site (TLSS)), indicating the three selected enhancer elements including the 310 bp conserved region between murine Grm6 and human GRM6 (horizontally striped) as well as the 188 bp syntenic region to Kim's murine 200En(Grm6) (horizontally striped and shaded section). (B) Promoter sequence of human GRM6, including the transcription start site (TSS) and translation start site (TLSS), latter defined as position 0 by the inventors. The two promoters selected are also indicated and the 167 bp conserved region between mouse and human genes shown by the horizontally striped section. The graphs were downloaded from the UCSC Genome Browser at https://cienome.ucsc.edu/ and modified. Grey shaded stretches illustrate potentially relevant cis-regulatory regions, including transcription factor binding sites, interspecies conserved regions (Vert. Cons) and Dnase hypersensibility clusters (Dnase clusters). Additionally, the track for the H3K27Ac Mark signal peak and Chip-seq peaks were also considered. [0111] FIG. 2 Promoter driven mCitrine expression strength in OBCs of post-mortem human retinal explants. Human retinal explants were transduced with scAAV2(7m8)-407En_566P(hGRM6)-mCitrine (n=3), scAAV2(7m8)-444En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine (n=3), scAAV2(7m8)-770En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine (n=5), scAAV2(7m8)-407En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine (n=3) and scAAV(7m8)-200En-mGluR500P-mCitrine (n=4). mCitrine was immunohistochemically labeled and the fluorescence intensity in expressing ON-bipolar cells determined as a measure of transgene expression strength. The 566P promoter element mediated much weaker mCitrine expression in OBCs compared to promoter combinations with proximal element 454P. 454P was therefore selected for all subsequent experiments. 770En_454P(hGRM6) (F=5.42±0.9; mean±s.d.) and 444En_454P(hGRM6) (F=5.59±0.51; mean±s.d.) performed equally well in terms of transgene expression strength and significantly better than the murine genome-derived 200En-mGluR500P (F=3.94±0.45; mean±s.d.). * represents P≤0.05, ** represents P≤0.01, *** represents P≤0.001 and n.s. represents non-significant differences (one-way ANOVA with Tukey's honest significance test). [0112] FIG. 3 Promoter specificities for cone ON-bipolar cells (cOBCs) in human retinal explants. Human retinal explants were transduced with scAAV2(7m8)-444En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine, scAAV2(7m8)-770En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine, scAAV2(7m8)-407En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine or scAAV(7m8)-200En-mGluR500P-mCitrine. Vertical cryo-sections were labeled against mCitrine, PKCα (for rod bipolar cells (RBCs) and Gα0 (ubiquitous marker for OBCs) and mCitrine expressing cells were counted. (A) From cell counting, 770En_454P(hGRM6) drove expression in significantly more cOBCs than 200En-mGluR500P. (B) Normalizing the amount of targeted cOBCs and RBCs to their overall number within the particular retinal regions from where the counts were taken visualizes that 770En_454P(hGRM6) and 407En_454P(hGRM6) drive expression much more efficiently in cOBCs than 200En-mGluR500P, which has a clear preference for RBCs. 770En_454P(hGRM6) even shows equal preference for cOBCs and RBCs of 50% each, an important hallmark for foveal gene therapy where only cOBCs exist. (C) The cOBC type preference of promoter 444En_454P(hGRM6) (n=5) was not significantly different to that of promoter 770En_454P(hGRM6). Shown are mean±s.d., * represents P≤0.05, ** represents P≤0.01 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey's honest significance test). Only significant differences are indicated. [0113] FIG. 4 OBC expression efficacy and specificity of 770En_454P(hGRM6)-driven mCitrine expression in human retinal explants. (A) Comparing 770En_454P(hGRM6)-driven mCitrine expression to 200En-mGluR500P driven mCitrine expression when packaged into scAAV2(7m8). 770En_454P(hGRM6) shows a much higher OBC preference compared to 200En-mGluR500P and latter has in addition a significantly higher off-target expression in amacrine cells. Shown are the % of expressing cells of a particular cell type as means±s.d., ** represents P≤0.01 and *** represents P≤0.001 (Student's T-Test). [0114] FIG. 5 Promoter 770En_454P(hGRM6) drives transgene expression reliably and wide-spread in the degenerated rd1 mouse retina. rd1 mice were injected with 3×10.sup.9 vg of AAV carrying the transgene MWOPN_mGluR6_IRES2_TurboFP635 (SEQ ID NO: 16, plasmid map FIG. 9) at 22 weeks of age. The sketches in A-D represent the transduced retinal areas in retinal whole mounts in grey. A) ssAAV2(7m8) in combination with 200En-mGluR500P also expresses in the rd1 retina, but only in restricted areas (as opposed to 4xGrm6-SV40). B) ssAAV(7m8) in combination with 770En_454P(hGRM6) leads to more extensive and widespread transduction of the degenerated retina compared to 200En-mGluR500P, probably due to an increased expression strength which overcomes the threshold for expression when degeneration-caused Grm6 downregulation has occurred. C) Example laser scanning micrograph of a retinal whole-mount of a treated retina from a rd1 mouse undergoing OKR testing (see Example 7 and FIG. 6), where TurboFP635 was labelled immunocytochemically (depicted in sketch B). (D) Mean expression specificity (% expressing OBCs of all cells expressing, 66.6±8.5%) and efficiency (% of expressing OBCs of all OBCs, 54.7±8.3) in the rd1 degenerated retina. Mean±s.d., N=9 (Student's T-test). [0115] FIG. 6 Vision restoration determined by the optomotor reflex in completely photoreceptor-less rd1 mice intravitreally and bilaterally treated with ssAAV(7m8)-MWOPN_mGluR6_IRES2_TurboFP635 at 22 weeks of age. Visual acuity was measured 41, 47, 55, 82 and 112 days after transduction by determining the threshold of spatial frequencies at which the optokinetic response was still elicited in a virtual optomotor system. The treated mice (n=3) showed a significant increase in visual acuity compared to non-injected control rd1 littermates (n=7) but still had significantly lower visual acuity than the wild type control mice (C57BLJ6J, n=10). Shown mean (over all trials and individuals)±s.d., ** represents P≤0.01 and *** represents P≤0.001 (Student's T-test). [0116] FIG. 7 Highly efficient mCitrine expression in the cOBCs of an explanted human macula by promoter 770En_454P(hGRM6). Example explant of a human macula transduced with scAAV2(7m8)-770En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine and immunohistochemically labeled against the transgene mCitrine as well as for OBCs (Gαo) and cellular nuclei (DAPI). (A) is a sketch of the human macula and the areas from where the photomicrographs in B and C were taken. The foveola only contains M- and L-cone photoreceptors and neither OBCs or RGCs, since their cell bodies are pushed aside for the light to pass without diffraction to the photoreceptors. The fovea contains only cones (M, L and S) and is the area of highest acuity vision with the midget system, where each cone connects to one BPC and to one RGC. (B) shows a section through the parafovea, with DAPI (top micrograph) showing a clear layering of photoreceptors (ONL), BPCs and amacrine cells (INL) and the 3-dimenional layering of RGCs (GCL) indicative of the macula. The bottom micrograph shows exclusively the transgene labeling, indicative of mCitrine expression exclusively in the INL where the OBCs are located. (C) shows a section through the fovea. The photomicrograph on the left solely shows Gαo labeling of the OBCs, which are all devoid of PKC labeling (not shown here) and therefore clearly identified as cOBCs. The right photomicrograph depicts in addition mCitrine labeling within the cytoplasm, indicating that virtually each cOBC of the fovea is expressing mCitrine (arrowheads). This is a very clear evidence that 770En_454P(hGRM6) drives excellent expression in cOBCs, in particular cOBCs of the human macula, and is therefore well suited for high acuity vision restoration in human patients. [0117] FIG. 8 Plasmid map of the AAV plasmid encoding a cone opsin and mGluR6 chimeric optogenetic protein, MWOPN_mGluR6-IRES2-TurboFP635, under the novel 770En_454P(hGRM6) promoter. TurboFP635 is a red fluorescent protein marker for identification of expression, WPRE and BGHpA are regulatory sequences and the 5′ and 3′ ITRs (internal repeats) the regions used by the AAV machinery to package the transgene (in between the ITRs) into the capsid. This plasmid was used for the transduction of rd1 degenerated mouse retinas (FIGS. and Examples 5 & 6). In-Fusion Primers for cloning are also given. [0118] FIG. 9 Example of OBC expression specificity and efficacy of 770En_454P(hGRM6) and 444En_454P(hGRM6) driving mCitrine expression in human retinal explants. Vertical cryosections through human retinal explants transduced with scAAV2(7m8)-770En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine (A) and scAAV2(7m8)-444En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine (B), respectively. Cryosections were labelled with the nuclear stain DAPI (grey, shown only on the far left of the micrographs for orientation) and against the transgene mCitrine marker (white). 770En_454P(hGRM6) has an OBC efficacy (percent of bright cells in the INL) of 85.2%±12.3% (n=4) and 444En_454P(hGRM6) of 87.9%±6.5% (n=5). ONL outer nuclear layer, INL inner nuclear layer, GCL ganglion cell layer. The bipolar cells are located in the peripheral INL.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Analysis of Grm6 Gene Expression Changes in the rd1 Mouse Model

[0119] The inventors selected the gene (Grm6 in mouse and GRM6 in human) encoding the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) selectively expressed in ON-bipolar cells (OBCs) of the retina as a template for promoter design. This was because mGluR6's expression is selective to OBCs, which was recently confirmed by a single-cell transcriptome analyses of adult mouse retina (Siegert et al. Nat Neurosci 2012. 15: p. 487-95) and also clearly obvious in a transgenic mouse line previously generated by the inventors where the full-length Grm6 promoter drives transgene expression specifically in retinal OBCs (van Wyk et al., PloS Biol 2015. 13: p. e1002143). Further, short promoter versions derived from the murine Grm6 gene have been successfully constructed and shown to drive preferential expression in OBCs (Cronin et al., EMBO Mol Med, 2014. 6(9): p. 1175-1190; Kim et al. J Neurosci 2008. 28: p. 7748-7764; Lagali et al. Nat Neurosci 2008. 11 p: 667-675). Kim et al. initially chose a distal 200 bp enhancer sequence in the promoter of the murine Grm6 gene, which enhanced OBC-specific expression in the wildtype mouse retina. This enhancer sequence was subsequently employed in the 4xGRM6-SV40 promoter [Cronin, T., et al., EMBO Mol Med, 2014. 6(9): p. 1175-1190], which contains four of these 200 bp enhancer sequences in tandem. However, the inventors showed recently that the 4xGRM6-SV40 promoter [Cronin, T., et al., EM BO Mol Med, 2014. 6(9): p. 1175-1190] was completely downregulated in the degenerated rd1 (C3H/HeOu) mouse retina, even when gene therapy was performed at 3.5 weeks of age before completed photoreceptor degeneration (van Wyk et al. Front Neurosci 2017. 11: p. 161). This makes 4xGRM6-SV40 (and equally GRM6-SV40) not suited to treat degenerated retina. In addition, the SV40 basal viral promoter is inflicted with issues such as silencing under chronic activation and protein overexpression leading to cellular cytotoxicity. In order to design better-suited OBC-specific promoters, the inventors first investigated if Grm6 expression remained upregulated during the degeneration process in the rd1 degeneration mouse model. The inventors employed the rd1 mouse model under the rationale that promoters active in this severe and rapid degeneration model are likely to be active in most, less severe degenerative diseases of the retina. This was previously exemplified by the inventors comparing transgene expression in the slower degenerating rd10 (B6.CXB1-Pde6brd10) mouse model where 4xGRM6-SV40 was able to still drive some expression [van Wyk, M., et al., Front Neurosci, 2017. 11(161): p. 161.]. The inventors quantified Grm6 gene expression in rd1 mouse retinas by real-time quantitative PCR at time points P14, P21, P28 and P54 and compared expression levels to wildtype C57BLJ6J mouse retinas. Ribosomal protein L8 (Rpl8) expression was used for normalization of expression levels. Grm6 expression remained constant during degeneration (P=0.8795), with the exception of a small downregulation (0.59-fold) between P21 and P28. From this, the inventors concluded that the severe downregulation observed for the 4xGRM6-SV40 promoter [van Wyk, M., et al., Front Neurosci, 2017. 11(161): p. 161.] was not likely due to a downregulation of Grm6 enhancer elements, but probably the consequence of a diminished functionality of the SV40 basal promoter with progressing degeneration. Consequently, the Grm6 gene was used by the inventors as a template for OBC-specific promoter design.

Example 2: Design of GRM6-Based Promoters

[0120] To align with the human transcription machinery in light of a future use in a human therapy, the inventors employed the human GRM6 sequence and not the murine Grm6 sequence as a template.

[0121] The inventors used the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST, https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) optimized for “somewhat similar” sequences (blastn) [Altschul et al., J Mol Biol, 1990. 215(3): p. 403-10; Coordinators, Nucleic Acids Res, 2018. 46(D1): p. D8-D13] to align murine Grm6 and human GRM6 gene sequences. For enhancer specification, the inventors aligned 1500 bp around the murine 200En enhancer sequence identified by Kim et al. [Kim et al., J Neurosci, 2008. 28(31): p. 7748-64.]. The inventors found a 310 bp long conserved sequence betweem mouse and human genomes [−13819 to −13510 rel. to the translation start site (TLSS) of GRM6] extending beyond the 200En sequence defined by Kim et al. in both 3′ and 5′ direction (FIG. 1A, horizontally striped sections). To identify promoter sequences, the inventors focused on the GRM6 sequences 5′ of the translation start site (TLSS, defined as position 0 by the invetors) (FIG. 1B). After alignment, the inventors used the Genome Browser of the Genomics Institute of the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC Genome Browser) [Church et al., PloS Biol, 2011. 9(7): p. e1001091.], [Kent et al., Genome Res, 2002. 12(6): p. 996-1006.; Kuhn et al. Brief Bioinform, 2013. 14(2): p. 144-61.] [https://genome.ucsc.edu/; genome assembly February 2009 (GRCh37/hg19] to identify potential regulatory sequences of the GRM6 gene, such as inter-species conserved sequences, active chromatin regions (Dnasel hypersensibility clusters or H3K27Ac Mark tracks) or transcription factor binding sites. The Gene Transcription Regulation Database (GTRD) [Yevshin et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 2017. 45(D1): p. D61-D67] was further used for identification of chromatin immunoprecipitation-DNA-sequencing (CHIP-seq) peaks, providing experimentally verified transcription factor binding sites. Together, this information enabled the inventors to highlight sequences in the above-identified regions with likely functional importance in GRM6 gene expression.

[0122] The inventors then selected three possible enhancer regions [407En(hGRM6), 444En(hGRM6) and 770En(hGRM6)] and two possible promoter regions [566P(hGRM6) and 454P(GRM6)] (FIG. 1 and Table 1) according to the following rationales: 407En(hGRM6) (−13873 to −13467 rel. TLSS GRM6) consists of the 300 bp conserved sequence between the murine and human genomes (horizontally striped in FIG. 1A). 770En(hGRM6) (−14236 to −13467 rel. TLSS GRM6) in addition to 407En(hGRM6) also contains the 3′ CHIP-seq peaks and Dnase hypersensibility cluster (−13990 to −13816 rel. TLSS GRM6). The 444En(hGRM6) (−14033 to −13590 rel. TLSS GRM6) is a 3′ and 5′ truncated version of 770En(hGRM6) including 3′ and 5′ only the ChiP-seq peaks.

[0123] When aligning the sequences −1000 to −1 (rel. TLSS) of GRM6 the inventors identified a 167 bp conserved region (−425 to −259 rel. TLSS GRM6) (FIG. 1B, horizontally striped in FIG. 1B). With this conserved sequence included, the inventors designed two promoters: 566P(hGRM6) (−691 to −126 rel. TLSS GRM6) containing in addition the 5′ transcription start site (TSS, −179 rel. TLSS GRM6) and the 5′ H3K27Ac Mark signal peak (−656 to −405 rel. TLSS GRM6) and the second 3′ ERG ChiP-Seq peak. ERG is known as an activator that interacts with FLI1 contained in 770En and 444En. The second selected promoter sequence 454P(hGRM6) (−453 to +1 rel. TLSS GRM6) extends further 5′ compared to 566P(hGRM6) including the TLSS and additional potentially regulatory sequences located between TLSS and TSS, such as the TCF7L1 and MYC ChiP-Seq peaks.

[0124] Five possible combinations of enhancer and promoter sequences (Table 1) preceding a reporter transgene were cloned between the ITR sequences of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector as detailed in the examples below using standard molecular methods:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Selected enhancer/promoter combinations. Name Length Sequence N° 407En_454P(hGRM6)  867 bp 11 444En_454P(hGRM6)  917 bp 15 407En_566P(hGRM6)  978 bp 12 770En_454P(hGRM6) 1243 bp 13 770En_566P(hGRM6) 1354 bp 14

Example 3: Functional Promoter Evaluation in the Human Retina

[0125] Having the promoter designed on the human GRM6 gene in light of therapeutic use in human patients, all promoters were evaluated in post-mortem human retinal explants. For this, promoters were combined with a mCitrine transgene and packaged into self-complementary (sc) AAV capsids, in particular scAAV2(7m8) (Dalkara et al. Sci Transl Med 2013. 5: p. 189ra76).

[0126] Approximately 5×10.sup.6 vg (vector genomes) were added to the RGC side of cultured post-mortem human retinal explants at day 1 as described in detail in [van Wyk, M., et al., Front Neurosci, 2017. 11(161): p. 161.]. Retinas were frozen at day 7 of culture when transgene expression from scAAVs was visible. The inventors stained cryo-sections for the reporter protein mCitrine and the OBC marker Goα to visualize localization of expression and to compare expression strengths. Up to 85% of OBCs were expressing mCitrine in well transduced areas (FIG. 9). To compare performance to state-of-the-art, Lu's 200En-mGluR500P promoter (Lu et al. Gene Ther, 2016. 23: p. 680-9.) was also packaged into scAAV2(7m8) and used in human retinal explant transduction. For each promoter, cultures from three human eyes were transduced with the promoter constructs and cryo-sections throughout the retina histologically stained and analysed. To control for variation between experiments, processing and immunohistochemistry were conducted for all samples in parallel. Fluorescence images were acquired with a ZEISS LSM 880 with Airyscan and ZEN 2.1 sofware. Confocal photomicrographs (z-stacks) were taken under a 20× objective with identical microscope settings. To determine average transduction efficacy, cytoplasmic Alexa488 fluorescence (secondary antibody for mCitrine) was determined from transduced OBC cell bodies [mCitrine(+) and Goα(+)]. In particular, arbitrary fluorescence values from a 4.15 μm diameter OBC somatic area were determined using the luminance function of Fiji image processing software. Image analyses, including fluorescence quantification and cell counting were performed with Fiji 21ulfils21 (version 2.0.0, https://fiji.sc/, Schindelin et al., Nat Methods, 2012. 9(7): p. 676-82). For normalization, the fluorescence value from each expressing OBC [mCitrine(+) and Goα(+)] was divided by the average background fluorescence value determined from measurements from non-expressing OBCs [mCitrine(−) and Goα(+)]. As evident from FIG. 2, the 566P basal promoter mediated weakest mCitrine expression in OBCs, whereas expression from 454P was always significantly stronger than that from Lu's 200En-mGluR500P, independent of the enhancer element employed. 454P was therefore selected for all subsequent experiments. 770En_454P(hGRM6) (F=6.03±1.53; mean±s.d.) and 407En_454P(hGRM6) (F=5.65±0.09; mean±s.d.) performed equally well in terms of efficacy and significantly better than Lu's mouse derived 200En-mGluR500P (F=4.49±0.22; mean±s.d.) and both were therefore analyzed in more detail.

Example 4: Significantly Enhanced Cone ON-Bipolar Cell Preference in Human Retinal Explants

[0127] In a next step, sections were analysed for OBC cell-type specificity of expression. For this purpose, sections were stained with antibodies against the transgene mCitrine, the ubiquitous OBC markers Gαo and the rod bipolar cell specific antibody PKCα. [mCitrine(+), PKCα(+), Gαo(+)] cells were clearly identified as expressing rod ON-bipolar cells (RBCs), whereas [mCitrine(+), PKCα(−),Gαo(+)] cells were clearly identified as expressing cone ON-bipolar cells (cOBCs). Accordingly, [mCitrine(−), PKCα(+)] cells were identified as non-expressing RBCs and [mCitrine(−), PKCα(−), Gαo (+)] cells as non-expressing cOBCs. The results shown in FIG. 3 indicate clearly that both, 770En_454P(hGRM6) and 407En_454P(hGRM6) drive significantly higher transgene expression in cOBCs compared to 200En-mGluR500P. A measure for cOBC preference (FIG. 3B) was determined by normalizing the amount of expressing cOBCs and RBCs to the overall number of cOBCs and RBCs in the analysed retinal area. Such normalization revealed that 770En_454P(hGRM6) (cOBC preference of 49.5%) and 407En_454P(hGRM6) (cOBC preference of 36.4%) possessed a highly enhanced ability to drive expression in the cOBC cell type compared to 200En-mGluR500P (cOBC preference of 16.3%). Of particular note, 770En_454P(hGRM6) shows equal preference for RBCs and cOBCs (˜50% each, FIG. 3B).

[0128] Also the maculas of explanted human retinas were transduced with scAAV2(7m8)-770En_454P(hGRM6)-mCitrine. Immunolabeling with mCitrine, PKCα and Gαo clearly showed that the fovea contains exclusively cOBCs and that 770En_454P(hGRM6) drives mCitrine expression in virtually all cOBCs (FIG. 7). The ability to drive transgene expression efficiently in the cOBC of the human fovea is of major importance for a human therapy, since the fovea mediates high acuity vision and thus represents the primary target for a retinal gene therapy restoring vision—the fovea contains only cOBCs.

Example 5: OBC Specificity of 770En_454P(hGRM6) in Comparison to 200En-mGluR500P

[0129] A high preference for OBCs is needed in order to avoid off-target effects such as corrupted retinal signaling. Human retinal sections were labelled with antibodies against mCitrine (transgene), Goα (general OBC marker) and the nuclear stain DAPI to differentiate cell layers. From this the identity of the expressing cell type could be derived: photoreceptors (PRs, mCitrine(+), located in the outer nuclear layer), OBCs [mCitrine(+),Goα(+) and located in the inner nuclear layer], amacrine cells [ACs, mCitrine(+),Goα(−) and located in the inner nuclear layer] and ganglion cells (GCs, mCitrine(+), located in the ganglion cell layer). FIG. 4A clearly shows that the novel promoter 770En_454P(hGRM6) has a significantly increased preference for OBCs (88.3±7.8%) compared to 200En-mGluR500P (70.1±12.2%). In addition, off-target expression of 200En-mGluR500P was generally higher, in particular in ACs (16.9±9.1%) as compared to the novel 770En_454P(hGRM6) promoter (4.1±3.2%). Latter is of particular importance for optogenetic vision restoration where off-target expression corrupts retinal signaling.

Example 6: Promoter Evaluation in the Degenerating Mouse Retina

[0130] Important for a retinal therapy is the tissue's accessibility to treatment. This can be challenging in a degenerative process with anatomical, functional and transcriptional changes. The inventors had previously shown that Kim's murine 200En-SV40 promoter is no longer functional in the rapid degeneration rd1 mouse model (van Wyk et al. Front Neurosci 2017. 11: p. 161). Therefore, the performance of 770En_454P(hGRM6) [and for comparison its murine counterpart 200En-mGluR500P [Lu et al. Gene Ther 2016. 23 p: 680-689] were tested in the degenerative rd1 mouse model. The promoters were combined with the optogenetic MWOPN_-mGluR6-IRES2-TurboFP635 (SEQ ID NO: 16, plasmid map FIG. 8) transgene and packaged into ssAAV2(7m8) (Dalkara et al. Sci Transl Med 2013. 5: p. 189ra76). 3×10.sup.9 vg were intravitreally injected as described in (van Wyk et al. Front Neurosci 2017. 11: p. 161; van Wyk et al., PloS Biol 2015. 13: p. e1002143) into the eyes of late degenerated, 22 weeks old rd1 mice. 4 weeks post injections, mice were euthanized and retinas extracted for immunohistochemical analysis as previously described [van Wyk, M., et al., Front Neurosci, 2017. 11(161): p. 161 ;van Wyk et al., PloS Biol 2015. 13: p. e1002143]. The inventors labelled the sections against the transgene TurboFP635, the OBC-specific Goα marker and the nuclear stain DAPI. As opposed to 200En-SV40, 770En_454P(hGRM6) as well as Lu's Grm6-derived 200En-mGluR500P were functional in the OBCs of the rd1 retina (FIG. 5). However, 200En-mGluR500P led to expression only in restricted retinal areas, as exemplified in FIG. 5A, whereas 770En_454P(hGRM6) led to far more extensive and widespread transduction of the degenerated retina (FIG. 5B), probably due to its increased expression strength which overcomes expression threshold when some Grm6 downregulation has occurred. To analyze the specificity and efficacy of transgene (mCitrine) expression driven by 770En_454P(hGRM6) in a degenerated retina, the inventors injected an additional 9 rd1 mice at even later time points (29-33 weeks of age). After 4 weeks, animals were euthanized and eyes frozen and sectioned. Cryosections were again labeled with antibodies against mCitrine and Goα and analyzed under a confocal microscope. Even here, in these fully degenerated retinas, ˜67% of all cells expressing the transgene [mCitrine(+), Goα (−)] were OBCs [mCitrine(+), Goα (+)]. Equally, ˜55% of all OBCs [mCitrine(−), Goα (+)] expressed the transgene [mCitrine(+), Goα (+)] (FIGS. 5D). Widespread and specific expression of the therapeutic transgene in a degenerated retina is fundamental for an efficient gene therapy.

Example 7: Optogenetic Gene Therapy and Vision Restoration in rd1 Mice

[0131] To see whether the favourable properties of 770En_454P(hGRM6) support functional optogenetic vision restoration targeted at the OBCs, the inventors performed a proof-of-principle experiment with the rd1 degeneration mouse model. The inventors injected 3×10.sup.9 vg of ssAAV(7m8)-770En_454P(hGRM6)-MWOPN_mGluR6-IRES2-TurboFP635-WPRE-BGHpA (plasmid map FIG. 8) bilaterally into three completely photoreceptor-less rd1 mice of 22 weeks of age. MWOPN_mGluR6 (SEQ ID NO 16) is a chimeric protein between murine cone middle-wavelength opsin (MWOPN) and murine mGluR6 that operates analogously to Opto-mGluR6 mediating OBC activity and with this visual restoration (van Wyk et al., PloS Biol 2015. 13: p. e1002143). The inventors measured visual acuity by detecting optomoter responses (OMRs) (after [Prusky et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2004. 45(12): p. 4611-6.]) at different time points (days 41, 47, 55, 82 and 112) post injection in an automated virtual OptoDrum (Striatech®) containing small chamber (54×54×30 cm) with four screens (23.8″ full-HD IPS panels) surrounding a platform where an animal can be placed. The brightness of the screens was adjusted to 250 cd/m.sup.2 and the bottom and the top of the chamber were covered with mirrors. A compact industrial camera (IR-sensitive 1/3″ CMOS sensor with global shutter and wide-angle lens, F1.6) tracked the head movements of mice from above while a rotating pattern of black and white non-sinusoidal vertical bars were displayed on the screen at different spatial frequencies. The software Optodrum analyzed the recorded head movements and controlled thickness, contrast and speed of the applied stimuli. The velocity of the moving bars was set to 12°/s and the contrast to 100%. As shown in FIG. 6, the median visual acuity for each mouse was determined from all measured visual acuities of the different trials. The median visual acuity of the treated mice was 0.29±0.03 cycles/° (n=3, ±s.d., P=0.0048), significantly better than that of the un-injected rd1 control mice with 0.15±0.06 cycles/° (n=7, P≤194) but still worse than that of the seeing C57BL/6 positive control, which had an average visual acuity of 0.43±0.05 cycles/° (n=10, s.d., P=0.0006). The optogenetic OBC targeted therapy, however, resulted in a marked improvement in the optomoter response. Together, the results prove that 770En_454P(hGRM6) fulfils all the requirements for an OBC-targeted human gene therapy, being a short (1243 bp), human gene based promoter, which in degeneration is still highly efficient and specific for OBCs, including cOBCs.

Materials and Methods

Bioactivity Assays

[0132] Bioactivity assays are described in the above Example sections. Culturing and AAV transduction of human retinal explants as well as intravitreal AAV injection into mouse eyes and subsequent immunohistochemical processing of frozen retinal sections is described in detail elsewhere [van Wyk, M., et al., Front Neurosci, 2017. 11(161): p. 161.].

Determination of Cone ON-Bipolar Cell Specificity

[0133] For this purpose, retinal cryosections were triple-stained with antibodies against the transgene mCitrine (Invitrogen, A11122, 1:500), the ubiquitous OBC marker Gαo (EMD, MAB3073, 1:750) and the RBC specific antibody PKCα (Santa Cruz, sc8393, 1:750). [mCitrine(+), PKCα(+), Gαo(+)] cells were clearly identified as expressing RBCs, whereas [mCitrine(+), PKCα(−),Gαo(+)] cells were clearly identified as expressing cOBCs. OBC type preference depicted in FIG. 3A was determined by the ratios of expressing cOBCs to all OBCs [mCitrine(+), PKCα(−), Gαo(+)]/[Gαo(+)] and RBCs type preference by the ratio of expressing RBCs to all OBCs [mCitrine(+), PKCα(+), Gαo(+)]/[Gαo (+)]. To have a measure of cOBC preference of expression, in other words the chance that a cOBC expresses the inventors related the number of expressing cOBCs and RBCs, respectively, to the amount of cOBCs and RBCs in this particular retinal area of analysis. This normalization was possible, since [mCitrine(−), PKCα(+),Gαo(+)] cells can be clearly identified as non-expressing RBCs and [mCitrine(−), PKCα(−), Gαo(+)] as non-expressing cOBCs. The ratio [mCitrine(+), PKCα(+), Gαo13(+)]/[mCitrine(−), PKCα(+),Gαo(+)] therefore represents the percentage of transduced and expressing RBCs, whereas the ratio [mCitrine(+), PKCα(−),Gαo(+)]/[mCitrine(−), PKCα(−), Gαo(+)] represents the percentage of transduced and expressing cOBCs in the respective retinal area of analysis. Therefore, the resulting percentages shown in FIG. 3B indicate the chance that a cOBC gets transduced.

Software Used for Molecular Engineering

[0134] The inventors used the Genome Browser of the Genomics Institute of the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC Genome Browser, https://genome.ucsc.edu/) [Kent et al., Genome Res, 2002. 12(6): p. 996-1006; Kuhn et al., Brief Bioinform, 2013. 14(2): p. 144-61] to study genomic promoter sequences and genome annotations.

[0135] To identify transcription factors and transcription factor binding sites that are likely involved in the regulation of gene expression produced by the novel GRM6-based promoters the inventors employed ChIP-seq data from the Gene Transcription Regulation Database (GTRD, gtrd.biouml.org/) [Yevshin et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 2017. 45(D1): p. D61-D67]

[0136] Plasmid maps were generated in Vector NTI Advance (version 11.5.2)

Antibodies

[0137]

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 3 Antibodies used for immunohistochemistry Primary 1_1 anti-GFP Rabbit Invitrogen A-11122 1:500 antibodies 1_2 anti-GFP Chicken Abeam ab13970 1:500 1_3 anti-tRFP Rabbit Evrogren AB234 1:500 1_4 anti-PKCα Mouse Santa Cruz sc-8393 1:750 Biotechnology 1_5 anti-Goa Mouse EMD Millipore MAB3073 1:750 1_6 anti-Gγ13 Rabbit Santa Cruz sc-368324 1:500 Biotechnology Secondary 2_1 anti-Rabbit Goat Invitrogen A-11008 1:400 antibodies 2_2 Alexa Fluor Goat Invitrogen A-10521 1:400 488 anti-Mouse Cyanine 3 2_3 anti-Rabbit Donkey Invitrogen A-21206 1:400 Alexa Fluor 488 2_4 anti-Chicken Donkey Jackson 703-175-155 1:400 Cyanine 5 Imm.Research Laboratories

Confocal Imaging Hardware and Software

[0138] A ZEISS LSM 880 with Airyscan and ZEN 2.1 software was used to take confocal images with either a 20× or a 40× objective lens. Images were processed and evaluated in Fiji [Schindelin et al., Nat Methods, 2012. 9(7): p. 676-82.]. The cell counter plugin was used for cell counting and standard Fiji tools for image processing. The Stitch plugin [Preibisch et al., Bioinformatics, 2009. 25(11): p. 1463-5.] was used in cases where Fiji failed to automatically combine tile scan pictures.

Statistics

[0139] If not stated otherwise, values were compared with a two-tailed Student's t-test and gave average values with ±the standard deviation across biological samples throughout this work. Significance levels are indicated by stars: * represents P≤0.05, ** represents P≤0.01 and *** represents P≤0.001.

Other Methods

[0140] Remaining methods not described above and in examples 1 and 2 can be found in [van Wyk, M., et al., Front Neurosci, 2017. 11(161): p. 161.].

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 4 Sequences Sequences used in this study SEQ ID Name NO. Type Origin 407En(hGRM6)  1 nucleic acid human 770(6)  2 nucleic acid human 444En(hGRM6)  3 nucleic acid human 429En(mGrm6)  4 nucleic acid murine 792En(mGrm6)  5 nucleic acid murine 460En(mGrm6)  6 nucleic acid murine 454P(hGRM6)  7 nucleic acid human 566P(hGRM6)  8 nucleic acid human 454P(mGrm6)  9 nucleic acid murine 566P(m Grm6) 10 nucleic acid murine 407En_454P(hGRM6) 11 nucleic acid human 407En_566P(hGRM6) 12 nucleic acid human 770En_454P(hGRM6) 13 nucleic acid human 770En_566P(hGRM6) 14 nucleic acid human 444En_454P(hGRM6) 15 nucleic acid human MWOPN_mGluR6 16 nucleic acid murine IRES2 17 nucleic acid Picornavirus mCitrine 18 nucleic acid Aequorea victoria TurboFP635 19 nucleic acid Entacmaea quadricolor WPRE 20 nucleic acid Woodchuck hepatitis B virus BGH pA 21 nucleic acid bovine sNRP-1 pA 22 nucleic acid human WT capsid AAV2 23 amino acid viral KOZAK sequence a) 24 nucleic acid eukaryotic KOZAK sequence b) 25 nucleic acid eukaryotic SEQ ID NO. 1: 407En(hGRM6)   1 ctctgatttt aaaggaagta gatacttcaa ataattcatc atggagtgca  50  51 atattttctg taggctttta gtagataact tcatcagttt aaagaagatc 100 101 cttagattat gaaacattta caattatgaa tgaatattag atgttatcaa 150 151 atgctttttc tgcatccatt tagataatca tgtttttcct ttaatctgtt 200 201 aatgcggtga attacattaa tagatttcct aagtcattaa tctgctaaag 250 251 tgcatttctg ggacaaacca gacttggtta tgacattgta tgtatttcag 300 301 tttgcaaata ttggactagg atttttgtat ctatattcct tagtttgacc 350 351 tgtaaatttt atttcttgta ctaagtatta gcctcacgaa aggcattgtc 400 401 aaatgtt 407 SEQ ID NO. 2: 770En(hGRM6)   1 gggtctccaa cttgccaact gtagatcttg gaacctttca tccttcataa  50  51 ctgcataagc caattccttc taataaatct gtataatata tctgtctata 100 101 taataaatat gtacttacat aactctgtat gttacatcta tctattctat 150 151 ctatctatct atctatctat ctatctatct atctatcatc tatctatcta 200 201 tttatctatt ctctgtgtct ttggagaacc ctgacatagt aagcaatcat 250 251 atcacctgca aatgatgaaa gctgtgtatt ttccaaatca gtcgttttat 300 301 gtcttttttt cttgcactga ctagtgcccc ctagagggaa tgataattgg 350 351 aattattgtc ttgctctgat tttaaaggaa gtagatactt caaataattc 400 401 atcatggagt gcaatatttt ctgtaggctt ttagtagata acttcatcag 450 451 tttaaagaag atccttagat tatgaaacat ttacaattat gaatgaatat 500 501 tagatgttat caaatgcttt ttctgcatcc atttagataa tcatgttttt 550 551 cctttaatct gttaatgcgg tgaattacat taatagattt cctaagtcat 600 601 taatctgcta aagtgcattt ctgggacaaa ccagacttgg ttatgacatt 650 651 gtatgtattt cagtttgcaa atattggact aggatttttg tatctatatt 700 701 ccttagtttg acctgtaaat tttatttctt gtactaagta ttagcctcac 750 751 gaaaggcatt gtcaaatgtt 770 SEQ ID NO. 3: 444En(hGRM6)   1 atctattctc tgtgtctttg gagaaccctg acatagtaag caatcatatc  50  51 acctgcaaat gatgaaagct gtgtattttc caaatcagtc gttttatgtc 100 101 tttttttctt gcactgacta gtgcccccta gagggaatga taattggaat 150 151 tattgtcttg ctctgatttt aaaggaagta gatacttcaa ataattcatc 200 201 atggagtgca atattttctg taggctttta gtagataact tcatcagttt 250 251 aaagaagatc cttagattat gaaacattta caattatgaa tgaatattag 300 301 atgttatcaa atgctttttc tgcatccatt tagataatca tgtttttcct 350 351 ttaatctgtt aatgcggtga attacattaa tagatttcct aagtcattaa 400 401 tctgctaaag tgcatttctg ggacaaacca gacttggtta tgac 444 SEQ ID NO. 4: 429En(mGrm6), murine sequence corresponding to 407En(hGRM6)   1 aaaacatacc actttagttt aaggactata gtgattccac actaggtaag  50  51 gtgctttctg taggctttta gttaatagtt ttgtcaagct aaagaagatc 100 101 tccagatggc taaactttta aatcatgaat gaagtagata ttaccaaatt 150 151 gctttttcag catccattta gataatcatg ttttttgcct ttaatctgtt 200 201 aatgtagtga attacagaaa tacatttcct aaatcattac atcccccaaa 250 251 tcgttaatct gctaaagtac atctctggct caaacaagac tggttgtgac 300 301 aggtttgtct ctgtcagttt gtgactgttg ggctggctct tcctacccct 350 351 ctgcttcttg gtttggcctg aacattaatt ttattttatt tttttaattt 400 401 tacctacaat caatttcaca atgtgtgtt 429 SEQ ID NO. 5: 792En(mGrm6), murine sequence corresponding to 770En(hGRM6)   1 ggtctcaaca agatacaaat tatgttctct aggtagcaat taacacaagg  50  51 aacgccttga ggtatgggag gggtgaggaa gctcacaaga tagaccctgg 100 101 tgcctggaag gaagacagcc aactaaaggt catatcacag tgtcccggga 150 151 accaacttga agggcttctg ctgtacaaat gtgggagaat ttcatcgtca 200 201 gaaggctctg caaaggtctg aaagtcaccg aactctgtaa gattctatcc 250 251 tgcttctatt cctgtcaaaa tataccagaa ggaatggaac taccccctcc 300 301 aaaaaataaa taaacaaaca aaccaccaaa ccacgcacag acaaagcatt 350 351 caatacacat gctaaaacat accactttag tttaaggact atagtgattc 400 401 cacactaggt aaggtgcttt ctgtaggctt ttagttaata gttttgtcaa 450 451 gctaaagaag atctccagat ggctaaactt ttaaatcatg aatgaagtag 500 501 atattaccaa attgcttttt cagcatccat ttagataatc atgttttttg 550 551 cctttaatct gttaatgtag tgaattacag aaatacattt cctaaatcat 600 601 tacatccccc aaatcgttaa tctgctaaag tacatctctg gctcaaacaa 650 651 gactggttgt gacaggtttg tctctgtcag tttgtgactg ttgggctggc 700 701 tcttcctacc cctctgcttc ttggtttggc ctgaacatta attttatttt 750 751 atttttttaa ttttacctac aatcaatttc acaatgtgtg tt 792 SEQ ID NO. 6: 460En(mGrm6), murine sequence corresponding to 444En(hGRM6)   1 ggctctgcaa aggtctgaaa gtcaccgaac tctgtaagat tctatcctgc  50  51 ttctattcct gtcaaaatat accagaagga atggaactac cccctccaaa 100 101 aaataaataa acaaacaaac caccaaacca cgcacagaca aagcattcaa 150 151 tacacatgct aaaacatacc actttagttt aaggactata gtgattccac 200 201 actaggtaag gtgctttctg taggctttta gttaatagtt ttgtcaagct 250 251 aaagaagatc tccagatggc taaactttta aatcatgaat gaagtagata 300 301 ttaccaaatt gctttttcag catccattta gataatcatg ttttttgcct 350 351 ttaatctgtt aatgtagtga attacagaaa tacatttcct aaatcattac 400 401 atcccccaaa tcgttaatct gctaaagtac atctctggct caaacaagac 450 451 tggttgtgac 460 SEQ ID NO. 7: 454P(hGRM6)   1 ggaggggtct ccaccctcgg agcggtctct catccctccc tagaatcctt  50  51 aaatcctctc tcgctcaggg cctcggccgc atctgtcaca gacttgtcct 100 101 gaaccgacag cggctggcgc aggtgactgg cttggggcgg gagcctgggt 150 151 gtgcgctggg gatggacccc gaggaagagg ggccaagctg tcgggaagcg 200 201 gcagggctgg aggggtggag gcagtggtcg ggcgggaccc cgggcgacag 250 251 ggttcggcgc ttgtaagagc gagacggagg cccgggcagg ccggctgagc 300 301 taactcccca gagccgaagt ggaaggcgcg ccccgagcgc cttctcccca 350 351 ggaccccggt gtccctcccc gcgccccgag cccgcgctct ccttcccccg 400 401 ccctcagagc gctccccgcc cctctgtctc cccgcagccc gctagacgag 450 451 ccga 454 SEQ ID NO. 8: 566P(hGRM6)   1 ccaagaagag gacagaggca gaaagccagg gacagagact gagaaacaga  50  51 gacctagagg cagaagaaga ctgagataga gatggacaga gattgtgtca 100 101 gacacagccc cagagacagc cagacagtct gagtcagacg caaaccaaag 150 151 acaagaaaac aggaaaacag acccagagat tgggagaggg aggggaagga 200 201 gatgcgggga gagccagcac cgccaccccc cacactcagg aggggtctcc 250 251 accctcggag cggtctctca tccctcccta gaatccttaa atcctctctc 300 301 gctcagggcc tcggccgcat ctgtcacaga cttgtcctga accgacagcg 350 351 gctggcgcag gtgactggct tggggcggga gcctgggtgt gcgctgggga 400 401 tggaccccga ggaagagggg ccaagctgtc gggaagcggc agggctggag 450 451 gggtggaggc agtggtcggg cgggaccccg ggcgacaggg ttcggcgctt 500 501 gtaagagcga gacggaggcc cgggcaggcc ggctgagcta actccccaga 550 551 gccgaagtgg aaggcg 566 SEQ ID NO. 9: 454P(mGrm6), murine sequence corresponding to 454P(hGRM6)   1 agagagaaga gagcccttcc tccactctca agctctggag ggggtctctg  50  51 ccctcaccct catccctccc cagaatcctt aaatcctcta gactgtagct 100 101 ctgattttac agctgtcaca gactcgtcct actagccaga ggttggctca 150 151 ggtaagcacc actggggagg tagcctaggg tgcgctgggg tgggtccaga 200 201 ggaagagctg cccagaactg tgggggaagg agcgggaccg accatcaaca 250 251 gggggacttt tcagggagaa tgagagcaat cctctggagg cctgggagag 300 301 gctgctgagt tgctggtgcg cgagtcacca acttttcctg cgctctcggt 350 351 gtccggccag aatcccgaag tggcagctga gcacggggtg gcagcttcgt 400 401 ccgccggctc tcaaggcgtc ccggtaactt cctttcccgc agtccaggag 450 451 caga 454 SEQ ID NO. 10: 566P(mGrm6), murine sequence corresponding to 566P(hGRM6)   1 gaccgaccag gggagtccct ggacttcttt gttcctcttc tcggggtggc  50  51 gggactgatt gtgtaaatct cttatctcca actttcactc ttatctgtct 100 101 ctttaatcgg catattgagg atgagtggcc aagcttattg gtgttgctgg 150 151 gtcagacaat ttaaaggcag tctaggggag aagcagaccc agggagtcag 200 201 agaggcagag agagaagaga gcccttcctc cactctcaag ctctggaggg 250 251 ggtctctgcc ctcaccctca tccctcccca gaatccttaa atcctctaga 300 301 ctgtagctct gattttacag ctgtcacaga ctcgtcctac tagccagagg 350 351 ttggctcagg taagcaccac tggggaggta gcctagggtg cgctggggtg 400 401 ggtccagagg aagagctgcc cagaactgtg ggggaaggag cgggaccgac 450 451 catcaacagg gggacttttc agggagaatg agagcaatcc tctggaggcc 500 501 tgggagaggc tgctgagttg ctggtgcgcg agtcaccaac ttttcctgcg 550 551 ctctcggtgt ccggcc 566 SEQ ID NO. 11: 407En_454P(hGRM6)   1 ctctgatttt aaaggaagta gatacttcaa ataattcatc atggagtgca  50  51 atattttctg taggctttta gtagataact tcatcagttt aaagaagatc 150 101 ettagattat gaaacattta caattatgaa tgaatattag atgttatcaa 200 151 atgctttttc tgcatccatt tagataatca tgtttttcct ttaatctgtt 250 201 aatgcggtga attacattaa tagatttcct aagtcattaa tctgctaaag 300 251 tgcatttctg ggacaaacca gacttggtta tgacattgta tgtatttcag 350 301 tttgcaaata ttggactagg atttttgtat ctatattcct tagtttgacc 400 351 tgtaaatttt atttcttgta ctaagtatta gcctcacgaa aggcattgtc 450 401 aaatgttgct agcggagggg tctccaccct cggagcggtc tctcatccct 500 451 ccctagaatc cttaaatcct ctctcgctca gggcctcggc cgcatctgtc 550 501 acagacttgt cctgaaccga cagcggctgg cgcaggtgac tggcttgggg 600 551 cgggagcctg ggtgtgcgct ggggatggac cccgaggaag aggggccaag 650 601 ctgtcgggaa gcggcagggc tggaggggtg gaggcagtgg tcgggcggga 700 651 ccccgggcga cagggttcgg cgcttgtaag agcgagacgg aggcccgggc 750 701 aggccggctg agctaactcc ccagagccga agtggaaggc gcgccccgag 800 751 cgccttctcc ccaggacccc ggtgtccctc cccgcgcccc gagcccgcgc 850 801 tctccttccc ccgccctcag agcgctcccc 900 851 cccgctagac gagccga 867 SEQ ID NO. 12: 407En_566P(hGRM6)   1 ctctgatttt aaaggaagta gatacttcaa ataattcatc atggagtgca  50  51 atattttctg taggctttta gtagataact tcatcagttt aaagaagatc 100 101 ettagattat gaaacattta caattatgaa tgaatattag atgttatcaa 150 151 atgctttttc tgcatccatt tagataatca tgtttttcct ttaatctgtt 200 201 aatgcggtga attacattaa tagatttcct aagtcattaa tctgctaaag 250 251 tgcatttctg ggacaaacca gacttggtta tgacattgta tgtatttcag 300 301 tttgcaaata ttggactagg atttttgtat ctatattcct tagtttgacc 350 351 tgtaaatttt atttcttgta ctaagtatta gcctcacgaa aggcattgtc 400 401 aaatgttgct agccaagaag aggacagagg cagaaagcca gggacagaga 450 451 ctgagaaaca gagacctaga ggcagaagaa gactgagata gagatggaca 500 501 gagattgtgt cagacacagc cccagagaca gccagacagt ctgagtcaga 550 551 cgcaaaccaa agacaagaaa acaggaaaac agacccagag attgggagag 600 601 ggaggggaag gagatgcggg gagagccagc accgccaccc cccacactca 650 651 ggaggggtct ccaccctcgg agcggtctct catccctccc tagaatcctt 700 701 aaatcctctc tcgctcaggg cctcggccgc atctgtcaca gacttgtcct 750 751 gaaccgacag cggctggcgc aggtgactgg cttggggcgg gagcctgggt 800 801 gtgcgctggg gatggacccc gaggaagagg ggccaagctg tcgggaagcg 850 851 gcagggctgg aggggtggag gcagtggtcg ggcgggaccc cgggcgacag 900 901 ggttcggcgc ttgtaagagc gagacggagg cccgggcagg ccggctgagc 950 951 taactcccca gagccgaagt ggaaggcg 867 SEQ ID NO. 13: 770En_454P(hGRM6)    1 gggtctccaa cttgccaact gtagatcttg gaacctttca tccttcataa   50   51 ctgcataagc caattccttc taataaatct gtataatata tctgtctata  100  101 taataaatat gtacttacat aactctgtat gttacatcta tctattctat  150  151 ctatctatct atctatctat ctatctatct atctatcatc tatctatcta  200  201 tttatctatt ctctgtgtct ttggagaacc ctgacatagt aagcaatcat  250  251 atcacctgca aatgatgaaa gctgtgtatt ttccaaatca gtcgttttat  300  301 gtcttttttt cttgcactga ctagtgcccc ctagagggaa tgataattgg  350  351 aattattgtc ttgctctgat tttaaaggaa gtagatactt caaataattc  400  401 atcatggagt gcaatatttt ctgtaggctt ttagtagata acttcatcag  450  451 tttaaagaag atccttagat tatgaaacat ttacaattat gaatgaatat  500  501 tagatgttat caaatgcttt ttctgcatcc ttacaattat tcatgttttt  550  551 cctttaatct gttaatgcgg tgaattacat atttagataa cctaagtcat  600  601 taatctgcta aagtgcattt ctgggacaaa taatagattt ttatgacatt  650  651 gtatgtattt cagtttgcaa atattggact ccagacttgg tatctatatt  700  701 ccttagtttg acctgtaaat tttatttctt aggatttttg ttagcctcac  750  751 gaaaggcatt gtcaaatgtt caattgatat gtactaagta gaggggtctc  800  801 caccctcgga gcggtctctc atccctccct aatgctagcg aatcctctct  850  851 cgctcagggc ctcggccgca tctgtcacag agaatcctta aaccgacagc  900  901 ggctggcgca ggtgactggc ttggggcggg acttgtcctg tgcgctgggg  950  951 atggaccccg aggaagaggg gccaagctgt agcctgggtg cagggctgga 1000 1001 ggggtggagg cagtggtcgg ccgggcaggc cggctgagct gttcggcgct 1050 1051 tgtaagagcg agacggaggc cccgagcgcc ttctccccag aactccccag 1100 1101 agccgaagtg gaaggcgcgc ccgcgctctc cttcccccgc gaccccggtg 1150 1151 tccctccccg cgccccgagc ccgcagcccg ctagacgagc cctcagagcg 1200 1201 ctccccgccc ctctgtctcc ccgcagcccg ctagacgagc cga 1243 SEQ ID NO. 14: 770En_566P(hGRM6)    1 gggtctccaa cttgccaact gtagatcttg gaacctttca tccttcataa   50   51 ctgcataagc caattccttc taataaatct gtataatata tctgtctata  100  101 taataaatat gtacttacat aactctgtat gttacatcta tctattctat  150  151 ctatctatct atctatctat ctatctatct atctatcatc tatctatcta  200  201 tttatctatt ctctgtgtct ttggagaacc ctgacatagt aagcaatcat  250  251 atcacctgca aatgatgaaa gctgtgtatt ttccaaatca gtcgttttat  300  301 gtcttttttt cttgcactga ctagtgcccc ctagagggaa tgataattgg  350  351 aattattgtc ttgctctgat tttaaaggaa gtagatactt caaataattc  400  401 atcatggagt gcaatatttt ctgtaggctt ttagtagata acttcatcag  450  451 tttaaagaag atccttagat tatgaaacat ttacaattat gaatgaatat  500  501 tagatgttat caaatgcttt ttctgcatcc atttagataa tcatgttttt  550  551 cctttaatct gttaatgcgg tgaattacat taatagattt cctaagtcat  600  601 taatctgcta aagtgcattt ctgggacaaa ccagacttgg ttatgacatt  650  651 gtatgtattt cagtttgcaa atattggact aggatttttg tatctatatt  700  701 ccttagtttg acctgtaaat tttatttctt gtactaagta ttagcctcac  750  751 gaaaggcatt gtcaaatgtt caattgatat aatgctagcc aagaagagga  800  801 cagaggcaga aagccaggga cagagactga gaaacagaga cctagaggca  850  851 gaagaagact gagatagaga tggacagaga ttgtgtcaga cacagcccca  900  901 gagacagcca gacagtctga gtcagacgca aaccaaagac aagaaaacag  950  951 gaaaacagac ccagagattg ggagagggag gggaaggaga tgcggggaga 1000 1001 gccagcaccg ccacccccca cactcaggag gggtctccac cctcggagcg 1050 1051 gtctctcatc cctccctaga atccttaaat cctctctcgc tcagggcctc 1100 1101 ggccgcatct gtcacagact tgtcctgaac cgacagcggc tggcgcaggt 1150 1151 gactggcttg gggcgggagc ctgggtgtgc gctggggatg gaccccgagg 1200 1201 aagaggggcc aagctgtcgg gaagcggcag ggctggaggg gtggaggcag 1250 1251 tggtcgggcg ggaccccggg cgacagggtt cggcgcttgt aagagcgaga 1300 1301 cggaggcccg ggcaggccgg ctgagctaac tccccagagc cgaagtggaa 1350 1351 ggcg 1354 SEQ ID NO. 15: 444En_454P(hGRM6)    1 atctattctc tgtgtctttg gagaaccctg acatagtaag caatcatatc  50   51 acctgcaaat gatgaaagct gtgtattttc caaatcagtc gttttatgtc 100  101 tttttttctt gcactgacta gtgcccccta gagggaatga taattggaat 150  151 tattgtcttg ctctgatttt aaaggaagta gatacttcaa ataattcatc 200  201 atggagtgca atattttctg taggctttta gtagataact tcatcagttt 250  251 aaagaagatc cttagattat gaaacattta caattatgaa tgaatattag 300  301 atgttatcaa atgctttttc tgcatccatt tagataatca tgtttttcct 350  351 ttaatctgtt aatgcggtga attacattaa tagatttcct aagtcattaa 400  401 tctgctaaag tgcatttctg ggacaaacca gacttggtta tgaccaattg 450  451 atataatgct agcggagggg tctccaccct cggagcggtc tctcatccct 500  501 ccctagaatc cttaaatcct ctctcgctca gggcctcggc cgcatctgtc 550  551 acagacttgt cctgaaccga cagcggctgg cgcaggtgac tggcttgggg 600  601 cgggagcctg ggtgtgcgct ggggatggac cccgaggaag aggggccaag 650  651 ctgtcgggaa gcggcagggc tggaggggtg gaggcagtgg tcgggcggga 700  701 ccccgggcga cagggttcgg cgcttgtaag agcgagacgg aggcccgggc 750  751 aggccggctg agctaactcc ccagagccga agtggaaggc gcgccccgag 800  801 cgccttctcc ccaggacccc ggtgtccctc cccgcgcccc gagcccgcgc 850  851 tctccttccc ccgccctcag agcgctcccc gcccctctgt ctccccgcag 900  901 cccgctagac gagccga 917 SEQ ID NO. 16: MWOPN_mGluR6    1 atggcccaaa ggcttacagg tgaacagaca ctggaccact atgaggatag   50   51 cacccatgca agcatcttca cctataccaa cagcaacagc accaaaggtc  100  101 cctttgaagg ccccaattat cacattgctc ccaggtgggt gtaccacctc  150  151 accagcacct ggatgattct tgtggtcgtt gcatctgtct tcactaatgg  200  201 acttgtgctg gcagccacca tgagattcaa gaagctgcgc catccactga  250  251 actggattct ggtgaacttg gcagttgctg acctagcaga gaccattatt  300  301 gccagcacta tcagtgttgt gaaccaaatc tatggctact tcgttctggg  350  351 acaccctctg tgtgtcattg aaggctacat tgtctcattg tgtggaatca  400  401 caggcctctg gtccctggcc atcatttcct gggagagatg gctggtggtc  450  451 tgcaagccct ttggcaatgt gagatttgat gctaagctgg ccactgtggg  500  501 aatcgtcttc tcctgggtct gggctgctat atggacggcc ccaccaatct  550  551 ttggttggag caggtactgg ccttatggcc tgaagacatc ctgtggccca  600  601 gacgtgttca gcggtacctc gtaccccggg gttcagtctt atatgatggt  650  651 cctcatggtc acgtgctgca tcttcccact cagcatcatc gtgctctgct  700  701 acctccaagt gtggctggcc atccgagcag tggcaaagca acagaaagaa  750  751 tctgagtcca ctcagaaggc cgagaaggag gtgacacgca tggtggtggt  800  801 gatggtcttc gcatactgcc tctgctgggg accctatact ttctttgcat  850  851 gctttgctac tgcccaccct ggctatgcct tccaccctct tgtggcctcc  900  901 ctaccatcct actttgccaa aagtgccact atctacaacc ccattatcta  950  951 tgtctttatg aaccggcagt ttcgaaactg catcttacat ctctttggaa 1000 1001 agaaggttga tgatagctct gaactttcca gcacctccaa gacagaagtc 1050 1051 tcatctgtct cttcagtgtc acctgcagag cagaacgtgc agaagcggaa 1100 1101 gcgcagcctc aagaagacct ccacgatggc ggccccgccc aagagcgaga 1150 1151 actcagagga cgccaagaca gagaccagcc aagtggcgcc tgccaagagc 1200 1201 aggatcacca gcgagggcga gtacatcccc ctggaccaga tcgacatcaa 1250 1251 cgtgtaa 1257 SEQ ID NO. 17: IRES2   1 gcccctctcc ctcccccccc cctaacgtta ctggccgaag ccgcttggaa   50  51 taaggccggt gtgcgtttgt ctatatgtta ttttccacca tattgccgtc  100 101 ttttggcaat gtgagggccc ggaaacctgg ccctgtcttc ttgacgagca  150 151 ttcctagggg tctttcccct ctcgccaaag gaatgcaagg tctgttgaat  200 201 gtcgtgaagg aagcagttcc tctggaagct tcttgaagac aaacaacgtc 250 251 tgtagcgacc ctttgcaggc agcggaaccc cccacctggc gacaggtgcc 300 301 tctgcggcca aaagccacgt gtataagata cacctgcaaa ggcggcacaa 350 351 ccccagtgcc acgttgtgag ttggatagtt gtggaaagag tcaaatggct 400 401 ctcctcaagc gtattcaaca aggggctgaa ggatgcccag aaggtacccc 450 451 attgtatggg atctgatctg gggcctcggt gcacatgctt tacatgtgtt 500 501 tagtcgaggt taaaaaaacg tctaggcccc ccgaaccacg gggacgtggt 550 551 tttcctttga aaaacacgat gataatatgg ccaca 585 SEQ ID NO. 18: mCitrine   1 atggtgagca agggcgagga gctgttcacc ggggtggtgc ccatcctggt   50  51 cgagctggac ggcgacgtaa acggccacaa gttcagcgtg tccggcgagg  100 101 gcgagggcga tgccacctac ggcaagctga ccctgaagtt catctgcacc  150 151 accggcaagc tgcccgtgcc ctggcccacc ctcgtgacca ccttcggcta  200 201 cggcctgatg tgcttcgccc gctaccccga ccacatgaag cagcacgact  250 251 tcttcaagtc cgccatgccc gaaggctacg tccaggagcg caccatcttc  300 301 ttcaaggacg acggcaacta caagacccgc gccgaggtga agttcgaggg  350 351 cgacaccctg gtgaaccgca tcgagctgaa gggcatcgac ttcaaggagg  400 401 acggcaacat cctggggcac aagctggagt acaactacaa cagccacaac  450 451 gtctatatca tggccgacaa gcagaagaac ggcatcaagg tgaacttcaa  500 501 gatccgccac aacatcgagg acggcagcgt gcagctcgcc gaccactacc  550 551 agcagaacac ccccatcggc gacggccccg tgctgctgcc cgacaaccac  600 601 tacctgagct accagtccaa gctgagcaaa gaccccaacg agaagcgcga  650 651 tcacatggtc ctgctggagt tcgtgaccgc cgccgggatc actctcggca  700 701 tggacgagct gtacaagtcc ggataa  726 SEQ ID NO. 19: TurboFP635   1 atggtgggtg aggatagcgt gctgatcacc gagaacatgc acatgaaact   50  51 gtacatggag ggcaccgtga acgaccacca cttcaagtgc acatccgagg  150 101 gcgaaggcaa gccctacgag ggcacccaga ccatgaagat caaggtggtc  200 151 gagggcggcc ctctcccctt cgccttcgac atcctggcta ccagcttcat  250 201 gtacggcagc aaaaccttta tcaaccacac ccagggcatc cccgacttct  300 251 ttaagcagtc cttccctgag ggcttcacat gggagaggat caccacatac  350 301 gaagacgggg gcgtgctgac cgctacccag gacaccagcc tccagaacgg  400 351 ctgcctcatc tacaacgtca agatcaacgg ggtgaacttc ccatccaacg  450 401 gccctgtgat gcagaagaaa acactcggct gggaggccag caccgagatg  500 451 ctgtaccccg ctgacagcgg cctgagaggc catagccaga tggccctgaa  550 501 gctcgtgggc gggggctacc tgcactgctc cctcaagacc acatacagat  600 551 ccaagaaacc cgctaagaac ctcaagatgc ccggcttcta cttcgtggac  650 601 aggagactgg aaagaatcaa ggaggccgac aaagagacct acgtcgagca  700 651 gcacgagatg gctgtggcca ggtactgcga cctgcctagc aaactggggc  750 701 acagctga  708 SEQ ID NO. 20: WPRE   1 aatcaacctc tggattacaa aatttgtgaa agattgactg gtattcttaa   50  51 ctatgttgct ccttttacgc tatgtggata cgctgcttta atgcctttgt  100 101 atcatgctat tgcttcccgt atggctttca ttttctcctc cttgtataaa  150 151 tcctggttgc tgtctcttta tgaggagttg tggcccgttg tcaggcaacg  200 201 tggcgtggtg tgcactgtgt ttgctgacgc aacccccact ggttggggca  250 251 ttgccaccac ctgtcagctc ctttccggga ctttcgcttt ccccctccct  300 301 attgccacgg cggaactcat cgccgcctgc cttgcccgct gctggacagg  350 351 ggctcggctg ttgggcactg acaattccgt ggtgttgtcg gggaaatcat  400 401 cgtcctttcc ttggctgctc gcctgtgttg ccacctggat tctgcgcggg  450 451 acgtccttct gctacgtccc ttcggccctc aatccagcgg accttccttc  500 501 ccgcggcctg ctgccggctc tgcggcctct tccgcgtctt cg  542 SEQ ID NO. 21: BGH pA   1 gcctcgactg tgccttctag ttgccagcca tctgttgttt gcccctcccc  50  51 cgtgccttcc ttgaccctgg aaggtgccac tcccactgtc ctttcctaat 100 101 aaaatgagga aattgcatcg cattgtctga gtaggtgtca ttctattctg 150 151 gggggtgggg tggggcagga cagcaagggg gaggattggg aagacaatag 200 201 caggcatgct gggga 215 SEQ ID NO. 22: sNRP-1 pA 1 aaataaaata cgaaatg 17 SEQ ID NO. 23: WT capsid AAV2 MAADGYLPDW LEDTLSEGIR QWWKLKPGPP PPKPAERHKD DSRGLVLPGY KYLGPFNGLD  60 KGEPVNEADA AALEHDKAYD RQLDSGDNPY LKYNHADAEF QERLKEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ 120 AKKRVLEPLG LVEEPVKTAP GKKRPVEHSP VEPDSSSGTG KAGQQPARKR LNFGQTGDAD 180 SVPDPQPLGQ PPAAPSGLGT NTMATGSGAP MADNNEGADG VGNSSGNWHC DSTWMGDRVI 240 TTSTRTWALP TYNNHLYKQI SSQSGASNDN HYFGYSTPWG YFDFNRFHCH FSPRDWQRLI 300 NNNWGFRPKR LNFKLFNIQV KEVTQNDGTT TIANNLTSTV QVFTDSEYQL PYVLGSAHQG 360 CLPPFPADVF MVPQYGYLTL NNGSQAVGRS SFYCLEYFPS QMLRTGNNFT FSYTFEDVPF 420 HSSYAHSQSL DRLMNPLIDQ YLYYLSRTNT PSGTTTQSRL QFSQAGASDI RDQSRNWLPG 480 PCYRQQRVSK TSADNNNSEF SWTGATKYHL NGRDSLVNPG PAMASHKDDE EKFFPQSGVL 540 IFGKQGSEKT NVDIEKVMIT DEEEIRTTNP VATEQYGSVS TNLQRGNRQA ATADVNTQGV 600 LPGMVWQDRD VYLQGPIWAK IPHTDGHFHP SPLMGGFGLK HPPPQILIKN TPVPANPSTT 660 FSAAKFASFI TQYSTGQVSV EIEWELQKEN SKRWNPEIQY TSNYNKSVNV DFTVDTNGVY 720 SEPRPIGTRY LTRNL 735 SEQ ID NO 24 gccgccAccAUGG SEQ ID NO 25 gccgccGccAUGG