METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SPUTTER DEPOSITION OF TARGET MATERIAL TO A SUBSTRATE

Abstract

Apparatus for sputter deposition of target material to a substrate is disclosed. In one form, the apparatus includes a substrate guide arranged to guide a substrate along a curved path and a target portion spaced from the substrate guide and arranged to support target material. The target portion and the substrate guide define between them a deposition zone. The apparatus includes a confining arrangement including one or more magnetic elements arranged to provide a confining magnetic field to confine plasma in the deposition zone thereby to provide for sputter deposition of target material to the web of substrate in use. The confining magnetic field includes magnetic field lines arranged to, at least in the deposition zone, substantially follow a curve of the curved path so as to confine said plasma around said curve of the curved path.

Claims

1. Apparatus for sputter deposition of target material to a substrate, the apparatus comprising: a substrate guide arranged to guide a substrate along a curved path; a target portion spaced from the substrate guide and arranged to support target material, the target portion and the substrate guide defining between them a deposition zone; and a confining arrangement comprising one or more magnetic elements arranged to provide a confining magnetic field to confine plasma in the deposition zone thereby to provide for sputter deposition of target material to the web of substrate in use, the confining magnetic field including magnetic field lines arranged to, at least in the deposition zone, substantially follow a curve of the curved path so as to confine said plasma around said curve of the curved path.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the one or more magnetic elements are arranged to provide the confining magnetic field so as to confine plasma in the form of a curved sheet.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the one or more magnetic elements are arranged to provide the confining magnetic field so as to confine plasma in the form of a curved sheet having, at least in the deposition zone, a substantially uniform density.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein one or more of the magnetic elements is an electromagnet.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the apparatus comprises a controller arranged to control the magnetic field provided by one or more of the electromagnets.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein one or more of the magnetic elements is in the form of a solenoid, the solenoid being elongate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a direction of the magnetic field lines produced internally thereof in use.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the confining arrangement comprises at least two of the magnetic elements arranged to provide the confining magnetic field.

8. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the at least two magnetic elements are arranged such that a region of relatively high magnetic field strength provided between the magnetic elements substantially follows the curve of the curved path.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic field lines are each curved so as to, at least in the deposition zone, substantially follow the curve of the curved path.

10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein one or more of the magnetic elements comprises a solenoid, the solenoid having an opening via which plasma is confined in use, the opening being elongate in a direction substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the substrate guide.

11. The apparatus according to claim 9, the apparatus further comprising a plasma generation arrangement arranged to generate plasma, wherein the plasma generation arrangement comprises one or more elongate antennae that extend in a direction substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the substrate guide.

12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic field lines are arranged such that an imaginary line, extending perpendicularly to each magnetic field line and connecting the magnetic field lines, is curved so as to, at least in the deposition zone, substantially follow the curve of the curved path.

13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein one or more of the magnetic elements comprises a solenoid, the solenoid having an opening through which plasma is confined in use, the opening being curved and elongate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the substrate guide.

14. The apparatus according to claim 12, the apparatus further comprising a plasma generation arrangement arranged to generate plasma, wherein the plasma generation arrangement comprises one or more elongate antennae that are curved and extend in a direction substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the substrate guide.

15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the target portion is arranged, or is configurable to be arranged, such that at least one part of the target portion defines a supporting surface forming an obtuse angle with respect to a supporting surface of another part of the target portion.

16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the target portion is substantially curved.

17. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the target portion is arranged to substantially follow or approximate the curve of the curved path.

18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the substrate guide is provided by a curved member that guides a web of substrate along the curved path.

19. A method of sputter deposition of target material to substrate, the substrate being guided by a substrate guide along a curved path, wherein a deposition zone is defined between the substrate guide and a target portion supporting target material, the method comprising: providing a magnetic field to confine plasma in the deposition zone thereby to cause sputter deposition of target material to the web of substrate, the magnetic field including magnetic field lines arranged to, at least in the deposition zone, substantially follow a curve of the curved path so as to confine said plasma around the curved path.

20. Apparatus comprising: a plasma processing zone; and a confining arrangement comprising one or more magnetic elements arranged to provide a confining magnetic field to confine plasma in the plasma processing zone thereby to provide for a plasma process in use, the confining magnetic field including magnetic field lines arranged to, at least in the plasma processing zone, substantially follow a curved path so as to confine said plasma around said curve of the curved path.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a cross section of an apparatus according to an example;

[0031] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a cross section of the example apparatus of FIG. 1, but including illustrative magnetic field lines;

[0032] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a plan view of a portion of the example apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2;

[0033] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a plan view of the portion of the example apparatus of FIG. 3, but including illustrative magnetic field lines;

[0034] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a cross section of a magnetic element according to an example;

[0035] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a cross section of an apparatus according to an example;

[0036] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a cross section of an apparatus according to an example;

[0037] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a perspective view of an apparatus according to an example; and

[0038] FIG. 9 is a schematic flow diagram that illustrates a method according to an example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Details of apparatuses and methods according to examples will become apparent from the following description, with reference to the Figures. In this description, for the purpose of explanation, numerous specific details of certain examples are set forth. Reference in the specification to “an example” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least that one example, but not necessarily in other examples. It should further be noted that certain examples are described schematically with certain features omitted and/or necessarily simplified for ease of explanation and understanding of the concepts underlying the examples.

[0040] Referring to FIGS. 1 to 5, an example apparatus 100 for sputter deposition of target material 108 to a substrate 116 is illustrated.

[0041] The apparatus 100 may be used for plasma-based sputter deposition for a wide number of industrial applications, such as those which have utility for the deposition of thin films, such as in the production of optical coatings, magnetic recording media, electronic semiconductor devices, LEDs, energy generation devices such as thin-film solar cells, and energy storage devices such as thin-film batteries. Therefore, while the context of the present disclosure may in some cases relate to the production of energy storage devices or portions thereof, it will be appreciated that the apparatus 100 and method described herein are not limited to the production thereof.

[0042] Although not shown in the Figures for clarity, it is to be appreciated that the apparatus 100 may be provided within a housing (not shown), which in use may be evacuated to a low pressure suitable for sputter deposition, for example 3×10.sup.−3 torr. For example, the housing (not shown) may be evacuated by a pumping system (not shown) to a suitable pressure (for example less than 1×10-5 torr), and in use a process or sputter gas, such as argon or nitrogen, may be introduced into the housing (not shown) using a gas feed system (not shown) to an extent such that a pressure suitable for sputter deposition is achieved (for example 3×10−3 torr).

[0043] Returning to the example illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 5, in broad overview, the apparatus 100 comprises a substrate guide 118, a target portion 106, and a magnetic confining arrangement 104.

[0044] The substrate guide 118 is arranged to guide a web of substrate 116 along a curved path (the curved path being indicated by arrow C in FIGS. 1 and 2).

[0045] In some examples, the substrate guide 118 may be provided by a curved member 118. The curved member 118 may be arranged to rotate about an axis 120, for example provided by an axle 120. As per the example illustrated in FIG. 3, the axis 120 may be also a longitudinal axis of the curved member 118. In some examples, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the curved member 118 may be provide by a substantially cylindrical drum or roller 118 of an overall web feed assembly 119. The web feed assembly 119 may be arranged to feed the web of substrate 116 onto and from the roller 118 such that the web of substrate 116 is carried by at least part of a curved surface of the roller 118. In some examples, the web feed assembly comprises a first roller 110a arranged to feed the web of substrate 116 onto the drum 118, and a second roller 110b arranged to feed the web of substrate 116 from the drum 118, after the web of substrate 116 has followed the curved path C. The web feed assembly 119 may be part of a “reel-to-reel” process arrangement (not shown), where the web of substrate 116 is fed from a first reel or bobbin (not shown) of substrate web 116, passes through the apparatus 100, and is then fed onto a second reel or bobbin (not shown) to form a loaded reel of processed substrate web (not shown).

[0046] In some examples, the web of substrate 116 may be or comprise silicon or a polymer. In some examples, for example for the production of an energy storage device, the web of substrate 116 may be or comprise nickel foil, but it will be appreciated that any suitable metal could be used instead of nickel, such as aluminium, copper or steel, or a metallised material including metallised plastics such as aluminium on polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

[0047] The target portion 106 is arranged to support the target material 108.

[0048] In some examples, the target portion 106 may comprise a plate or other support structure that supports or holds the target material 108 in place during sputter deposition. The target material 108 may be a material on the basis of which the sputter deposition onto the substrate 116 is to be performed. For example, the target material 108 may be or comprise material that is to be deposited onto the web of substrate 116 by sputter deposition.

[0049] In some examples, for example for the production of an energy storage device, the target material 108 may be or comprise, or may be or comprise a precursor material for, a cathode layer of an energy storage device, such as a material which is suitable for storing Lithium ions, such as Lithium Cobalt Oxide, Lithium Iron Phosphate or alkali metal polysulphide salts. Additionally or alternatively, the target material 108 may be or comprise, or may be or comprise a precursor material for, an anode layer of an energy storage device, such as Lithium metal, Graphite, Silicon or Indium Tin Oxides. Additionally or alternatively, the target material 108 may be or comprise, or may be or comprise a precursor material for, an electrolyte layer of an energy storage device, such as material which is ionically conductive, but which is also an electrical insulator, such as lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON). For example, the target material 108 may be or comprise LiPO as a precursor material for the deposition of LiPON onto the substrate 116, for example via reaction with Nitrogen gas in the region of the target material 108.

[0050] The target portion 106 and the substrate guide 118 are spaced apart from one another and define between them a deposition zone 114. The deposition zone 104 may be taken as the area or volume between the substrate guide 118 and the target portion 106 in which sputter deposition from the target material 108 onto the web of substrate 116 occurs in use.

[0051] In some examples, such as those illustrated, the apparatus may comprise a plasma generation arrangement 102. The plasma generation arrangement 102 is arranged to generate plasma 112.

[0052] In some examples, the plasma generation arrangement 102 may comprise one or more antennae 102a, 102b through which appropriate radio frequency power may be driven by a radio frequency power supply system (not shown) so as to generate an inductively coupled plasma 112 from the process or sputter gas in the housing (not shown). In some examples, plasma 112 may be generated by driving a radio frequency current through the one or more antennae 102a, 102b, for example at a frequency between 1 MHz and 1 GHz; a frequency between 1 MHz and 100 MHz; a frequency between 10 MHz and 40 MHz; or at a frequency of approximately 13.56 MHz or multiples thereof. The radio frequency power causes ionisation of the process or sputter gas to produce plasma 112.

[0053] In some examples, the plasma generation arrangement 102 may be disposed remotely of the substrate guide 118. For example, the plasma generation arrangement 102a may be disposed at a distance radially away from the substrate guide 118. As such, plasma 112 may be generated remotely of the substrate guide 118, and remotely from the deposition zone 114.

[0054] In some examples, the one or more antennae 102a, 102b may each be elongate antennae and extend in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 120 of the substrate guide 108 (e.g. the axis 120 of the drum 108 which passes through the origin of the radius of curvature of the curved drum 108). In the example of FIG. 1, the longitudinal axis 120 of the drum 118 is also the rotation axis of the drum 118.

[0055] In some examples, the plasma generation arrangement 102 comprises two antennae 102a, 102b for producing an inductively coupled plasma 112. In some examples (e.g. as illustrated in FIG. 3), the antennae 102a, 102b are elongate and substantially linear and extend parallel to the longitudinal axis 120 (which may also be the rotation axis 120 of the curved member 118). The antennae 102a, 102b may extend substantially parallel to one another and may be disposed laterally from one another. This may allow for a precise generation of an elongate region of plasma 112 between the two antennae 102a, 102b, which may in turn help provide for precise confining of the generated plasma 112 to the deposition zone 114, as described in more detail below. In some examples, the antennae 120a, 120b may be similar in length to the substrate guide 118, and accordingly similar to the width of the web of substrate 116 carried by the substrate guide 118. The elongate antennae 102a, 102b may provide for plasma 112 to be generated across a region having a length corresponding to the length of the substrate guide 118 (and hence corresponding to the width of the web of substrate 116), and hence may allow for plasma 112 to be available evenly or uniformly across the width of the web of substrate 116. As described in more detail below, this may in turn help provide for even or uniform sputter deposition.

[0056] The confining arrangement 104 comprises one or more magnetic elements 104a, 104b. The magnetic elements 104a, 104b are arranged to provide a confining magnetic field to confine plasma 112 (e.g. the plasma generated by the plasma generation arrangement 102) into the deposition zone 114, in order to provide for sputter deposition of target material 108 to the web of substrate 116 in use. The confining magnetic field is characterised by magnetic field lines arranged to, at least in the deposition zone 114, substantially follow a curve of the curved path C so as to confine the plasma 112 around the curved path C.

[0057] It will be appreciated that magnetic field lines may be used to characterise or describe the arrangement or geometry of a magnetic field. As such it will be understood that the confining magnetic field provided by the magnetic elements 104a, 104b may be described or characterised by magnetic field lines arranged to follow a curve of the curved path C. It will also be appreciated that, in principle, the whole or entire magnetic field provided by the magnetic elements 103a, 104b may comprise portions which may be characterised by magnetic field lines which are not arranged to follow the curve of the curved path C Nonetheless, the confining magnetic field provided, i.e. the part of the entire or whole magnetic field provided by the magnetic elements 104a, 104b that confines the plasma into the deposition zone 114, is characterised by magnetic field lines that follow the curve of the curved path C.

[0058] The curve of the curved path C may be understood as the degree to which the path along which the substrate guide 118 carries the web of substrate is curved. For example, the substrate guide 118 may comprise a curved member 118, such as a drum 118, that carries the substrate 116 along the curved path C. In such examples, the curve of the curved path C may result from the degree to which the curved surface of the curved member 118 that carries the web of substrate 116 is curved, i.e. deviates from a flat plane. In other words, the curve of the curved path C may be understood as the degree to which the curved path C that the curved member 118 causes the web of substrate 116 to follow is curved. To substantially follow the curve of the curved path C may be understood as to substantially conform to or replicate the curved shape of the curved path C. For example, the magnetic field lines may follow a curved path that has a common centre of curvature with the curved path C, but which has a different, in the illustrated examples larger, radius of curvature than the curved path C. For example, the magnetic field lines may follow a curved path that is substantially parallel to but radially offset from the curved path C of the substrate 116. In examples where a curved member or drum 118 guides the substrate 116 on the curved path C, the magnetic field lines may follow a curved path that is substantially parallel to but radially offset from the curved surface of the curved member or drum 118. For example, the magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field in FIG. 2 follow a curved path, at least in the deposition zone 114, that is substantially parallel to but radially offset from the curved path C, and hence which substantially follow the curve of the curved path C.

[0059] The magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field may be arranged to follow the curve of the curved path C around a substantial or significant sector or portion of the curved path C, for example over all or a substantial part of the notional sector of the curved path C over which the substrate 116 is guided by the substrate guide 118. For example, the curved path C may represent a portion of a circumference of a notional circle, and magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field may be arranged to follow the curve of the curved path C around at least about 1/16 or at least about ⅛ or at least about ¼ or at least about ½ of the circumference of the notional circle.

[0060] In examples where the substrate guide 118 is provided by a curved member or drum 118, the magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field may be arranged to follow a curve of the curved member or drum 118 around a substantial or significant sector or portion of the curved member 118, for example over all or a substantial part of the notional sector of the curved member 118 that carries or contacts the web of substrate 116 in use. For example, the curved member 118 may be substantially cylindrical in shape, and magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field may be arranged to follow the curve of the curved member 118 around at least about 1/16 or at least about ⅛ or at least about ¼ or at least about ½ of the circumference of the curved member 118. For example, the magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field in FIG. 2 follow a curved path around about at least ¼ of the circumference of the curved member 118.

[0061] An example magnetic field provided by example the magnetic elements 103a, 104b is illustrated schematically in FIGS. 2 and 4, where magnetic field lines (indicated as is convention by arrowed lines) are used to characterise or describe the magnetic field provided in use. As mentioned, there are some magnetic field lines which do not substantially follow the curvature of the curved member, but the confining magnetic field, i.e. that which confines the plasma into the deposition zone, is characterised by magnetic field lines arranged to follow the curve of the curved path C. As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 4, the magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field may each be curved so as to, at least in the deposition zone 114, substantially follow the curve of the curved path C.

[0062] The magnetic field lines being arranged to follow the curve of the curved path C of the substrate 116 confines the generated plasma 112 around the curve of the curved path C into the deposition zone 114. This occurs because the generated plasma 112 tends to follow the magnetic field lines. For example, ions of the plasma within the confining magnetic field and with some initial velocity will experience a Lorentz force that causes the ion to follow a periodic motion around the magnetic field line. If the initial motion is not strictly perpendicular to the magnetic field, the ion follows a helical path centred on the magnetic field line. The plasma containing such ions therefore tends to follow the magnetic field lines and hence is confined on a path defined thereby. Accordingly, since the magnetic field lines are arranged to substantially follow a curve of the curved path C, the plasma 112 will be confined so as to substantially follow a curve of the curved path C, and hence be confined around the curve of the curved path C into the deposition zone 114.

[0063] Confining the generated plasma 112 so as to substantially follow a curve of the curved path C may allow for more uniform distribution of plasma density at the web of substrate 116 at least in a direction around curve of the curved path C. This may in turn allow for a more uniform sputter deposition onto the web of substrate 116 in a direction around the curved path C. The sputter deposition may therefore, in turn, be performed more consistently. This may, for example, improve the consistency of the processed substrate, and may for example, reduce the need for quality control. This may be as compared to, for example, magnetron type sputter deposition apparatuses where the magnetic field lines characterising the magnetic field produced thereby loop tightly into and out of a substrate, and hence do not allow to provide uniform distribution of plasma density at the substrate.

[0064] Alternatively or additionally, confining the generated plasma 112 so as to substantially follow a curve of the curved path C may allow for an increased area of the substrate 116 to be exposed to the plasma 112, and hence for an increased area in which sputter deposition may be effected. This may allow, for example, for the web of substrate 116 to be fed through a reel-to-reel type apparatus at a faster rate for a given degree of deposition, and hence for more efficient sputter deposition.

[0065] In some examples, the magnetic confining arrangement 104 may comprise at least two of the magnetic elements 104a, 104b arranged to provide the magnetic field. For example, the at least two magnetic elements 104a, 104b may be arranged such that a region of relatively high magnetic field strength provided between the magnetic elements 104a, 104b substantially follows the curve of the curved path C. In the example illustrated schematically in FIGS. 1 and 2, there are two magnetic elements 104a, 104b located on opposite sides of the drum 118 to one another, and each is disposed above a lowermost portion of the drum 118 (in the sense of FIG. 1). The magnetic elements 104a, 104b confine the plasma 112 to follow the curve of the curved path C on both sides of the drum 118, for example a feed-on side where the web of substrate 116 is fed onto the drum 118, and a feed-off side in where the web of substrate 116 is fed off of the drum 118. Having at least two magnetic elements may therefore provide for a (further) increase in the area of the substrate 116 that is exposed to plasma, and hence increased area in which sputter deposition may be effected. This may allow, for example, for the web of substrate 116 to be fed through a reel-to-reel type apparatus at a (still) faster rate for a given degree of deposition, and hence for more efficient sputter deposition.

[0066] In some examples, one or more of the magnetic elements 104a, 104b may be an electromagnet 104a, 104b. The apparatus 100 may comprise a controller (not shown) arranged to control a strength of the magnetic field provided by one or more of the electromagnets 104a, 104b. This may allow for the arrangement of the magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field to be controlled. This may allow for adjustment of the plasma density at the substrate 116 and or the target material 108 and hence for improved control over the sputter deposition. This may allow for improved flexibility in the operation of the apparatus 100.

[0067] In some examples, one or more of the magnetic elements 104a, 104b may be provided by a solenoid 104a, 104b. Each solenoid 104a, 104b may define an opening through which plasma 112 passes (is confined) in use. As per the example illustrated schematically in FIGS. 1 and 2, there may be two solenoids 104a, 104b and each solenoid 104a, 104b may be angled so that a region of relatively high magnetic field strength provided between the solenoids 104a, 104b substantially follows the curve of the curved path C. In such a way, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the generated plasma 112 may pass through a first of the solenoids 104a, under the drum 118 (in the sense of FIG. 1) into the deposition zone 114, and up towards and through the second of the solenoids 104b. Although only two magnetic elements 104a, 104 are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be appreciated that further magnetic elements (not shown), for example further such solenoids (not shown) may be placed along the curved path of the plasma 112. This may allow for strengthening of the confining magnetic field and hence for precise confining and/or may allow for more degrees of freedom in the control of the confining magnetic field.

[0068] In some examples, the one or more magnetic elements 104a, 104b are arranged to provide the magnetic field so as to confine the plasma 112 in the form of a curved sheet. In some examples, the one or more magnetic elements 104a, 104b are arranged to provide the magnetic field so as to confine the plasma 112 in the form of a curved sheet having, at least in the deposition zone 114, a substantially uniform density.

[0069] For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, in some examples one or more of the solenoids 104a, 104b may be elongate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a direction of the magnetic field lines produced internally thereof in use. For example, as perhaps best seen in FIGS. 3 to 5, the solenoids 104a, 104b may each have an opening via which plasma 112 is confined in use (through which plasma 112 passes in use), where the opening is elongate in a direction substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis 120 of the curved member 118. As perhaps best seen in FIGS. 3 and 4, the elongate antennae 102a, 102b may extend parallel to and in line with the solenoids 104a, 104b. As described above, plasma 112 may be generated along the length of the elongate antennae 102a, 102b, and the elongate solenoid 104a may confine the plasma 112 in a direction away from the elongate antennae 102a, 102b, and through the elongate solenoid 104a.

[0070] The plasma 112 may be confined from the elongate antennae 102a, 102b by the elongate solenoid 104a in the form of a sheet. That is, in a form in which the depth (or thickness) of the plasma 112 is substantially less than its length or width. The thickness of the sheet of plasma 112 may be substantially constant along the length and width of the sheet. The density of the sheet of plasma 112 may be substantially uniform in one or both of its width and length directions. The plasma 112, in the form of a sheet, may be confined by the magnetic field provided by the solenoids 104a, 104b around the curved member 118 so as to follow the curve of the curved path C, into the deposition zone 114. The plasma 112 may thereby be confined in the form of a curved sheet. The thickness of the curved sheet of plasma 112 may be substantially constant along the length and width of the curved sheet. The plasma 112 in the form of a curved sheet may have a substantially uniform density, for example the density of the plasma 112 in the form of a curved sheet may be substantially uniform in one or both of its length and width.

[0071] Confining the plasma in the form of a curved sheet may allow for an increased area of the substrate 116 carried by the curved member 118 to be exposed to the plasma 112, and hence for an increased area in which sputter deposition may be effected. This may allow, for example, for the web of substrate 116 to be fed through a reel-to-reel type apparatus at a (still) faster rate for a given degree of deposition, and hence for more efficient sputter deposition.

[0072] Confining the plasma 112 in the form of a curved sheet, for example a curved sheet having, at least in the deposition zone 114, a substantially uniform density, may alternatively or additionally allow for a more uniform distribution of plasma density at the web of substrate 116, for example in both of a direction around the curve of the curved member 118, and over the length of the curved member 118. This may in turn allow for a more uniform sputter deposition onto the web of substrate 116, e.g. in a direction around the surface of the curved member and across the width of the substrate 116. The sputter deposition may therefore, in turn, be performed more consistently. This may, for example, improve the consistency of the processed substrate, and may for example, reduce the need for quality control. This may be as compared to, for example, magnetron type sputter deposition apparatuses where the magnetic field lines characterising the magnetic field produced thereby loop tightly into and out of a substrate, and hence do not allow to provide uniform distribution of plasma density at the substrate.

[0073] In some examples, the confined plasma 112 may, at least in the deposition zone 114, be high density plasma. For example, the confined plasma 112 (in the form of a curved sheet or otherwise) may have, at least in the deposition zone 114, a density of 10.sup.11 cm.sup.−3 or more, for example. Plasma 112 of high density in the deposition zone 114 may allow for effective and/or high rate sputter deposition.

[0074] In the examples illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 5, the target portion 106 and the target material 108 supported thereby is substantially planar. However, in some examples (as described in more detail below) the target portion may be arranged, or may be configurable to be arranged, such that at least one part of the target portion defines a supporting surface forming an obtuse angle with respect to a supporting surface of another part of the target portion. For example, the target portion may be substantially curved. For example, the target portion may be arranged to substantially follow the curve of the curved path C.

[0075] FIG. 6 illustrates an example apparatus 600. Many of the illustrated components of the apparatus 600 are the same as those of the apparatus 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 5 and described above and will not be described again. Like features are given like reference signs, and it will be appreciated that any feature of the examples described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 may be applied to the example illustrated in FIG. 6. However, in the example illustrated in FIG. 6, the target portion 606 is substantially curved. In the example of FIG. 6, the target material 608 supported by the target portion 606 is accordingly substantially curved. In this case, any one part of the curved target portion 606 forms an obtuse angle with any other part of the curved target portion 606 along the direction of the curve. In some examples, different parts of the target portion 606 may support different target materials, for example to provide for a desired arrangement or composition of deposition to the web of substrate 116.

[0076] In some examples, the curved target portion 606 may substantially follow the curve of the curved path C. For example, the curved target portion 606 may substantially conform to or replicate the curved shape of the curved path C. For example, the curved target portion 606 may have a curve that is substantially parallel to but radially offset from the curved path. For example, the curve target portion 606 may have a curve that has a common centre of curvature to the curved path C, but a different, in the illustrated examples larger, radius of curvature to the curved path C. Accordingly, the curved target portion 606 may in turn substantially follow the curve of the curved plasma 112 confined around the curved member 118 in use. Put another way, in some examples, the plasma 112 may be confined by the magnetic elements 104a, 104b of the confining arrangement to be located between the path C of the substrate 116 and the target portion 606, and substantially follow the curve of both the curved path C and the curved target portion 606.

[0077] As for the target portion 108 of the apparatus 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 5, it will be appreciated that the example target portion 606 of FIG. 6 (and accordingly the target material 608 supported thereby) may extend substantially across an entire length of the curved member 118 (e.g. in a direction parallel with the longitudinal axis 120 of the drum 118). This may allow to maximise the surface area of the web of substrate 116 carried by the drum 118 onto which target material 608 may be deposited.

[0078] As mentioned, the plasma 112 may be confined to substantially follow the curve of both the curved path C and the curved target portion 606. The area or volume between the curved path C and the curved target portion 606 may accordingly be curved around the curved member 118. The deposition zone 614 may therefore represent a curved volume in which sputter deposition of the target material 608 to the substrate 116 carried by the curved member 118 occurs in use. This may allow for an increase of the surface are of the web of substrate 116 carried by the curved member 118 present in the deposition zone 614 at any one time. This in turn may allow for an increase in the surface area of the web of substrate 116 onto which target material 608 may be deposited in use. This in turn may allow for an increased area in which sputter deposition may be effected, but without substantially increasing the spatial footprint of the target portion 606, and without altering the dimensions of the curved member 118. This may allow, for example, for the web of substrate 116 to be fed through a reel-to-reel type apparatus at a (still) faster rate for a given degree of deposition, and hence for more efficient sputter deposition, but also in a space efficient way.

[0079] FIG. 7 illustrates an example apparatus 600. Many of the illustrated components of the apparatus 700 are the same as those of the apparatus 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 5 and described above and will not be described again. Like features are given like reference signs, and it will be appreciated that any feature of the examples described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6 may be applied to the example illustrated in FIG. 7. However, in the example illustrated in FIG. 7, the target portion 706 is arranged, or configurable to be arranged, such that at least one part 706a of the target portion 706 defines a surface forming an obtuse angle with respect to a surface of another part 708b of the target portion 706.

[0080] In some examples, an angle that a first part 706a of the target portion 706 makes with a second, for example adjacent, part 706b of the target portion 708 may be fixed at an obtuse angle. The obtuse angle may be chosen such that the first part 706a and the second part 706b together are arranged so as to approximate the curve of the curved path C. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 7, the target portion 7086 may comprise, for example, three (substantially planar as illustrated in FIG. 7) parts 706a, 706b, 706c with each part making an obtuse angle with respect an adjacent part. A first part 706a may be disposed towards the feed-in side of the curved path C, a second part 706b may be disposed towards a central portion of the curved path C, and a third part 706c may be disposed towards a feed-off side of the curved path C. The three parts 706a, 706b, 706c together may be arranged so as to approximate the curve of the curved path C. The deposition zone 714 may therefore approximate a curved volume in which sputter deposition of the target material 708a, 708b, 708c to the substrate 116 occurs in use. An increase of the surface area of the web of substrate 116 present in the deposition zone 714 at any one time may thereby be increased. This may allow for an increased area in which sputter deposition may be effected, but without substantially increasing the spatial footprint of the target portion 706, and without altering the dimensions of the curved member 118, for example.

[0081] In some examples, the target portion 706 is configurable to be arranged such that at least one part 706a of the target portion 706 defines a surface forming an obtuse angle with respect to a surface of another part 708b of the target portion 706. For example, an angle that a first part 706a of the target portion 706 makes with a second, for example adjacent, part 706b of the target portion 706 may be configurable. For example, the first part 706a and the second part 706b may be mechanically connected by a hinge element 724 or other such component that allows the angle between the first part 706 and the second part 706b to be changed. Similarly, the second part 706b and the third part 706c may be mechanically connected by a hinge element 726 or other such component that allows the angle between the second part 706b and the third part 706c to be changed. An actuator and suitable controller (not shown) may be provided to move the first part 706a and/or the third part 706c relative to the second part 706b, that is to alter the angle made between the first part 706a and/or the third part 706c relative to the second part 706b. This may allow for control of the plasma density experienced by the target material 708a, 708c of the first part 706a or third part 706c of the target portion, and hence may allow for control in the deposition rate in use.

[0082] Alternatively or additionally, the confining magnetic field provided by the magnetic elements 104a, 104b may be controlled by a controller (not shown) to alter the curvature of the plasma 112 and thereby control the density of plasma experienced by the target material 708a, 708b, 708c of the first part 706a, second part 706b, or third part 706c of the target portion, and hence may allow for control in the deposition rate in use.

[0083] In some examples, the target material provided on one part 706a, 706b, 706c of the target portion 700 may be different to the target material provided on another part 706a, 706b, 706c of the target portion. This may allow for a desired arrangement or composition of target material to be sputter deposited onto the web of substrate 116. Control of the plasma density experienced by one or more of the target portions 706a, 706b, 706c, for example by control of the angle that the first part 706a or third part 706c makes with the second part 706b, and/or by control of the curvature of the confined plasma via control of the magnetic elements 104a, 104b, may allow for control of the type or composition of target material that is sputter deposited onto the web of substrate 116. This may allow for flexible sputter deposition.

[0084] In the examples illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 7, the magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field are each curved so as to, at least in the deposition zone 114, substantially follow the curve of the curved path C. However, this need not necessarily be the case and in other examples other arrangements may be used wherein nonetheless the confining magnetic field is characterised by magnetic field lines arranged to, at least in the deposition zone 114, substantially follow a curve of the curved path C so as to confine the plasma 112 around the curve of the curved path C.

[0085] For example, in some examples, the magnetic field lines characterising the confining magnetic field may be arranged such that an imaginary line, extending perpendicularly to each magnetic field line and connecting the magnetic field lines, is curved so as to, at least in the deposition zone, substantially follow the curve of the curved path C.

[0086] For example, FIG. 8 illustrates an example apparatus 800. Many of the illustrated components of the apparatus 800 may be the same as those of the apparatus 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 7 and described above and will not be described again. Like features are given like reference signs, and it will be appreciated that any feature of the examples described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7 may be applied to the example illustrated in FIG. 8. However, in the example illustrated in FIG. 8, a magnetic element 804a of a magnetic confining arrangement 804 is arranged to provide a confining magnetic field, wherein the magnetic field lines (black arrows in FIG. 8) characterising the confining magnetic field are each themselves substantially straight but are arranged such that an imaginary line 806, extending perpendicularly to each magnetic field line and connecting the magnetic field lines, is curved so as to, at least in the deposition zone (not indicated explicitly in FIG. 8 for clarity), substantially follow the curve of the curved path C.

[0087] The plasma generation arrangement 802 may comprise one or more elongate antennae 802a that are curved and extend in a direction substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis 120 of the curved member or drum 118. In the example of FIG. 8 the longitudinal axis 120 of the curved member 118 is also the rotation axis of the curved member 118. Only one antenna 802a is shown in FIG. 8 for clarity but it will be appreciated that more than one such antennae 802a may be used. The curved antenna 802a may substantially follow the curve of the curved path C. For example, the curved antenna 802a may be parallel to but radially and axially offset from the curved path C, e.g. parallel to but radially and axially offset from the curved surface of the curved member 118 that guides the substrate along the curved path C. The curved antenna 802a may be driven with radio frequency power to produce plasma (not shown in FIG. 8 for clarity) having a substantially curved shape.

[0088] The magnetic element 804a may comprise a solenoid 804a. Only one magnetic element 804a is shown in FIG. 8 for clarity, but it will be appreciated that, for example, another such magnetic element (not shown) may be placed on the opposite side of the curved member 118 to the solenoid 804a in the sense of FIG. 8. The solenoid 804a may have an opening through which plasma (not shown in FIG. 8) is confined in use. The opening may be curved and elongate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (rotational axis) 120 of the curved member 118. The curved solenoid 804a may substantially follow the curve of the curved path C. For example, the curved solenoid 804a may be parallel to but radially and axially offset from the curved surface of the curved member 118. The curved solenoid 804a may be disposed intermediate of the curved antenna 802a and the curved member 118. The curved solenoid 804a provides a confining magnetic field in which the field lines are arranged such that an imaginary line 806, extending perpendicularly to each magnetic field line and connecting the magnetic field lines, is curved so as to, at least in the deposition zone, substantially follow the curve of the curved path C.

[0089] Plasma (not shown in FIG. 8) may be generated along the length of the curved antenna 802a, and the curved solenoid 804a may confine the plasma (not shown in FIG. 8) in a direction away from the curved antenna 802a and through the curved solenoid 804a. The plasma may be confined by the curved solenoid 804a in the form of a curved sheet. In this case, the length of the curved sheet extends in a direction parallel to the longitudinal (rotational) axis 120 of the curved member 118. The plasma, in the form of a curved sheet, may be confined by the magnetic field provided by the solenoid 804a around the curved member 118 and so as to replicate the curve of the curved member 118. The thickness of the curved sheet of plasma may be substantially constant along the length and width of the curved sheet. The plasma in the form of a curved sheet may have a substantially uniform density, for example the density of the plasma in the form of a curved sheet may be substantially uniform in one or both of its length and width. As described above, the plasma being confined in the form of a curved sheet may allow for an increased area in which sputter deposition may be effected and hence for more efficient sputter deposition, and/or for a more uniform distribution of plasma density at the web of substrate 116, for example in both of a direction around the curved of the curved member, and across the width of the substrate 116. This may in turn allow for a more uniform sputter deposition onto the web of substrate 116, e.g. in a direction around the surface of the curved member and across the length of the curved member 118, which may improve the consistency of the processing of the substrate.

[0090] Referring to FIG. 9, there is illustrated schematically an example method of sputter deposition of target material 108, 608, 708a, 708b, 708c to a web of substrate 116. In the method, the web of substrate 116 is guided by a substrate guide 118 along a curved path C. A deposition zone 114, 614, 714 is defined between the substrate guide 118 and a target portion 106, 606, 706a, 706b, 706c supporting the target material 108, 608, 708a, 708b, 708c. The target material 108, 608, 708a, 708b, 708c, the web of substrate 116, the deposition zone 114, 614, 714, the target portion 106, 606, 706a, 706b, 706c, the substrate guide 118 and/or the curved path C may be, for example, those of any of the examples described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8. In some examples, the method may be performed by any one of the apparatuses 100, 600, 700, 800 described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8.

[0091] In some examples, the method may comprise, in step 902, generating plasma. For example, the plasma may be generated by one of the plasma generation arrangements 102, 802 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8.

[0092] In step 904, the method comprises providing a magnetic field to confine the plasma into the deposition zone 114, 614, 714 thereby to cause sputter deposition of target material 108, 608, 708a, 708b, 708c to the web of substrate 116. The magnetic field is characterised by magnetic field lines arranged to, at least in the deposition zone 114, 614, 714, substantially follow a curve of the curved path C so as to confine the plasma 112 around a curve of the curved path C For example, the plasma may be confined by one of the magnetic confining arrangements 104, 804 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8.

[0093] As mentioned, confining the generated plasma 112 in this way may allow for more uniform distribution of plasma density at the web of substrate 116 at least in a direction around curve of the curved path C. This may in turn allow for a more uniform sputter deposition onto the web of substrate 116 in a direction around the surface of the curved member 118. The sputter deposition may therefore, in turn, be performed more consistently. This may, for example, improve the consistency of the processed substrate, and may for example, reduce the need for quality control. This may be as compared to, for example, magnetron type sputter deposition where the magnetic field lines characterising the magnetic field produced thereby loop tightly into and out of a substrate, and hence do not allow to provide uniform distribution of plasma density at the substrate.

[0094] Further, confining the generated plasma 112 so as to follow a curve of the curved path in this way may allow for an increased area of the substrate 116 to be exposed to the plasma 112, and hence for an increased area in which sputter deposition may be effected. This may allow, for example, for the web of substrate 116 to be fed through a reel-to-reel type apparatus at a faster rate for a given degree of deposition, and hence for more efficient sputter deposition.

[0095] The above examples are to be understood as illustrative examples of the invention. It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any one example may be used alone, or in combination with other features described, and may also be used in combination with one or more features of any other of the examples, or any combination of any other of the examples. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not described above may also be employed without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the accompanying claims.