Controlled Pion - Electron Interactions to Produce: 1) Electricity (Claim 1); 2) Coherent Gamma Ray Beam (Claim 2); and 3) Proton to Neutron Transmutations (Claim 3)

Abstract

This invention produces electricity, gamma rays, or neutrons, based on the findings set forth in A Nuclear-Gravitational Electrodynamic Framework, Boltzmann's P=e.sup.S/k probability principle, Maxwell's EM theory, Relativity, and Quantum Theory, to optimize protons' pion-electron interactions. Functionally this is like what occurs in Chemical Thermodynamics, using external conditions to control 10.sup.10 m orbital electron interactions to rearrange molecules and obtain desired products, except that this process controls 10.sup.15 m pion-electron interactions by creating an equilibrium between external EM conditions and protons' internal components to control the protons' pion generation.

Claims

1- Producing Electricity by Controlled Pion-Electron Interactions

2- Producing Coherent Gamma Rays by Controlled Pion-Electron Interactions

3- Producing Proton to Neutron Transmutations by Controlled Pion-Electron Interactions

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0072] FIG. 1: Quark Triton This drawing represents the minimum possible 3 quark ground state energy configuration (with no excited state momentum reversals), consisting of 3 m.sub.Up=(E.sub.cE.sub.o)23 2=3.9323 MeV minimum energy ground state Up quarks consisting of an electron E.sub.o/=(E.sub.cE.sub.o)=0.2555 MeV light speed inertial 2 wave function with 2 angular and 3 spherical momentum distributions.

[0073] This places Up quarks solidly in the Nuclear-Gravitational Electrodynamic Framework of stable ground state constructs with Sommerfeld a fine structure constant density ratios separating the nuclear, atomic and gravitational energy domains: a 2 wave function, distributed in the 3 spatial and time dimensions as a 4-D space-time energy construct, with Wave-Particle Duality field energies and E.sub.n=E.sub.o/n.sup.2 quantum states.

[0074] The Up quarks first quantum state is the m.sub.Down=3 m.sub.Up=6.8109 MeV Down quark, occurs when the (31)m.sub.Up=m.sub.DownmUp=2.88 MeV orbital gluon binds the 3 Up quarks into a triton. It quantum optically exhibits as two + charge Up quarks and a charge Down quark because the light speed gluon 1e charge wave function is always interacting with one Up quark, so they average to two + charge Up quarks and a charge Down quark image over time. The gluon's light speed interaction with an Up quark precipitates a

[00007]$m_{{}^o}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}.Math.\left\{\left(\frac{3}{}\right).Math.\left(\frac{1}{2}.Math.m_e.Math.c^2\right)+\sqrt{2}.Math.m_e\right\}+\left(m_{\mathrm{Down}}-\frac{m_{\mathrm{Up}}}{}\right)=135.Math..Math.\mathrm{MeV}$

neutral pion impulse energy emission.

[0075] FIG. 2: Impedance of space This figure shows Einstein's 4-D space-time points depicted as 4-D space-time point-pairs with bidirectional EM energy transfer capability. In this configuration, the point pairs can be operated upon by EM wave field energy to exhibit positive, , neutral, or negative field energy, and still operate in the , neutral state as Einstein's 4-D space-time points to exhibit as gravity.

[0076] FIG. 3: Quark Triton Generated Higgs Mass The quark triton +1e charge exhibits as a 2 wave function with light speed 2 angular and 3 spherical momentum distributions, resulting in alignment of space's point-pairs and field poles distributing at the c=1/(.sub.o.sub.o) light speed 3 spherical momentum distribution rate, so the poles reverse at light speed, within Heisenberg's wave measurement Uncertainty, undetectable by normal means. However, if held in a magnetic field the energy distribution will exhibit as a .sub.p= e/m.sub.p magneton, attenuated by the proton's generated EM field energy Higgs mass, mitigated by the proton's lower density, as shown in Background of the Invention in [0006].

[0077] To be stable, the triton charge wavelength propagating through the mass must equate to the triton traversing its circumference at light speed, so the e.sup.+ charge motion force on one side attracts its opposing e.sup.+ force. If E=hf=he/ (Planck's equation), then a 3(2mUp+m.sub.Down)=25.4 MeV=4.0710.sup.12 J triton with 23 angular and spherical momentums will generate a =hc/E=c/[3(2m.sub.Up+m.sub.Down)23 2]=1.0094210.sup.15 m 2 wavelength, the r.sub.pi=(hc/.sup.4).sup.23.sup.2/3/2=1.02 fm proton radius minus the triton's r.sub.qi=(r.sub.qo/)3=6.3510.sup.17 m quark radii, and the m.sub.p(=e) 23 3c.sup.3=3{(m.sub.Up/)+(m.sub.Downm.sub.Up)}=938.3 MeV proton mass minus the 25.4 MeV triton, factored by , is the m.sub.HB={m.sub.p3(2mUp+m.sub.Down)}/=125.1 GeV Higgs mass.

[0078] FIG. 4: spin mass shift FIG. 4 simply depicts the relativistic shift of the proton's mass by the quark triton's light speed orbital motion. Since the mass radius is r.sub.po=0.83 fm and the triton orbital radius occurs at the r.sub.pi=1.02 fm, the spin offset angle is arc sin r.sub.po/r.sub.pi=54.7.

[0079] FIG. 5: Feynman Diagram and Deuterium Bond FIG. 5 depicts a proton-neutron Deuterium bond Feynman Diagram with particles exchanging states by exchanging Up and Down quarks via pion exchange, and the resonance of the neutron state ED=2E.sub.n+E.sub.r=2(0.78233 MeV)+(E.sub.n/3)(m.sub.n+E.sub.n)/m.sub.e=2.224 MeV electron between the protons.

[0080] FIG. 6: Quad Pole Cyclotron FIG. 6 depicts a two phase 4-pole Cyclotron with alternating Larmor frequency sub-orbitals to control the protons' mass, spin and density energies in order to synchronize the electron beam pulses with the quark triton pion generation, described in Summary of the Disclosure Section B.

[0081] FIG. 7: Pion-Electron Interactions Angles and Emissions FIG. 7 depicts interacting the electrons with the pions at different angles to obtain gamma rays, neutrons or high energy Beta particles, as described in Summary of the Disclosure Section in [0060].

[0082] The protons are subjected to centripetal force in the Larmor frequency sub-orbitals so their -spin offset mass, triton, and pion generation are on the outside of the orbital. The electron beam pulses are synchronized to control when the pions and electrons interact to introduce momentum into the electron to obtain the desired gamma, neutron or Beta particle emission.

[0083] FIG. 8: High and Low Energy Density Proton Cyclotron Standing Wave The two-phase Cyclotron design creates an energy standing wave that results in a quantized two state proton system that bunches the protons into groups. This way, when one of the phases is turned off, the protons stay in the low energy state and away from the electron beam so their opposing momentum pions cannot interact with electrons and generate gamma rays when they are used to generate electricity or neutrons. It is not dangerous to generate Beta particles when producing gamma rays, but it is dangerous to generate gamma rays when producing electricity.

[0084] Detailed Description of the Invention: As explained in the Background of the Invention and Summary of the Disclosure sections, a nuclear-atomic-gravitational framework was derived, showing that these domains are coincident energy constructs with stable non-statistical ground states separated by Sommerfeld's a fine structure constant density ratio, that particles are 2 wave function energy constructs operating in 4-D space-time as particles in a stable light speed resonance between 4-D space-time constructs and field energy forms (i.e. Wave-Particle Duality). Based upon this framework, the component energies of the proton were broken down into the simplest composite constructs that met the framework requirements. Einstein's 4-D Minkowski space-time was modified to incorporate EM fields, depicted in FIG. 2 as bi-directional Magnetic 4-D Minkowski space-time in which Einstein's points of space are uoco impedance point-pairs that can operate as positive, neutral, and negative field energy.

[0085] The proton Up, Up and Down quarks were configured as a composite triton structure of 3 ground state Up quarks bound by an excited Down quark state gluon resonating between the Up quarks, as depicted in FIG. 1, just as Yukawa's pion resonates between particles to bind them.

[0086] This composite quark triton structure is stabilized as part of the proton composite construct. As depicted in FIG. 3, the triton's charge and motion operate on space's impedance to generate the Higg's mass, appearing as neutral mass energy because the light speed orbital triton distributes in 3-D so the generated pole is cancelled at light speed, unless aligned in an external magnetic field, as the proton's magneton, attenuated by Higg's EM mass energy, mitigated by its lower density. In this process, the triton also creates the -spin mass offset, as depicted in FIG. 4, and the pion in nuclear bonds, depicted in FIG. 5 as a Feynman Diagram and Deuterium bond.

[0087] These depictions represent the minimum energy ground state configurations that result in proton mass, charge, magneton, -spin, density and pion energies, as per Background of the Invention and Summary of the Disclosure, yielding the quarks, triton and proton composite constructs, Wave-Particle Duality behaviors, and P=e.sup.S/k Boltzmann E.sub.n=E.sub.o/n.sup.2 quantum state distribution.

[0088] Wave behaviors and quantum states are 4-D space-time ground state construct derivatives (i.e. energy operating upon space's impedance and extra energy resulting in a P=e.sup.S/k quantized wave function energy state distribution) so it is only necessary to control the ground state parameters to control the fundamental circumstance of all the quantum wave function energy states.

[0089] The objective is to align and orient protons' pions to interact them with electrons in a controlled way to produce electricity, gamma rays and neutrons, as shown in FIG. 7, where the angle of interaction determines whether the output is gamma rays (obtuse interaction), neutrons (acute interactions) and high energy Beta particles to generate electricity (orthogonal interaction):

[0090] Since Chemical Thermodynamics techniques based on Boltzmann's P=e.sup.S/k probability principle are used to rearrange molecules, and particles behave per the same Boltzmann quantum statistics principles, the same approach is utilized to control the interaction alignment and orientation. This was accomplished by a combination of Cyclotron with sub-orbital sub-Cyclotron -Dees and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques, as shown in FIG. 6:

[0091] A 2.5 standard Cyclotron configuration is used, except that the Dees are split in half to effect Cyclotron sub-orbitals. The 2.5 -Dees were made of copper sheet with a gap. Neodymium super magnets were used to achieve a 1 Tesla field strength. In this configuration, there are three synchronized momentums occurring: 1) A fundamental half Larmor frequency Cyclotron orbital; 2) Larmor frequency sub-orbitals; and 3) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Larmor frequency spin.

[0092] All three momentums are synchronized, with two proton spin (and pion generation) sub-orbital revolutions per Cyclotron orbital, so internal and external proton behaviors are in equilibrium, and the P=e.sup.S/k alignment and orientation probability are maximized.

[0093] A phase controlled electron beam, pulse synchronized to the Larmor frequency, and gated to the Cyclotron 1/2 Larmor frequency, passes between the phase A and B -Dees to interact with the quark triton generated pions, as the protons traverse the sub-orbital coincident with their -spin Larmor precession. The tritons and their relativistically attracted Higgs mass are accelerated to the orbital's outside surface by the sub-orbital angular momentum and their -spin mass offset.

[0094] This maximizes electron-pion interactions, but excludes opposing momentum pions by turning off Phase A and B -Dees Larmor frequency alternately so Beta particles and gamma rays aren't simultaneously generated. The protons are gated into groups because the sub-orbitals operate at the Larmor frequency and the Cyclotron operates at half the Larmor frequency, so the sub-orbital protons have twice the E=hf energy, an excited quantum state that removes entropy from proton pion generation by keeping the protons in the Cyclotron plane, accelerating angular momentum to keep the triton's pion generation on the outside of the sub-orbital surface, and moving them into path of the electron beam pulses when it is time for the electrons to interact with them.

[0095] This configuration acts to synchronize the tritons' pion generation with the electron beam pulses because interaction of the 2.88 MeV gluon with a 3.9322 MeV Up quark to form a 6.8109 MeV Down quark state constitutes a 73% mass-energy increase for the Up quark so it is accelerated to the sub-orbital's outside surface along with the triton and relativistically generated -spin Higgs mass offset. The protons are also bunched into higher energy lower entropy groups because the -Larmor frequency Cyclotron orbital and Larmor frequency sub-orbitals form a high and low energy density proton Cyclotron standing wave, as shown in FIG. 8, and since these are the only two possible energy states in the configuration, the protons distribute evenly between the states per Boltzmann's P=e.sup.S/k probability principle.

[0096] Thus, the generated pions are orchestrated into position for optimum interaction with the electron beam pulses in the center between the phase A and B -Dees, and when the Larmor frequency is alternately turned off entropy increase for those protons and they move to the Cyclotron orbital where they behave randomly, away from the electron beam. The interaction product (emission) is determined by the interaction angle, as shown in FIG. 7, gamma rays for obtuse interactions, neutrons for acute interactions, and Beta particles for orthogonal interactions.

[0097] Gamma, Beta and neutron detector feedback is used to optimize the interaction angle by phasing the electron beam pulses forward or backward to minimize the undesired energy forms. This allows a high degree of gamma ray frequency and direction control, per Bragg's equation, like X- ray generation and diffractometry techniques, because the pion-electron interaction angle constitutes a reaction surface determined by the protons' generated pions' reduced entropy.

[0098] It doesn't matter if both the pion matter wave angle and electrons move relative to each other if their motions are uniform, which they are because the electron beam is constant energy and the protons' spin occurs at the Larmor precession rate. When an electron beam interacts with a metal target to produce x-rays the target's orbital electron motions are random but their crystal lattice spacing has 0-entropy. In this case the protons are bunched and their pion generation entropy is near 0 so they have lower entropy than orbital electrons, and provide a better interaction surface.

[0099] Whether electrons interact with pions to produce gamma rays or orbital electrons to produce X- rays, the output is electromagnetic in either case under obtuse angle conditions, but are coherent in the case of gamma ray generation because all conditions are controlled, like creating uniform energy barrier Avalanche conditions in a solid-state lasers' crystal lattice. However, coherent gamma rays are strongly attenuated by the random dispersion properties of atmospheric gases.

[0100] This is minimized by modulating the gamma ray generation to the gasses' matter wave frequency to reduce entropic losses. This reduces overall efficiency, but aligning the matter waves forms a conduit for the gamma rays to pass through, and their energy from the pions is in the order of a 2 MeV nuclear bond while the matter waves are in the order of 10 eV, so it's relatively efficient.

[0101] The gasses have a statistical distribution of matter wave frequencies centered about an average frequency corresponding to the ambient temperature. Generating the gamma rays in pulses that correspond to the ambient matter wave frequency tunes gamma ray generation to the wavelength most likely to be absorbed by the gases, so their energy absorption entropic degree of freedom saturates, and they stop absorbing energy around the beam, creating a net conduit effect.

[0102] Neutrons are similarly generated, except that the electron-pion interactions are tuned for an acute interaction angle that results in the electron being absorbed into a neutron state orbital. Neutrons were synthesized by Borghi by microwave stimulation of hydrogen in 1955, and again by rf field stimulation of hydrogen by Missfeldt in 1979, but these were very inefficient statistical synthesis processes. The authors of this patent used an Electron Gun and Cyclotron to generate specific energy protons and electrons, interacted at an acute angle, to produce neutrons more efficiently, but this electron-pion interaction method is nearly 100% efficient.

[0103] Electricity is generated by interacting the electrons orthogonal to the pions, as shown in FIG. 7. An orthogonal interaction transfers the pion's 2.2 MeV matter wave energy to the electrons, with no angular momentums to produce gamma rays or form neutrons. These 2.2 MeV Beta particles strike a series of metal plates attached to a current source, so they create an electron cascade that distributes the 2.2 MeV between them, for instance a 2.2 MeV Beta particle creating a cascade of 500 electrons with an average energy of 4400 eV. This technique therefore transforms Beta particles into high current pulses, like switching power supply pulses averaging to a sign wave.

[0104] As shown in the FIG. 5 Feynman Diagram, there is a Down quark energy state transfer which corresponds to the 2.88 MeV gluon energy, comprised of a E.sub.n/3 (E.sub.n+m.sub.e)/m.sub.e=0.66 MeV 1-D resonance energy and 2.22 MeV bond energy, so 2.22 MeV+0.66 MeV=2.88 MeV. The 2.22 MeV transfers to the electron from the proton via the pion matter wave because of the proton and electron charge difference, and the 0.66 MeV 1-D momentum energy returns to the proton.

[0105] This process occurs at 1 fermi=10.sup.15 m distances, but functions like Chemical Thermodynamic reactions at the 10.sup.10 m distances of atoms. Conditions are orchestrated to create Boltzmann S=k ln P entropic conditions that favor the desired outcomes. In either case, the reactions occur between electrons (or electrons and pions) with entropic conditions controlled to favor desired products, as in fractionating columns where desired products are extracted, and in this case, is removed as a gamma ray, Beta particle, or neutron emissions, and as the desired products are removed from the reaction, more are produced to maintain the P=e.sup.S/k entropic equilibrium probability. This completes the detailed description of the invention.