Room temperature alternative superconductor, beta nuclear reactor and more

Abstract

Combining alternative room temperature superconductor and neutrinos lens with other special means can enormously accelerate beta decay, so as to directly generate electricity or thermal energy. Not by extreme low temperature for superconductor, as alternative, mechanically spinning electric charged regular conductor can mimic superconductor in normal ambient condition, but with convenience and far lower energy consumption than cryogenic deep freezer. The virtual-current-generated strong magnetic field is one of the crucial factors to speed up beta decay, as well as the synergy catalysis of focused neutrinos. In a sense, it is a controlled yet accelerated decay nuclear reactor.

Claims

1. An alternative room temperature superconductor system comprising comb-like dense arrangement of parallel disks that is interlacedly grouped as cathode and anode and charged with voltage in same way of manipulation or treatment on a capacitor.

2. In addition to claim 1, one of the said 2 groups of disks can be coupled to shaft that is driven by a motor so as to create high virtual current.

3. In addition to claim 1, even all the 2 groups of disks can also be coupled to respective shafts that are driven by external mechanic power source(s), and the cathode group and anode group should rotate in opposite directions.

4. In addition to claim 1, the spacing interval of disks and area and in-between dielectric medium are reasonably determined by compliance with capacitor design practice.

5. In addition to claim 1, the shaft(s) can be either supported by bearings or levitation in strong field of permanent magnets, all in purpose of low friction.

6. A beta nuclear reactor with direct current output that is based on the optical system focused neutrinos catalysis and alt-superconductor system claimed in 1.

7. In addition to claim 6, beta fuel is carried on the designated disks hosted in so-called dyno-capacitor system as defined in description of patents, i.e. if the fuel has beta minus tendency, e.g. preferred lutetium 176Lu, then let disks in anode group carry it, else if it has beta plus tendency, then let disks in cathode group carry it.

8. In addition to claim 6, the lens that is made of heavy metal, such as lead or mercury, is deployed to focus neutrinos inside fuel and aim or track the neutrinos source, either the Sun or other source, and the lens geometry parameters are determined by formula of focal length, given refractive index of neutrinos on specific material.

9. In addition to claim 6, opt to deploy neutrinos mirror simultaneously in the said optical system, so as to maximally harvest neutrinos energy and spin angular quanta cracking effect on fuel.

10. In addition to claim 6, beta minus and beta plus fuel can be used simultaneously provided the former is carried by disks in anode group and the latter is carried by disks in cathode group, and any one group rotate or both groups rotate in opposite directions.

11. In addition to claim 6, a DC-DC step-up module is needed to facilitate rechargeable battery or batteries bank to start the reactor by providing initial reasonable bias voltages over electrodes.

12. In addition to claim 6, a mechanism is used to move lens by zigzag scan if neutrinos are converged to focus, or by the sideway scan if neutrinos are converged to a concentrated parallel beam, so as to evenly disperse focused neutrinos energy to everywhere in fuel.

13. In addition to claim 6, optionally a mechanism is used to change the lens focal length and aperture diameter so as to evenly disperse focused neutrinos energy to everywhere in fuel, if the optical system converges incident neutrinos rays into a concentrated narrow parallel rays, and liquid material is used for lens.

14. In addition to claim 6, the shaft(s) should be hollow and/or disks hollow if the design is permitted, so as to conduct heat exchanging fluid in circulation, and to facilitate output of thermal energy.

15. A variety of claim 6 that eliminates the dyno-capacitor system and features pure intrinsic thermal energy output that comprises a sphere or ellipsoid inner mirror and Bunimovich drum that is positioned around focus of lens and inlined in heat exchanging fluid circulation loop.

16. In addition to claim 15, the fuel can be solid or melted fluid or a constituting element of electrolyte, respectively the heat exchange working fluid varies from water, fuel itself, or aqueous solution.

17. In addition to claim 15, if fluidic work medium contains fuel, then an electrolysis system positioned around focus of neutrinos lens can be embedded to generate secondary gas fuel, such as HHO, so as to harvest chemical energy and nuclear energy simultaneously if they are in matchable ratings, so as to get higher overunity effect.

18. In addition to claim 15, optionally, if fluidic work medium contains fuel, then a DC high voltage supply that works in pulse mode and is positioned around focus of neutrinos lens, can be embedded to generate nuclear energy via C-LENR (Collective Low Energy Nuclear Reaction) as defined in description of subject application.

19. An artificial neutrinos source comprises anode, first cathode that is a hair of filament or planar matrix of filaments, final cathode, Faraday cup, I/O isolated DC to DC chargeback module and auxiliary parts e.g. acceleration-end capacitor, deceleration-end capacitor, peripheral resistances and diodes, and of the system, the filament(s) should be powered for establishing proper hot temperature so as to emit thermal electrons efficiently.

20. In addition to claim 19, the spacing interval of accelerating zone between first cathode and anode is reasonably determined so as to make the electric field strength not high enough to generate neutrino-antineutrino pairs and make DC power supply comfortable.

21.-24. (canceled)

Description

INVENTIONS DESCRIPTION

Invention 1: Basic Alternative Superconductor System

[0286] As per the calculation in 1 of first section, electrons in current carrying real conductor, just runs as slowly as snail, fortunately, by other method, great advantage can be taken to virtually and exponentially increase velocity of electric charges by rotating electric charged disk(s), though only virtual electric current exists, yet still makes sense.

[0287] All current-related properties, especially the magnetic effect of virtual electric current, can gain the same one with real current, so never to depreciate virtual current.

[0288] As there is no relative motion between rotating disk base structure and metal ions on disk, the intrinsic resistance of regular conductor does not act on joule heat dissipation, so such a system can be regarded as virtual superconductor, though little mechanic energy is needed to maintain a constant rotation.

[0289] FIG. 6 with three sub-figures presents the alternative superconductor system, of course, room temperature works.

[0290] A plurality of disks are mounted on or casted as assemble with a shaft that is supported on a pair of low friction bearings at both ends; another set of similar disks with central holes are interleaved with the disk-shaft assembly in even space.

[0291] Size of the said central hole is slightly larger than shaft diameter, so as not to bring extra friction to shaft rotation.

[0292] Sub-FIG. 6a shows the disk-comb rotor with shaft. The assemble functions as abstract electrode with same electric potential everywhere when it is connected to one pole of DC (direct current) power supply via the electric commuter/collecting ring or just a bearing with good conductance;

[0293] Sub-FIG. 6b shows all other interleaved disks that are mounted and electrically connected to metal base, and this combo functions as another abstract electrode stator with same electric potential everywhere when connected to another pole of DC power supply. The Central hole, rigid base and electric lead are marked.

[0294] By setting the spacing interval as reasonably small as possible between neighboring disks, core of the whole system becomes good capacitor with decent high density of electric charges on surfaces after fully recharged.

[0295] In general, the capacitance C of planar capacitor with spacing interval d and surface area A, can be expressed by formula:

[00010]$C=\frac{.Math..Math.A}{d},$

where is the permittivity of dielectric medium, for vacuum .sub.0=8.85*10.sup.12 farads per meter.

[0296] The density a of electric charges can be calculated by formula:

[00011]$=.Math..Math.E=\frac{.Math..Math.V}{d},$

where E is the electric field strength, V is the applied voltage across electrodes.

[0297] The higher breakdown dielectric strength the dielectric medium, then the closer the disk spacing, and usually vacuum environment is preferred in this application, because dielectric strength in vacuum is theoretically unlimited, though limited yet very high in reality.

[0298] The voltage across the electrodes is also called bias voltage, or capacitor voltage, and its polarity setting does not matter if only pursuing high virtual current, otherwise is determined by associated application.

[0299] As positive and/or negative electrodes can be mechanically driven to rotate, such an abstract capacitor is called dyno-capacitor. It is another building block in my whole dielectrodynamics theory that has been defined at first time in my previous patent application wherein a typical model is implemented with dynamic switchable multi-dielectric flakes or blades.

[0300] Sub-FIG. 6c shows the combination of sub-FIGS. 6a and 6b and some auxiliaries to form a so-called dyno-capacitor. Two bearings, ring electric commuter and DC source for bias voltage are labeled for easy understanding. The ring electric commuter is also referred as collecting ring.

[0301] As the appearance of disk-electrodes arrangement looks like a comb for hair grooming, hence disk-comb is also used as adjective to literally decorate dyno-capacitor.

[0302] The drawn pieces of disk of comb in all subject figures are just for coarse illustration, the real quantity depends on objectified system, and disk spacing & coupling should make assembled-capacitor in excellent performance.

[0303] Huge virtual electric current can be obtained without the concept of resistance as long as the rotation speed is high enough. In this sense, it looks like alternative superconductor system.

[0304] According to the Guinness world records, the manmade highest speed of revolution is 600 million rpm (revolutions per minute) rendered by a diameter 41 m tiny ball.

[0305] Of course, that top speed is far less economical; empirically the affordable and feasible speed is under 1 million rpm.

[0306] Doing math can be more convincible for industry estimation.

[0307] Assuming super large Alfven current, i.e. 17 kA (thousand ampere) is needed, disks total 1000 pairs, radii 10 cm, let voltage high enough to get charge's density 1 e per square nm (nanometer), i.e. 1.6*10.sup.19/(10.sup.9).sup.2=0.16 C/m.sup.2.

[0308] Total area with electric charges=1000**0.1.sup.2=31.4 m.sup.2, then total charges=31.4*0.16=5C;

[0309] The time span to turn all charges one revolution=5C/17000=0.00029 s, then the revolutions per second=1/0.00029=3448, i.e. 3448*60=206880 rpm.

[0310] The result rev speed seems not too difficult to reach.

[0311] Most real superconductors usually allow mediocre 2 kA, far less than 17 kA, though many nuclear physics experiments wish the super strong magnetic field induced by Alfven current.

[0312] Starting alternative superconductor system should input initial mechanic energy to establish stable rev speed, i.e. 0.5*(moment of inertia)*(angular speed).sup.2, since then, maintaining input only compensates small friction loss because of no other mechanic loads.

[0313] Rotation can be driven by whatever reasonable means, such as high speed electric motor or accelerating gearbox transmission.

[0314] To save initial input, the disk-shaft assembly is required to be as light as possible to minimize rotary inertia.

[0315] Because disks are arranged very close, and as thin as flakes, so machining accuracy is very strict.

[0316] It is highly motivated to increase density of electric charges on electrodes as high as possible for achieving high virtual current as well as lessening burden of high rev speed.

[0317] Therefore some improvements are derived.

[0318] As an electrochemical cell battery can hold large colony of charges on electrode plates, if we can rotate specified electrode plate(s), then such an improvement can be better in virtual current performance than air or vacuum dyno-capacitor system.

[0319] To distinguish from dyno-capacitor, dyno-battery is hereby defined as alt-superconductor system based on a battery frame.

[0320] Electrolytic capacitor is similar to electrochemical battery, despite only hold a fraction of charges of the same size battery.

[0321] In principle, electrolytic dyno-capacitor distinguishes itself from regular dyno-capacitor only by changing vacuum or air medium to electrolyte aqueous.

[0322] FIG. 7 comprises three sub-figures: the first is the main assembly, the others are the zoom-ins of two possible dielectric insulations for a single disc electrode.

[0323] Sub-FIG. 7a of FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic structure of disk-comb dyno-battery or dyno-capacitor immersed in electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution is marked.

[0324] The immersed disks can either be coated as in sub-FIG. 7b with layer of or enveloped as in sub-FIG. 7c within pocket of thin dielectric medium, but coating may increase energy consumption during starting and sustaining because of viscosity, and enveloping may suffer from sealing issue though costing lesser driving energy.

[0325] The thin coating and the thin gap are marked respectively in sub-FIGS. 7b and 7c.

[0326] For rechargeable dyno-battery, a special electrochemical cell, its electrode(s) can be rotatable.

[0327] FIG. 8 illustrates a cylindrical electrolytic dyno-capacitor with enhanced charge separation: sub-FIG. 8a is the side view, and 8b is the top view.

[0328] The cylindrical container is filled with electrolytic solution, and its inner sidewall is laminated with a large area electro-foil made of anti-corrosion inertial metal, such as gold.

[0329] In sub-FIG. 8a, it can be seen that a central co-axial barrel functions as rotatable cathode driven by motor #2, and a stirrer with 2 rectangle-shape vanes is driven by motor #1, and the two rev directions are opposite.

[0330] The electrolytic solution should possesses positive ion (cation) with light mass, e.g. H.sup.+, and negative ion (anion) with heavy mass, e.g. Cl.sup., so as to facilitate anion to be centrifuged toward wall where electro-foil is connected to positive pole of DC power supply.

[0331] Consequently, the ion polarized distribution or separation is double enhanced by both centrifugal force and external electric field, though extra energy should pay for stirrer.

[0332] The central barrel can either be coated with low friction dielectric material such as Teflon, or enveloped with double layer cylindrical pocket so as to reduce friction.

[0333] More remarks: the setting of polarity of high voltage DC should also make heavier ion attracted towards wall; at least one electrode should be insulated for electrostatic function only; inner barrel & outer stirrer can rotate in opposite directions to make bigger virtual electric current & induced magnetic field, and stirrer's vanes should be made of nonconductor.

[0334] Sub-FIG. 8b presents rich annotation for those important things: inner wall cylindrical electrode, inner barrel, stirrer vanes, virtual current direction and the whole vessel.

[0335] A legend table is placed at the bottom of this figure for better comprehension. Graphic elements thereof are simple and intuitive.

[0336] FIG. 9 illustrates the virtual electric current and induced magnetic field on a rotating negative charged disk from disk facial view. The direction of magnetic field is determined by Fleming's right hand rule, and the current direction is the counter-direction of rotation because of negative charges.

[0337] The cross-shape symbolizes that direction is pointing towards the figure laid canvas, just looks like the visual effect of seeing tail of flying arrow.

[0338] In coaxial multidisc comb of alt-superconductor capacitor, the total strength of magnetic field comes from superposition or addup of respective value induced from every disk.

[0339] A embedded legend lists four elements: negative charge, magnetic force direction, mechanic rotation direction and virtual current direction.

[0340] This figure is for education only, not to accurately represent charge density.

[0341] If disks are positive charged, then virtual current is in same direction with rotation, and magnetic field direction will toggle to opposite direction.

The Pinch Effect of Virtual Electric Current

[0342] Same with real current, pinch effect also exists on virtual current, because both currents will induce magnetic field, then magnetic force results in pinch.

[0343] FIG. 10 shows the pinch effect on clockwise rotating and positive charged disk circular virtual current, whereby the closer to rim or edger the radial position, the denser the current, and the higher the pinch.

[0344] Pinch effect can occur not only for positive charged disk, but also for negative charged disk.

[0345] There are five essential factors annotated: rotation direction, magnetic pinch, symbol of positive charge, symbol of magnetic field direction and virtual current loops.

[0346] This figure is for rationale illustration only, so geometry and charge density are not to scale.

Converting Virtual Current to Real Current

[0347] Virtual current can be converted to real current when the rotor is braked to stop, the charges and magnetic field are both unchanged temporarily, because intrinsic parasitic inductance prohibits current sudden change.

[0348] If rotary disk is made of real superconductor, then it will become quasi-permanent-magnet after braked and can keep long time.

[0349] Just imagine cutting a current-carrying disk into 2 pieces, high voltage will arc out spark along the cut-edges, because of air dielectric breakdown.

[0350] FIG. 11 shows the moments before (by sub-FIG. 11a) and after (by sub-FIG. 11b) disk is braked to standstill, where many details are presented, such as direction of virtual current and real current, magnetic field, polarity of charges, and even rough distribution of density of current caused by pinch.

[0351] In both sub-figures, the brake shoe is drawn underneath the disk rotor, and the w stands for the angular velocity. In the left sub-FIG. 11a, the current loops are marked as virtual currents, because of caused by rotation, in contrast, in the right sub-FIG. 11b where brake is applied, the temporarily sustained same current loops are marked as real currents.

[0352] After rotation stopped, virtual current becomes real current, charges, magnetic field all unchanged temporarily, because intrinsic inductance prohibits current sudden change.

[0353] If rotor is real superconductor, then it becomes quasi-permanent-magnet after braked, otherwise the real current will vanish in a regular conductor.

[0354] Also just imagine to cut current-carrying disk to 2 pieces, then, high voltage sparks will occur on cut-edge. This scenario is undrawn, but electromagnetic induction law applies everywhere.

Boosting Virtual Current by Nesting Multiple Reference Frames

[0355] FIG. 12 presents a system of special nested dynamics reference frames #1, #2 and #3, where disk 1 is standstill on ground, i.e. the #1 stationary inertial reference frame, disk 2 is mounted on shaft of motor that is based on disk 1, and disk 3 is mounted on shaft of another motor that is based on disk 2.

[0356] When both motors (undrawn in figure, underneath disk 2 & 3) are powered, disk 2 & 3 will spin in their host reference frames with respective relative angular velocity .sub.21 and .sub.32.

[0357] If observing the motion of disk 3 across reference frames from its host #2 to #1, then the speed of disk 3 relative to disk 1 is increased to .sub.31=.sub.32+.sub.21.

[0358] Hence, it can obviously boost virtual current and magnetic field strength greatly, if applying this parent-child nesting system in alt-superconductor system.

[0359] The rich on-figure annotation further helps explanation on how virtual current is boosted.

So What is the Best Application for Such Alt-Superconductor?

[0360] Of implementation of alt-superconductor system, all above means of making disk charged via embedded capacitor seems clumsy, thus good application with high ratio of output to input may be not easy to find, except special interest active magnetic field generator, though a passive permanent magnet made of rare earth could be better and cheaper.

[0361] However if radioactive material is used in alt-superconductor system, great prosperity will be looming soon.

[0362] Generally speaking, the beta minus disk can make itself positive charged naturally more or less dependent on its radioactivity because of high rate spurting electrons leaving disk surface and low rate neutralizing from ambient electrons callback, and vice versa, even in solitary parking state, though polar-arbitrary voltage biased disk embedded in capacitor can disobey this rule.

[0363] I apply this idea in next presented invention for energy production with the catalysis of magic focused neutrinos and catalysis of super strong magnetic field.

Invention #2: Neutrino-Catalyzed Nuclear Beta Decay High Voltage Generator

[0364] In the first section, enough materials are given to prove that low energy neutrinos can be focused and that focused neutrinos possess magic power of unlocking spin-locked even threshold-locked nuclear energy.

Lens Geometry Parameter Determination

[0365] As thereby mentioned, low energy neutrino-rays exhibit eminent refraction effect, usually with refractive index 2.0 above through heavy metals, in contrast, regular optics glass's refractive index is about 1.5 for visible light rays.

[0366] In machinability, as metals are usually ductile and malleable, but glasses are fragile, hence manufacturing neutrino lens may be relatively easy than glasses lens.

[0367] For the bi-convex lens, the focal length can be calculated by formula:

[00012]$\frac{1}{f}=\left(n-1\right).Math.\left(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}-\frac{\left(n-1\right).Math.d}{{\mathrm{nR}}_1.Math.R_2}\right)$

where f is focal length, n refractive index, d lens thickness, R.sub.1 radius of first curvature, R.sub.2 radius of second curvature.

Beta Fuel Deployment and Electrode Disks Configuration

[0368] Next challenge is to seek proper beta decay nuclear fuel. This topic is also discussed in the first section. So just pick up the best choice: lutetium 176Lu.

[0369] Electrical power is high grade of energy, and thermal energy low grade, hence it is preferred to direct all energetic electrons emitted from beta decays for high grade output as max as possible.

[0370] Directing random-angled electron projectiles into managed circuit is also called rectification.

[0371] FIG. 13 shall disclose the key system implementation by a main assembly sub-figure followed with a complimentary sub-figure of neutrinos-lens X-Y scanning pattern.

[0372] Sub-FIG. 13a of FIG. 13 shows a system of beta nuclear fueled high voltage power generator.

[0373] In this invention, electron projectiles, i.e. the particles, are departed from fuel on surface of anode, and then are directed to cathode by alt-superconductor induced magnetic field.

[0374] Because the high strength of intra-disk electric field is already properly established by and maintained as a DC power supply source, i.e. the reactor behaving as nuclear battery, and the electric field exerts drag-back force on electrons, so all particles will be decelerated while flying to cathode, and this braking action will recharge the battery to sustain its DC output.

[0375] In best wish, all particles are supposedly braked to a reasonable minor speed that is a little bit fast than the slow moving electrons in load-serving output cable for smooth conductor entering transition at landing points.

[0376] If reduced speed upon landing cathode is still too high, it will hit disk with random scattering and heat dissipation, else if speed is midway braked to zero, the electron will re-begin to be acceleratedly dragged back, and consume battery energy, also heat the anode.

[0377] However there is spectrum distribution, i.e. not all electrons uniform energy, hence most electrons will inevitably experience energy trimming at cathode and result in extra heat though recharge is still the main positive effect, meanwhile, some electrons will midway U-turn to discharge battery and heat anode on a negative effect.

[0378] Only neutrinos charged current catalyzed beta decay has a relative ideal narrow flat spectrum as indicated in FIG. 4b, and neutral current does shift, but not deform beta spectrum, thus the former will generate lesser heat than the latter.

[0379] Theoretically, the U-turned electrons only produce heat in anode, because its advancing period did have recharged battery, but retreating period is now discharging in same quota, and there almost is no change of velocity at the U's head except opposite directions.

[0380] Principally, the heat generated in both anode and cathode is resulted by photons generated by bremsstrahlung effect while electrons scatter. Stream of such photons is also called X-ray, and here its energy should be weak or not be exaggerative if well designed.

[0381] The official output voltage V.sub.out should be prudentially set, so as to make electrical power output as high as possible in a tradeoff on reasonable ratio of electrical output to thermal output, and low percentage of U-turn electrons.

[0382] Obviously V.sub.out is dependent on fuel's decay energy Q(), and empirically equals to 0.5*Q() kV, where unit of Q() is keV, because neutrinos roughly takes away 50% energy.

[0383] The electric commuter ring is used to transfer electronic current between rotating shaft and output terminal, so as to make official output voltage accessible to outer loads. However if bearings are made of good conductor metals, instead of using the said commuter, output terminal can directly be connected to bearing's body.

Starting and Shutdown

[0384] To start this reactor, some prerequisites must be met: [0385] (a) The starter power supply pre-recharges the fuel-loaded dyno-capacitor to V.sub.out; [0386] (b) The disk-shaft assembly is driven in proper direction by a motor to a proper speed, and the speed is maintained automatically by servo system; [0387] (c) Solar neutrinos are focused, and the focal point is inside dyno-capacitor.

[0388] The starter power supply can be the usual lead-acid battery powered DC-DC step-up module, and this module consumes battery energy only in short time while starting, since then, standby mode is entered, and its battery can be recharged by started reactor in floating mode.

[0389] The runtime output voltage may damage the inline starter DC supply module, so a diode is inserted properly for prevention from this risk.

[0390] Shutdown can be executed by turning lens 90 and braking disk-shaft assembly, hence there is no longer alt-superconductor effect and the entering neutrinos are no longer focused, then neutrino-catalysis is halted. Instead of turning 90, moving lens side away also works because focal point is moved out of dyno-capacitor.

Disperse Focused Neutrinos Evenly Over Beta Fuel

[0391] Because the focal point of lens is very small, and events activity is very high around the points, hence if proper means not applied, local overheat and overconsumption of fuel will deteriorate efficiency and shorten parts service time.

[0392] A good practice is to shift focal point in a zigzag pattern on XY plane as showed in sub-FIG. 13b of FIG. 13 that can fairly treat all points on disks, one dimension of zigzag area is about the thickness of dyno-capacitor, this dimension is parallel to the optical axis; another dimension is preferred to be adjustable from small value to about the radius of dyno-capacitor, so as to control the output power.

[0393] The plane of zigzag is perpendicular to disks, and the axis of dyno-capacitor is on the extended plane of zigzag. With the constant rotation of disk-shaft assembly, zigzag scan is possible to enable focal point evenly cover all points on fuel disks.

[0394] As to the zigzag scanning velocity, there is no special requirement, so the driving power of zigzag module can be a dominant factor for consideration.

[0395] After one frame of zigzag finished, there are 2 routes to continue next frame, either directly reverse the previous itinerary in U-turn style, or jump to the same start point with last frame, also there is no special requirement for the scanning speed.

724 Full Time Sun Tracker

[0396] For full time working, the lens should track the Sun movement, and for correct tracking, the whole reactor system should synchronize with lens, so at least this way works: housing the reactor including lens in a compact module wherein the zigzag sub-system is embedded inside, then let the Sun tracker sub-system drives it.

[0397] Obviously there are 2 IRFs (Inertial Reference Frame): #1 is the Earth or ground, #2 is the inside space of module that is nested in #1. Moveable lens runs in #2 IRF, and tracker runs in #1 IRF.

[0398] In order to prevent from unnecessary neutrinos absorption, the housing materials can be chose from woods or light metals, such aluminum, magnesium or their alloys.

[0399] The tracker rotates one circle 360 per 24 hours for tracking Sun, while the commercial loads usually are stationary, so the output DC cable should be designed to prevent from kink.

Improvements or Varieties on Neutrinos Optical System

[0400] As stated in 9 of first section, low energy neutrinos can also be reflected, hence a mirror can be deployed at another side of dyno-capacitor, so as to reflect back neutrinos and double the catalysis effect.

[0401] The shape of mirror is spherical, and the spherical center is supposed to coincide with focal point of lens. For synchronization, mirror and lens should be in rigid linkage, so as to move together during zigzag scan.

[0402] The mirror should be polished for good reflection, and silver can be electroplated with proper thickness on base substrate, or make mirror with pure silver for best performance.

[0403] As so complicated, let a summary be on all key components in sub-FIG. 13a: Reactor housing unit sitting on Sun tracker sub-system; vacuumed dyno-capacitor with embedded nuclear fuel+supporting bearings & base; neutrinos mirror; neutrinos lens; zigzag scan rail system for lens; motor+battery backed auxiliary high voltage DC-DC step-up converter+diode+capacitor for starting the dyno-capacitor; ring electric commuter; liquid tank for buffering reactor heat; hose+pump for liquid circulation; heat utilizer; slippage seals+coupler #1 & #2 for adapting hose and hollow shaft of dyno-capacitor; terminal posts for high voltage DC output to supply commercial loads.

[0404] The heat utilizer can be used outside of the reactor housing unit, and drawing it inside just for convenience, and the preferred nuclear fuel is the enriched lutetium isotope 176Lu.

[0405] In contrast, sub-FIG. 13b is very simple. It only shows the zigzag pattern of the motion of neutrinos lens scan sub-system. The height of the pattern is marked as radius of dyno-capacitor, and the width is marked as thickness of the dyno-capacitor assembly.

[0406] Although there is better catalysis effect by focusing neutrinos to a point, however zigzag scan for diffusion is complicated and may be expensive.

[0407] By applying master and slave 2 lenses, it is also possible to get similar concentrated strength of neutrinos with single lens focal point system, as long as master lens can be large enough.

[0408] The main merit of 2 lenses system is that the slave lens can be adaptive by using mercury, so as to change its focal length or aperture dynamically, in turn, to conveniently regulate output for optimization of peak and valley time of hydro grid.

[0409] Also, the concentrated neutrino-rays form reasonable narrow parallel beam, and can evenly go through all disks without assistance of zigzag scan.

[0410] FIG. 14 just shows an improvement, where f.sub.1 is the invariable focal length of master lens, f.sub.2: the variable focal length of slave adaptive lens made of mercury and associated control sub-system, D: diameter of master lens, d: variable aperture and mirror shape just planar.

[0411] The magnification of neutrinos strength is (D/d).sup.2 that is not hard to be setup to 1 million above. As solar neutrino's energy flux on Earth is about 45 W/m.sup.2, therefore the concentrated density can be amplified up to 45 megawatts per square meter.

[0412] If disk radius is far greater than width of the concentrated parallel neutrinos beam, only single dimensional scan is needed to diffuse neutrinos energy. Unlike the previous XY 2D zigzag mode, this 1D scan orientation is vertical to optical axis, i.e. just sideway motion.

[0413] As to the choice of moving module for the 1D scan, if master lens too huge, then drive the dyno-capacitor to scan, otherwise the optical system.

[0414] For easy to implement focus varying, mercury can be used for lens material, and isotope 201Hg enriched mercury is better though too expensive. The blackbox with inside cross arrows under the mercury lens stands for the focal length and aperture adjuster system.

[0415] Comparing with similar FIG. 13a, most peripheral parts are undrawn in FIG. 14 so as to emphasize the modified optical system.

[0416] The rich annotation in this figure can help quick understanding. The solar neutrinos flux of lens input is marked as 724 fulltime climate-irrevalent stable solar neutrinos rays with power density about 45 W/m.sup.2. The big lens therein has a fixed focal length, and the small lens is the focal length variable mercury lens. The adjuster system for focal length and aperture is drawn as a functional blackbox underneath the small lens. The flat neutrinos mirror and the small lens bracket the half portion of the motor driven dyno-capacitor for improved catalysis effect.

Alternative Method to Converge Low Energy Neutrinos

[0417] As large size neutrinos lens is very heavy, tracking the Sun may consume significant energy, hence alternative lightweight converger is desired.

[0418] FIG. 15 shows that a simple large cone comprising conductor sheet can converge low energy neutrinos, though inferior to convex lens in performance. Of course, those high energy neutrinos will not be affected, and just pass through wall or whatever matter, though undrawn.

[0419] A DC power supply is properly connected to both ends of the cone, i.e. large port to negative pole, and small port to positive pole. This setting make the electrons flow from large to small port along the wall of cone, so as to effectively whip neutrinos inward.

[0420] After neutrinos exit the small port, concentrated flux is gained, though no longer parallel rays like as entering rays at the large port, and small percentage wall leak is also inevitable.

[0421] This figure illustrates some exemplary paths of extreme low energy neutrinos entering the cone with current conduction along its wall. Many directions are symbolically showed: wall current, neutrino rays, exit scattering, leaked neutrinos, and the current leaving the power supply.

[0422] Researches show that the higher current, the better effect of convergence, but joule heat also increase, hence reasonable current is important.

[0423] I recommend forestalling it to feed the master lens in other compact system, so as to further enhance magnification.

[0424] Although the refractable extent of moderate to high energy neutrinos is far inferior to low energy neutrinos, special improvement is still available: by hooking metal lens to a DC electric current supply, but I prefer not to disclose the detail method because this energy band may be not adequate for subject inventions.

Thermal Energy Utilization

[0425] As quite a proportion of produced energy is in heat, hence utilization of heat is worthy of serious consideration.

[0426] By using hollow shaft and heat exchanging fluid, most heat can be brought out from core of dyno-capacitor, but the plumbing couplers confront special engineering challenge, because the shaft itself is fast rotating, anyhow slippage seal couplers can fix it.

[0427] Other peripheral components of heat exchanging system include tank, working fluid, circulation pump, pipes, hoses, and heat utilizer or exchanger. Usually water is economical choice for work fluid, steam turbine is high grade heat utilizer, and in turn turbine can generate electricity too.

[0428] For moderate grade heat application, such as 100600 C., industrial heat exchanger is OK.

[0429] Therefore beta reactor can not only be configured as a high voltage electrical generator, but also as CHP (Combined Heat and Power) generator system.

Afraid of Too Much Overhead Energy Consumption?

[0430] For purpose of energy production, the overhead internal energy consumption is desired as low as possible, so as to generate profit as high as possible efficiently.

[0431] As beta fuel max energy is capped by its nuclear properties, the only controllable consumption is the overhead energy, such as driving the shaft of dyno-capacitor, recharging battery of starter module, line loss, driving zigzag sub-system or 1D scanner, solar tracking, driving adaptive lens for adjustment of focal length and aperture, driving circulation pump for heat output, auxiliary signal sensing, processing and control system etc.

[0432] Most worried is probably the driving energy of shaft of dyno-capacitor.

[0433] To address this question, force analysis on disks should be done.

[0434] FIG. 16 illustrates the zoom-into local environment in magnified view, where the checkered disk is the rotor disk with beta minus fuel that is positively charged in stable running state, and its 2 neighboring disks are negatively charged, so it is attracted by left disk with electrostatic force F.sub.1 as equally as attracted by right disk with |F.sub.2|=|F.sub.1| because identical distances to both sides.

[0435] As the 2 forces F.sub.2 & F.sub.1 are in opposite pointing, hence they cancel each other on the disk.

[0436] Another force is the recoil of beta particles leaving the fuel disk to left disk because of influence of alt-superconductor induced strong magnetic field, and this recoil force is only acting on left side, hence, the net balance is only this force, but luckily this recoil is too weak to be sensed by the disk, hence the total stress in axial direction can be ignored.

[0437] In radial direction, the centrifugal force is quite significant because of high speed spin, but this force does not constitute load of shaft.

[0438] In conclusion, the driving power on dyno-capacitor shaft is only used to overcome the bearing's friction and aerodynamic loss because of imperfect vacuum.

[0439] If the bearings are eliminated because of application of external independent permanent magnets levitation, then the driving energy can be further reduced greatly.

[0440] Thus it is possible to minimize the overhead energy consumption in favor of producing max net energy from speeded beta decay.

[0441] In fact, gamma photons may exist in this kind of betavoltaic reactor, but not drawn in FIG. 16.

[0442] This figure is also drawn with rich annotation for better serving peers, especially the legend lists 5 key graphic elements: positive charges, negative charges, magnetic field arrow, 3 particles, and the neutrino-flume induced by braking beta particles (external input neutrinos undrawn).

[0443] From this figure, it can be seen that the shaft and the 3 bombarded cathode disk with central shaft hole are both hollow, and the fluid working medium circulates inside the hollow cavity for heat transfer. The generated high DC voltage between spinning -fuel disk and stator disk can be used to power commercial loads, and usually a capacitor is used to stabilize voltage.

[0444] As it is just a zoom-in view for one pair of disks, the view edge may contain a few of repeated parts of neighboring disk(s), so the fuzzy draw at the right side of this figure stands for next stator disk.

[0445] This not-for-scale figure provides a fancy zoom-in image of internal runtime scenario and other relevant readable information.

Update to Statorless Dyno-Capacitor

[0446] By special mechanical design, it is possible to enable both anode and cathode to rotate in anti-parallel, i.e. mutual opposite, so as to double the induced magnetic field by alt-superconductor.

[0447] Because anode and cathode hold different polarity of charges, hence, if they rotate together in same direction, the total net magnetic field will be mutual cancelled to zero.

[0448] FIG. 17 illustrates such an improvement, where 2 motors #1 & #2 are deployed at both sides of dyno-capacitor, though even one motor can also work as long as a dedicated transmission mechanism is properly used.

[0449] The #1 motor serves anode shaft, while #2 serves cathode shaft that coaxially & narrowly hosts inside anode hollow shaft, and 2 pairs of bearings support respective shafts.

[0450] With such setting, the #2 motor cannot share common axis with #1, and that is why 2 meshed gears are used to couple with motor #2 for cathode drive.

[0451] All disks or semi-disks of cathode are fixed or casted with the inner flanges of cathode cylinder jacket which wall and collars are hollow for conducting heat exchanging fluid, and the collars also used as shaft.

[0452] In this figure, it can also be seen that the dyno-capacitor's shaft, outer wall and collars are all hollow, so as to allow the inside heat transfer fluid flow.

Mechanic Consideration on the Electrode Disks

[0453] Accurate and quick fuel change, maintenance disassembly, system assembly and re-assembly all require special design for disks.

[0454] If all disks are single solid pieces, the difficulty of the above-listed jobs are incredibly hard.

[0455] There are 2 types of disks: type #1 is to be fixed with anode shaft, hence its diameter of central hole should match shaft in tight tolerance; type #2 is to be fixed with the inner rim of cathode cylinder, hence its diameter of central hole should be larger than type #1 so as to not block disk-shaft anode assembly.

[0456] No need of special design consideration for all types, but usually only type #2 should be considered for special design.

[0457] FIG. 18 illustrates how to embody the said type #2 disc electrode by combinating 2 pieces of semi-circle, where 2 choices are illustrated in 3D graphics, one is simple semicircle as illustrated in sub-FIG. 18a, another is the tenon quasi-semicircle as illustrated in sub-FIG. 18b.

[0458] Obviously it can facilitate the system assembly and fuel change.

[0459] If casting workmanship is used, cathode assembly comprises 2 semi-cylinders, which integrate semi-circle-disks as tines to inner rim with similarity on ensemble to an exotic comb.

[0460] As to the anode combo, there is no need to use 2 semi-circle pieces, and the disks & central pass-through shaft can be pre-assembled in tight tolerance or be casted in one integral piece.

[0461] Other 2 factors should also be considered: one is the heat expansion of materials, as it will slightly affect distance between disks; another is the mechanical strength to endure extreme high centrifugal stress.

Double Fuel Setting

[0462] Although deploying single fuel on anode alone is workable, however if cathode can deploy + fuel simultaneously, i.e. double fuels, the reactor can be double powerful.

[0463] For best performance, decay energy Q(+) should be commensurate with Q(), such as 20% or so differentiation, though there is no hope of finding 2 fuels with exact Q(+)=Q().

[0464] In fact, there are only a few of choices of high Q(+) isotopes, such as potassium 40K with Q(+)=1505 keV, lanthanum 138La with Q(+)=1737 keV, vanadium 50V with Q(+)=2206 keV, etc.

[0465] In all these choices, there is a common feature: very low sibling abundance, e.g. 40K only 0.01%, 138La 0.1%, 50V 0.25%, therefore the enrichment cost is considerably a pain if selected.

[0466] In opposite direction to projectiles, the positron + projectiles from beta plus fuel on the cathode will fly to anode, as well as recharge the nuclear battery.

[0467] As beta plus decay can be accelerated by electrons bombardment, as well as beta minus can be accelerated by positrons bombardment, hence such double fuels configuration will function more efficiently and more powerful, though the focused neutrinos catalyze beta minus decay better than beta plus decay.

[0468] Because electron and positron trend to annihilation into 2 photons of 511 keV while meeting between disk electrodes, hence there is extra heat produced in this case.

[0469] Some double beta plus 2+ isotopes may be potential candidates. In this case the first stage + is preferred to undergo electron capture so as to utilize the remnant kinetic energy of arrived from anode for catalysis.

About Nuclear Energy Level of the Beta Fuel

[0470] FIG. 19 illustrates the nuclear energy level of the proposed beta fuel lutetium 176Lu, especially isomer concept is emphasized.

[0471] In fact, the detail reason of such selection is well described in 11 and 12 of the first section.

[0472] In a summary: 176Lu has a wonderful low energy isomer state 122 keV with spin-parity J=1 and half life merely 3.67 hours by beta decay to hafnium, plus its decay energy Q()=1194 keV is more appreciable, because such energetic decay predicates energy density as high as 23 MW per kilogram, according to my formula.

[0473] Its sibling abundance of 176Lu is 2.6%, in just so-so degree, almost 4 times of 0.7% of the famous fission fuel 235U, and its family abundance in Earth is slightly less than uranium, hence these data is pretty good, especially regarding enrichment cost.

[0474] In fact, 176Lu has both and electron capture decay, but the latter energy Q(EC) 105 keV too small, thus branch ratio towards ytterbium 176Yb merely 0.1%, i.e. ignorable level.

[0475] The first energy level is just the aforementioned isomer state, and 2nd, 3rd, 4th levels closely jostle into narrow band with width of about 50 keV: respectively 184 keV, J 8; 194 keV, J 1+; 233 keV, J 2+.

[0476] Without catalysis of focused low energy neutrinos, natural 176Lu is just an isotope of expensive stable and harmless metal lutetium, because its half life is about 10 times of age of the Earth.

[0477] When focused neutrinos excite it from ground state to isomer state, the miracle happens: it sublimes to nuclear fuel!

[0478] The 99% decay channels are to ground state J 0+ of hafnium 176Hf with energy 1316 keV, and to 1.sup.st level of 176Hf 88 keV J 2+ with energy 1228 keV, then 88 keV gamma decay to ground state of 176Hf, the ignorable or unnoticeable channel is to 5.sup.th level of 176Hf 1149 keV J 0+, then double 574 keV photons gamma decay to ground state, or cascading 1061 keV and 88 keV gamma chain.

[0479] The double photons decay is caused by the special transient 0+ to 0+, as only 2 anti-parallel photons emission can cancel spin each other to zero. Anyway it is in the unnoticeable channel.

[0480] There are three energy levels between the mentioned 1149 keV and 88 keV: 997 keV with J 8+, 596 keV with J 6+, and 290 keV with J 4+. Anyway, these levels are not stayed by the isomer decay transition.

[0481] Although undrawn in FIG. 19, neutrino-catalysis can also excite lutetium 176Lu to higher level than the isomer state, then fall down to isomer (high chance) or GS (ground state) instantly.

Invention #3: Heat Output Only Beta Reactor

[0482] The most pristine state of energy existence is heat, and its carrier is the massive medium where every single atom or molecule runs or scatters with equal or almost equal kinetic energy in random direction, and it is the Brownian motion (if fluid) or lattice phonon vibration (if solid or crystal) that make medium feel hot.

[0483] A commercial nuclear reactor's core comprises circulation water and heat source where water soaks 235U fissionable fuel and is heated by fission energy, and at end of heat sinker, heat energy is converted to electricity out of core in last stage.

[0484] Not like as previous invention where electricity is targeted from the core of beta reactor, hereby I present pure heat output beta reactor.

[0485] FIG. 20 shows a heater with fluid circulation, it is powered by a beta reactor, and the beta reactor is catalyzed by focused low energy neutrinos via proper lens. Tow sub-figures are used to illustrate the main assembly and possible alternative neutrino-lens.

[0486] As no electric current output is required from fuel itself, the random-oriented beta projectiles can be tolerated, hence alt-superconductor is eliminated, and anyway catalysis of focused neutrinos is still the key to tap out beta decay energy, despite no more catalysis of alternative superconductor induced super strong magnetic field.

[0487] From the main sub-FIG. 20a, it can be seen that this invention is obviously simplified, compared with the full fledged high voltage output beta reactor.

[0488] To maximize catalysis of the focused neutrinos, annotated as O-inner-mirror in figure, a spherical inner mirror is used with optional small diode-like lid that is preferred to allow extreme low energy neutrinos import but not export.

[0489] The focus of lens is just located at the center of sphere mirror, and the lid size and position is supposed to cover the midway of incoming converging neutrino-ray cone.

[0490] A drum is plumbed in fluid circulation loop, also totally enclosed by outer sphere mirror, and the cross section that goes through both centers of facial circles is mathematically Bunimovich stadium. As per the ergodicity of such geometry, entered low energy neutrinos are not easy to leave, hence more scatter chances between neutrinos and matter.

[0491] The optical axis lies on the cross section that is bordered by drum's max waistline circle and goes through its center that also coincides with sphere mirror center and lens focus.

[0492] The circulation pipes run through the sphere shape inner mirror via diametric 2 end locations, thereby 2 holes on mirror should be reserved in commensurate size with pipes.

[0493] A pump is used to drive working fluid in circulation, and its flow direction does not matter.

[0494] The gas-liquid separator is embedded in plumbing loop, so as to expel gas that is generated by nuclear reaction and/or chemical reaction. If the gas is flammable and abundant, it should be sent to collect tank in feeding of combustion utilization for further energy production.

[0495] Depending on fuel type, gas-liquid separator may be no necessary.

[0496] Heat utilizer is an important unit, and determined by end user's requirement: it can be a simple heat exchanger, or heat engine, e.g. steam turbine, for electricity generation.

[0497] The lifestyle of beta fuel can be quite flexible, exist either in solid or melted fluid or even a part of electrolyte, depending on embodied application.

[0498] For solid fuel, it is deployed at focal point of neutrinos lens, and immersed in circulating water.

[0499] Usually metallic fuel can be simultaneously used as electrode to electrolyze water into HHO, a highly combustible gas fuel, so as to harvest both nuclear energy and chemical energy. As long as the output heat energy is greater than input energy, i.e. COP >1, then it is worthwhile.

[0500] By analysis on ratio of estimated or generated nuclear energy to chemical energy, if the ratio is very high, then such combination is not necessary and the electrolysis co-application can be eliminated to reduce low value hustle and bustle, e.g. 176Lu isomer fuel is powerful enough in nuclear energy alone.

[0501] For low melt point beta fuel, e.g. 116Cd, just use it in melted state, and circulate it directly and insularly to exchange heat with ambient interfaces. The DC power supply & liquid-gas separator are unnecessary in this case.

[0502] For electrolytic fuel, the key isotope is ingredient atom of electrolyte molecule, and aqua-ionized after resolved in dissolvent, e.g. water.

[0503] In this case, the reactor can be configured as neutrino-catalyzed LENR e.g. Pd-D system or C-LENR system, e.g. VCl.sub.3 electrolyte+titanium electrodes, where a DC power supply for LENR, or pulse high voltage DC power supply for C-LENR, in addition, a pair of electrodes are need.

[0504] The introduction on C-LENR (Collective Low Energy Nuclear Reactions) is presented in 17 of the first section.

[0505] As a new variety, sphere mirror can be replaced by ellipsoid inner reflection mirror.

[0506] The sub-FIG. 20b just shows the modification, where there are no major changes, except the drum assembly is located at the second focus of ellipsoid and the first focus of ellipsoid is occupied by optional beta radioactive igniter, such as tritium ice, so as to provide primer neutrinos or antineutrinos. A support rib and cup may be needed for using the other focus.

[0507] With 2 foci in ellipsoid, this mirror replacement provides some flexibility, for example, deploying 2 parallel-linked drum assemblies at each focus to enhance digestion of focused neutrinos energy, or installing special sensor or igniter at the spare focus.

[0508] In sub-FIG. 20b, some peripheral parts undrawn, so as to emphasize new 2 foci optic option.

Invention #4: Artificial Low Energy Neutrinos Source

[0509] Without high energy accelerator or strong radioactive element, neutrinos source can still be built in low cost means, though orthodox physics temporarily does not confirm my theory.

[0510] FIG. 21 presents such a neutrinos source system based on the theory that linear braking on electrons can not only recharge the power supply, but also generate pairs of neutrino and antineutrino provided some prerequisite conditions are met. The detail new physics is described in 14 of the first section.

[0511] As annotated in the figure, thermal electrons are emitted from heated filament or grilled filaments matrix as cathode, and then electrons are accelerated in swarm towards the sieve-like anode by main DC power supply.

[0512] With high kinetic inertia, electrons continue to pass through the anode sieve, via very short distance, until suddenly stopped or scattered by the Faraday cup which is covered by another electro-sieve functioning as cathode. Such is called sudden braking stage.

[0513] In the initial or warm-up time, the Faraday cup will get temporary hot as the bombardment effect, because deceleration electric field that is powered by the capacitor C.sub.2 can be only gradually established. Therefore, the ohms of resistance R should be reasonably tuned for current limitation and good efficiency.

[0514] The diode in parallel with the resistance R functions to only collect electrons from Faraday cup, i.e. let the decelerating transition only recharge the capacitor C.sub.2, so as to make the sieve electrode on top of Faraday cup as a float negative pole with changing potential.

[0515] The initial bombardment provides big electric current to recharge the said capacitor, and soon its voltage is saturated, as well as stable braking electric field becomes ready, in turn, Faraday cup can collect gently moving electrons and no longer hot. Now equilibrium state is reached.

[0516] It is just in this short sudden braking stage that neutrino and antineutrino pairs radiate out, of course, this stage also continues to recharge the volatile power supply, i.e. capacitor C.sub.2 with most braked energy.

[0517] To reclaim braked energy, a chargeback module is applied to transfer surplus electric energy stored in C.sub.2 to capacitor C.sub.1 that is also serving the first stage acceleration.

[0518] As the main DC supply and C.sub.1 cooperate shoulder to shoulder, if voltage-of-C.sub.1+0.7V (the saturated voltage of diode) is larger than main DC supply, then input power temporarily pauses serving acceleration stage, and C.sub.1 takes over full duty at this moment, else they share the duty.

[0519] In principle, the chargeback module is mainly a DC to DC converter, marked by dotted box in the figure, and its in-out ports should be isolated by internal magnetic coils of transformer. Its core is labeled as I/O isolated DC-DC converter abstract function block. The core' attached diode makes sure the output terminal to only output for assisting acceleration.

[0520] The emitted neutrinos and antineutrinos can be treated as parallel rays, and a lens can be arranged to face the ray direction for focusing neutrinos.

[0521] The lens can be located at any convenient distance to the neutrinos source, because neutrinos have excellent penetration ability.

[0522] As neutrino and antineutrino behave differently on catalyzing beta decay, but they are mixed together in this source, hence separation does make sense because neutrinos v only good for as well as antineutrinos v only good for +, and currently there is no effective means to separate, though I am working hard to fix it.

[0523] Even vv mixed, at focused point, there is still positive effect because concentrated neutral current energy can also excite nuclei to higher energy level, so as to trigger possible catalysis.

[0524] As only low energy neutrinos focusable, thus too high acceleration voltage is not necessary. For example, if 50 keV is the expected neutrino mean energy, then empirically, the voltage upper limit is about 500 kV.

[0525] Filaments can be wired in planar grill or matrix in any shape and area, anyhow, large area and dense arrangement can always exhibit better performance.

[0526] By adjusting the cathode filament electric current, its temperature will be changed, so as to affect the thermal electrons generating rate and density, anyway the polarity of filament voltage does not matter, even AC power supply works too. This auxiliary power supply is annotated as filament power supply in the figure.

[0527] As the acceleration pathway d.sub.1 is reasonably long enough, according to my theory, such gradient of acceleration is not supposed to produce neutrinos, in contrast, the deceleration pathway d.sub.2 should be short enough, so as to produce neutrino-antineutrino pairs effectively.

[0528] All electrodes, filament & Faraday cup should be enclosed in vacuum capsule as in conventional vacuum tube, because air molecules can disturb electron's speeding and braking, and this vacuum zone is indicated as a dotted-boundary box in the figure.

[0529] In the presented beta nuclear high voltage power generator, solar neutrinos can be replaced by herein system. Although this replacement can save the cost of sun-tracker, artificial neutrinos source is very low efficient, and its dose may not be strong enough.

[0530] Instead of intricate I/O isolated DC-DC converter, why not directly use the main DC supply for braking stage?

[0531] FIG. 22 illustrate the embarrass situation if deceleration voltage is equal to the acceleration voltage, and three sub-figures are employed for detail description.

[0532] Sub-FIG. 22a is the sandbox model that features equal voltage for both speeding and braking. One sieve-style anode and 2 cathodes are deployed at proper positions; the power supply is assumed of a bank of batteries; slow accelerating long range is marked about the left portion and instant decelerating micro-range is marked about the right portion.

[0533] Sub-FIG. 22b shows the transient curve of electron velocity and position as time goes by.

[0534] At t.sub.0 moment, the electron starts to leave cathode, then it is linearly accelerated to max at t.sub.1 moment and arrive anode, then penetrates anode and begins to be decelerated with linear reduction of velocity until standstill at t.sub.2 moment while it is very close to the final cathode, but unfortunately no chance of landing on final cathode, because of minor energy loss in collision with anode & residual air and feedback to DC supply.

[0535] Of course, because velocity=0 state is unstable, therefore U-turn then re-acceleration will occur at t.sub.2 moment until max velocity is regained at t.sub.3 moment.

[0536] It will also render same situation if deceleration voltage is greater than the acceleration voltage.

[0537] Sub-FIG. 22c expresses a rough improvement on the sandbox where a small refueling low voltage mini acceleration stage is inserted midway, so as to make sure electrons can land on final cathode and be still warm but not hot. It may overcome the drawbacks, but more complicated improvement is still needed.