Foams for oxygen delivery to wounds

Abstract

There is provided a composition comprising covalently linked segments of for example, polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol that are linked by a cross-linker. Such a composition foams in the presence of a catalyst and a solution containing an oxygen forming chemical like hydrogen peroxide. The foamed composition retains oxygen for delivery to, for example, a wound, where it aids in healing.

Claims

1. A foamable composition comprising a prepolymer comprising covalently linked segments of polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol, a cross-linking agent connecting the polycaprolactone and the polyethylene glycol; a peroxide solution containing 20 wt. % peroxide; and a peroxide decomposition catalyst; wherein the cross-linking agent comprises an isocyanate prepolymer or a cross-linker with isocyanate content between 0.01 wt. % and 40 wt. % and an acid value between 0.01 mg and 100 mg of KOH/g of sample, wherein the cross-linking agent is present in an amount of between 1 wt. % and 3 wt. % based on the amount of prepolymer comprising covalently linked segments of polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol, wherein the composition is capable of forming a foam that delivers 24.4 to 25.3 parts per million of oxygen within 24 hours.

2. The foamable composition of claim 1, wherein the polycaprolactone is biodegradable with a weight loss of greater than 10 wt. % in 10 days, without the release of toxic products from the biodegradation.

3. The foamable composition of claim 1, wherein a polymer matrix formed from the covalently linked segments of polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol exhibits greater than or equal to 20 percent nominal hydration exposed to the peroxide solution.

4. The foamable composition of claim 1, wherein the peroxide in the peroxide solution is hydrogen peroxide.

5. The foamable composition of claim 1, wherein the peroxide decomposition catalyst is selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, manganese and silver.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a representation of the formula of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly (-caprolactone).

(2) FIG. 2 is a representation of the formula of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide.

(3) FIG. 3 is a representation of the formula of poly3-hydroxybutyric acid.

(4) FIG. 4 is a representation of the formula of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide).

(5) FIG. 5 is a representation of the formula of poly(sebacic acid).

(6) FIG. 6 is a representation of the formula of polyphosphazenes.

(7) FIG. 7 is a representation of the formula of caprolactone diol.

(8) FIG. 8 is a representation of an idealized structural formula of OH Functional prepolymer.

(9) FIG. 9 is a representation of the formula of NCO prepolymer.

(10) FIG. 10 is a representation of the formula of caprolactone Triol cross-linker.

(11) FIG. 11 is a representation of the formula of poly(lactide diol).

(12) FIG. 12 is a representation of the formula of poly(ethylene glycol).

(13) FIG. 13 is a representation of the formula of trimethylene carbonate(1,3-Dioxan-2-one).

(14) FIG. 14 is a representation of the formula of caprolactone.

(15) FIG. 15 is a representation of the formula of hydroxybutyric acid glycerol ester.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(16) Reference will now be made in detail to one or more embodiments of the invention, examples of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example and embodiment is provided by way of explanation of the invention, and is not meant as a limitation of the invention. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used with another embodiment to yield still a further embodiment. It is intended that the invention include these and other modifications and variations as coming within the scope and spirit of the invention.

(17) We have synthesized six individual polymer segments and covalently linked them to form the desired polymer matrix. Biodegradation assays confirmed the polyethylene glycol based matrix and the polycaprolactone based matrix each met the biodegradation goal. The oxygen concentration analysis suggested the foam had 25 ppm of oxygen delivered within 24 hours.

(18) We have made improvements towards foam forming ability to the polymer matrix by adding hydrocolloids which includes but not limited to guar gum and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The oxygen concentration analysis of the foam obtained from the improved foam forming formulations was also found to contain 25 ppm of oxygen.

(19) Based on our detailed understanding of the structure-activity relationship reported in the literature, we selected the top biodegradable polymer segments that could possibly meet the biodegradability and biocompatibility criteria for the polymer matrix. These are poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(-caprolactone), with a structure shown in FIG. 1; poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide, FIG. 2; poly3-hydroxybutyric acid, FIG. 3; poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) FIG. 4; poly(sebacic acid), FIG. 5; and polyphosphazenes, FIG. 6.

(20) One of the most important criteria is that the biodegradable polymer matrix should be capable of holding a catalyst and swell in 20 weight percent hydrogen peroxide mixture. The peroxide swollen polymer when exposed to elevated temperature (>60 deg C) should decompose the peroxide and yet retain the oxygen released in the resultant foam. Furthermore, the foam should deliver the oxygen when it is sufficiently moistened.

(21) In order to meet the requirements, the synthetic biodegradable polymer matrix should contain at least two polymer segments wherein the first polymer segment provides biodegradability and the second polymer segment provides foam forming ability, as well as augmenting biodegradability. Studying and understanding the structure-property relationship led us to conceptualize the potential candidate polymers listed in Table 1.

(22) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Backbone Polymer Commercial Ionomer Choice Functionality Precursor Availability (Ionic segments) Caprolactone Hydroxyl terminated Yes. Carboxyl (e.g. poly(caprolactone) Available in dimethylol diols different propionic acid, molecular weight commercially and hydroxyl available) number Ethylene Hydroxyl terminated Yes. Same Sulfonic acid oxide Poly(ethylene oxide) as above Hydroxy Formation of ester No. Two step Phosphonic acid butyric diol by reacting process and HBA acid (HBA) HBA and ethylene has limited glycol followed by supply. esterification with diacids Lactic acid Same as above No. Two step process. Cheaper compared to HBA Sebacic Acid Formation of No. One step Hydroxyl process terminated sebacic acid esters Aspartic Poly(aspartic acid) Yes. Cannot be Acid used as oligomer for polymer formation but could be used to form degradable crosslinking sites

(23) The polymer precursors and the ionomers listed above in Table 1 provide the biodegradability and foam foaming ability to the polymer matrix. They could be covalently linked to form a swellable biodegradable polymer matrix in 20% hydrogen peroxide solution. We have used isocyanate precursors to link the segmented biodegradable polymer for proof of principle demonstration. Details of the test plan are provided as follows:

(24) Caprolactone Urethane Work Plan

(25) A. Category: Thermoplastic or Thermoset

(26) Materials:

(27) Caprolactone diol, FIG. 7, e.g., PERSTORP CAPA 2054, PERSTORP CAPA 2205. OH Functional prepolymer, FIG. 8, idealized structure example. NCO prepolymer, FIG. 9. Caprolactone Triol cross-linker, FIG. 10, e.g. PERSTORP CAPA 3031.
Variables: 1) Caprolactone Diol molecular weight a) CAPA 2054 (550 MW) i) 90% of diol wt ii) 75% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt b) CAPA 2205 (2000 MW) i) 90% of diol wt ii) 75% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt 2) Loading of Carboxylic acid functional Urethane diol i) 10% of diol wt ii) 25% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt 3) Crosslinker concentration a) CAPA 3031 (300 MW) i) 5% solids wt ii) 10% solids wt iii) 15% solids wt Other options: b) 1,1,1-Tris hydroxymethyl propane (TMP) c) Poly(aspartic acid) biodegradable crosslinker
Constants: 1) NCO Prepolymer 2) Isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio 1.1/1 3) Solvent NMP 4) Curing Temperature and Humidity
Matrix:

(28) TABLE-US-00002 Diol Carboxylic Acid Crosslinker Diol Diol Functional Triol Formulation: CAPA 2054 CAPA 2205 Urethane Diol CAPA 3031 1 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 5% solids wt 2 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 5% solids wt 3 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 5% solids wt 4 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 10% solids wt 5 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 10% solids wt 6 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 10% solids wt 7 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 15% solids wt 8 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 15% solids wt 9 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 15% solids wt 10 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 5% solids wt 11 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 5% solids wt 12 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 5% solids wt 13 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 10% solids wt 14 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 10% solids wt 15 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 10% solids wt 16 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 15% solids wt 17 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 15% solids wt 18 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 15% solids wt
Poly(lactic Acid)Diol Urethane Work Plan

(29) B. Category: Thermoplastic

(30) Materials:

(31) Poly(lactide diol), FIG. 11. OH Functional prepolymer, FIG. 8, idealized structure example. NCO prepolymer, FIG. 9.
Variables: 1) Poly(Lactide diol) i) 90% of diol wt ii) 75% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt 2) Loading of Carboxylic acid functional Urethane diol i) 10% of diol wt ii) 25% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt
Constants: 1) NCO prepolymer 2) Isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio 3) Solvent NMP 4) Temperature and humidity
Matrix:

(32) TABLE-US-00003 Diol Carboxylic Acid Diols Functional Crosslinker Formulation: Poly(lactide diol) Urethane Diol CAPA 3031 1 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 5% solids wt 2 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 5% solids wt 3 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 5% solids wt 4 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 10% solids wt 5 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 10% solids wt 6 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 10% solids wt 7 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 15% solids wt 8 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 15% solids wt 9 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 15% solids wt
Poly(ethylene glycol)Urethane Work Plan

(33) C. Category: Thermoplastic or Thermoset

(34) Materials:

(35) Poly(ethylene glycol), FIG. 12, Aldrich 600 MW, Aldrich 2000, MW. OH Functional prepolymer, FIG. 8, idealized structure example. NCO prepolymer, FIG. 9. Caprolactone Triol cross-linker, FIG. 10, e.g. PERSTORP CAPA 3031.
Variables: 1) Poly(ethylene glycol) molecular weight a) PEG (600 MW) i) 90% of diol wt ii) 75% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt b) PEG (2000 MW) i) 90% of diol wt ii) 75% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt 2) Loading of Carboxylic acid functional Urethane diol a) 10% of diol wt b) 25% of diol wt c) 50% of diol wt 3) Crosslinker concentration a) CAPA 3031 (300 MW) i) 5% solids wt ii) 10% solids wt iii) 15% solids wt Other options: b) 1,1,1-Tris hydroxymethyl propane (TMP) c) Poly (aspartic acid)
Constants: 1) NCO Prepolymer 2) Isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio 1.1/1 3) Solvent NMP 4) Curing Temperature and Humidity
Matrix:

(36) TABLE-US-00004 Diol Carboxylic Acid Diol Diol Functional Crosslinker Triol Formulation: PEG 600 PEG 2000 Urethane Diol CAPA 3031 1 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 5% solids wt 2 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 5% solids wt 3 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 5% solids wt 4 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 10% solids wt 5 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 10% solids wt 6 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 10% solids wt 7 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 15% solids wt 8 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 15% solids wt 9 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 15% solids wt 10 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 5% solids wt 11 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 5% solids wt 12 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 5% solids wt 13 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 10% solids wt 14 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 10% solids wt 15 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 10% solids wt 16 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 15% solids wt 17 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 15% solids wt 18 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 15% solids wt
Bio-degradable Hydrogels from Ring Opening Polymerization

(37) D. Category: Thermoplastic (Ring Opening Polymerization)

(38) Materials:

(39) Trimethylene carbonate(1,3-Dioxan-2-one), FIG. 13. Caprolactone, FIG. 14. Hydroxybutyric acid glycerol ester, FIG. 15.
Experimental: Ring opening polymerization of TMC or CL using Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (catalyzed), with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA)
Variables: 1) TMC 2) CL 3) DMPA
Constants: 1) Catalyst concentration 2) Solvent 3) Temperature 4) Polymerization time
Hydroxybutyric Acid Urethane Work Plan

(40) E. Category: Thermoplastic

(41) Materials:

(42) Hydroxybutyric acid glycerol ester, FIG. 15. OH Functional prepolymer, FIG. 8, idealized structure example. NCO prepolymer, FIG. 9. Caprolactone Triol cross-linker, FIG. 10, e.g. PERSTORP CAPA 3031.
Variables: 1) Hydroxybutyric acid glycol ester i) 90% of diol wt ii) 75% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt 2) Loading of Carboxylic acid functional Urethane diol i) 10% of diol wt ii) 25% of diol wt iii) 50% of diol wt iv)
Constants: 1. NCO prepolymer 2. Isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio 1.1/1 3. Solvent NMP 4. Curing temperature and humidity
Matrix:

(43) TABLE-US-00005 Diol Carboxylic Acid Diols Functional Crosslinker Formulation: Poly(lactide diol) Urethane Diol CAPA 3031 1 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 5% solids wt 2 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 5% solids wt 3 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 5% solids wt 4 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 10% solids wt 5 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 10% solids wt 6 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 10% solids wt 7 90% of diol wt 10% of diol wt 15% solids wt 8 75% of diol wt 25% of diol wt 15% solids wt 9 50% of diol wt 50% of diol wt 15% solids wt

(44) The caprolactone polyol (CAPA) and acid functionalized prepolymers were mixed with 0.5 wt. % sodium carbonate and reacted with a commercially available isocyanate prepolymer to produce a biodegradable polymer composition (Table 2). The samples were soaked in 20 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and exposed to 50 C. for 2 hours to obtain oxygen containing polymer foams. It was observed that the polymer matrix did not swell in hydrogen peroxide and eventually did not foam. We believe this could be due to the ionomer concentration on the polymer backbone was not sufficient enough to result in a hydrogel matrix. We could mitigate this challenge by either increasing the ionomer concentration or reducing the molecular weight of CAPA segments.

(45) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 2 CAPA polymer composition. PolyIsocyanate (Tolonate HDT) Sample Reference Prepolymer wt. % 53424-16-2 50% 550 MW CAPA; 50% Acid 5% Functional Diol 53424-16-3 50% 550 MW CAPA; 50% Acid 10% Functional Diol 53424-16-4 75% 550 MW CAPA; 25% Acid 5% Functional Diol 53424-16-5 75% 550 MW CAPA; 25% Acid 10% Functional Diol 53424-16-6 50% 2,000 MW CAPA; 50% Acid 5% Functional Diol 53424-16-7 50% 2,000 MW CAPA; 50% Acid 10% Functional Diol 53424-16-8 75% 2,000 MW CAPA; 25% Acid 5% Functional Diol 53424-16-9 75% 2,000 MW CAPA; 25% Acid 10% Functional Diol

(46) The biodegradation analysis of this polymer matrix was conducted and showed more than 10% weight loss after 10 days (FIG. 2). It was interesting to see the higher ionomer concentration enhanced the rate of biodegradability. This increase in ionomer concentration increased the number of hydration sites that made the environment more conducive for biodegradation. The increase of CAPA molecular weight had no effect on the rate of biodegradation. One might expect the higher molecular weight would have more hydrolyzing repeat units per mole and therefore result in higher biodegradability compared to a low molecular weight CAPA segment. We believe the crosslink density of the polymer matrix was high enough to offset these molecular weight effects.

(47) Polymer Matrix Derived From Polyethylene Glycol and Acid Functionalized Prepolymer

(48) The biodegradable polymer containing the polyethylene glycol (PEG) segments was synthesized according to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 3. The details of the synthesis and characterization of this polymer matrix are:

(49) (1) 50% PEG (2000 MW)/50% Acid Functional Precursor

(50) In a 500 mL round bottom flask fitted with a thermocouple, a water cooled condenser, overhead stirrer, argon inlet for purge, a heating mantle, and fitted with an addition funnel, charge carboxylic acid urethane diol 53424-6-10 (20.4 grams), and polyethylene glycol diol (10.00 grams) then rinse it in with Methyl Ethyl Ketone (23.4 grams). Heat the mixture gently to 60 C., under argon purge, while mixing. Rinse Dibutyl tin dilaurate (0.0102 grams) into the reactor. Fill the addition funnel with Isophorone diisocyanate IPDI (3.10 grams). Then begin drop wise addition of the IPDI and control the addition to finish about 1 hour later.

(51) (2) 75% PEG (2000 MW)/25% Acid Functional Precursor

(52) In a 500 mL round bottom flask fitted with a thermocouple, a water cooled condenser, overhead stirrer, argon inlet for purge, a heating mantle, and fitted with an addition funnel, charge carboxylic acid urethane diol 53424-6-10 (20.60 grams), and polyethylene glycol diol (30.00 grams) then rinse it in with Methyl Ethyl Ketone (44.50 grams). Heat the mixture gently to 60 C., under argon purge, while mixing. Rinse Dibutyl tin dilaurate (0.0048 grams) into the reactor. Fill the addition funnel with Isophorone diisocyanate IPDI (5.10 grams). Then begin drop wise addition of the IPDI and control the addition to finish about 1 hour later.

(53) (3) 50% PEG (600W)/50% Acid Functional Precursor

(54) In a 500 mL round bottom flask fitted with a thermocouple, a water cooled condenser, overhead stirrer, argon inlet for purge, a heating mantle, and fitted with an addition funnel, charge carboxylic acid urethane diol 53424-6-10 (20.40 grams), and polyethylene glycol diol (10.01 grams) then rinse it in with Methyl Ethyl Ketone (27.1 grams). Heat the mixture gently to 60 C., under argon purge, while mixing. Rinse Dibutyl tin dilaurate (0.0069 grams) into the reactor. Fill the addition funnel with Isophorone diisocyanate IPDI (7.30 grams). Then begin drop wise addition of the IPDI and control the addition to finish about 1 hour later.

(55) (4) 75% PEG (600W)/25% Acid Functional Precursor

(56) In a 500 mL round bottom flask fitted with a thermocouple, a water cooled condenser, overhead stirrer, argon inlet for purge, a heating mantle, and fitted with an addition funnel, charge carboxylic acid urethane diol 53424-6-10 (20.50 grams), and polyethylene glycol diol (10.21 grams) then rinse it in with Methyl Ethyl Ketone (30.35 grams). Heat the mixture gently to 60 C., under argon purge, while mixing. Rinse Dibutyl tin dilaurate (0.0101 grams) into the reactor. Fill the addition funnel with Isophorone diisocyanate IPDI (10 grams). Then begin drop wise addition of the IPDI and control the addition to finish about 1 hour later.

(57) (5) Peroxide Swelling Procedure 1) Weigh each sample 2) Prepare 20% hydrogen peroxide solution by diluting 30% with distilled water 3) Pour enough hydrogen peroxide into a beaker so that the sample is submerged 4) Remove the sample at intervals, blot dry and record the weight 5) Calculate the percent hydration

(58) The polyethylene glycol based urethanes hydrated faster than the CAPA urethanes. There was a distinct trend of increasing hydration rate with PEG molecular weight and decreased crosslinker concentration.

(59) (6) Dimensional Change with Swelling Procedure 1) Cut each sample with a inch diameter round sample punch 2) Prepare 20% hydrogen peroxide solution by diluting 30% with distilled water 3) Pour enough hydrogen peroxide into a beaker so that the sample is submerged 4) Remove the sample at intervals, blot dry and record the diameter 5) Calculate the swelling % change

(60) The final dimensional increase was compared to the two hour hydration percent for a number of PEG based samples. The samples that hydrate the most will swell the most in peroxide. This is understandable and helps to validate the hydration data.

(61) The PEG diol and acid functionalized prepolymers were mixed with 0.5 wt. % sodium carbonate and reacted with isocyanate prepolymer to produce biodegradable polymer composition. The polymer matrix obtained had significant swelling (Table 3) and the hydration rate increased with the increasing molecular weight of PEG segment. Since these polymers had a high hydration rate, their mechanical properties in the hydrogel state were inadequate. We believe this could be easily improved by optimizing the hydrophilic character of the polymers and increasing the crosslink density of the polymer. The swollen polymer on exposure to heat did not foam. This was surprising as we expected the sodium carbonate present in the swollen polymer matrix would decompose hydrogen peroxide at elevated temperature and release oxygen which would result in the foaming of the polymer matrix.

(62) We speculate that either the acid based ionomer might have neutralized the catalyst (sodium carbonate) that is necessary to decompose hydrogen peroxide to form oxygen or the isocyanate precursor might have reacted with the carbonates. In order to validate our hypothesis, the sodium carbonate concentration in the resultant polymer matrix was analyzed and compared with initial theoretical loading of sodium carbonate as follows:

Titration of Sodium Carbonate

(63) In order to gauge any interference of the sodium carbonate with residual isocyanate in the urethane, titrations were performed. CAPA-PEG hybrid urethane with 1% crosslinker was formulated with 9.09% sodium carbonate. The sample was cured and cut into pieces of known mass. These pieces, as well as neat sodium carbonate powder, were titrated against HCl to neutralize the sodium carbonate. The method consists of weighing a sample approx. 3-4 g into an Erlenmeyer flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, and dissolve in 30 mL toluene; close the flask and set on the magnetic stirrer for 10 min so reaction can proceed. Charge 20 mL of Methanol and titrate with HCl to reach a pH of 4. Repeat in triplicate and average the results. The standard deviations overlap, thus suggesting that there is no interference of the isocyanate with the catalyst.

(64) Titrino Autotitrator

(65) Titrant: HCl=1 mol/L in methanol Solvents: Toluene and methanol Magnetic Swing-out Stirrer Exchange units Solvotrode Electrode
Method: Reference MetroOhm application bulletin No. 200/2 e

(66) We could not, however, find any convincing evidence for sodium carbonate neutralization with the acid containing ionomer nor by reacting with the isocyanate prepolymer.

(67) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 3 Degree of swelling (or nominal hydration) of polymer matrix derived from polyethylene glycol and acid functionalized prepolymer. Nominal Hydration 53424-18 53424-19 53424-20 53424-21 (%) at specified 600 MW 600 MW 2000 MW 2000 MW Tolonate time intervals Sample PEG 50/50 PEG 75/25 PEG 50/50 PEG 75/25 HDT 20 60 120 Reference (PEG/pre) (PEG/pre) (PEG/pre) (PEG/pre) (PolyNCO) min min min 53424-22-1 x (5%) 11 21 28 53424-22-2 x (10%) 14 25 28 53424-22-4 x (10%) 55 72 71 53424-22-5 x (5%) 52 81 93 53424-22-6 x (10%) 47 59 65 53424-22-7 x (5%) 80 152 213

(68) The PEG based polymer showed approximately 20% weight reductions after 10 days. As seen in the CAPA based polymer, the rate of biodegradability of the PEG based polymer increased with higher hydrophilic concentration of the PEG segments. Overall the PEG based polymer showed a higher rate of biodegradation compared to the CAPA based polymer.

(69) Polymer Matrix Derived From Caprolactone Polyol and Polyethylene Glycol

(70) Segmented copolymers containing CAPA and PEG segments are unique and not commercially available. In order to form a polymer matrix with both CAPA and PEG segments, CAPA based isocyanate precursors and PEG based hydroxyl precursors were individually synthesized and reacted together to form a segmented biodegradable matrix. A representative formulation is provided in Table 4. The details of the synthesis are as follows:

Details of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Matrix Derived From CAPA and PEG Segments

PEG Based Hydroxyl Precursor (PEG-IPDI-PEG)

(71) 53424-43-34 Method:

(72) In a 250 mL roundbottom flask fitted with a thermocouple, a water cooled condenser, overhead stirrer, argon inlet for purge, a heating mantle, and fitted with an addition funnel, charge Poly(ethylene glycol) (2,000 MW 75.00 grams) rinse it in with methyl ethyl ketone MEK (65.00 grams), Dibutyl tin Dilaurate (0.0898 grams) then rinse in with MEK (5.36 grams). Heat the mixture gently to 60 C., under argon purge, while mixing, until the solids dissolve. Fill the addition funnel with Isophorone diisocyanate IPDI (40.4 grams). Then begin drop wise addition of the IPDI and finish the addition after 1 hour. Rinse in with more MEK (25.02 grams). Allow the reaction to mix at 60 C. for another hour. Shut off heater, and cool to room temperature while mixing overnight.

(73) CAPA Based Isocyanate Precursor (IPDI-CAPA-IPDI)

(74) 53424-42-34 Method:

(75) In a 250 mL roundbottom flask fitted with a thermocouple, a water cooled condenser, overhead stirrer, argon inlet for purge, a heating mantle, and fitted with an addition funnel, charge Caprolactone Diol (550 MW 50.24 grams), Dibutyl tin Dilaurate (0.0931 grams) then rinse it in with methyl ethyl ketone MEK (65 grams). Heat the mixture gently to 60 C., under argon purge, while mixing, until the solids dissolve. Fill the addition funnel with Isophorone diisocyanate IPDI (40.4 grams). Then begin drop wise addition of the IPDI and finish the addition after 1 hour. Rinse in with more MEK (25.02 grams). Allow the reaction to mix at 60 C. for another hour. Shut off heater, and cool to room temperature while mixing overnight.

(76) CAPA PEG Hybrid Urethane Formulation

(77) 53424-74-20 Method:

(78) In a 1 L reactor fitted with a thermocouple, a water cooled condenser, overhead stirrer, argon inlet for purge, a heating mantle, and fitted with an addition funnel, charge CAPA based Isocyanate Precursor (200.05 grams), Dibutyl tin Dilaurate (0.51 grams) then rinse it in with methyl ethyl ketone MEK (251.76 grams). Charge in PEG Based Hydroxyl Precursor (299.95 grams) and rinse in with MEK (255.37 grams). Heat the mixture gently to 60 C., under argon purge, while mixing. Allow the reaction to mix at 60 C. for 1 hour. Shut off heater, and cool to room temperature while mixing overnight. The solution will be very viscous. Charge in Tolonate HDT (2.5 grams), followed by more MEK (102.02 grams). Formulate as needed with catalyst.

(79) Peroxide Swelling Procedure 1) Weigh each sample 2) Prepare 20% hydrogen peroxide solution by diluting 30% with distilled water 3) Pour enough hydrogen peroxide into a beaker so that the sample is submerged 4) Remove the sample at intervals, blot dry and record the weight 5) Calculate the percent hydration

(80) Hydration Time Correlation to CAPA/PEG Hybrid Formulation

(81) A series of CAPA/PEG hybrid formulations were prepared at different ratios of isocyanate and hydroxyl precursor weight ratios; specifically at ratios of 20/80, 40/60, and 60/40. These formulations correspond to isocyanate/hydroxyl equivalent ratios. Their time to 50% hydration was calculated, and compared to their respective isocyanate to hydroxyl equivalent ratio. The trend observed suggests that the more polyethylene glycol in the formulation, the faster it hydrates.

(82) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 4 Polymer matrix formulations based on CAPA and PEG segments. Polyisocanate Sodium (Tolonate HDT) Carbonate Sample Ref. Prepolymer .sup.1 wt. % .sup.2 wt. % .sup.3 53424-56-13 40% 550 MW CAPA; 60% 3 2 2000 MW PEG Diol 53424-56-24 40% 550 MW CAPA; 60% 1 2 2000 MW PEG Diol .sup.1 Prepolymers were synthesized by reacting specified diols with isophorone diisocyanate at NCO/OH ratio of 2:1 for CAPA and 0.5:1 for PEG .sup.2 Polyisocyanate was added based on prepolymer solids. .sup.3 Sodium carbonate was added based on total solids and it was ground and sieved to less than 53 microns before mixing.

(83) The polymer matrix based on CAPA and PEG did swell in 20% hydrogen peroxide solution and showed good foam forming ability after thermal exposure. Oxygen analysis of these foams and the results are reported in Table 5.

(84) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 5 Oxygen concentration results of polymer matrix derived from CAPA and PEG segments. Lot ID Total O.sub.2 Delivery 24 hour (ppm) 53424-56-13 25.3 53424-56-24 25.1 53424-66-22 24.4

(85) It was observed that the total oxygen delivery was only 25 ppm over a period of 24 hours. It was speculated that the foam samples may have open cells and therefore did not retain enough oxygen in the matrix. In order to investigate the morphology of the foam samples, SEM investigation was performed. The experimental biodegradable foam samples have a discrete structure with no evidence of expanded foam structure.

Polymer Matrix Formulated with Additives for Making Closed Cell Polymer Foam

(86) This more openness in the foam structure is possibly due to one or both of the following factors: (a) Higher foam rigidity or lack of foam coalescence (b) Rate of decomposition of peroxide is much faster than foam relaxation

(87) The following technical approaches were attempted to address the above challenges:

(88) (a) Approach 1: Use of Guar Gum

(89) Guar gum is a natural polymer adhesive. Incorporating Guar gum in the formulation is expected to lower the foam rigidity and enhance foam coalescence. It was incorporated directly into the polymer matrix at various levels and was also first coated onto sodium carbonate (encapsulating sodium carbonate with the additives first) followed by dispersing them into the polymer matrix. The formulations obtained from this approach are provided in Table 6 and the experimental details are as follows:

Details of Polymer Matrix Formulated with Alternative Catalysts to Make Closed Cell Polymer Foam

CAPA-PEG Hybrid with 50/50 Guar Gum

(90) Take sodium carbonate (10.0 grams) and dissolve into distilled water (50 grams). After dissolving charge Hercules Supercol U Guar Gum (10.0 grams). Mix vigorously to hydrate thoroughly. The mixture will form a thick paste within a minute, and continue mixing until the consistency is uniform. Let it sit for a half hour to allow any clumps to hydrate evenly. Place in a vacuum oven 60 C. overnight to obtain dry solids. Grind the solids the next day with mortar and pestle and sieve to less than 106 m.

(91) Take 59.93 grams of 53424-74-10 (40% 550 MW CAPA; 60% 2000 MW PEG Diol) and mix in 0.503 grams of 50/50 Guar Gum. Cast into a 55 Teflon mold and air dry. Note: this appeared to gel faster than the urethane alone.

CAPA-PEG Hybrid with 67/33 Guar Gum

(92) Take sodium carbonate (10.0 grams) and dissolve into distilled water (50 grams). After dissolving, charge Hercules Supercol U Guar Gum (5.0 grams). Mix vigorously to hydrate thoroughly. The mixture will form a thick paste within a minute, and continue mixing until the consistency is uniform. Let it sit for a half hour to allow any clumps to hydrate evenly. Place in a vacuum oven 60 C. overnight to obtain dry solids. Grind the solids the next day with mortar and pestle and sieve to less than 106 m.

(93) Take 60.02 grams of 53424-74-10 (40% 550 MW CAPA; 60% 2000 MW PEG Diol) and mix in 0.377 grams of 567/33 Guar Gum. Cast into a 55 Teflon mold and air dry.

Peroxide Swelling Procedure

(94) 1) Weigh each sample 2) Prepare 20% hydrogen peroxide solution by diluting 30% with distilled water 3) Pour enough hydrogen peroxide into a beaker so that the sample is submerged 4) Remove the sample at intervals, blot dry and record the weight 5) Calculate the percent hydration

(95) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 6 Formulations based on guar gum. Sample Ref. Comments 53424-78-25 Control 53424-80-10 Mixed Guar gum with catalyst (50/50 wt. %) 53424-80-20 Mixed Guar gum with catalyst (33/67 wt. %) 53424-81-11 Mixed Guar gum with catalyst (50/50 wt. %) and placed the catalyst in between two PU films 53424-81-20 Mixed Guar gum with catalyst (33/67 wt. %) and placed the catalyst in between two PU films Catalyst used was sodium carbonate 2 wt. % based on prepolymer solids Crosslinker used was Tolonate HDT 1 wt. % based on prepolymer solids Prepolymer comprised of 40% 550 MW CAPA; 60% 2,000 MW PEG Diol

(96) (b) Approach 2: Replacement for Sodium Carbonate to Control the Rate of Peroxide Decomposition in the Foam Matrix

(97) For this purpose, two alternate catalysts were chosen: (a) Silver and (b) PVP-iodine complex. The reason for choosing these catalysts was due to the fact that they decompose hydrogen peroxide an order of magnitude slower compared to sodium carbonate. Furthermore, both silver and iodine have antiseptic properties and would provide additional benefits to the end user. The formulations obtained from this approach are provided in Table 7 and the experimental details are as follows:

(98) 50/50 Encapsulation of PVP-I2

(99) Take PVP-Iodine Complex (3.17 grams) and dissolve into distilled water (20 grams). After dissolving, charge Hercules Supercol U Guar Gum (3.22 grams). Mix vigorously to dissolve. Place in a vacuum oven 60 C. overnight to obtain dry solids. Grind the solids the next day with mortar and pestle and sieve to less than 106 m.

(100) CAPA-PEG Hybrid with Silver Zeolite

(101) Grind the granular silver zeolite (Aldrich 382280) with a mortar and pestle, then sieve with a 106 m screen.

(102) Take 59.90 grams of 53424-44-10(40% 550 MW CAPA; 60% 2000 MW PEG Diol) and 0.507 grams of the <106 m zeolite. Mix well and cast into a 55inch Teflon mold. Allow it to air dry.

(103) Peroxide Swelling Procedure 1) Weigh each sample 2) Prepare 20% hydrogen peroxide solution by diluting 30% with distilled water 3) Pour enough hydrogen peroxide into a beaker so that the sample is submerged 4) Remove the sample at intervals, blot dry and record the weight 5) Calculate the percent hydration

(104) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 7 Formulations based on alternative peroxide decomposition catalyst. Sample Ref. Comments 53424-89-6 PVP-Iodine complex (50/50 wt. % with Guar gum) 53424-89-31 PVP-Iodine complex (50/50 wt. % with Guar gum) <106 m particle reduction 53424-89-21 Silver exchanged Zeolite Prepolymer comprises of 40% 550 MW CAPA; 60% 2,000 MW PEG Diol Crosslinker used was Tolonate HDT 1 wt. % based on prepolymer solids Catalyst used was 2 wt. % based on prepolymer solids

(105) It was observed that the samples based on guar gum when soaked in 20% hydrogen peroxide solution had a very tacky surface and could not be removed from the mesh sheet. This observation supports the assessment that guar gum would form a less rigid foam and would assist in the coalescence of the foam.

(106) Polymer matrix formulated with PVP-iodine catalysts swelled in 20% hydrogen peroxide solution. However, it was observed that the matrix had uneven texture and after foaming, the test specimen was hard and brittle.

(107) The polymer matrix with silver based catalyst did not foam the matrix. When samples were soaked in peroxide solution, a froth was noted and the pH of the peroxide medium increased. The silver catalyst used was based on supported zeolites (sodium aluminum silicate) and we speculate the catalyst support was not completely neutralized. The residual base (such as sodium hydroxide) would have initiated the peroxide decomposition during the soak time. It is clear from our studies the rate of peroxide decomposition is critical and a key factor for producing foam with the desired closed cell morphology.

(108) The foam samples from the above two approaches were cross sectioned and investigated under SEM. The foam samples containing guar gum had closed cell morphology with very limited defects. The oxygen concentration of these samples was found to be only 20-25 ppm (Table 8). This was a surprising result as this closed cell morphology was expected to hold more gas compared to the open cell structure.

(109) If we believe our earlier samples with open cell architecture have an oxygen concentration of about 25 ppm, then one would expect a higher oxygen concentration from the guar gum formulations that resulted in more closed cell structure. In order to verify, the oxygen permeability (oxygen holding capacity) of the neat polymer matrix cast films, from the formulation comprised of 40% 550 MW CAPA prepolymer and 60% 2,000 MW PEG diol were analyzed.

(110) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 8 Oxygen concentration results for the polymer matrix formulated with additives. Sample Total O.sub.2 Reference Description Delivery 24 hr Control 22.1 Mixed Guar gum with catalyst (50/50 wt. %) 22.7 Mixed Guar gum with catalyst (33/67 wt. %) 24.2 Mixed Guar gum with catalyst (50/50 wt. %) 24.0 and placed the catalyst in between two PU films Mixed Guar gum with catalyst (33/67 wt. %) 23.8 and placed the catalyst in between two PU films PVP-Iodine complex (50/50 wt. % with 21.9 Guar gum) PVP-Iodine complex (50/50 wt. % with 22.2 Guar gum) <106 m particle reduction

(111) We have demonstrated the feasibility of making a biodegradable foam. The top candidate based on covalently linked segments of polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol met the performance requirements for biodegradability, biocompatibility, and foam forming ability.

(112) While the disclosure has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various alterations, modifications and other changes may be made to the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. It is therefore intended that the claims cover all such modifications, alterations and other changes encompassed by the appended claims.