ACCELERATED SETTLEMENT OF FLOCS AFTER ELECTROCOAGULATION/ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS USING BALLASTED FLOCCULATION

Abstract

A water treatment system comprises a source of water including one or more contaminants, an electrocoagulation cell including a housing defining a fluid flow conduit, an anode disposed within the fluid flow conduit, and a cathode disposed within the fluid flow conduit, the housing including an inlet fluidly connectable to the source of water and an outlet, a solids/liquid separation system having an inlet fluidly connectable to the outlet of the housing of the electrocoagulation cell, a solids-rich outlet, and a solids-lean outlet, and a ballast feed system configured to deliver a ballast to the solids/liquid separation system.

Claims

1. A water treatment system comprising: a source of water including one or more contaminants selected from the group consisting of suspended solids, heavy metals, oxyanions, anions, or emulsified oils; an electrocoagulation cell including a housing defining a fluid flow conduit, an anode disposed within the fluid flow conduit, and a cathode disposed within the fluid flow conduit, the housing including an inlet fluidly connectable to the source of water and an outlet; a solids/liquid separation system having an inlet fluidly connectable to the outlet of the housing of the electrocoagulation cell, a solids-rich outlet, and a solids-lean outlet; and a ballast feed system configured to deliver a ballast to the solids/liquid separation system.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising one of an electrochemical separation device or a filter having an inlet fluidly connectable to the solids-lean outlet of the solids/liquid separation system and an outlet.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the filter includes a media bed filter.

4. The system of claim 2, wherein the filter includes a membrane filter.

5. The system of claim 2, further comprising a flow sensor and a water quality sensor fluidly connectable to one of the outlet of the one of the electrochemical separation device or the filter, the outlet of the solids/liquid separation system, or the outlet of the electrocoagulation cell.

6. The system of claim 5, further comprising a controller in communication with the flow sensor and water quality sensor and configured to modulate one of flow of water through the electrocoagulation cell or current applied across the anode and cathode of the electrocoagulation cell based on a water quality measurement from the water quality sensor.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the water quality sensor is one of a conductivity sensor, a turbidity sensor, or an oxidation-reduction potential sensor.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a ballast recovery system configured to receive a ballasted floc from the solids-rich outlet of the solids/liquid separation system.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the ballast recovery system is further configured to separate unballasted floc from ballast in the ballasted floc, and to provide recovered ballast to the solids/liquid separation system.

10. The system of claim 8, wherein the electrocoagulation cell, solids/liquid separation system, ballast feed system, and ballast recovery system are disposed within a single system housing.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the ballast feed system includes a ballast impregnation system fluidly connectable between the outlet of the housing of the electrocoagulation cell and the inlet of the solids/liquid separation system.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the ballast impregnation system is configured to incorporate the ballast into flocs to form ballasted flocs, and provide the ballasted flocs to the inlet of the solids/liquid separation system.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein the ballast comprises at least one of a magnetic material and sand.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the magnetic material has a median particle size of less than 100 μm and a density of at least 5 g/cm.sup.3.

15. A method of treating water, the method comprising: introducing water including one or more contaminants selected from the group consisting of suspended solids, heavy metals, or emulsified oils into an electrocoagulation cell including a housing defining a fluid flow conduit, an anode disposed within the fluid flow conduit, and a cathode disposed within the fluid flow conduit; applying current across the anode and cathode of the electrocoagulation cell and through the water in the electrocoagulation cell to form flocs including the one or more contaminants; directing an aqueous solution including the flocs from an outlet of the electrocoagulation cell into an inlet of a solids/liquid separation system having a solids-rich outlet and a solids-lean outlet; introducing a ballast into the aqueous solution to form ballasted flocs from the flocs; and separating the ballasted flocs from the aqueous solution to form a solids-lean fluid in a solids/liquid separation system.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising directing the solids-lean fluid from a solids-lean outlet of the solids/liquid separation system through one of an electrochemical separation device or a filter.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising monitoring flow rate and one more parameters of water undergoing treatment with a water quality sensor in fluid communication with one of an outlet of the one of the electrochemical separation device or filter, the solids-lean outlet of the solids/liquid separation system, or the outlet of the electrocoagulation cell.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising modulating one of the flow rate or the current applied across the anode and cathode of the electrocoagulation cell based on a water quality measurement from the water quality sensor.

19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: directing the ballasted flocs from a solids-rich outlet of the solids/liquid separation system into a ballast recovery system; separating unballasted flocs from ballast in the ballasted flocs; and providing recovered ballast as a source of ballast that is delivered to the solids/liquid separation system.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein separating unballasted flocs from ballast in the ballasted flocs includes directing the ballasted flocs through a magnetic separation apparatus of the ballast recovery system.

21. The method of claim 15, wherein delivering ballast to the solids/liquid separation system includes delivering the ballast to a ballast impregnation system in fluid communication between the outlet of the electrocoagulation cell and the inlet of the solids/liquid separation system.

22. The method of claim 15, wherein the water is directed through the electrocoagulation cell in a continuous flow.

23. The method of claim 15, performed without addition of a coagulant to the aqueous solution.

24. The method of claim 15, performed without addition of a pH adjustment agent to the aqueous solution.

25. A method of retrofitting a water treatment system including an electrocoagulation cell and a solid-liquid separation unit in fluid communication downstream of the electrocoagulation cell, the method comprising: providing a ballast feed system; and providing instructions to operate the ballast feed system deliver a ballast to the solids/liquid separation unit.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: providing a ballast recovery system; providing instructions to deliver a ballasted floc from an outlet of the solids/liquid separation unit to the ballast recovery system; providing instructions to operate the ballast recovery system to separate unballasted floc from ballast in the ballasted floc; and providing instructions to direct recovered ballast from the ballast recovery system to the solids/liquid separation unit.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0029] The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:

[0030] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of an electrocoagulation cell;

[0031] FIG. 1B illustrates another example of an electrocoagulation cell;

[0032] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example of a water treatment system in accordance with one embodiment;

[0033] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example of a water treatment system in accordance with another embodiment;

[0034] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a shear mill included in a ballast recovery system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0035] FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of a magnetic separator included in a ballast recovery system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

[0036] FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of a magnetic separator included in a ballast recovery system in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 6 illustrates a control system that may be utilized for embodiments of water treatment systems disclosed herein; and

[0038] FIG. 7 illustrates a memory system for the control system of FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways.

[0040] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include enhanced systems and process for treatment of liquids by electrocoagulation (EC) or electrochemical treatment to remove one or more undesirable species from the liquid. The systems and processes disclosed herein may be applicable to the treatment of liquids to remove one or more contaminants including, for example, suspended solids, heavy metals, oxyanions or anions such as chromate and fluoride, or emulsified oils. The systems and processes disclosed herein may be applicable to the treatment of aqueous solutions or waste streams, for example, oil and gas produced water, mine process water, construction storm water, industrial stormwater, or industrial wastewater.

[0041] The systems and processes disclosed herein may enhance EC or electrochemical treatment of contaminated water by accelerating a rate by which flocs generated in the EC or electrochemical treatment may settle in a solids/liquid separation system to facilitate removal of the flocs from a solids-lean component of an aqueous solution after treatment in an EC or electrochemical treatment apparatus.

[0042] In accordance with various aspects and embodiments, a ballasted flocculation technique may be integrated into the post-EC or electrochemical treatment of contaminated water to accelerate floc settling. Several benefits may be possibly gained including, for example, a solids/liquid separation apparatus (e.g., a clarifier) with a smaller footprint may be utilized to obtain an equivalent solids/liquid separation rate or efficiency as a larger solids/liquid separation apparatus in an equivalent system not utilizing the ballasted flocculation technique. The increased settling rate of ballasted floc as compared to unballasted floc may reduce the amount of pH adjustment or even eliminate a need for pH adjustment of the electrochemically treated liquid to achieve a desired solids/liquid separation rate or efficiency. The increased settling rate of ballasted floc as compared to unballasted floc may also reduce or eliminate the need for polymer addition to the electrochemically treated liquid to facilitate flocculation and settlement and achieve a desired solids/liquid separation rate or efficiency. Further, effluent water quality is likely to be improved. The overall cost of the EC system operation would be reduced by introducing ballasted flocculation technique/system because costs associated with solids/liquid separation or clarification processes are directly associated with the speed of floc settlement.

[0043] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include apparatus and methods for accelerating the floc settling post-EC or electrochemical treatment of contaminated liquids or wastewater using ballasted flocculation. Prior known systems of treating contaminated liquids or wastewater with EC technology typically utilized the addition of polymer with pH adjustment in liquids after EC treatment to cause the flocs formed during EC process to settle in a settling vessel downstream of an EC treatment unit.

[0044] Ballasted flocculation systems and methods disclosed herein may include the incorporation of fine particles of a dense media into the flocculation process to accelerate the settling of flocs. The media may have a median particle size of less than 100 μm and a density of at least 5 g/cm.sup.3. Some examples of a ballasted flocculation system disclosed herein may utilize magnetite—fully inert iron ore particles—as a ballast material added to EC-treated liquid to settle chemical floc up to 30 times faster than conventional treatments. Aspects and embodiments of EC treatment systems and methods enhanced with ballasted floc settling processes as disclosed herein can be more effective with a solids/liquid separation unit, for example, a clarifier, of much smaller footprint and an effluent of higher quality, e.g., lower turbidity (<1 NTU) and color, improved oil and grease removal and improved heavy metal removal. In some embodiments acid/base usage for pH adjustment, and/or flocculant usage may be reduced or even eliminated, upon implementation of the ballasted settling systems and methods disclosed herein to achieve comparable clarification results as in conventional clarification systems and methods.

[0045] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include implementing a ballasted flocculation into the post-EC sludge/flocs removal process. In some embodiments, magnetite may be utilized as ballast material. Due to the high density (about 5.2 g/cm.sup.3) and hydrophobic characteristics of magnetite, it tends to diffuse into the chemical flocs and settle rapidly when it is introduced to the post EC-treated liquid. These magnetite particles are highly recoverable and reusable (up to 99%) which further helps keep operational costs low. With the substantial acceleration of settling of flocs, the footprint of a clarifier utilized in the systems disclosed herein may be much smaller with better effluent quality (e.g., lower turbidity and/or heavy metal concentration). In addition, because of the effectiveness of the ballasted flocculation process, the pH adjustment and polymer addition of conventional flocculation processes might be relaxed while still achieving desired effluent quality.

[0046] Electrocoagulation systems as disclosed herein may include one or more electrocoagulation cells each including a housing defining a fluid flow conduit, an anode disposed within the fluid flow conduit, and a cathode disposed within the fluid flow conduit. The housing may include an inlet fluidly connectable to a source of liquid, for example, contaminated water to be treated, and an outlet. The anode may be made of, for example, aluminum, iron, zinc or any other suitable metal. The cathode may be made of steel, stainless steel, titanium, or any other suitable material.

[0047] During operation, contaminated liquid (e.g., contaminated water) to be treated flows through the fluid flow conduit of an electrocoagulation cell. The fluid flow may be continuous although batch processing systems may also or alternatively be utilized. As the liquid to be treated flows through the fluid flow conduit of an electrocoagulation cell, a positive voltage is applied to the anode and a negative voltage is applied to the cathode. At the anode, the anode material is oxidized and releases metal cations into the liquid flowing through the fluid flow conduit. At the cathode, water splitting occurs and hydroxide ions (OH.sup.−) are released into the liquid flowing through the fluid flow conduit. Hydrogen produced by the water splitting reactions at the cathode may form bubbles which help to separate solids (e.g., flocs) from liquids in the fluid flow conduit by attaching to solids and floating them upward through the fluid flow conduit. Additionally, electrons may flow from the cathode to the anode through the liquid and disrupt surface charges on contaminants present in the liquid. In the liquid in the fluid flow conduit, the metal cations from the anode may combine with the hydroxide ions from the cathode to form metal hydroxides that in turn form flocs in the liquid. The hydroxide ions from the cathode may also combine with dissolved metals in the liquid in the fluid flow conduit and form other metal hydroxide flocs. Other contaminants, for example, suspended solids, heavy metals, oxyanions, anions, or emulsified oils may be attracted to and be absorbed or entrained into or otherwise bind to the flocs, increasing the size of the flocs and reducing the contaminant content of the remainder of the liquid passing through the fluid flow conduit. This process may be enhanced due to the disruption of surface charges on these contaminants due to the electrons flowing through the liquid. Charged particles in the liquid may be neutralized by interaction with the metal cations or hydroxide ions and precipitate, forming a sludge in the electrocoagulation cell.

[0048] One example of an electrocoagulation cell is illustrated in FIG. 1A indicated generally at 100. The electrocoagulation cell 100 includes a housing 105 defining an interior fluid flow conduit 110. Within the housing 105 and fluid flow conduit 110 are disposed an anode 115 and a cathode 120 that are selectively electrically connected to a power source 125, for example, via a switch 130. In the example electrocoagulation cell 100 of FIG. 1A, the anode 115 is formed of iron. The cathode 120 may be formed of stainless steel, titanium, or any other suitable metal or conductive material. The housing 105 of the electrocoagulation cell 100 includes an inlet 135 for introducing liquid to be treated into the fluid flow conduit 110. A conduit 140 may provide the liquid to be treated to the inlet 135 and may include one or more pumps P or valves V to control a flow rate of liquid into the inlet 135. The housing 105 of the electrocoagulation cell 100 includes one or more outlets 145 for removing treated liquid (a solution of solids lean liquid and flocs) from the fluid flow conduit 110. The one or more outlets 145 may be disposed at an upper portion of the housing 105 to capture floating floc and solids-lean liquid, at lower portion of the housing to capture settled floc and solids-lean liquid, or both. In some embodiments, a weir 150 may provided at an upper end of the vessel 105 in fluid communication with an outlet 145 to capture floating floc and solids-lean liquid that overflows from the upper end of the vessel 105. The one or more outlets 145 may be coupled to one or more outlet conduits 155 that may include one or more pumps P or valves V to control a rate of withdrawal of treated liquid from the fluid flow conduit 110. The housing 105 may further include one or more sludge outlets 160 and associated valves V and pumps P that may be used to remove settled sludge 165 from within the fluid flow conduit 110.

[0049] An electrocoagulation cell 100 as illustrated in FIG. 1A may be utilized to remove chromate (CrO.sub.4.sup.2-) from liquid to be treated. In the electrocoagulation cell 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A the anode is iron. Iron cations from the anode and chromium cations dissociated from the chromate my bond to the hydroxide ions to form chromium hydroxide and iron hydroxide flocs that may aggregate with each other and/or other contaminants in the liquid in the fluid flow conduit 110. The flocs may float upwards through the fluid flow conduit 110 aided by hydrogen bubbles created at the cathode that may attach to the flocs for removal from the electrocoagulation cell 100.

[0050] Another example of an electrocoagulation cell 100′ as illustrated in FIG. 1B is substantially the same as the electrocoagulation cell 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A, except the anode is formed of aluminum. The electrocoagulation cell 100′ illustrated in FIG. 1B may be utilized to remove fluoride from liquid to be treated. Aluminum cations from the anode may react with fluoride ions and sodium ions in in the liquid in the fluid flow conduit 110 to form sodium aluminum hexafluoride (Na.sub.3AlF.sub.6) that may settle out of solution as a portion of the sludge generated in the electrocoagulation cell. Aluminum hydroxide formed from combination of the aluminum cations from the anode and hydroxide ions from the cathode may also form flocs that may aggregate with each other and/or other contaminants in the liquid in the fluid flow conduit 110. Instead of settling, some or all of the sodium aluminum hexafluoride may be entrained in the flocs. The flocs may float upwards through the fluid flow conduit 110 aided by hydrogen bubbles created at the cathode that may attach to the flocs for removal from the electrocoagulation cell 100′.

[0051] An example of a water treatment system in accordance with the present disclosure in illustrated generally in at 200 in block diagram in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram that, for the sake of clarity, omits many features of the system such as pumps, valves, control lines, sampling ports, etc., that may be present in actual systems. Water to be treated may enter the system through a conduit 205. The conduit 205 may direct the water to be treated into an inlet 210 of an optional pre-filter 215. The pre-filter 215 may be a screen filter, a sand filter, or any other form of pre-filter known in the art. The pre-filter 215 may remove particulate matter from the water to be treated that might otherwise damage downstream operations.

[0052] The water to be treated exits an outlet 220 of the pre-filter 215 (if utilized) and passes through conduit 225 to an inlet 135 of and electrocoagulation unit 100″ that may be similar to or that may include multiple electrocoagulation cells 100, 100′ as described above. The water to be treated is treated by electrocoagulation in the electrocoagulation unit 100″ to produce an aqueous solution including flocs including one or more contaminants from the water to be treated. The aqueous solution exits the electrocoagulation unit 100″ from a one or more outlets, illustrated collectively as outlet 145. Sludge produced in the electrocoagulation unit 100″ may be periodically or continuously removed through sludge outlet 160.

[0053] The aqueous solution from the one or more outlets 145 of the electrocoagulation unit 100″ passes through conduit 230 and into an inlet 235 of a solids/liquid separation unit 240, which in some embodiments is or includes a clarifier. Ballast material, for example, sand, magnetite, or other ballast material known in the art is supplied from a source of ballast or ballast feed system 325 through conduit 320 into the solids/liquid separation unit 240. The ballast attaches to or is otherwise incorporated into the flocs in the solids/liquid separation unit 240 to facilitate settling of the flocs to produce a solids-lean fluid or effluent and a solids-rich aqueous solution including the settled flocs.

[0054] The solids lean fluid or effluent exits the solids/liquid separation unit 240 through a solids-lean outlet 245. An optional polishing unit 260, for example, a filter (e.g., a sand filter, membrane filter, or reverse osmosis unit), ion exchange unit, electrochemical separation device (e.g., an electrodialysis or electrodeionization unit), or other polishing or solids/liquid separation unit known in the art may receive the solids-lean fluid or effluent directed from the solids-lean outlet 245 through conduit 250 into an inlet 255 of the polishing unit 260. Polished or further treated liquid may exit the polishing unit 260 through an outlet 265 and conduit 270 and be directed to a point of use 275 as potable water, irrigation water, boiler water, drinking water, etc., or may be released to the environment.

[0055] The settled ballasted flocs or an aqueous solution including the settled ballasted flocs exits the solids/liquid separation unit 240 through a solids-rich outlet 280 and is directed through a conduit 290 to a ballast recovery unit 295, discussed in further detail below. The ballast recovery unit 295 separates ballast from the ballasted flocs. The separated ballast may exit the ballast recovery unit 295 through a ballast outlet 305 and may be recycled to the source of ballast 325 through conduit 315 or may be added directly back into the solids/liquid separation unit 240 through conduit 320. Floc material from which ballast was separated in the ballast recovery unit 295 may exit the ballast recovery unit 295 through floc outlet 300 and may be sent for disposal, further processing, or as return activated sludge to a unit operation in a biological wastewater treatment system.

[0056] The system 200 may include one or more sensors S disposed within or attached to various of the conduits of the system, for example, conduits in fluid communication with any one or more of an outlet of the polishing unit 260, the solids-lean outlet of the solids/liquid separation system 240, or the outlet of the electrocoagulation unit 100″. The sensors S may be or include flow meters and/or one or more water quality sensors. Examples of water quality sensors that be utilized include, for example, conductivity sensors, turbidity sensors, oxidation-reduction potential sensors, or chemical species specific concentration sensors. The system 200 may further include a controller 350 in communication with the one or more sensors S. The controller 350 may be configured to modulate flow of water through the electrocoagulation unit and/or current applied across the anode and cathode of the electrocoagulation cell based on a water quality measurement from one or more of the sensors S. The controller 350 may be in communication with the one or more sensors S via wired communication links (not shown for sake of clarity) or via wireless communication links.

[0057] In some embodiments, one or more, or, in some embodiments, all or the functional units of the system, for example, the electrocoagulation unit 100″, solids/liquid separation unit 240, ballast feed system 325, and ballast recovery unit 295 are disposed within a single system housing 355. The controller 350 may be included in the housing 355 with the other components or may be located remote from the other components of the system.

[0058] In another embodiment, indicated generally at 200′ in FIG. 3 a water treatment system in accordance with the present disclosure may be similar to that of system 200 but may further include a ballast impregnation system 345 fluidly connected or connectable between the outlet 145 of the electrocoagulation unit 100″ and the inlet 235 of the solids/liquid separation unit 240. The ballast impregnation system 345 may, for example, be disposed inline in conduit 230. Additionally or alternatively to providing fresh or recycled ballast from the ballast feed system 325 and/or ballast recovery unit 295, respectively, directly to the solids/liquid separation unit 240, fresh or recycled ballast from the ballast feed system 325 and/or ballast recovery unit 295, respectively may be provided to ballast impregnation system 345 for entrainment of the ballast into flocs output from the electrocoagulation unit 100″ prior to entry into the solids/liquid separation unit 240.

[0059] In some wastewater treatment systems as disclosed herein ballast material, for example, magnetite is added to one or more vessels or treatment units, for example, a solids/liquid separation unit, a ballast impregnation system upstream of the solids/liquid separation unit (e.g., a clarifier), or into an electrocoagulation cell to facilitate settling of suspended solids, for example, flocs generated in the electrocoagulation cell in the solids/liquid separation unit. A portion of the added magnetite may become trapped in foam or other floating waste material in one or more of these treatment vessels. In some instances, it may be economically beneficial to recover the magnetite from an aqueous solution, ballasted floc, and/or waste materials that are removed from the solids/liquid separation unit. Thus, in some embodiments, an outlet of the solids/liquid separation unit may be in fluid communication with an inlet of a ballast recovery system. For example, the solids-rich outlet of a solids/liquid separation unit may direct collected liquid and/or ballasted floc to an inlet of a magnetite recovery system.

[0060] A ballast recovery system as disclosed herein may include two major components, a first separator to physically break up ballasted floc, and a magnetic ballast recovery unit or separator. With reference to FIGS. 2-4, Ballasted floc, or an aqueous solution including ballasted floc and, optionally, other waste materials exits the solids-rich outlet 280 of the solids/liquid separation unit 240 and passes through conduit 285 into the inlet 290 of a first separator 400. The first separator 400 performs an initial separation of magnetite particles from waste materials, for example, ballasted floc, using, for example, mechanical forces.

[0061] The first separator 400 may include any known apparatus for separating ballast from waste solids, for example, ballasted floc. In one example, the separator is configured as a shear mill as illustrated generally at 400 in FIG. 4. The shear mill 400 shears the waste materials/ballasted floc from the conduit 285 to separate the ballast from other solids or floc in introduced into the shear mill 400. The shear mill 400 may includes a rotor 405 and stator 410. In operation, the ballasted floc from the conduit 285 enter the shear mill 400 and flows in the direction of arrows 415 and enter the rotor 405 and then the stator 410. The shear mill 400 is designed such that there is a close tolerance between the rotor 405 and the stator 410. The rotor 405 is in some embodiments driven at high rotational speeds, for example, greater than about 1,000 rpm to form a mixture of ballast and substantially ballast-free obliterated flocs in area 425 of the shear mill 400. The mixture of ballast and obliterated flocs exits the shear mill 400 through conduit 450, as shown by arrows 435.

[0062] In some embodiments the rotor 405 and/or stator 410 include slots which function as a centrifugal pump to draw the floc from above and below rotor 405 and stator 410, as shown by paths 440 in FIG. 4. The rotor and stator then hurl the materials off the slot tips at a very high speed to break the ballasted floc into a mixture of ballast and obliterated flocs. For example, the rotor 405 may include slots, and the stator 410 may include slots. The slots in the rotor 405 and/or the slots in the stator 410 may be designed to increase shear energy to efficiently separate the ballast from the ballasted flocs. The shear developed by the rotor 405 and stator 410 may depend on the width of the slots in the rotor and/or stator, the tolerance between the rotor 405 and stator 410, and the rotor tip speed. The result is that the shear mill 400 provides a shearing effect which effectively and efficiently separates the ballast from the ballasted floc to facilitate recovery of the ballast.

[0063] In other embodiments, the separator 400 may be configured as an ultrasonic separator or a centripetal separator. Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to any particular form of separator for separating ballast from waste solids.

[0064] In some embodiments, the mixture of ballast and sheared flocs exit the shear mill 400 through a conduit 450 and enter a magnetic drum separator, indicated generally at 500A in FIG. 5A. The magnetic drum separator 500A includes a drum 510 in which is disposed a magnet 520. The drum rotates in the direction of arrow 525, clockwise in this example. A mixture of ballast 535, represented by the colored circles in FIG. 5A, and obliterated flocs 530, represented by the empty circles in FIG. 5A, are introduced to the surface of the rotating drum 510 through a conduit or feed ramp 505. The ballast, when comprised of a magnetic material, for example, magnetite, adheres more strongly to the drum 510 than the obliterated flocs of waste material due to the presence of the magnet 520. The obliterated flocs fall off of the drum, in some examples aided by centripetal force generated by the rotating drum, before the ballast. A division vane 540 may separate the ballast 535 and obliterated flocs 530 into two separate output streams 545, and 550, respectively.

[0065] In another embodiment of the magnetic separator, indicated generally at 500B in FIG. 5B, the mixture of ballast and obliterated flocs is introduced by a conduit or feed ramp 555 to a position proximate and to the side of the rotating drum 510. The ballast, when comprised of a magnetic material, for example, magnetite, adheres to the rotating drum 510 due to the presence of the magnet 520 and may be removed from the rotating drum on the opposite side from the conduit or feed ramp 555 by, for example, a scraper or division vane 540. The obliterated flocs do not adhere to the rotating drum 510 and instead drop from the end of the conduit or feed ramp 555. The result is the production of separate streams 545 and 550 of the ballast 535 and obliterated flocs 530.

[0066] The ballast separated in the magnetic separator may be introduced to conduit 310 and/or 315 (FIGS. 2 and 3) and recycled or reintroduced into one or more treatment units of the wastewater treatment system. The obliterated flocs may be passed out of the outlet 300 of the ballast recovery system 295 and sent on for further downstream processing or disposal.

[0067] In another embodiment the mixture of ballast and flocs are introduced directly to the magnetic separator, without passing through a mechanical separation device. In other embodiments, materials collected from the solids-rich outlet 280 of the solids/liquid separator 240 are not directed into a ballast recovery system, but rather are sent directly to a disposal system.

[0068] A controller used for monitoring and controlling operation of the various elements of systems disclosed herein, for example, controller 350 illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, may include a computerized control system. Various aspects of the controller may be implemented as specialized software executing in a general-purpose computer system 600 such as that shown in FIG. 6. The computer system 600 may include a processor 602 connected to one or more memory devices 604, such as a disk drive, solid state memory, or other device for storing data. Memory 604 is typically used for storing programs and data during operation of the computer system 600. Components of computer system 600 may be coupled by an interconnection mechanism 606, which may include one or more busses (e.g., between components that are integrated within a same machine) and/or a network (e.g., between components that reside on separate discrete machines). The interconnection mechanism 606 enables communications (e.g., data, instructions) to be exchanged between system components of system 600. Computer system 600 also includes one or more input devices 608, for example, a keyboard, mouse, trackball, microphone, touch screen, and one or more output devices 610, for example, a printing device, display screen, and/or speaker.

[0069] The output devices 610 may also comprise valves, pumps, or switches which may be utilized to control operating parameters of the electrocoagulation unit 100″, for example current across the anode 115 and cathode 120 and/or to control the speed of pumps P or the state (open or closed) of valves V of systems as disclosed herein. One or more sensors 614 may also provide input to the computer system 600. These sensors may include, for example, any one or more of sensors S discussed above which may be, for example, water quality sensors and/or flow rate sensors. These sensors may be located in any portion of the system where they would be useful, for example, upstream of point of use 275, upstream or downstream of electrocoagulation unit 100″, or upstream or downstream of the solids/liquid separator 240. In addition, computer system 600 may contain one or more interfaces (not shown) that connect computer system 600 to a communication network in addition or as an alternative to the interconnection mechanism 606.

[0070] The storage system 612, shown in greater detail in FIG. 7, typically includes a computer readable and writeable nonvolatile recording medium 702 in which signals are stored that define a program to be executed by the processor 602 or information to be processed by the program. The medium may include, for example, a disk or flash memory. Typically, in operation, the processor causes data to be read from the nonvolatile recording medium 702 into another memory 704 that allows for faster access to the information by the processor than does the medium 702. This memory 704 is typically a volatile, random access memory such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or static memory (SRAM). It may be located in storage system 612, as shown, or in memory system 604. The processor 602 generally manipulates the data within the integrated circuit memory 704 and then copies the data to the medium 702 after processing is completed. A variety of mechanisms are known for managing data movement between the medium 702 and the integrated circuit memory element 704, and aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited thereto. Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to a particular memory system 604 or storage system 612.

[0071] The computer system may include specially-programmed, special-purpose hardware, for example, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in software, hardware or firmware, or any combination thereof. Further, such methods, acts, systems, system elements and components thereof may be implemented as part of the computer system described above or as an independent component.

[0072] Although computer system 600 is shown by way of example as one type of computer system upon which various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced, it should be appreciated that aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to being implemented on the computer system as shown in FIG. 6. Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced on one or more computers having a different architecture or components than shown in FIG. 6.

[0073] Computer system 600 may be a general-purpose computer system that is programmable using a high-level computer programming language. Computer system 600 may be also implemented using specially programmed, special purpose hardware. In computer system 600, processor 602 is typically a commercially available processor such as the well-known Core′ class processors available from the Intel Corporation. Many other processors are available, including programmable logic controllers. Such a processor usually executes an operating system which may be, for example, the Windows 7, Windows 8, or Windows 10 operating system available from the Microsoft Corporation, the MAC OS System X available from Apple Computer, the Solaris Operating System available from Sun Microsystems, or UNIX available from various sources. Many other operating systems may be used.

[0074] The processor and operating system together define a computer platform for which application programs in high-level programming languages are written. It should be understood that aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to a particular computer system platform, processor, operating system, or network. Also, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to a specific programming language or computer system. Further, it should be appreciated that other appropriate programming languages and other appropriate computer systems could also be used.

[0075] One or more portions of the computer system may be distributed across one or more computer systems (not shown) coupled to a communications network. These computer systems also may be general-purpose computer systems. For example, various aspects of the invention may be distributed among one or more computer systems configured to provide a service (e.g., servers) to one or more client computers, or to perform an overall task as part of a distributed system. For example, various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be performed on a client-server system that includes components distributed among one or more server systems that perform various functions according to various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein. These components may be executable, intermediate (e.g., IL) or interpreted (e.g., Java) code which communicate over a communication network (e.g., the Internet) using a communication protocol (e.g., TCP/IP). In some embodiments one or more components of the computer system 600 may communicate with one or more other components over a wireless network, including, for example, a cellular telephone network.

[0076] It should be appreciated that the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to executing on any particular system or group of systems. Also, it should be appreciated that the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to any particular distributed architecture, network, or communication protocol. Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are may be programmed using an object-oriented programming language, such as SmallTalk, Java, C++, Ada, or C # (C-Sharp). Other object-oriented programming languages may also be used. Alternatively, functional, scripting, and/or logical programming languages may be used, for example, ladder logic. Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in a non-programmed environment (e.g., documents created in HTML, XML or other format that, when viewed in a window of a browser program, render aspects of a graphical-user interface (GUI) or perform other functions). Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as programmed or non-programmed elements, or any combination thereof.

[0077] In some embodiments, an existing electrocoagulation system may be modified or upgraded to include elements of the systems disclosed herein or to operate in accordance with the systems disclosed herein. A method of retrofitting an electrocoagulation system increase the rate of settling of flocs generated in the electrocoagulation system may include installing a ballast system configured to introduce ballast into a solids/liquid separation unit of the electrocoagulation system. A ballast recovery unit system may further be added to the existing system. Instructions may be provided to an operator of the existing system regarding how to connect the ballast system and/or ballast recovery system and how to operate same.

[0078] The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As used herein, the term “plurality” refers to two or more items or components. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” and “involving,” whether in the written description or the claims and the like, are open-ended terms, i.e., to mean “including but not limited to.” Thus, the use of such terms is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter, and equivalents thereof, as well as additional items. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of,” are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, with respect to the claims. Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” and the like in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.