TOPOGRAPHICAL BALLISTIC IDENTIFICATION WITH SECTION PROFILES AND COMPARISON SYSTEM

Abstract

A topographical identification and comparison system which converts other examples of the same kind or with parts of the examples of topographical structures having fixed references such as circular, rectangular and square, regular polygon to a digital data such as trace and wavy structural conditions of the surface areas and which carries out similarity comparison of this data by soft mathematical calculations.

Claims

1. Identification and comparison system by converting to a digital data which will be capable of carrying out the similarity comparisons of photographs of topographical structures such as the trace and wavy structural conditions of the surface areas having fixed references such as circular, rectangular, square and regular polygon with other examples of the same kind or with a portion of it characterized by comprising; formation of coordinated profile tables in which surface section profiles are being defined as measurable variables by converting them to numerical values, pixel numbers are being determined on the vertical and horizontal axes by taking into consideration pixel dimensions of the photograph and each pixel being determined with a measurable coordinate name on vertical and horizontal axes, formation of surface data base archive file in which number of columns forming in a number determined according to the number of pixels of the profile tables, each row expressing a profile line, all of them being the numerical expression of a surface or cartridge case topography, data base information leaves the state of being an image data and being converted to a digital information kind in which different operation and calculations related to the desired zone can be performed and similarity study being performed by automatically comparing with the surface data base information formed in this way.

2. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein while all surface areas are being investigated primarily measured topographical section profiles are being formed.

3. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein vertical and horizontal pixel lines of the coordinated profile tables are defined with a measurable variable and thus each pixel is expressed with a measurable coordinate name.

4. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein section profile lines placed in the coordinated profile tables are placed in vertical and horizontal, in profile tables of which each pixel line measures have been determined by taking into consideration pixel dimensions of the photograph.

5. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein each unit square of section profile lines which have been placed in the coordinated profile tables or vertical and horizontal coordinate values of the pixel, section profile line pixels are recorded in the data base file in sequence.

6. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1 wherein section profiles taken from the fixed reference points of the surface image are being taken as a great number of sections in the pixel ratio extent in the photograph, and measurable digital coordinate naming of certain or all pixels of these section lines are being carried out.

7. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein in the stage of obtaining topographical section profiles, a profile line is being obtained on a 360-degree circle surface, in the desired level of details, at each unit degree by taking the fixed portion of the demanded surface as reference.

8. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein by taking into consideration pixel dimensions of the photograph of the profile tables, in vertical and horizontal, each pixel line is determined with a measurable name (with a number data).

9. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein profile lines are being placed in the profile tables.

10. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein while data base archive file is being formed, each unit square of profile lines which have been placed in the profile tables or vertical and horizontal coordinate values of its pixel are being written in a sequence and the entire profile lines are being recorded in separate rows and the completed data base file is being associated with the first recorded image data.

11. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein while data base information are being compared, during existence in the data base primarily numerical values corresponding to similar profile line or lines are being entered as + and − number of pixel values (deviation amount) on the horizontal and vertical axis of the profile tables of predetermined standard or acceptable deviation values to be used while comparison operation is being performed.

12. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein similar (reference) profile lines which similar (reference) profile lines resulting from the calculation made are being sequenced according to similarity ratio and among the ones with the same data reference the one with the highest similarity condition is being determined as the profile line.

13. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein the comparison starts firstly from the coordinate value of a profile line in the data to be compared, or if there is a predetermined zone of that line for comparison, from the first pixel of that zone.

14. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein magnitude calculation is being performed with the coordinate values of each pixel, or if there is a predetermined zone for comparison, with the pixels of that zone, with the coordinate values of the entire archive data or with the profile lines of the archive data or if there is a predetermined zone for comparison with the coordinate values of the pixels of that zone.

15. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein similar archive data are determined and archive data which profile lines determined by performing magnitude calculation with the similarly respective surface coordinate values are associated with are being sequenced.

16. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein topographical structures such as trace and wavy structural conditions of the surface areas having fixed references such as circle, square, rectangle, regular polygon are being converted to a digital data for performing the similarity comparison with the other examples of the same kind.

17. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein archive data which has been sequenced is being calculated separately within the desired similarity ratio range with all profile lines, reference profile line being used as auxiliary, of the comparison data of the remaining all profile lines.

18. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 1, wherein similar archive data or data with the desired sequencing is being transmitted to the operator.

19. Identification and comparison system provides the comparison of 2 or 3 dimensional photographs of all scales of the structure which are in need of surface structure comparison, modellings taken with a laser scanning tool or standard reference digital example of a structure with real examples characterized by comprising; topographical section profiles having 2 or 3 dimensional photographs of all scales, modellings taken with a laser scanning tool or measured section view of standard reference digital example of a surface structure, coordinated profile tables of which each pixel line has been determined with a measurable name in vertical and horizontal by taking into consideration the pixel dimensions of a 3 dimensional photograph.

20. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 19, comprising data base archive file in which vertical and horizontal pixel lines of the coordinated profile tables are defined by a measurable variable and each pixel is expressed with a measurable coordinate name and each row expresses a profile line.

21. Topographical identification and comparison system according to claim 19, comprising profile lines which have been placed in coordinated profile tables in which vertical and horizontal coordinate values of each unit square or pixel are written in a sequence.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0022] In this detailed description, the identification and comparison system by converting to a digital data which will be capable of carrying out the similarity comparisons of topographical structures such as the trace and wavy structural conditions of the surface areas having fixed references such as circular, rectangular and square with other examples of the same kind or with a portion of it substantially for bullet casings and cartridge bullets of the invention are described aimed at only better understanding of the subject and without forming any limiting effects.

[0023] A preferred embodiment of the invention has been used for the purpose of ballistic investigation of said identification and comparison system. Traces which are left on the cartridge bullets and cartridge cases of weapon are wearing formed by the friction of two metals. A surface topography is being observed when looked at zoomed images in macro or micro scale. Although these identificatory waves left by the weapon can be seen in detail on three dimensional or two dimensional photographs, they cannot be defined by the software in the currently used existing applications and systems. In the said identification and comparison system, definition by the software has been provided by means of these photographs being read by a method, being converted to another digital information which is an assembly of variables whose fixed references are the same which the computer software can calculate the details with each other separately.

[0024] Said identification and comparison system provides converting to a digital data which will be capable of carrying out the similarity comparisons of topographical structures such as the trace and wavy structural conditions of the surface areas having fixed references such as circular, rectangular and square with other examples of the same kind or for example with a portion of it substantially for bullet casings and cartridge bullets via computer software. Said identification and comparison system provides especially the characteristic traces which the weapon leaves on the cartridge case bottom table and cartridge bullet at a ballistic investigation area to automatically carry out the similarity comparison between other traces of the same kind. Said identification and comparison system provides the comparison of 2 or 3 dimensional photographs of all scales with directly real examples such as with modellings taken with a laser scanning tool or standard reference digital example of the structure and a product passing along the production belt which are in need of surface structure comparison. Said photograph/graphical or laser scanning data is currently being formed by existing systems or techniques.

[0025] Topographical section profiles are the name given to a tool which is present in the existing applications in prior art, not used in archives scanning but used for the purpose of visual data in the one to one comparison. The tool is in a state which can be used actively in the one to one comparison. However, it is in a state whose working with a stable measurement data has not been intended and has not been designed. Digital image files consist of pixels. A pixel can only be a single color and it does not have a particular size. It is possible to mention with how many pixels a real measurement can only be expressed digitally (PPI Pixel-Per-Inch). In the said identification and comparison system, basically measurable digital coordinate naming of certain or all pixels of these profiles taken from the fixed reference points of surface image are being taken in the extent of the pixel ratio in the photograph in a great number sections is being done. The reading of the photographs by converting to numerical data provides detection of the entire surface area together with the so-called characteristic traces directly by the software.

[0026] While entire surface areas are being studied with the said identification and comparison system primarily measured topographical section profiles are being formed, then coordinated profile tables and section profiles are being defined as measurable variables, after data base archive files are being formed by writing these variables to the surface data base archive file, and then the archived surface data base information are being compared. Said sized topographical section profiles are the scaled section view of two or three dimensional photographs of all scales, modellings taken with a laser scanning tool or standard reference digital example of a surface structure. These images are being converted to numerical values. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, by taking the cartridge case bottom table surface as the central reference, in the 360° circle surface, in the desired level of detail, profile lines can be drawn one each per unit degree, or in a number which can be greater such as 360 each per 1 degree or 360000 each per 0.001 degree. The number of this profile lines varies according to the pixel situation of the photograph. Said coordinated profile tables are tables with each pixel line could be a numerical variable as well as determined with any other measurable name by taking pixel dimensions of the photographs into consideration in vertical and horizontal. Said archive data base files consist of columns and rows. Each unit square of profile lines placed in the said coordinated profile tables or vertical and horizontal coordinate values of its pixels are being written in sequence in the row of the archive data base file. Each row of archive data base file expresses a profile line. When in this manner the entire profile lines are recorded in a data base file, each row becomes the numerical expression that is to say identity of a profile line, and the entire file becomes the numerical expression of a cartridge case or surface topography.

[0027] In the said identification and comparison system, in the definition of section profiles as measurable variables, coordinated profile tables are being used. Said coordinated profile tables are being placed in tables of which each pixel line measurements have been determined by taking pixel dimensions of the photograph into consideration in vertical and horizontal. While said coordinated profile tables are being formed, they should be fixed to common references in its entirety. These fixed ones can be done while the photograph is being formed or after the photograph is loaded to the system by various methods by forming references with certain pixel number.

[0028] In the said identification and comparison system, while the surface data base archive file is being formed, the fact that vertical and horizontal pixel lines of coordinated profile tables have been defined with a measurable variable provides each pixel to be expressed with a measurable coordinate name. Each unit square of profile lines placed in the said coordinated profile tables or vertical and horizontal coordinate values of its pixels are being written in sequence in the row of the archive data base file. Each row of archive data base file expresses a profile line. When the entire profile lines are recorded in a data base file in this manner, each row becomes the numerical expression that is to say identity of a profile line, and the entire file becomes the numerical expression of a surface or cartridge case topography.

[0029] In said identification and comparison system, in the stage of comparison of surface data base information, from now on data base information has left the state of an image data and has been converted to another kind of digital information in which different operation and calculations related to the desired zone can be done. The software can perform comparison in the desired criteria and form by doing only numerical magnitude calculations.

[0030] Said identification and comparison system basically consists of four operation stages, namely obtaining topographical section profiles, formation of profile tables and placement of section profile lines in these tables, formation of data base archive file and comparison of data base information. In the said stage of obtaining topographical section profiles; in 360-degree circle surface, in the desired level of details, one each per unit degree (360 each per 1 degree or 360000 each per 0.001 degree) profile lines are being obtained by taking the fixed portion of the demanded surface as the reference. Profile tables and each pixel line in vertical and horizontal with a measurable name (with a number data) are being determined by taking into consideration pixel dimensions of the photograph which will provide definition of the section profiles as measurable variables (numerical data). Profile lines are being placed to the tables in a manner where its portion starting from the center of three dimensional image (from common fixed reference) to be 0 in horizontal. This placement operation can be done by forming a data, that is to say, by forming a table file or by only calculated logically. It is necessary for the tables to be rendered standard for the section profiles of all archive photograph information in vertical and horizontal. This can also be done by forming certain references with the pixel number after the photograph has been loaded to the system by a resetting while photograph is being taken. While data base archive file is being formed, vertical and horizontal coordinate name values of each unit square or pixel of the profile lines which are placed in the profile tables are being written in a sequence the entire profile lines are being recorded in separate rows, and the completed data base file is being associated with the firstly recorded image data. And to which surface data this data base file belongs to is being determined by associating with the recorded photograph file, and is being recorded as such. The process up to here is the main process which will be the basis for the operations to be done afterwards. The fact that each pixel, and thus each surface shape has been converted to a calculable expression provides from now on similarity comparison of data base information with each other to be done in more detail. While data base information are being compared similar profile line or lines are being found primarily; while comparison operation is being performed standard or acceptable deviation values to be used are being entered as +and − number of pixel values on the horizontal and vertical axes of the profile tables. With the crude photograph data loaded to all these operations which form the first stage of the said identification and comparison system, a data base is being brought to be usable by forming it and the first main interrogation operation is being performed.

[0031] In the main interrogation operation, comparison is being started after an archive data of the operator is being loaded to the system with another surface or surfaces of whose surface data has been previously recorded. In this stage, primarily similar (reference) profile lines resulting from the calculation made are being sequenced according to similarity ratio and among the ones with the same data reference the one with the highest similarity condition is being determined as the profile line. The comparison starts firstly from the coordinate value of a profile line in the data to be compared, or if there is a predetermined zone of that line for comparison, from the first pixel of that zone. Magnitude calculation is being performed with the coordinate values of each pixel, or if there is a predetermined zone for comparison, with the pixels of that zone, with the coordinate values of the entire archive data or with the profile lines of the archive data or if there is a predetermined zone for comparison with the coordinate values of the pixels of that zone. Later on, similar archive data are determined and archive data which profile lines determined by performing magnitude calculation with the similarly respective surface coordinate values are associated with are being sequenced according to similarity condition by using scoring or a similar method. Archive data which has been sequenced is being calculated separately within the desired similarity ratio range with all profile lines (reference profile line being used as auxiliary) of the comparison data of the remaining all profile lines. In the said identification and comparison system, finally similar archive data or data with the desired sequencing is being transmitted to the operator.

[0032] In the identification and comparison system which is mentioned as being different from the existing technique, the portion of the similarity comparison performed prior to the operator is being performed by going into more detail. Since the similarity study will be performed only with numerical magnitude calculation, the required processor power will drop and thus cost of the identification and comparison system becomes less. Finding the similar profile line with the said identification and comparison system has enabled comparison of the other profile lines by taking this profile line as the reference and ultimately determination of archive data having higher similarity probability. For similarity comparison, by selecting certain permissible zones, scanning of the entire archive information only on the basis of those zones is being provided. While performing similarity comparison, material hardness to be determined in order to reduce the effect of some variable factors which must be calculated to the result, it is possible to specify and to determine trade name model properties and similar deviation values separately, and for these different situations definition of use of different values instructions previously to the identification and comparison system is possible. On the other hand, while similarity comparison is being performed, comparison can be performed with the same zone on the other surface of the independently selected zone.