APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING OR FOR SEPARATING A CONNECTION HAVING MATERIAL CONTINUITY OR HAVING MATERIAL CONTINUITY AND SHAPE MATCHING OF AT LEAST ONE METAL OR CERAMIC COMPONENT AND OF A COMPONENT FORMED FROM OR BY A THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER

Abstract

The invention relates to an apparatus and to a method for establishing a connection having material continuity or having material continuity and shaping matching or for separating such a connection of at least one metal or ceramic component and of a component formed from or by a thermoplastic polymer in which the components to be joined together can be pressed together by a pressing device having a counterholder and a plunger. A heating device is present at the plunger and/or at the counterholder or acts there. A heating of the at least one metal or ceramic component up to above the softening temperature of the component formed from or by polymer can be achieved with the heating device, with the heating device being having at least one electrical resistance heating element that is covered by an electrically insulating, preferably ceramic, protective film, and/or having at least one laser beam that is directed to the metal component(s) within the joining region, and/or having at least one inductor present at the plunger and/or at the counterholder for the inductive heating of the meal component(s).

Claims

1. An apparatus for establishing a connection having material continuity or having material continuity and shape matching or for separating such a connection of at least one metal or ceramic component (1) and of a component (2) formed from or by a thermoplastic polymer, with which the components (1 and 2) to be joined together can be pressed together by a pressing device having a counterholder (4) and a plunger (3); and with which a heating device (6) is present at the plunger (3) and/or at the counterholder (4) or acts there, with which heating device (6) a heating of the at least one metal or ceramic component (1) up to above the softening temperature of the component (2) formed from or by the polymer can be achieved, wherein the heating device (6) is formed by at least one electrical resistance heating element that is covered by an electrically insulating protective film, preferably a ceramic protective film; and/or having at least one laser beam that is directed to the metal component(s) (1) within the joining region; and/or having at least one inductor present at the plunger (3) and/or at the counterholder (4) for the inductive heating of the metal component(s) (1, 2).

2. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that a locally defined heating of the metal or ceramic component(s) (1) in the joining region can be achieved by the heating device (6) in that a plurality of electrical resistance heating elements are each individually controllable and in so doing are configured in the form of dot-shaped, linear, rectangular and/or circular ring segment-shaped electrical resistance heating elements with which a heating rate of respectively preferably more than 500 K/s and an at least almost homogeneous temperature field within the joining region can be achieved; and/or the at least one laser beam can preferably be deflected and/or operated in dependence on a temperature measurement device detecting with spatial resolution such that an at least almost homogeneous temperature field can be reached in the joining region; and/or the at least one inductor is designed as operable in a movable or regulable manner with respect to the metal component (1) so that an at least almost homogeneous temperature field can be achieved in the joining region.

3. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that fixing elements or clamping elements which engage at metal or ceramic components (1) are present at the plunger (3) and the counterholder (4) for separating the connection having material continuity or having material continuity and shape matching and by which tensile forces act on the metal or ceramic components (1) on a moving apart of the plunger (3) and of the counterholder (4).

4. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that at least one aperture and/or one recess into which the softened or melted polymer enters or an elevation that penetrates into the softened or melted polymer is present in a metal or ceramic component (1) within the joining region and can be used for a shape matched connection.

5. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the at least one laser beam can be operated in a regulable manner in dependence on the temperatures in its feed movement direction measured or known with spatial resolution at the metal component(s) (1) within the joining region, in dependence on the feed speed of the focus of the laser beam, on the size of the area of the focus, on its performance and/or on the pulse rate and pulse length in a pulsed operation of the laser beam so that an at least almost constant temperature field of the respective irradiated metal component (1) is maintained in the joining region and the temperature is maintained above the softening temperature and below the decomposition temperature.

6. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that at least one sensor is present that is preferably formed for the spatially resolved determination of temperatures within the joining region.

7. A method of establishing or of separating a connection having material continuity or having material continuity and shape matching of at least one metal or ceramic components (1) and of a component (2) formed from or by a thermoplastic polymer in which the components (1 and 2) are pressed together by a pressing device having a counterholder (4) and a plunger (3), with a heating of the polymer taking place at least during the pressing together by at least one heating device (6) that is present at the plunger (3) and/or at the counterholder (4) and with a heating of the at least one metal or ceramic component (1) taking place here up to above the softening temperature and below the decomposition temperature of the component (2) formed from or by polymer within a joining region, wherein the heating device (6) that is formed by at least one electrical resistance heating element that is covered by a ceramic protective film is operated in a controlled or regulated manner if, on the one hand, the heating behavior is known and has preferably been determined in advance or if a spatially resolved detection of the temperature within the joining region is carried out on the heating; and/or in a further alternative in which the heating is carried out within the joining region in a regulated or controlled manner by at least one laser beam on the metal or ceramic component(s) (1) by an influencing of the deflection movement of the laser beam, of its beam shape, and/or of the energy that can be coupled in a locally defined manner into the material of the metal component within the joining region; and/or in a third alternative, the required heating is carried out with at least one inductor that is present at the plunger (3) and/or at the counterholder (4) and that is configured for the inductive heating of the metal component(s) (1) and in so doing a regulation or control is performed by which a locally defined heating is achieved within the joining region; and a plastic deformation of the thermoplastic polymer takes place to establish a connection having material continuity or having material continuity and shape matching; or tensile forces act at metal or ceramic components (1) that are exerted by means of a movement of the plunger (3) and of the counterholder (4) to separate a connection having material continuity or having material continuity and shape matching after the reaching of a temperature of the thermoplastic polymer that is above the softening temperature.

8. A method in accordance with the preceding claim, characterized in that a cooling is carried out by supplying a cooling medium or using a cooling element subsequent to the plastic deformation of the polymer material.

9. A method in accordance with claim 7, characterized in that an influencing of the heating device (6) and/or a movement of the plunger (3) and/or of the counterholder (4) is/are carried out on the pressing together of the components (1 and 2) by means of a force sensor and/or path sensor.

Description

[0064] There are shown:

[0065] FIG. 1 in schematic form an example of an apparatus in accordance with the invention;

[0066] FIG. 2 a view of a heating device with geometrically different electrical resistance heating elements;

[0067] FIG. 3 an apparatus in which a heating by means of a laser beam can be achieved; and

[0068] FIG. 4 a schematic representation of the joining process.

[0069] An example of an apparatus is shown in FIG. 1 in which two metal components 1 are to be connected to one another with a component 2 of a fiber composite in a joining region at two mutually opposite surfaces. The fiber composite, for example, comprises glass fiber fabric embedded in a thermoplastic matrix. A plunger 3 and a counterholder 4 that are movable toward one another by means of a drive acting in translation are present at the apparatus. The components 1 and 2 can be positioned between the plunger 3 and the counterholder 4. The apparatus can be correspondingly positioned and aligned by means of an industrial robot 5 for this purpose.

[0070] A respective heating device 6 can here be attached to or integrated in the plunger 3 and a counterholder 4 that are brought into touching contact with the metal components 1.

[0071] Compressive forces act on the moving toward one another of the plunger 3 and the counterholder 4 that press the components 1 and 2 together. The heating device 6 is activated before the contact or simultaneous with the contact of the components 1 and 2 with the plunger 3 and the counterholder 4 and a heating of the metal components 1 takes place up to above the softening or plasticizing temperature of the thermoplastic polymer within the joining region. The heating can take place up to the reaching or exceeding of the melting temperature of the polymer. No degradation can occur, however.

[0072] The polymer of the component 2 is sufficiently heated solely by thermal conduction of the metal components 1 and can thus be plastically deformed, with the deformation being maintained after the cooling and solidifying of the polymer. At least one cooling element 7 can be integrated in or present at the apparatus for the faster cooling. A cooling medium can also be directed into the joining region. It can be a cooled fluid that can be directed to the joining region as a flow.

[0073] After the sufficient cooling and solidifying, the plunger 3 and the counterholder 4 can be moved apart.

[0074] The plunger 3 and the counter holder 4 can act against one another at a predefinable joining pressure in the range from 0.1 MPa to 20 MPa and can press the components 1 and 2 together in the joining region.

[0075] The compressive force effect and/or the heating device can be influenced by means of a force sensor and/or path sensor. A path restriction can thus take place in the moving toward one another of the plunger 3 and the counterholder 4 that ends the movement after reaching a predefinable path. The heating device 6 can, however, also be switched on when a specific path has been covered on which the plunger 3 and the counterholder 4 have approached the component surfaces up to a predefinable value or on which the components 1 and 2 come into touching contact. A switching off of the heating device 6 can take place after recognition of a covered path of the plunger 3 and/or of the counterholder 4 or on a falling blow of a predefinable compression force that acts between the plunger 3 and the counterholder 4, which can be determined using a force measurement sensor.

[0076] An electrical resistance heating having a plurality of electrical resistance heating elements such as are shown in a plurality of different examples for this in FIG. 2 can be formed as a heating device 6 at the plunger 3 and/or at the counterholder 4. In this example of a heating device 6, a plurality of electrical resistance heating elements are present as closed rectangular contours having different sizes. In addition, electrical resistance heating elements of annular shape can be present that have varying diameters. Electrical resistance heating elements can, however, also be ellipsoid, linear, optionally with changing direction, meandering, or wavy.

[0077] Electrical resistance heating elements arranged next to one another can also be electrically conductively connected to one another. Each of the electrical resistance eating elements is individually controllable and can be regulated in dependence on the temperature. For this purpose, temperature sensors (e.g. thermal elements) can be integrated in the heating device 6 to enable a spatially resolved temperature determination in the joining region. A heating rate of more than 1000 K/s can be achieved with the electrical resistance heating elements.

[0078] The electrical resistance heating elements are covered by a thin ceramic film that is electrically non-conductive, as explained in the general part of the description.

[0079] If a plunger 3 or a counterholder 4 is not provided with a heating device 6 or, as explained in the following, is provided with a heating device 6 having at least one inductor, its surface should likewise be provided with a non-stick coating that can avoid an adhesion of polymer.

[0080] A heating device 6 can, however, also be formed by at least one inductor that can be attached to a plunger 3 and/or to a counterholder 4. At least one inductor can also be integrated in a plunger 3 and/or in a counterholder 4. The inductor(s) should be dimensioned and configured such that a uniform temperature can be observed within the joining region. A plurality of inductors can for this purpose be operated with individual regulation or can be individually switched on and off. Inductors acting in the interior of the joining region can thus be switched on or off before inductors acting in the outer region of the joining region to take the inertia of the thermal conduction into account.

[0081] If a temperature increase within the joining region is achieved by at least one laser beam at a plunger 3 and/or at a counterholder 4, the laser beam in the joining region should be directed through an element 8 that is transparent for the laser radiation and that is an integral part of the plunger 3 and/or of the counterholder 4 onto the metal component(s) 1 within the joining region. An element 8 transparent for the laser radiation can be formed from a glass having low absorption for the laser radiation.

[0082] The focus of the laser beam can be moved over the joining region such that a constant temperature can be observed within the joining region. The feed movement can take place here such that corresponding distances are observed between the individual tracks. The focus should where possible be moved within the joining region at a distance from its outer margins.

[0083] A pulsed operation of the laser beam can also be utilized.

[0084] The feed speed at which the focus is moved can equally be larger at the center of the joining region than its surface such as should be selected in outer marginal regions of the joining region. Work can therefore be carried out in the outer marginal region of the joining region at a lower feed speed and/or with a larger focus.

[0085] The power of the laser radiation source can naturally likewise be regulated.

[0086] The initially named laser machining parameters can each be regulated individually, but also two or more of these parameters can be regulated together. The regulation can take place with a spatially resolved temperature measurement within the joining region at the surface of a metal component 1, preferably using a pyrometer or a thermographic temperature determination. In the outer marginal region, work can also take place at the center of the joining region using the useful pulse length of a laser beam operated in a pulsed manner.

[0087] The focus of the laser beam can be moved at a feed speed in the range from 0.02 m/s to 30 m/s and can be operated with a power in the range from 100 W to 5000 W, with a pulse length in the range from 1 ms to continuously radiating, and with pulse intervals in the range from 0 to 10 ms. The laser beam can be directed in a focused manner on the surface of a metal component 1 such that a focal surface in the range from 1 mm.sup.2 bis 200 mm.sup.2 and an intensity in the range from 5*10.sup.2 W/cm.sup.2 to 5*10.sup.6 W/cm.sup.2 are reached.

[0088] If a plurality of laser beams from a plurality of laser beam sources are directed onto the surface of a component 1 within the joining region, every individual laser beam can be operated in a correspondingly regulated or controlled manner. In this case, an influencing of the feed speed can be dispensed with and this can be compensated by a corresponding switching on and off or by an operation with changing power of the individual laser beam sources in that heating is carried out in a differentiated, locally changing manner within the joining region.

[0089] In all three possible alternatives for the heating, the pressing together of the components 1 and 2 can take place at a maximum joining pressure in the range from 0.1 MPa to 20 MPa, wherein the respective maximum compressive force depend on the softening temperature or transition temperature T.sub.G of the thermoplastic polymer used and/or its flow behavior.

[0090] A possible flow in the carrying out of the method is shown schematically in FIG. 4. The plunger 3 and the counterholder 4 are moved toward one another in a first step here.

[0091] The heating device 6 is then activated to heat at least one component 1 and/or 2. At the latest on the contact of the plunger 3 and/or of the counterholder 4 with one of the components 1 and/or 2, the temperature T and/or the compressive force p can be determined at the component(s) 1 and/or 2. If the reaching of at least one predefinable threshold value is detected for the temperature T and/or for the compressive force p, the heating device 6 is switched off and a cooling takes place down to a temperature at which the polymer has solidified. After the recognition of this temperature, the plunger 3 and the counterholder 4 can be moved away from one another and the joined workpiece or individual separate parts thereof can be removed.

[0092] On a separation, the individual parts can be released from clamping elements or fixing elements that are present at the plunger 3 and at the counterholder 4.