Systems and methods for beam direction by switching sources

Abstract

Various embodiments of a millimeter-wave wireless point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system which enables determining preferred directions of transmissions, and transmitting in such preferred directions without routing radio-frequency signals. The system comprises a millimeter-wave focusing element, multiple millimeter-wave antennas, and multiple radio-frequency-integrated circuits (RFICs). In various embodiments, preferred directions are determined, and millimeter-wave beams are transmitted in the preferred directions.

Claims

1. A method for directing millimeter-wave beams, comprising: determining a direction via which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted; identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, a first millimeter-wave antenna which is placed at a specific one of the locations from which the millimeter-wave beam would be focused by the focusing element toward said direction determined; and generating, by a first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit located in close proximity to said first millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to said first millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said direction, in which said close proximity is a distance of under 5 wavelengths of the millimeter-wave signal; wherein said first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit is associated with said first millimeter-wave antenna and with a second millimeter-wave antenna, and said first and second millimeter-wave antennas are located in close proximity to said first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit, and the method further comprising: determining a second direction via which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted; identifying, out of the plurality of millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on the focal surface of the millimeter-wave focusing element, said second millimeter-wave antenna which is placed at another specific one of the locations from which the millimeter-wave beam would be focused by the focusing element toward said second direction; and generating, by said first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit located in close proximity to said second millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to said second millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said second direction.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas is uniquely associated with a radio-frequency-integrated-circuit.

3. A method for directing millimeter-wave beams, comprising: determining a direction via which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted; identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, a first millimeter-wave antenna which is placed at a specific one of the locations from which the millimeter-wave beam would be focused by the focusing element toward said direction determined; generating, by a first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit located in close proximity to said first millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to said first millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said direction, in which said close proximity is a distance of under 5 wavelengths of the millimeter-wave signal; determining a second direction via which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted; identifying, out of the plurality of millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on the focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, a second millimeter-wave antenna which is placed at another specific one of the locations from which the millimeter-wave beam would be focused by the focusing element toward said second direction; and generating, by a second radio-frequency-integrated-circuit located in close proximity to said second millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to said second millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said second direction.

4. A millimeter-wave communication system operative to direct millimeter-wave beams, comprising: a millimeter-wave focusing element, operative to focus millimeter-wave beams; a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas, placed at different locations on a focal surface of said millimeter-wave focusing element; and at least one radio-frequency-integrated-circuits, placed in association with said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas, such that: (i) each of said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas has at least one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits located in close proximity, and (ii) each of said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas is operative to receive a millimeter-wave signal from said at least one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits located in close proximity; wherein the millimeter-wave communication system is operative to: (i) select which of said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas is to transmit the millimeter-wave beam, and then (ii) direct to the selected millimeter-wave antenna said millimeter-wave signal from one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits which is located in close proximity to the selected millimeter-wave antenna, thereby generating a millimeter-wave beam at a direction which is consequent upon said selection.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the close proximity is a distance of under 5 wavelengths of the millimeter wave signal, thereby reducing attenuation of the millimeter-wave signal and associated millimeter-wave beam.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The embodiments are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. No attempt is made to show structural details of the embodiments in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the embodiments. In the drawings:

(2) FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element;

(3) FIG. 1B illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system;

(4) FIG. 1C illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system;

(5) FIG. 1D illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system;

(6) FIG. 1E illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element;

(7) FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs;

(8) FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs;

(9) FIG. 2C illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs;

(10) FIG. 3A illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which there is communication between a transmitter and a receiver;

(11) FIG. 3B illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which communication between a transmitter and a receiver has been disrupted;

(12) FIG. 3C illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which communication between a transmitter and a receiver has been restored;

(13) FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram describing one method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam in a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system; and

(14) FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram describing one method for directing millimeter-wave beams in a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(15) In this description, close proximity or close means (i) that an RFIC and an antenna suited physically close to one another, to within at most 5 wavelengths of a millimeter-wave signal generated by the RFIC and (ii) at the same time, this particular RFIC and this particular antenna are connected either by direct connection, or by a transmission line, or by wire bonding, or by some other structure that allows efficient transport of the millimeter-wave signal between the two.

(16) In this description communication between a transmitter and a receiver has been disrupted when the signal to noise ratio between the two has fallen to a level which is too low to support previously used modulation and coding schemes, due to one or more of a number of causes, including physical movement of the transmitter, physical movement of the receiver, physical movement of both the transmitter and the receiver, physical movement of other components of the system, other physical obstacles, or other radio frequency interference (RFI).

(17) In this description, to say that radiating sources are on the focal surface means that a millimeter-wave focusing element has a focal surface, and each radiating source is located either on that surface or directly behind it.

(18) FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B, inclusive, illustrate various embodiments of radiating sources in a millimeter-wave point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system.

(19) FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element. A first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a is illustrated, which is one part of a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint millimeter-wave communication system, as shown in element 100a of FIG. 3A. At least two radiating sources, probably antennas coupled to RF signal sources, wherein said antennas may be printed antennas, and the radiating sources are located on the focal surface 199 of the system. In FIG. 1A, six such sources are illustrated, but only 109a and 109b are numbered. As described above, in alternative embodiments, there may be two sources only, or any number greater than two radiating sources. Radiating sources 109a and 109b are located on the focal surface 199 at locations 108a and 108b, respectively. The radiating sources radiate millimeter-wave beams, shown in an exemplary manner as first millimeter-wave beam 105a directed to millimeter-wave focusing element 198 toward first direction 105d1, and as second millimeter-wave beam 105b directed to millimeter-wave focusing element 198 toward second direction 105d2. It is noted that three rays are illustrated per each millimeter-wave beam for illustration purposes only.

(20) It will be understood that the system illustrated in FIG. 1A is a lens 198 system, in which millimeter-wave beams travel through the lens 198 toward a location on the opposite side of the lens 198 from the focal surface 199. However, the system would operate in the same manner if element 198 were a concave or parabolic reflector designed so that the millimeter-waves reflect off the reflector toward a location on the same side of the reflector as the focal surface 199; this configuration is illustrated in FIG. 1E, in which millimeter-wave focusing element 198 is a reflector. Thus, in all the embodiments, element 198 may be a lens or a reflector. In FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C, the element is shown as a lens, but it could also function as a reflector, in which case the millimeter-wave beams would bounce back from the reflector toward the focal surface. Each radiating source includes at least an RF signal source (such as RFIC) and at least an antenna, such that the distance between these components is very small, which means that the radio frequency (RF) signal loss from the RFIC to the antenna is very small.

(21) FIG. 1B illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system. In FIG. 1B, the radiating source 109a is mounted on a PCB 197, which is located on the focal surface 199. An RFIC 109rfic1 generates a millimeter-wave signal, which is conveyed via a transmission line 112a printed on the PCB 197 to an antenna 111a, which then transmits a millimeter-wave beam 105a.

(22) FIG. 1C illustrates an alternative embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system. Instead of a transmission line 112a as illustrated in FIG. 1B, there is instead a wire bonding connection 115a that connects the RFIC 109rfic1 to the antenna 111a.

(23) FIG. 1D illustrates an alternative embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system. Here there is neither a transmission line 112a nor a wire bonding connection 115a. Rather, the antenna 111a is glued, soldered, or otherwise connected directly, to the RFIC 109rfic1.

(24) FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B, inclusive, illustrate various embodiments of antenna and RFIC configurations. There is no limit to the number of possible antenna to RFIC configurations, provided, however, that the system includes at least two RFICs, and that there is at least one antenna located in close proximity to each RFIC. In this sense, close proximity means that the RFIC and antenna are located a short distance apart, and that they are connected in some way such as by a transmission line in FIG. 1B, or wire bonding in FIG. 1C, or direct placement in FIG. 1D, or by some other way of allowing the RFIC to convey a signal to the antenna. The alternative embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, are just three of many possible alternative embodiments with the RFICs and the antennas.

(25) FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs. Six RFICs are shown, and each RFIC is in close proximity to one antenna. These include the pairs RFIC 109rfic1 and antenna 111a, RFIC 109rfic2 and antenna 111b, RFIC 109rifc3 and antenna 111c, RFIC 109rfic4 and antenna 111d, RFIC 109rfic5 and antenna 1113, and RFIC 109rifc6 and antenna 111f. Each antenna is located on the focal surface 199, and the system operates to select one or more antennas that direct millimeter-wave signals toward the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.

(26) FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs. Six RFICs are illustrated, all of which are located on the focal surface 199. Here, however, each RFIC is connected in close proximity to two antennas, not one. An example is shown in the upper left of FIG. 2B, in which the first RFIC, 109rfic1, is connected in close proximity to both antenna 111a1 and antenna 111a2. Each antenna, here 111a1 and 111a2, will direct as millimeter-wave signal toward millimeter-wave focusing element 198. In one embodiment, the system will measure the signals received, determine which of the two signals is better directed to a remote target, and tell the RFIC 109rfic1 to transmit radiation energy only to the antenna that generates a signal better directed to said target. The description here for the triplet of elements 109rfic1, 111a1, and 111a2, will apply also to each of the five other triplets of an RFIC and two antennas, illustrated in FIG. 2B.

(27) FIG. 2C illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs. Six RFICs are illustrated, all of which are located on the focal surface 199. Here, however, each RFIC is connected in close proximity to four antennas. An example is shown in the upper left of FIG. 2C, in which the first RFIC, 109rfic1, is connected in close proximity to antennas 111a1, 111a2, 111a3, and 111a4. Each antenna, here 111a1, 111a2, 111a3, and 111a4, may direct a millimeter-wave signal toward the millimeter-wave focusing element 198. In one embodiment, the system will measure the signals received from a remote target, determine which of the four signals is better directed to said remote target, and tell the RFIC 109rfic1 to transmit radiation energy only to the antenna that generates a signal best directed to said remote target. The description here for the quintuple of elements 109rfic1, 111a1, 111a2, 111a3, and 111a4, will apply also to each of the five other quintuples of an RFIC and four antennas, illustrated in FIG. 2C.

(28) FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C, inclusive, illustrate various embodiments of a point-to-point communication system 100. Each of these three figures includes a first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a that transmits signals, a receiving transceiver 100b that receives the signals, and a dish, antenna, or other reception device 201 that is the actual receive of the radiated signal energy. The combination of these three figures illustrates one embodiment by which the system may operate. In FIG. 3A, a particular radiating source has been selected by the system that sends signals through the millimeter-wave focusing element, and then in the correct direction toward the receiver 100b. In FIG. 3B, this communication has been disrupted, because of some change. In FIG. 3B, the change illustrated is a change in the orientation of transceiver 100a, such that the signal radiated from the same RFIC, and transmitted from the same antenna, as in FIG. 3A, now does not travel in the correct direction toward receiver 100b. It is possible that some of the signal energy transmitted by first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a is received by receiver 100b, but the mis-direction of the transmission means that much of the signal energy from transceiver 100a is not received by transceiver 100b. Although FIG. 3B shows communication disruption to a repositioning of transceiver 100a, it will be understand that the problem could have been caused by a repositioning of transceiver 100b, or by a repositioning of both transceivers 100a and 100b, or by some other blockage which may be either a physical blockage or RF interference such that the direction of the signal transmitted in FIG. 3A is now no longer the correct direction, as shown in FIG. 3B. In FIG. 3C, the system has corrected the problem by permitting transmission of radiation energy from a different RFIC to an antenna located in close proximity, and then having that antenna, different from the antenna in FIGS. 3A and 3B, transmit the signal. The same signal may be transmitted, but the key is that the direction has been changed by selection of a different RFIC and one or more different antennas.

(29) In one embodiment, there is a millimeter-wave communication system 100a operative to direct millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b. The system 100a includes a millimeter-wave focusing element 198 which operates to focus millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b. The system 100a also includes two or more millimeter-wave antennas 111a, 111b, which are placed at different locations 108a and 108b on a focal surface 199 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198. The system also includes two or more radio-frequency-integrated-circuits (RFICs) 109rfic1 and 109rfic2, which are placed in close proximity to the millimeter-wave antennas, such that (i) each of the millimeter-wave antennas has at least one RFIC in close proximity, and (ii) each of the millimeter-wave antennas is operative to receive a millimeter-wave signal from said at least one of the RFICs located in close proximity. In some embodiments, the system 100a is operative to (i) select which of the millimeter-wave antennas will transmit a millimeter-wave beam 105a or 105b, and then (ii) direct to the millimeter-wave antenna selected the millimeter-wave signal from one of RFICs 109rfic1 or 109rfic2 located in close proximity to the millimeter-wave antenna selected, thereby generating a millimeter-wave beam 105a or 105b at a direction 105d1 or 105d2 which is consequent upon said selection.

(30) In one embodiment, there is a method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam 105a or 105b in a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100. In this embodiment a first millimeter-wave radiating source 109a is located at a first location 108a on the focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198. Using this source 109a, the system 100 (or 100a) transmits a millimeter-wave beam 105a to a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, wherein the direction 105d1 of the beam 105a is determined by the first location 108a. Further, the system 100 (or 100a) determines a direction for the millimeter-wave beam 105a that is expected to best improve the communication performance of the system 100. In this sense, improve the communication performance means to increase the signal energy received by a receiver 100b, without increasing the transmission power. In this embodiment, the system 100 (or 100a) includes multiple radiating sources 109a, 109b, and potentially other sources, each source located at a different location on the focal surface 199, and the system 100 (or 100a) further identifies which of such radiating sources will, when active, transmit the beam 105b in a second direction 105d2 that is closest to the direction expected to best improve the communication performance of the system 100. In this embodiment, the radiating source 109b so identified transmits the beam 105b in the second direction 105d2, thereby improving the performance of the system 100.

(31) In a first alternative embodiment to the method just described for controlling the direction of a millimeter-wave beam, further each of the first 109a and second 109b millimeter-wave radiating sources comprises a radio-frequency-integrated-circuit (RFIC) 109rfic1 and 109rfic2 respectively.

(32) In a first possible configuration of the first alternative embodiment, each of said RFICs 109rfic1 and 109rfic2 is mounted on a printed-circuit-board (PCB) 197, and the PCB 197 is located (i) substantially on the focal surface 199 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198, or (ii) slightly behind the focal surface 199 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.

(33) In one possible variation of the first possible configuration just described each of the millimeter-wave radiating sources 109a and 109b further comprises a millimeter-wave antenna 111a and 111b, respectively, which operates to radiate the millimeter-wave beam 105a and 105b, respectively.

(34) In a first possible implementation of one possible variation just described, each millimeter-wave antenna 111a and 111b is printed on the PCB 197 in close proximity to the corresponding RFIC 109rfic1 and 109rfic2, respectively.

(35) In a first possible expression of the first possible implementation just described, each RFIC 109rfic1 and 109rfic2 is mounted using flip-chip mounting technology, and each RFIC is connected directly to its corresponding millimeter-wave antenna 111a and 111b, respectively, via a transmission line 112a printed on the PCB 197.

(36) In a second possible expression of the first possible implementation just described, each RFIC 109rfic1 and 109rfic2 is connected to its corresponding millimeter-wave antenna 111a and 111b, respectively, via a bonding wire 115a.

(37) In a second further implementation of one possible variation just described, each RFIC 109rfic1 and 109rfic2 is operative to convert a base-band signal or an intermediate-frequency signal into a millimeter-wave signal, and this millimeter-wave signal is injected into said millimeter-wave antenna 111a and 111b, respectively, thereby generating said millimeter-wave beam 105a and 105b, respectively.

(38) In a third further implementation of one possible variation just described, each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 111b, is located on top of its corresponding RFIC 109rfic1 and 109rfic2, respectively, or on top of an enclosure of said RFIC, and each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 111b faces the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.

(39) In one possible expression of the third further implementation just described, each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 111b is printed on its corresponding RFIC 109rfic1 and 109rfic2, respectively.

(40) In a second possible configuration of the first alternative embodiments, the RFICs 109rfic1 and 109rfic2 are operative to convert a base-band signal or an intermediate-frequency signal into a millimeter-wave signal operative to generate the millimeter-wave beam 105a or 105b.

(41) In a first possible variation of the second possible configuration just described, the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the RFICs 109rfic1 and 109rfic2, and selection of said first 105d1 or second 105d2 directions is done by commanding the first 109rfic1 or second 109rfic2 RFICs, respectively, to start generating the millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b, respectively.

(42) In a first further implementation of the first possible variation just described, the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is an analog signal.

(43) In a second further implementation of the first possible variation just described, the base-band signal is a digital signal.

(44) In a second possible variation of the second possible configuration just described, the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the first RFIC 109rfic1, thereby facilitating selection of the first direction 105d1.

(45) In a third possible variation of the second possible configuration just described, the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the second RFIC 109rfic2, thereby facilitating selection of the second direction 105d2.

(46) In a second alternative embodiment to the method described for controlling the direction of a millimeter-wave beam, further each of said first 109a and second 109b millimeter-wave radiating sources includes an antenna, 111a and 111b, respectively, printed on a PCB 197, and the PCB 197 is located substantially on the focal surface 109 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.

(47) In a third alternative embodiment to the method described for controlling the direction of a millimeter-wave beam, further (i) the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 belongs to a first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a of said system 100, and (ii) the millimeter-wave beam 105a is used by the first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a to communicate with a second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b that is part of the system.

(48) In a first possible configuration of the third alternative embodiment, improving performance of the system 100 becomes required or preferred due do undesired movement of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 relative to the second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b, or undesired movement of the second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b relative to the millimeter-wave focusing element 198, or undesired movement of both the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 and the second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b relative to one another, other physical movement or blockage, or other RF interference.

(49) In one possible variation of first possible configuration just described, the undesired movement is caused by wind.

(50) In a second possible configuration to the third alternative embodiment, improving performance is required or preferred in order to direct the beam 105a toward the second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b when the first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a is initially installed.

(51) In one embodiment, there is a method for directing millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b. In this embodiment, a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100 determines a direction 105d1 to which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted. There are multiple millimeter-wave antennas 111a to 111f, inclusive in system 100a, each such antenna placed at a different location on the focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198. In this embodiment, the system 100 (or 100a) identifies of such antennas 111a-111f, which is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the beam 105a in this direction 105d1. There are multiple RFICs in the system, such that every antenna 111a-111f is located in close proximity to an RFIC. In this embodiment, an RFIC located in close proximity to the identified antenna generates a millimeter-wave signal 105a which is sent from the RFIC to the identified antenna, and the identified antenna then transmits the signal toward the identified direction 105d1.

(52) In a first alternative embodiment to the method just described for directing millimeter-wave beams, further the first RFIC 109rfic1 is uniquely associated with said first millimeter-wave antenna 111a, as shown in FIG. 2A. In this sense, uniquely associated with means that RFIC 109rfic1 is the only RFIC that is connected to antenna 111a.

(53) In one possible configuration of the first alternative embodiment just described, each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a to 111f, inclusive, is uniquely associated with an RFIC, 109rfic1 to 109rfic6, respectively, as shown in FIG. 2a.

(54) In a second alternative embodiment to the method described for directing millimeter-wave beams, the first RFIC 109rfic1 is associated with a first millimeter-wave antenna 111a1 and with a second millimeter-wave antenna 111a2, where each such antenna is located in close proximity to the first RFIC 109rfic1, as shown in FIG. 2A.

(55) In one possible configuration of the second alternative embodiment just described, the method further includes (i) the system 100 (or 100a) determines a second direction 105d2 via which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted, (ii) the system 100 (or 100a) identifies which of the millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface 199fp of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the millimeter-wave beam 105a in the second direction 105d2, and (iii) the first RFIC 109rfic1 generates a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to the second millimeter-wave antenna 111a2, which then transmits the millimeter-wave beam 105b toward the second direction 105d2.

(56) In a third alternative embodiment to the method described for directing millimeter-wave beams, further (i) the system 100 (or 100a) determines a second direction 105d2 via which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted, (ii) the system 100 (or 100a) identifies a second millimeter-wave antenna 111b placed at different locations on a focal surface 199fp of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, which is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the millimeter-wave beam 105a in the second direction 105d2, and (iii) the system 100 (or 100a) includes a second RFIC 109rfic2 located in close proximity to a second millimeter-wave antenna 111b, and the second RFIC 109rfic2 generates a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to the second millimeter-wave antenna 111b, which then transmits a millimeter-wave beam 105b toward the second direction 105d2.

(57) FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam 105a or 105b in a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100. In step 1021, using a first millimeter-wave radiating source 109a located at a first location 108a on a focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, to transmit a millimeter-wave beam 105a via said millimeter-wave focusing element, wherein said millimeter-wave beam having a first direction 105d1 consequent upon the first location. In step 1022, determining a desired direction for the millimeter-wave beam, wherein said desired direction is expected to improve performance of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system employing the millimeter-wave beam. In step 1023, identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave radiating sources, a second millimeter-wave radiating source 109b located at a second location 108b on the focal surface of the millimeter-wave focusing element, which when in use will result in a second direction 105d2 for the millimeter-wave beam 105b that is closest to the desired direction for the millimeter-wave beam. In step 1024, using the second millimeter-wave radiating source to transmit the millimeter-wave beam 105b having the second direction consequent upon the second location, thereby improving performance of the point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.

(58) FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a method for directing millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b. In step 1031, determining a direction via which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted. In step 1032, identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas 111a to 111f placed at different locations on a focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element, a first millimeter-wave antenna, 111a as an example, which is: best placed, relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element, to best facilitate transmission of said millimeter-wave beam via said direction. In step 1033, generating, by a first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit 109rfic1 located in close proximity to said first millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to said first millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said direction.

(59) In this description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, the embodiments/cases of the invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known hardware, materials, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description. In this description, references to one embodiment and one case mean that the feature being referred to may be included in at least one embodiment/case of the invention. Moreover, separate references to one embodiment, some embodiments, one case, or some cases in this description do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment/case. Illustrated embodiments/cases are not mutually exclusive, unless so stated and except as will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the invention may include any variety of combinations and/or integrations of the features of the embodiments/cases described herein. Also herein, flow diagrams illustrate non-limiting embodiment/case examples of the methods, and block diagrams illustrate non-limiting embodiment/case examples of the devices. Some operations in the flow diagrams may be described with reference to the embodiments/cases illustrated by the block diagrams. However, the methods of the flow diagrams could be performed by embodiments/cases of the invention other than those discussed with reference to the block diagrams, and embodiments/cases discussed with reference to the block diagrams could perform operations different from those discussed with reference to the flow diagrams. Moreover, although the flow diagrams may depict serial operations, certain embodiments/cases could perform certain operations in parallel and/or in different orders from those depicted. Moreover, the use of repeated reference numerals and/or letters in the text and/or drawings is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments/cases and/or configurations discussed. Furthermore, methods and mechanisms of the embodiments/cases will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, some embodiments/cases may include multiple iterations of a method or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. For example, when a controller or an interface are disclosed in an embodiment/case, the scope of the embodiment/case is intended to also cover the use of multiple controllers or interfaces.

(60) Certain features of the embodiments/cases, which may have been, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments/cases, may also be provided in various combinations in a single embodiment/case. Conversely, various features of the embodiments/cases, which may have been, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment/case, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. The embodiments/cases are not limited in their applications to the details of the order or sequence of steps of operation of methods, or to details of implementation of devices, set in the description, drawings, or examples. In addition, individual blocks illustrated in the figures may be functional in nature and do not necessarily correspond to discrete hardware elements. While the methods disclosed herein have been described and shown with reference to particular steps performed in a particular order, it is understood that these steps may be combined, sub-divided, or reordered to form an equivalent method without departing from the teachings of the embodiments/cases. Accordingly, unless specifically indicated herein, the order and grouping of the steps is not a limitation of the embodiments/cases. Embodiments/cases described in conjunction with specific examples are presented by way of example, and not limitation. Moreover, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.