Electrolyte for sodium secondary battery and sodium secondary battery using the same

Abstract

Provided are an electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery, and a sodium secondary battery using the same, and the sodium secondary battery using the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery according to the present invention may have an excellent cycle characteristic, charge-discharge capacity, and stability, thereby making it possible to be operated without deterioration at a low temperature for a long time.

Claims

1. An electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery comprising: a sodium molten salt, a first additive represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a second additive represented by Chemical Formula 2, wherein each of the first additive and the second additive has an amount of 0.1 to 30 wt % relative to the total weight of the electrolyte for the sodium secondary battery:
Na.sub.xA[Chemical Formula 1]
NaD[Chemical Formula 2] in Chemical Formulas 1 and 2, A is a sulfur oxide ion, or a nitrate ion, x is an integer selected from 1 to 4 depending on an ionic valency of A; and D is selected from NCO, NCS- or compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 3 to 6, ##STR00003## in Chemical Formulas 3 to 6, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 are each independently hydrogen, (C1-C10)alkyl, (C1-C10)alkoxy, (C2-C10)alkenyl, (C2-C10)alkynyl, (C6-C12)aryl, (C3-C12)heteroaryl or (C6-C12)aryl(C1-C10)alkyl; R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may be linked to each other to form an alicyclic ring or an aromatic ring; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each independently CO or SO.sub.2, and the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and arylalkyl of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 and the alicyclic ring and the aromatic ring of R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may be further substituted with halogen, amino, nitro or (C1-C10)alkyl.

2. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein A in Chemical Formula 1 is SO.sub.4.sup.2, SO.sub.3.sup.2, SO.sub.5.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.3.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.4.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.5.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.6.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.7.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.8.sup.2 or S.sub.4O.sub.6.sup.2.

3. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the first additive is sodium sulfate, anhydrous sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium pyrosulfate or sodium nitrate.

4. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein in Chemical Formulas 3 and 4, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 are each independently hydrogen or (C1-C10)alkyl; R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may be linked to each other by (C2-C4)alkenylene to form an aromatic ring; the alkyl of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 and the aromatic ring of R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may be further substituted with halogen, amino, nitro or (C1-C10)alkyl; Z.sup.1 is CO; and Z.sup.2 is SO.sub.2.

5. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein D in Chemical Formula 2 is HCOO, CH.sub.3COO, NCO, NCS or Saccharin anion.

6. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the first additive is Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, Na.sub.2SO.sub.3, Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3, Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.5, Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.7 or NaNO.sub.3; and the second additive is HCOONa, CH.sub.3COONa, NaOCN, NaSCN or C.sub.7H.sub.5O.sub.3NSNa.

7. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 6, wherein the second additive has 0.05 to 1.0 mol relative to 1 mol of the first additive.

8. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein when the electrolyte is melted, ionic conductivity is 140 ms/cm or more, and a melting point is 140 C. or less.

9. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the sodium molten salt is NaAlCl.sub.4, NaBrCl.sub.4, NaICl.sub.4, and mixtures thereof.

10. A sodium secondary battery comprising: a cathode impregnated with the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of claim 1 and including a transition metal; an anode containing sodium; and a sodium ion conducting solid electrolyte provided between the cathode and the anode.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram schematically illustrating a structure of a sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention (1: sodium secondary battery, 10: cathode, 30: anode, 35: electrolyte, 50: solid electrolyte).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(2) The present invention provides an electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery for implementing a sodium secondary battery having significantly excellent charge-discharge capacity characteristics, cycle characteristic and stability while simultaneously being capable of being operated at a low temperature without rapidly deteriorating ionic conductivity. The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery includes a sodium molten salt, a first additive represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a second additive represented by Chemical Formula 2:
Na.sub.xA[Chemical Formula 1]
NaD[Chemical Formula 2]

(3) in Chemical Formulas 1 and 2,

(4) A is a sulfate ion, or a nitrate ion,

(5) x is an integer selected from 1 to 4 depending on an ionic valency of A; and

(6) D is selected from NCO, NCS or compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 3 to 6,

(7) ##STR00002##

(8) in Chemical Formulas 3 to 6,

(9) R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 are each independently hydrogen, (C1-C10)alkyl, (C1-C10)alkoxy, (C2-C10)alkenyl, (C2-C10)alkynyl, (C6-C12)aryl, (C3-C12)heteroaryl or (C6-C12)aryl(C1-C10)alkyl;

(10) R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may be linked to each other to form an alicyclic ring or an aromatic ring;

(11) Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each independently CO or SO.sub.2, and

(12) the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and arylalkyl of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 and the alicyclic ring and the aromatic ring of R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may be further substituted with halogen, amino, nitro or (C1-C10)alkyl.

(13) In general, a secondary battery such as ZEBRA battery, or the like, has sodium aluminum chloride (NaAlCl.sub.4) as a molten salt electrolyte, and it is known that the sodium aluminum chloride (NaAlCl.sub.4) molten salt is advantageous in view of stability and ionic conductivity of the sodium secondary battery.

(14) However, since the sodium aluminum chloride (NaAlCl.sub.4) molten salt has a melting point at 155 C. to 200 C. depending on purity, a secondary battery manufactured by using the sodium aluminum chloride (NaAlCl.sub.4) molten salt has a limitation in that an operating temperature thereof is significantly high, which substantially reaches 300 C.

(15) Meanwhile, the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of the present invention is prepared by simultaneously including the first additive represented by Chemical Formula 1 and the second additive represented by Chemical Formula 2 which are specific sodium salts, such that the melting point may be decreased while maintaining ionic conductivity of the electrolyte as it is. Accordingly, the sodium secondary battery using the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery may be operated at a, a low temperature, preferably, 120 to 200 C., more preferably, 120 to 200 C.

(16) That is, the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of the present invention is prepared by simultaneously adding two additives (specific compounds), thereby having a low melting point without significant change in ionic conductivity as compared to the existing electrolyte of the sodium aluminum chloride (NaAlCl.sub.4) molten salt.

(17) In addition, the sodium secondary battery manufactured by using the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of the present invention prepared by simultaneously adding two specific additives may have improved thermal stability to prevent deterioration, thereby improving a lifespan characteristic of the battery, and further, improving a cycle characteristic and charge-discharge capacity characteristics, even though the reason is not clearly identified.

(18) Sulfate ions described in the present invention means ions consisting of combinations of a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom, and may be represented by Chemical Formula 11 below:
S.sub.aO.sub.b.sup.2[Chemical Formula 11]

(19) in Chemical Formula 11, a is a real number of 1a<4, and b is a real number of 1<b<9.

(20) In Chemical Formula 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, A may be SO.sub.4.sup.2, SO.sub.3.sup.2, SO.sub.5.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.3.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.4.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.5.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.6.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.7.sup.2, S.sub.2O.sub.8.sup.2 or S.sub.4O.sub.6.sup.2, preferably SO.sub.4.sup.2.

(21) Preferably, the first additive represented by Chemical Formula 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be sodium sulfate (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na.sub.2SO.sub.3), sodium thiosulfate (Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3), sodium metabisulfite (Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.5), sodium pyrosulfate (Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.7) or sodium nitrate (NaNO.sub.3).

(22) In Chemical Formulas 3 and 4 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 may be each independently hydrogen or (C1-C10)alkyl; R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may be linked to each other by (C2-C4)alkenylene to form an aromatic ring; the alkyl of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 and the aromatic ring of R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may be further substituted with halogen, amino, nitro or (C1-C10)alkyl; Z.sup.1 may be CO; and Z.sup.2 may be SO.sub.2, and more specifically, may be HCOONa (sodium formate), CH.sub.3COONa (sodium acetate), NaOCN (sodium cyanate), NaSCN (sodium thiocyanate), C.sub.7H.sub.5O.sub.3NSNa (sodium saccharin) or C.sub.7H.sub.5O.sub.3NSNa hydrate.

(23) The first additive according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be sodium sulfate (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na.sub.2SO.sub.3), sodium thiosulfate (Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3), sodium metabisulfite (Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.5), sodium pyrosulfate (Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.7) or sodium nitrate (NaNO.sub.3), and the second additive may be HCOONa, CH.sub.3COONa, NaOCN, NaSCN or C.sub.7H.sub.5O.sub.3NSNa (sodium saccharin), and more preferably, the first additive may be Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 or Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3; and the second additive may be NaOCN or NaSCN in view of achieving excellent stability, cycle characteristic, and charge-discharge capacity.

(24) Each of the first additive and second additive according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may have an amount of 0.1 to 30 wt % relative to total weight of the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery. Preferably, the first additive may have an amount of 3 to 10 wt %, and the second additive may have an amount of 0.1 to 3 wt %. A mixing ratio between the first additive and the second additive is not limited, but preferably, the second additive may have 0.05 to 1.0 mol, more preferably, 0.1 to 0.5 mol, relative to 1 mol of the first additive.

(25) The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may have ionic conductivity of 140 ms/cm or more, preferably, 300 ms/cm or more, and a melting point of 150 C. or less, preferably, 140 C. or less.

(26) The sodium molten salt according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be used without significant limitation as long as it is an electrolyte material being applicable to the existing sodium secondary battery. As non-limiting specific examples thereof, sodium aluminum chloride (NaAlCl.sub.4), sodium bromide chloride (NaBrCl.sub.4), sodium iodine chloride (NaICl.sub.4), and the like, may be included, and preferably, sodium aluminum chloride (NaAlCl.sub.4) may be included in view of a melting point, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, and preferable combinations of the additives of the present invention.

(27) The sodium aluminum chloride (NaAlCl.sub.4) which is the sodium molten salt according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be obtained by adding NaCl and AlCl.sub.3 to an electrolyte.

(28) Alkyl, alkoxy, and other substituents including alkyl part of the present invention include all linear or branched types, and have 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and more preferably, 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

(29) In addition, aryl described in the present invention, which is an organic radical derived from aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of one hydrogen, includes single or fused ring system including 4 to 7 ring atoms, preferably 5 or 6 ring atoms in each ring, and even includes a plurality of aryls linked by a single bond. Specific examples of aryl may include phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, anthryl, indenyl, fluorenyl, and the like, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

(30) Further, heteroaryl described in the present invention, which means an aryl group including 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from B, N, O, S, P(O), Si and P as an aromatic ring framework atom and including carbon as the remaining aromatic ring framework atom, includes 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl and polycyclic heteroaryl condensed with at least one benzene ring, and may be partially saturated. In addition, heteroaryl in the present invention may include one or more heteroaryl(s) linked by a single bond.

(31) Alkenyl described alone or as a portion of another group in the present invention means a linear-, branched-, or a cyclic hydrocarbon radical including 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon double bond. A more preferable alkenyl radical is a lower alkenyl radical having 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. The most preferable lower alkenyl radical is a radical having 2 to about 4 carbon atoms. In addition, the alkenyl group may be substituted at any available bonding point. Examples of the alkenyl radical include ethenyl, propenyl, allyl, propenyl, butenyl and 4-methylbutenyl. Alkenyl and lower alkenyl include radical having cis and trans orientations, or alternatively, E and Z orientation.

(32) Alkynyl described in the present invention alone or as a portion of another group means a linear-, branched-, or a cyclic hydrocarbon radical containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. A more preferable alkynyl radical is a lower alkynyl radical having 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. The most preferable alkynyl radical is a lower alkynyl radical having 2 to about 4 carbon atoms. Examples of the alkynyl radical include propargyl, butynyl, and the like. In addition, the alkynyl group may be substituted at any available binding point.

(33) Further, the present invention provides a sodium secondary battery using the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of the present invention.

(34) Specifically, the sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes an anode containing sodium, a cathode including a transition metal, and a sodium ion conducting solid electrolyte provided between the cathode and the anode as illustrated in FIG. 1, wherein the cathode is impregnated into the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of the present invention.

(35) In the sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the anode may include metal sodium or sodium alloy. As a non-limiting example thereof, the sodium alloy may be sodium and cesium, sodium and rubidium or mixtures thereof. An anode active material may be a solid or a liquid including a molten phase at an operating temperature of the battery. Here, in order to implement capacity of the battery of 50 Wh/kg or more, the anode active material may be sodium or molten sodium (molten Na).

(36) In the sodium secondary battery according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the cathode of the sodium secondary battery may include a transition metal. Here, the transition metal may include copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and the like, preferably, may include one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and alloys thereof.

(37) Meanwhile, the sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be charged by Reaction Formula 1 and may be discharged by Reaction Formula 2, and the charging and discharging reaction of the battery may be generated in the cathode of the sodium secondary battery.
Ni+2NaCl->NiCl.sub.2+2Na.sup.++2e.sup.Reaction Formula 1
NiCl.sub.2+2Na.sup.++2e.sup.->Ni+2NaClReaction Formula 2

(38) Here, the present invention provides a sodium secondary battery, such that alkali metal ions (that is, sodium ions) generated by the charging reaction of the battery may be an ion conduction (transport) material passing through the solid electrolyte in the battery to be directly delivered to the anode. Further, the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery according to the present invention includes sodium ions, such that the sodium ions dissociated from the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery may also serve as the ion conduction (transport) material, which is preferable to improve ionic conductivity of the sodium secondary battery.

(39) In the sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the solid electrolyte may be provided between the cathode and the anode, and may consist of sodium ion conducting solid electrolyte. Here, the sodium ion conducting solid electrolyte is any material as long as it physically separates the cathode and the anode, and has selective conductivity to sodium ions. That is, a material generally used in a battery field for selective conduction of sodium ions may be used as the sodium ion conducting solid electrolyte. As non-limiting examples thereof, the solid electrolyte according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be a sodium (Na) super ionic conductor (NaSICON), -alumina or -alumina. In addition, as non-limiting examples thereof, the Na super ionic conductor (NaSICON) may include NaZrSiO-based complex oxide, NaZrSiPO-based complex oxide, Y doped NaZrSiPO-based complex oxide, Fe doped NaZrSiPO-based complex oxide, or mixtures thereof, specifically, Na.sub.3Zr.sub.2Si.sub.2PO.sub.12, Na.sub.1+xSixZr.sub.2P.sub.3-xO.sub.12 (x is a real number of 1.6<x<2.4), wherein Y doped or Fe doped Na.sub.3Zr.sub.2Si.sub.2PO.sub.12, Y doped or Fe doped Na.sub.1+xSi.sub.xZr.sub.2P.sub.3-xO.sub.12 (x is a real number of 1.6<x<2.4) or mixtures thereof.

(40) In the sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the sodium secondary battery may have a plate type battery structure including a plate shaped solid electrolyte, or a tube type battery structure including a tube shaped solid electrolyte in which one end is sealed, on the basis of the shape of the solid electrolyte separating the anode and the cathode to be divided into an anode space and a cathode space.

(41) Upon considering conductivity and melting point of battery components, the existing sodium-based secondary batteries have disadvantages. Specifically, the sodium-nickel chloride battery has an operating temperature of at least 250 C., and the sodium-sulfur battery has an operating temperature of at least 300 C.

(42) However, the sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be operated even at a low temperature by using the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery of the present invention including the first additive represented by Chemical Formula 1 and the second additive represented by Chemical Formula 2 to decrease a melting point of the electrolyte without deteriorating ionic conductivity.

(43) Specifically, the operating temperature of the sodium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be 120 to 200 C., more preferably, 120 to 200 C.

(44) Hereinafter, specific exemplary embodiments according to the present invention are described.

(45) Here, unless technical and scientific terms used herein are defined otherwise, they have meanings generally understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains. Known functions and components which obscure the gist of the present invention in the following description and the accompanying drawings will be omitted.

[Examples 1 to 4] Preparation of Electrolyte 1

(46) Electrolytes 1 to 4 were prepared by mixing NaOCN, Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, NaCl and AlCl.sub.3 as shown in Table 1 below, followed by heating at 170 C. for 8 hours, cooling to room temperature, and pulverizing. Properties of each of the prepared electrolytes 1 to 4 were also shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 1

(47) An electrolyte of Comparative Example 1 was prepared by the same method as Example 1 except for using 99.99% NaCl and purified AlCl.sub.3 at a ratio shown in Table 1 instead of using NaOCN, Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, NaCl and AlCl.sub.2 in Example 1, and properties of the prepared electrolyte of Comparative Example 1 were shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 2

(48) An electrolyte of Comparative Example 2 was prepared by the same method as Example 1 except for using Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, NaCl, and AlCl.sub.3 at a ratio shown in Table 1 instead of using NaOCN, Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, NaCl and AlCl.sub.2 in Example 1, and properties of the prepared electrolyte of Comparative Example 2 were shown in Table 1.

Comparative Example 3

(49) An electrolyte of Comparative Example 3 was prepared by the same method as Example 1 except for using NaOCN, NaCl, and AlCl.sub.3 at a ratio shown in Table 1 instead of using NaOCN, Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, NaCl and AlCl.sub.2 in Example 1, and properties of the prepared electrolyte of Comparative Example 3 were shown in Table 1.

(50) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ionic Melting Conductivity Sodium Molten Salt and Point (ms/cm) Classification Additives Molar Ratio Weight Ratio ( C.) (at, 180 C.) Example 1 NaOCN/Na.sub.2SO.sub.4/NaCl/AlCl.sub.3 1.4:3.4:46.8:48.3 1.0:5.0:28.0:66.0 135 382.55 (Electrolyte 1) Example 2 NaOCN/Na.sub.2SO.sub.4/NaCl/AlCl.sub.3 1.0:3.4:47.3:48.3 0.6:5.0:28.4:66.0 140 374.49 (Electrolyte 2) Example 3 NaOCN/Na.sub.2SO.sub.4/NaCl/AlCl.sub.3 0.5:3.4:47.8:48.3 0.3:5.0:28.7:66.0 140 375.19 (Electrolyte 1) Example 4 NaOCN/Na.sub.2SO.sub.4/NaCl/AlCl.sub.3 1.4:4.8:46.2:47.6 1.0:7.0:27.4:64.6 143 321.64 (Electrolyte 3) Comparative 99.99% NaCl + purified AlCl.sub.3 53:47 9.2 155 361.83 Example 1 (Electrolyte of Comparative Example 1) Comparative Na.sub.2SO.sub.4/NaCl/AlCl.sub.3 3.4:51.2:45.4 5.0:31.0:64.0 130 398.28 Example 2 (Electrolyte of Comparative Example 2) Comparative NaOCN/NaCl/AlCl.sub.3 5:45:50 3.0:27.0:70.0 130 427.28 Example 3 (Electrolyte of Comparative Example 3)

(51) The melting point of Table 1 was measured by heating mantle. The ionic conductivity was measured by a three-electrode impedance method using two sheets of platinum (Pt) plates (0.50.5 cm) as working/counter electrodes and Pt wire (diameter of 0.5 mm) as a reference electrode in a glove box in which moisture and oxygen have concentration of 0.1 ppm or less, respectively. For measuring impedance, a calibration curve was made by KCl aqueous solution.

(52) As shown in Table 1, it could be appreciated that the melting point of the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery containing two different additives of the present invention was lower than or the same as those of Comparative Examples 1 to 3. It could be appreciated that the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery according to the present invention was also maintained to the same level as those of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.

[Example 5] Manufacture of Sodium Secondary Battery 1

(53) A cathode in which NaCl capacity is 170 mAh (thickness of 2 mm) was manufactured by mixing Ni (Inco 255) and NaCl at a molar ratio of 3:1, pulverization-mixing the mixture by a planetary ball mill, and compressing the mixture. An anode was manufactured by pressing sodium having purity of 99% or more (Sigma-Aldrich) at a thickness of 1 mm. A sodium secondary battery 1 was manufactured by impregnating the cathode with the prepared electrolyte 1 of Example 1 and using NASICON as a solid electrolyte. The charge-discharge characteristics and the cycle characteristic were measured as described below, and results thereof were shown in Table 2.

(54) As shown in Table 2, it could be appreciated that the sodium secondary batteries 1 to 3 using the electrolytes 1 to 3 of the present invention had high charge-discharge capacity, and remarkably improved capacity retention rate and cycle characteristic, as compared to the sodium secondary batteries using the electrolytes of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.

[Example 6] Manufacture of Sodium Secondary Battery 2

(55) A sodium secondary battery 2 was manufactured by the same method as Example 5 except for using the electrolyte 2 instead of using the electrolyte 1 of Example 5, and the charge-discharge characteristics and the cycle characteristic thereof were measured as described below.

[Example 7] Manufacture of Sodium Secondary Battery 3

(56) A sodium secondary battery 3 was manufactured by the same method as Example 5 except for using the electrolyte 3 instead of using the electrolyte 1 of Example 5, and the charge-discharge characteristics and the cycle characteristic thereof were measured as described below.

[Comparative Examples 4 to 6] Manufacture of Sodium Secondary Batteries 4 to 6

(57) Sodium secondary batteries 4 to 6 were manufactured by the same method as Example 5 except for using the electrolytes of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 instead of using the electrolyte 1 of Example 5, and the charge-discharge characteristics and the cycle characteristic thereof were measured as described below. Results thereof were shown in Table 1. Measurement of Charge-Discharge Characteristics: A charging and discharging test was performed under a charging current density of 10 mA/cm.sup.2 and a discharging current density of 50 mA/cm.sup.2 at 195 C., at voltage range in which a charging end voltage is 2.85 V, and a discharging end voltage is 2.1 V. Measurement of Cycle Characteristic: After the charge-discharge characteristics were measured, a test for measuring cycle characteristic (a cycle test) was performed under charging and discharging current density of 25 mA/cm.sup.2 at 195 C., at voltage range in which a charging end voltage is 2.85 V, and a discharging end voltage is 2.1V.

(58) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Charge-Discharge Characteristics Average Capacity Discharge Discharge Retention Rate/ Classification Capacity Voltage Number of Cycles Example 5 80% 2.428 97%/90 cyc (Electrolyte 1) Example 6 82% 2.409 94%/90 cyc (Electrolyte 2) Example 7 83% 2.394 61%/90 cyc (Electrolyte 3) Comparative 84% 2.300 56%/90 cyc Example 4 (Electrolyte of Comparative Example 1) Comparative 92% 2.310 0%/30 cyc Example 5 (Electrolyte of Comparative Example 2) Comparative 68% 2.301 60%/90 cyc Example 6 (Electrolyte of Comparative Example 3)

(59) The electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery according to the present invention has a low melting point while simultaneously having high thermal stability and high ionic conductivity.

(60) In addition, the sodium secondary battery according to the present invention manufactured by using the electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery according to the present invention, may be operated at a low temperature, a cycle characteristic may be improved with high ionic conductivity, thereby improving a lifespan characteristic of the battery, and charge-discharge characteristics may be excellent and deterioration may be prevented, thereby having high stability, that is, being non-volatile and non-explosive.

(61) Hereinabove, although the present invention is described by specific matters, limited exemplary embodiments, and drawings, they are provided only for assisting in the entire understanding of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments. Various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains from this description.

(62) Therefore, the spirit of the present invention should not be limited to the above-described exemplary embodiments, and the following claims as well as all modified equally or equivalently to the claims are intended to fall within the scopes and spirits of the invention.