Hand-held micro-raman based detection instrument and method of detection

Abstract

A Raman spectroscopy based system and method for examination and interrogation provides a method for rapid and cost effective screening of various protein-based compounds such as bacteria, virus, drugs, and tissue abnormalities. A hand-held spectroscope includes a laser and optical train for generating a Raman-shifting sample signal, signal processing and identification algorithms for signal conditioning and target detection with combinations of ultra-high resolution micro-filters and an imaging detector array to provide specific analysis of target spectral peaks within discrete spectral bands associated with a target pathogen.

Claims

1. A hand held Raman spectroscopic instrument for pathogen detection comprising: a housing having a handle portion, a head portion and an end effector, the end effector comprising a disposable speculum that comprises a base detachably secured to the head portion of the housing and a tip having an aperture formed therethrough, the disposable speculum tapering from the base to the tip; and a filter located at the aperture, an optical window located near the base, and a port coupled to the end effector for drawing a sample through the filter and onto the optical window by vacuum; a Raman spectroscopic probe encased in the housing and including: a laser disposed in the handle portion and operable to emit a coherent light beam; a laser line filter operable to transmit the light beam along an optical path and suppress ambient light; a beam splitter disposed in the head portion and operable to reflect the light beam from the laser line filter through the aperture formed in the end effector toward onto a sample to produce a Raman-shifted sample signal; a collector to collect the sample signal and transmit the sample signal through the beam splitter; a beam expander to collimate the sample signal from the beam splitter and generate an expanded diameter sample signal; an ultra-high resolution, narrow range, spatially graded filter to filter the expanded diameter sample signal based on a predetermined set of discrete spectral bands for a target pathogen to isolate at least one narrow spectral band; and an imager for converting the at least one narrow spectral band to image data representative of the Raman-shifted sample signal; and an electronics assembly comprising: a micro-controller for controlling the Raman spectroscopic probe, reading the image data from the imager, analyzing the image data at the discrete spectral bands to detect the presence of the target pathogen, comparing the image data with a baseline Raman spectrum and communicating a test result based on the analysis and comparison; and a power source operably coupled to the micro-controller and the Raman spectroscopic probe.

2. The detection instrument of claim 1 wherein the filter filters the expanded diameter sample signal in at least one narrow spectral band selected from the group consisting of: 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1260 cm.sup.1, 1520-1560 cm.sup.1, and 1640-1740 cm.sup.1.

3. The detection instrument of claim 1 wherein the ultra-high resolution, narrow range, spatially graded filter comprises a filter divided into discrete regions for simultaneously filtering the expanded diameter sample signal in a plurality of narrow spectral bands, each of said discrete regions filtering the expanded diameter sample signal at one of the plurality of narrow spectral bands based on a predetermined set of discrete spectral bands for a target pathogen to isolate the plurality of narrow spectral bands.

4. The detection instrument of claim 3 wherein the filter filters the expanded diameter sample signal in a plurality of narrow spectral bands selected from the group consisting of: 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1260 cm.sup.1, 1520-1560 cm.sup.1, and 1640-1740 cm.sup.1.

5. The detection instrument of claim 3 wherein the filter filters the expanded diameter sample signal in each of the spectral bands at 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1260 cm.sup.1, 1520-1560 cm.sup.1, and 1640-1740 cm.sup.1.

6. The detection instrument of according to claim 1, wherein the filter is divided into discrete regions, each of said discrete regions providing filtering at one of a plurality of narrow spectral bands selected from the group consisting of: 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1260 cm.sup.1, 1520-1560 cm.sup.1, and 1640-1740 cm.sup.1.

7. The detection instrument according to claim 1, wherein the Raman spectroscopic probe further comprises a 180-degree backscatter element interposed between the beam splitter and the end effector aperture, the backscatter element comprising: a centrally located collection fiber for transmitting the Raman-shifted sample signal to the beam splitter; a plurality of excitation fibers radially arranged with respect to the collection fiber for transmitting the coherent light beam; and a beam-splitting mirror for reflecting the coherent light beam emitted from the plurality of excitation fiber and passing the Raman-shifted sample signal therethrough.

8. The detection instrument according to claim 1, wherein the Raman spectroscopic probe further comprises a laser blocking filter between beam splitter and the detector.

9. The detection instrument of claim 1 wherein the disposable speculum further comprises a lens arranged at the tip in the aperture to focus the light beam and collect the sample signal.

10. A method for detecting a target pathogen using Raman-based spectroscopic analysis comprising: providing a Raman spectroscopic instrument comprising a housing having a head portion and an end effector, the end effector comprising a disposable speculum that comprises a base detachably secured to the head portion of the housing and a tip having an aperture formed therethrough, the disposable speculum tapering from the base to the tip; and a filter located at the aperture, an optical window located near the base, and a port coupled to the end effector for drawing a sample through the filter and onto the optical window by vacuum; transmitting, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, a coherent light beam onto a sample to generate a Raman-shifted sample signal; filtering, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, the Raman-shifted sample signal to simultaneously isolate a plurality of narrow spectral bands based on a predetermined set of discrete spectral bands for a target pathogen to generate a filtered Raman-shifted sample signal; generating, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, image data representative of the filtered Raman-shifted sample signal; analyzing, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, the image data at the discrete spectral bands to detect the presence of the target pathogen; comparing, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, the image data with a baseline Raman spectrum; and displaying, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, a positive result when the comparison of the image data with the baseline Raman spectrum indicates a match.

11. The method for detecting a target pathogen of claim 10 wherein the plurality of narrow spectral bands are selected from the group consisting of: 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1260 cm.sup.1, 1520-1560 cm.sup.1, and 1640-1740 cm.sup.1.

12. The method for detecting a target pathogen of claim 10 wherein the Raman-shifted signal is filtered in each of the narrow spectral bands at 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1260 cm.sup.1, 1520-1560 cm.sup.1, and 1640-1740 cm.sup.1.

13. The method for detecting a target pathogen according to claim 10 further comprising projecting, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, the coherent light beam through a lens and onto the sample.

14. The method for detecting a target pathogen according to claim 10 further comprising drawing, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, the sample through the filter and depositing, by the Raman spectroscopic instrument, the filtered sample on the optical window, wherein the coherent light beam is transmitted through the optical window onto the sample.

15. A method for detecting a target pathogen using a hand held spectroscope comprising: providing the hand held spectroscope comprising a housing having a head portion and an end effector, the end effector comprising a disposable speculum that comprises a base detachably secured to the head portion of the housing and a tip having an aperture formed therethrough, the disposable speculum tapering from the base to the tip; and a filter located at the aperture, an optical window located near the base, and a port coupled to the end effector for drawing a sample through the filter and onto the optical window by vacuum; transmitting, by the hand held spectroscope, a coherent light beam from a laser in the housing along an optical path through the aperture and onto a sample to generate a Raman-shifted sample signal; receiving, by the hand held spectroscope, the Raman-shifted sample signal through the aperture; filtering, by the hand held spectroscope, the Raman-shifted sample signal to simultaneously isolate a plurality of narrow spectral bands based on a predetermined set of discrete spectral bands for a target pathogen to generate a filtered Raman-shifted sample signal; projecting, by the hand held spectroscope, the filtered Raman-shifted sample signal onto an imager in the spectroscope housing to generate image data representative of the filtered Raman-shifted sample signal; analyzing, by the hand held spectroscope, the image data at the discrete spectral bands to detect the presence of the target pathogen; comparing, by the hand held spectroscope, the image data with a baseline Raman spectrum; and displaying, by the hand held spectroscope, a positive result when the comparison of the image data with the baseline Raman spectrum indicates a match.

16. The method for detecting a target pathogen of claim 15 wherein the plurality of narrow spectral bands are selected from the group consisting of: 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1260 cm.sup.1, 1520-1560 cm.sup.1, and 1640-1740 cm.sup.1.

17. The method for detecting a target pathogen of claim 15 wherein the Raman-shifted signal is filtered in each of the narrow spectral bands at 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1260 cm.sup.1, 1520-1560 cm.sup.1, and 1640-1740 cm.sup.1.

Description

DRAWINGS

(1) The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates the mean spectra for various bacteria in terms of the relative intensity as a function of wavelength;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates the wave numbers or spectral bands ascertained with DFA distinguishing the tested bacteria;

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates a cluster analysis of Raman spectra of bacteria;

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates a comparison of mean spectra for inoculated nasal swab samples (light) and MRSA 1R (dark);

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates the mean spectra of Staphylococcus with an expanded view of minimally obstructed spectral regions 600-740 (cm1);

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates the mean spectra of Staphylococcus with an expanded view of minimally obstructed spectral regions 1200-1300 (cm1);

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates a sample of the Raman spectra collected for three influenza virus;

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates spectral peaks for the three influenza virus at Raman shifts between 2850 and 2950 cm.sup.1;

(10) FIG. 9 illustrates spectral peaks for the three influenza virus at Raman shifts between 700 and 1700 cm.sup.1;

(11) FIG. 10 illustrates the spectra of immobilized influenza utilizing background subtraction techniques;

(12) FIG. 11 illustrates spectra of an influenza virus which has been deactivated using different deactivation procedures including UV, thermal and chemical treatment;

(13) FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary form factor of the hand held micro-Raman based detection instrument;

(14) FIG. 13 illustrates the functional characteristics of the spectroscope shown in FIG. 12;

(15) FIG. 14 illustrates the components of the device shown in FIG. 12;

(16) FIG. 15 a disposable end effector of the device for wound and/or nasal interrogation;

(17) FIG. 16 illustrates a disposable end effector of the device with filtering function for vacuum suction application;

(18) FIG. 17 is an end view of the end effector shown in FIG. 16;

(19) FIGS. 18A and 18B illustrate simple examples of the beam expander shown in FIG. 14;

(20) FIG. 19 illustrates the filter element shown in FIG. 14;

(21) FIG. 20 illustrates another embodiment of a Raman probe and detection system;

(22) FIG. 21A-C illustrates the optical components of the Raman probe shown in FIG. 20;

(23) FIG. 22A-C illustrates detailed aspects of the optical components shown in FIG. 20;

(24) FIG. 23A-D illustrates a laser line filter, off-axis parabolic mirror system and hexagonal conical lens for the Raman probe shown in FIG. 22;

(25) FIG. 24 illustrates a portable form factor of the device shown in FIG. 20; and

(26) FIG. 25 is a flow chart illustrating the operating procedures carried out during a pathogen detection procedure using the hand held micro-Raman based detection instrument.

(27) Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(28) Through preliminary studies explained in further detail below, the feasibility of Raman Spectroscopy to assess various protein-based compounds including numerous pathogens using a laboratory Raman Spectrometer is demonstrated. For these studies the following pathogens were evaluated in the absence of background interference: MSSA-1S: Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 6538); MSSA-2S: Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC BAA1721); MRSA-1R: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC BAA1683); MRSA-2R: Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 700787); Corynebacterium sp. (ATCC 6931); Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228); Influenza APR8/34 (H1N1); Influenza A/WSN/32 (H1N1); and Influenza A/Udorn/72 (H2N3).
Preliminary studies on additional pathogens (such as Bacillus subtilis, E. coli K99, E. coli 0111, E. coli 0157, Enterobacter amnigenus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rahnella aquatilis, Salmonella Schottmueller, Salmonella Typhimurium, Streptococcus pneumonia, Vibrio fluvialis, and Staphylococcus epidermidus-ATCC#35984) demonstrate the feasibility of identification by Raman Spectroscopy as further described herein. These results provide a positive indication that a Raman spectral database for a wide variety of protein-based compounds could be developed with analysis protocols that allow for target identification and classification. As such the system and method described herein is not limited to examination, detection and identification of MRSA and/or influenza but has a broader range of application to examination, detection and identification of various pathogens, toxins and other protein-based compounds.

(29) The MRSA-2R strain of Staphylococcus aureus has reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and was isolated from human blood from a patient with fatal bacteremia. The MSSA-2S strain of Staphylococcus aureus is a hyper-virulent community acquired methicillin-susceptible strain isolated in the United Kingdom. It is a complete genome sequenced strain. The MRSA 1R strain of Staphylococcus aureus is Methicillin resistant and was isolated from a human abscess. It is confirmed to carry the mec A gene with a SCCmec, or staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV and PFGE type USA 400. The MSSA-1S strain of Staphylococcus aureus is Methicillin sensitive and was isolated from a human lesion [ATCC].

(30) Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium are normal flora found in the nose. Staphylococcus epidermidis with Corynebacteria predominantly colonizes the upper respiratory tract, especially the nostrils. S. epidermidis accounts for 90%-100% of the staphylococci found in the nasal cavity when S. aureus is not present. However, when S. aureus is present, the amount of S. epidermidis drastically decreases. Most species of Corynebacterium will not cause diseases in humans, however; Corynebacterium diptheriae NCTC 13129 is a strain that is highly infectious.

(31) Samples were prepared from bacteria plated on tryptic soy agar plates. A single colony was picked and added to 5 mls of tryptic soy broth in a 10 ml culture tube. The culture tube was place on a shaker in a 37 C incubator and incubated overnight. The next day an optical density (OD) was taken to verify the consistency of the growth conditions and to provide a reference OD. The overnight culture was centrifuged at room temperature for 5 min @ 3000 rpms. After centrifuging the supernatant was removed and the bacteria pellet was resuspended with 5 mls of filtered tap water. The bacteria were centrifuged as stated and the washing process was repeated 2 more times. On the final wash the OD of the solution was measured and if the OD was greater than 1.05, water was added until an OD of 1+0.05 was obtained. 150 ul of the bacteria suspension was then placed on a UV quartz substrate (Craic technologies) for Raman spectroscopy.

(32) Raman spectra were recorded with an in-via Raman microscope (Renishaw) equipped with a 1800 l/mm grating, a 50 mW 514.5 nm laser as the excitation source at 100% laser power. The laser light was focused onto the sample though a 63 dipping objective (Leica HCX PL APO 1.2NA Corr/0.17 CS). The spectra were acquired over a spectral range of 400-3200 cm1 with 40 accumulations at an integration time of 10 s.

(33) Prior to analysis, spectra were pre-processed using: (1) derivative smoothing with a sliding window of 5; (2) range exclusion in the region of 735-874 cm1 and 1013-1116 cm1 to eliminate quartz dominated spectral regions; (3) background subtraction via a robust polynomial fit to remove spectral contributions due to fluorescence; and (4) vector normalization to reduce bacteria concentration effects. The mean Raman spectra are shown in FIG. 1.

(34) A key to developing the Raman spectroscopy based detection device is the development of a Raman spectral database with analysis protocols that allow for target identification and classification. As part of the analysis protocol, Raman spectral bands that can distinguish a targeted substance from background interference are identified. These discrete bands are used to develop learning algorithms that serve as a basis for detection and identification. By obtaining data at discrete spectral regions instead of over the entire spectral range (600-1800 cm1), acquisition time as well as spectral contributions of confounding background interference can be reduced. The spectroscopic system with discrete spectral band identification for algorithms development is detailed in embodiments of the device.

(35) To identify discrete spectral bands of statistical significance, the pure spectra of bacteria in water were analyzed using discriminant function analysis, DFA (IBM SPSS Statistics 21). DFA builds a predictive model for group membership. The model is composed of discriminant functions that are based on linear combinations of predictor variables. Spectral data, that is to say wavenumber with associated Raman intensity, corresponding to the following Raman peaks were utilized: 600, 621, 643, 670, 725, 896, 935, 960, 1003, 1126, 1158, 1173, 1209, 1249, 1297, 1320, 1338, 1362, 1375, 1397, 1420, 1449, 1480, 1578, 1584, 1606, 1620, 1640, 1657 cm1. Stepwise discriminant function analysis is used to reduce the number of variables (wavenumbers) to a subset of input into simultaneous discriminant analysis for classification. Once the model is finalized, cross validation is done based on the leave one-out principle in which one individual is removed from the original matrix and the discriminant analysis is then performed from the remaining observations and used to classify the omitted individual.

(36) A similar procedure and analysis can be used for other pathogens such as the influenza virus described herein, as well as numerous other protein-based compounds.

(37) The analysis for identifying the MRSA strains of bacteria is done based upon 2-group classification scheme. First an investigation of the ability of Raman spectroscopy to distinguish the Staphylococcus genus from other genus of bacteria is conducted. The Staphylococcus group consisted of MRSA 1R, MRSA 2R, MSSA 15, MSSA 2S, and S. epidermidis, while the non-staphylococcus group consisted of Bacillus subtilis, and Corynebacterium sp. The classification results show that 100% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified with 100% of the Staphylococcus group and 100% of the non-Staphylococcus group correctly classifying. Five wavenumbers were utilized in the discriminant model; 725 cm1, 1158 cm1, 1209 cm1, 1420 cm1, and 1450 cm1, corresponding to vibrations of nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Raman vibrational band assignments are given in Table 1 shown below.

(38) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Wavenumber cm.sup.1 Tentative Assignments from Literature Location 620, 640 Amino acids (620 cm.sup.1 = phenylalanine, Protein 640 cm.sup.1 = tyrosine) 665-782 Nucleic acids (G, A, C, T, U) DNA/RNA 788 OPO sym str. DNA 810-820 Nucleic acids (COPOC), A-type helix RNA 829, 852 Tyrosine (buried, exposed) Protein 877-937 Protein [v(CC)], carbohydrates [v(COC)], Carbohydrates, lipids protein, lipids 1003 Phenylalanine v(CC) ring breathing Protein 1030-1085 Protein[v(CN), v(CC)], carbohydrate [v(CO), Protein, v(CC)], lipids carbohydrate, lipids 1095 DNA: PO.sub.2.sup. str (sym) DNA 1126 Protein [(v(CN), v(CC)], lipids[v(CC)], Protein, lipids, carbohydrates [v(CC), v(COC) glycoside carbohydrates link] 1158 Protein [v(CC)] Protein 1175 Aromatic amino acids, Tyrosine [(CH)], Protein 1230-1295 Amide III [v(CN), NH bend, CO, OCN Protein, nucleic bend], 1230 cm.sup.1 = sat lipid acids, lipids 1295, 1267 Lipids [(CH.sub.2)] likely unsaturated Lipids 1320-1340 Nucleic acids (Guanine, Adenine), proteins, DNA/RNA, proteins, carbs (1340 cm.sup.1) carbohydrates 1336 Amino acids [CH bend] Protein 1375 Nucleic acids (T, A, G) DNA 1420-1460 Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins [(CH.sub.2) Lipids, scissoring for each] carbohydrates, proteins 1483-1487 Nucleic acid (G, A), CH def. DNA 1518-1550 Amide II [NH bend, v(CN), v(CC)] Protein 1575-1578 Nucleic acids (G, A), ring stretching DNA 1585 Tryptophan, Phenylalanine Protein 1606 Phenylalanine, Tyr. Protein 1617 Tyrosine, Trp. Protein 1640 Water 1650-1680 Amide I [v(CO), v(CN), NH bend], Lipid Protein, Lipid [CC str] 1735 >CO ester str. Lipids

(39) Next, the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy to distinguish MRSA from other Staphylococcus species and strains is determined. The analysis continues all the way to stain identification. The DFA classification results are provided in Table 2 shown below.

(40) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Groups Cross validated Results Wavenumbers for the DF Genus Group 1: 100% of cross-validated 5 wavenumbers Staphylococcus grouped cases correctly Nucleic acids (725 cm.sup.1), Protein Group 2: Bacillus classified with 100% (1158 cm.sup.1, 1209 cm.sup.1), and Cory Staphlocollus and 100% Lipids/protein (1420 cm.sup.1), (Cory and Bacillus) Lipids/protein/carbohydrates correctly classifying. (1450 cm.sup.1) MRSA from other staph Group 1: 90.7% of cross-validated 6 wavenumbers MRSA1R and grouped cases correctly Protein (621 cm.sup.1, 1173 cm.sup.1, MRSA 2R classified with 89.9% 1338 cm.sup.1). Protein, lipids, Group 2: MSSA MRSA and 91.3% (MSSA carbohydrates (1126 cm.sup.1), Lipid 1S, MSSA 2S, and S. epidermidis) (1297 cm.sup.1), Lipids/protein (1420 cm.sup.1) and S. epidermidis correctly classifying. MRSA 1R vs MRSA 2R Group 1: MRSA 100% of cross-validated 3 wavenumbers 1R grouped cases correctly Nucleic acids (1320 cm.sup.1, 1584 cm.sup.1), Group 2: MRSA classified with 100% Lipids/protein/carbohydrates 2R MRSA 1R and 100% (1375 cm.sup.1) MRSA 2R correctly classifying. MSSA from S. epidermidis Group 1: MSSA 93.8% of cross-validated 5 wavenumbers 1S and MSSA 2S grouped cases correctly Protein (642 cm.sup.1, 1338, cm.sup.1). Group 2: classified with 93.9% Protein, lipids, carbohydrates S. epidermidis Staphlocollus and 93.5% (1126 cm.sup.1, 1450 cm.sup.1), Nucleic (Cory and Bacillus) acids (1578 cm.sup.1) correctly classifying. MSSA 1S from MSSA 2S Group 1: MSSA 100% of cross-validated 2 wavenumbers 1S grouped cases correctly Lipid/protein (1420 cm.sup.1), Group 2: MSSA classified with 100% Lipids/protein/carbohydrates 2S MSSA1S and 100% (1450 cm.sup.1) MSSA 2S correctly classifying.

(41) The first column in Table 2 lists members of each group. The second column lists the cross-validated classification results. The third column lists the specific wavenumbers utilized in the Discriminant function models which are shown accumulatively in FIG. 4. The results of this analysis indicate that MRSA can be separated from other bacteria down to the strain level using a minimal number of Raman spectral bands. Further, methacillin sensitive strains of bacteria can also be distinguished and identified.

(42) Next, the detection of a target pathogen with a confounding background is considered. For nasal analysis, background interference from potential confounding factors is assessed. S. aureus most commonly colonizes the anterior nares (the nostrils), although the respiratory tract, opened wounds, intravenous catheters, and urinary tract are also potential sites for infection. Since there are other bacteria and material in the exterior nares, it is important to investigate the ability to separate MRSA from other species of bacterium and confounding factors. Prominent nasal flora include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis cells, Corynebacterium sp., and Propionibacterium sp. Nasal secretions may also include Mucin, Epithelial Cells and red blood cells.

(43) For this work nasal swab samples are taken and inoculated with MRSA 1R, MRSA 2R, MSSA 1S or S. epidermidis. To determine if MRSA can be distinguished in the presence of nasal secretions, a cluster analysis is performed. The pure spectra, of Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, MSSA 2S and MRSA 2R in water as well as the spectra of nasal swab samples inoculated with MRSA 2R are analyzed. FIG. 5 show the results of a cluster analysis. The results show that nasal swab samples inoculated with MRSA 2R are grouping with pure samples of MRSA 2R indicating that Raman spectroscopy can be used to distinguish bacteria in the presence of confounding factors.

(44) To determine regions of the Raman spectra that are not dominated by background interference, the pure spectra of MRSA 1R (in the absence of background factors) was overlaid on the spectra of inoculated nasal swab samples. FIG. 6 indicate that regions around 640-740, 1200-1265, 1520-1560 and 1620-1700 cm1 have minimal background contribution.

(45) The spectra shown in FIG. 6 are pre-processed slightly different than those shown in previous figures. Due to the large intense peaks of background components, spectra were pre-processed with (1) derivative smoothing using a sliding window of 5; (2) background subtraction via a robust polynomial fit to remove spectral contributions due to fluorescence; and (3) normalization using the 1657 cm1 peak as opposed to vector normalization.

(46) The pure spectra, of bacteria in water, were re-analyzed with DFA using data only in the regions 640-740, 1200-1265 cm.sup.1. The ability of Raman spectroscopy to distinguish the Staphylococcus genus from other bacteria genus is shown in below. Five wavenumbers are utilized in the discriminant model; 640 cm.sup.1, 672 cm.sup.1, 725 cm.sup.1, 1209 cm.sup.1, and 1225 cm.sup.1, corresponding to vibrations of nucleic acids, and proteins.

(47) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Groups Cross-validated Results Wavenumbers for the DF Genus Group 1: 94.5% of cross-validated 5 wavenumbers Staphylococcus grouped cases correctly Protein (640 cm.sup.1, Group 2: classified with 95.8% 1209 cm.sup.1), Nucleic acids Bacillus Staphylococcus and 91.3% (672 cm.sup.1, 725 cm.sup.1), and Cory (Cory and Bacillus) edge of Amide III correctly classifying. peak (1225 cm.sup.1)

(48) The classification results show that 94.5% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified with 95.8% of the Staphylococcus group, and 91.3% of the non-Staphylococcus group (Cory and Bacillus) correctly classifying. These results indicate that the regions of 640-740 cm.sup.1, 1200-1265 cm1 have potential for bacteria identification. To test the model further, nasal swab samples inoculated with MRSA 1R, MRSA 2R, MSSA 1S or S. epidermidis were input into the analysis as unknowns. 100% of the cases correctly classified as staphylococcus. Further, the mean spectra of the Staphylococcus species and strains show clear distinction in these regions as best seen in FIGS. 8 and 9.

(49) The preliminary studies detailed above have shown a high confidence level that staph in general can be identified with 5 or less Raman spectral regions. In one embodiment of the invention, the system is designed to acquire Raman measurements in the presence of confounding factors. Measurements will be made directly in the nasal vestibule. The spectral regions of 640-740 cm1, 1200-1265 cm1, 1640-1740 cm1 have minimal spectral components due to confounding factors and show utility for this application. In another embodiment, the otoscope contains a nasal aspirator allowing the sample to be drawn into the end effector of the otoscope through an internal filter. This filter in procedure will reduce the signal from background interference. The spectral bands for this configuration are shown in FIG. 4.

(50) An analysis for identifying influenza virus is done using a similar classification scheme. Raman spectra have been obtained for several purified influenza viruses in phosphate buffer solution using hand held micro Raman spectrometer at an excitation wavelength of 514.5 nm fitted with a fluidic probe as further described herein. An excitation wavelength of 514.5 nm, resulted in a significant fluorescence signal from the samples. However, Raman peaks associated with the target viruses were sufficiently strong to be detectable from the background fluorescent signal. A sample of the Raman spectra collected for three influenza virus examined are shown in FIG. 7. The three strains of influenza for which preliminary results are shown are as follows: A/PR/8 and A/WSN/33 both being of the H1N1 serotype and A/Udorn/72 of the H3N2 serotype.

(51) The results confirm that Raman spectra can be obtained for influenza virus. In addition to confirming the utility of Raman for the investigation of influenza viruses, the data collected confirms that a number of Raman peaks exist for identification purposes. A comparison of the Raman spectra for A/PR/8 and A/WSN/33 shows a sufficient difference in the spectra, which provides distinguishing characteristics between viruses with the same serotype. The Raman spectra of all three viruses in FIG. 8 show a clear triplet of peaks at Raman shift between 2850 and 2950 cm.sup.1. These peaks are clearly present on all influenza viruses that we have been examined to date.

(52) This sample data clearly provides virus detection in general as compared to spectrum from other biological entities. At Raman shifts of approximately 700 to 1700 cm.sup.1, as shown in FIG. 9, a large number of distinct peaks are observed for all virus samples. While many of these peaks are common to all viruses tested, a close examination shows that the relative heights of the specific peaks as well as shifts in the position of some peaks differ with each virus strain. It is these peak ratios and shifts that are utilized to distinguish the various strains from one another. To increase the sensitivity and data characteristics of influenza, FIG. 10 shows the spectra of immobilized influenza utilizing background subtraction techniques. The spectral bands clearly identify the distinguishing pleated sheet structure amide I group as well as distinct carbon-carbon nucleic acids and other amide groups. These results clearly indicate influenza distinguishing abilities for Raman spectroscopy identification. The improvements in sensitivity and an increase in resolution in the described system will help in identifying and distinguishing differences in this region.

(53) The present disclosure further enables an analysis for distinguishing a live (active) virus from a dead (inactivated) virus. For example, results from sampling inactivated dried samples of A/PR/8 (H1N1) serotype influenza run at an excitation wavelength of 785 nm revealed difference in the Raman spectra of the virus based on the inactivation method utilized. The present disclosure has heretofore focused on active pathogen samples; however, preliminary results of testing the apparatus and methods described herein showed the Raman spectral data could be used to deactivation effects of the virus. In order to determine the deactivation effects of the virus, a sample of A/PR/8 was deactivated by three distinct methods: UV, heat, and chemical deactivation. When these samples were examined at an excitation wavelength of 785 nm, clear difference in the Raman spectra of the sample that was chemically deactivate were observed as can be seen in FIG. 11. This difference is most obvious in the shift of the peak from 1080 to 1040 cm.sup.1, but can also be seen in the minor shift of the peak located near 1340 cm.sup.1. Minor difference also exists between the UV and heat deactivated influenza samples, but indicates the sensitivity to change in the analysis. This information is useful for the identifying changes or mutations in the target virus. For example, FIG. 7 shows a significant portion of the mean Raman spectra of APR8/34 (H1N1), A/WSN/32 (H1N1), and A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) after preprocessing. Approximately 12 spectra averaged of each pathogen were averaged and the classification results are reproduced in Table 4 below.

(54) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Predicted Group Membership Virus Type WSN PR-8-34 UDORN Total Original Count WSN 11 1 0 12 dimension 2 PR-8-34 0 8 0 8 UDORN 0 0 12 12 % WSN 91.7 8.3 .0 100.0 dimension 2 PR-8-34 .0 100.0 .0 100.0 UDORN .0 .0 100.0 100.0

(55) Example embodiments of a hand held micro Raman based detection instrument will now be described more fully with reference to FIGS. 12-24 of the accompanying drawings. Example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope of this disclosure to those who are skilled in the art. Specific details may be set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail.

(56) The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms a, an, and the may include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms comprises, comprising, including, and having, are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of recited structure(s) or step(s); for example, the stated features, integers, steps, operations, groups elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of additional structure(s) or step(s) thereof. The methods, steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring performance in the stated or any particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional, alternative or equivalent steps may be employed.

(57) When structure is referred to as being on, engaged to, connected to, or coupled to other structure, it may be directly or indirectly (i.e., via intervening structure) on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other structure. In contrast, when structure is referred to as being directly on, directly engaged to, directly connected to, or directly coupled to the other structure, there may be no intervening structure present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., between versus directly between, adjacent versus directly adjacent). As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated referenced items.

(58) Terms of degree (e.g., first, second, third) which are used herein to describe various structure or steps are not intended to be limiting. These terms are used to distinguish one structure or step from other structure or steps, and do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context of their usage. Thus, a first structure or step similarly may be termed a second structure or step without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments. Likewise, spatially relative terms (e.g., inner, outer, beneath, below, lower, above, upper) which are used herein to describe the relative special relationship of one structure or step to other structure or step(s) may encompass orientations of the device or its operation that are different than depicted in the figures. For example, if a figure is turned over, structure described as below or beneath other structure would then be oriented above the other structure without materially affecting its special relationship or operation. The structure may be otherwise oriented (e.g. rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

(59) With reference now to FIG. 12, an exemplary form factor (e.g, Tele-View Wireless Otoscope by Advanced Monitors Corp.) for the hand held Raman spectroscopy based system 10 is shown and which includes a miniature laser package and optics. The hand held system may be configured as an otoscope for testing in ears, nose and throat, as an ophthalmoscope for testing in the eyes or, more generally, as a hand held spectroscope for testing wounds sites, food or inanimate surfaces. Functional components of the system components include a hand held form factor housing 12 and, a disposable interrogation tip or end effector 14 that is used for nasal interrogation. The system can be used with three types of end effectorsone for direct nasal interrogation, one with vacuum suction and filter, and one with proximity optics for wound interrogation. Other components not shown in FIG. 12 but illustrated and described hereinafter include optical sampling head having a hybrid micro mirror, an integrated micro CCD or CMOS imager with ultra-high resolution narrow range spatially graded filter (takes the place of a large delicate spectrometer), signal processing and identification algorithms for signal conditioning and target detection.

(60) A key to developing a hand-held Raman spectroscopy based device is the development of analysis protocols that allow for target identification and classification. Spectral analyses from discrete Raman bands that distinguish a targeted substance from background interference form the basis of this development. These discrete bands are used to develop learning algorithms that serve as a basis for detection and identification. A diagram of the functionality of hand-held device is schematically illustrated in FIG. 13 to include a probe front end 16, a set of micro-graded filters 18 and an imager 20. The set of micro-graded filters are designed for filtering at the discrete band, e.g. filters 18A-18D. As presently preferred, Filter 18A is a micro-graded filter covering spectral band 640-740 cm.sup.1 (3 nm band), filter 18B is a micro-graded filter covering spectral band 1200-1260 cm.sup.1 (2 nm band), filter 18C is a micro-graded filter covering spectral band 1520-1560 cm.sup.1 (1.3 nm band), and filter 18D is a micro-graded filter covering spectral band 1620-1750 cm.sup.1 (4.4 nm band). It should be noted for an excitation beam at 532 nm, filter 18A filters a band in the range of 550.57-553.80 nm, filter 18B filters a band in the range of 568.28-570.22 nm, filter 18C filters a band in the range of 578.80-580.18 nm, and filter 18D filters a band in the range of 582.17-586.61 nm. The imager 20 may be a CCD, a CMOS or other similar digital imaging devices.

(61) This point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology is relatively low cost and demonstrates feasibility for use in the resource-limited settings and triage settings to non-clinical utilities. The device allows for sample collection (with disposable nasal end effector on the device), processing and result read-out in the same area, without the need to send samples to a central collection point for processing or testing. It requires no sample manipulation and provides safe-containment of bio-hazardous material with routine disposal of the disposable tip. Output is provided in a visual format, without ambiguity, and includes a full process negative and internal positive control. Read-outs are available as inputs into medical management protocols. The system may also include an integrated barcoding system as a way of connecting a sample taken perhaps hours earlier to the individual who provided that sample.

(62) As noted above, the device is designed for operation in non-ideal conditions, which are expected for a field or point of care deployable instrument. This includes an ability to operate under temperature extremes between 0 and 45 degree Celsius. If the design is such that version capable of operating from 25 to +50 degrees Celsius could be produced, but may require heaters to prevent freezing that could impact battery life. The device is also designed to be water and dirt resistant to allow the devices to operate under non-ideal conditions. Only the disposable end effector is exposed to the patient, thus no sterilization or cleaning of the device will be required between uses. The exposed surfaces of the device may be fabricated with antimicrobial or bacterium-resistant material.

(63) The device, as an option, may also utilize existing bar code bracelets if already assigned at the point-of-care facility or site. The device includes a small low-power processor to operate the device, collect and analyze data, and store results. The device includes a USB controller to allow for the downloading of data from the POC device's internal storage to external devices, as well as real time display. The device on an auxiliary monitor may also include standard wireless/cellular cards if desired. The device utilizes an externally accessible, readily swappable, rechargeable battery pack for power.

(64) A schematic representation of the components of the hand-held Raman spectroscopy based device 10 is shown in FIG. 14. In this example, radiation from laser 22 is directed through a laser line filter 24, which transmits laser light while suppressing ambient light, to a 45 beam splitter 26. The beam splitter 26 reflects the laser light through the disposable end effector 14 to the samples where it interacts with the sample producing a Raman shifted signal. Light is collected from the sample at a 180-degree geometry and is transmitted through the beam splitter 26 and laser blocking filter 28. The laser blocking filter further prevents undesired laser light from reaching the detector 30.

(65) The Raman shifted signal then impinges upon a beam expander 32 (for example a simple beam expander 32A, 32B as shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B, respectively) that increase the diameter of a collimated input beam to a larger collimated output beam. The particular configuration and shape of the beam expander optics may be changed, such as off axis parabolic reflection, to make the beam expander more efficient and easily packaged within the device. The optical signals of the output beam are converted to electrical signals by an imager 30 with ultra-high resolution narrow range spatially graded filter 34 for processing. Filter 34 preferably includes a set of micro-graded filters 34A-34D as described in reference to FIG. 13.

(66) The disposable end effector 14 schematically illustrated in FIG. 15 is an attachment that interacts with the patient either inserted into the nasal passage or in proximity to a wound or infection situs. For direct nasal or wound interrogation, a lens 36 is integrated at tip of the end effector to allow laser light be focused onto the specimens and Raman scattered light to be collected. As shown in FIG. 16, a modified end effector 14 is used when sample filtration is required. The end effector 14 will connect to a vacuum source 38 allowing the sample to be drawn into the end effector body through an internal filter 40. In one embodiment, the device may be fitted with a small vacuum pump which functions as the vacuum source 38 removes gas molecules (air) from a sealed volume, denoted by the dashed line in FIG. 14, in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The vacuum will draw the sample into the end effector 14. Raman measurement takes place at an optical window 42 fabricated out of an optically transparent material such as quartz. The optical window 42 is located concentrically within a mesh 44 and a seal 46 formed on an end of the end effector 14 opposite the filter 40. Filtering the sample will reduce the signal from background interference by trapping large debris allowing bacteria or virus to pass through for measurement.

(67) The system is configured to deliver and collect light from the sample using an open beam path. Lens tubes 24, 38 are utilized to isolate the optical path and reduce stray light.

(68) The end effectors 14, 14 shown are disposable specula that detachably connects to the head 48 of the device 10 with, for example a twist lock connection to allow for precise optical alignment and ease of end effector (tip) removal. The end effector connectors may be equipped with or without a focusing lens. For vacuum suction application, the connector will house a lens 36 to allow laser light be focused onto the sample and Raman scattered light to be collected. For wound and direct nasal interrogation, the lens will be absent. The specula is designed as a single use component that is detached from the device head 48 and disposed in accordance with medical waste disposal procedures.

(69) For this system, the incident beam and collected signal light share a common path such that a 45 beam splitter 26 is used to reflect the laser light through the optics to the sample while efficiently transmitting the returning Raman-shifted signal light. A laser-blocking filter 24 at normal incidence is used ahead of the dispersion element 26 to completely block the undesired laser light. The diameter of a collimated input beam is increased with a beam expander 32 to a larger collimated output beam. With reference to FIGS. 13, 19A and 19B, a set of ultra-high resolution micro-filter quadrants 34A-34D are arranged in front of the imaging detector 30 and provide specific wavenumber or spectral band filtering by the discrete waveband analysis. Each quadrant 34A-34D allows for discrete spectral band detection with each micro-filter providing specific wavenumber detection for spectral analysis. The quadrants 34A-34D may be arranged symmetrically about the x and y axes as shown in FIG. 19A, or arranged in vertical bands as shown in FIG. 19B. The image sensor 30 converts the optical signals, into electrical signals. The imaging sensor 30 can be an integrated CCD or CMOS or the like.

(70) The unique micro optical filters provide a narrow range of spatially graded filter, which span the narrow spectral region covering a specific Raman Spectral peak or narrow region of closely neighboring peaks. Commercial graded filters do not have sufficient resolution to achieve 1 cm1 spatial resolution. The spectral wavelength is transformed to an imaging array position/intensity reading that provides a reconstruction of the spectral peaks of interest. The method of fabrication is a graded Indium Aluminum Nitride (InAlN) alloy that can provide spectral filtering by band gap engineering at any region between 1 eV and 6 eV band gap or 1240 nm to 206 nm. A hollow cathode based low energy plasma deposition is used to deposit the nitride alloy. Deposition is controlled by a sliding substrate window coordinated with a change in Indium deposition rate creating the graded optical coating.

(71) A narrow line width laser 22 packaged in a module with integral drive electronics is used for Raman excitation. The wavelength and laser power is chosen based upon the application. The laser is able to be used as an open beam source or be coupled to an optical waveguide.

(72) The spectrometer subsystem includes an electronic sub-system as well as an internal lithium-ion battery pack 52 to provide power to the system and allow for field-portable use. The system 10 is powered from either its internal battery pack or via an external charger/power adapter. The device 10 may have a provision for monitoring battery life and charge status. The device 10 may be designed with a USB controller (not shown) to allow for the downloading of data from the internal storage of the point of care (POC) device to external devices as well as a real time display (not shown). In the form of a compact LCD panel. The device may also be built to accommodate standard wireless/cellular communication if desired. The spectrometer electronic subsystem 50 utilizes a dedicated micro-controller to read the spectrum measured with the imaging sensor 30, performs the basic processing of the image data, and transmits that information to a display, PC or other similar interface. As previously noted, the device 10 may be fitted with a small vacuum 38 for pump to work in conjunction with the disposable end effector 14 with filter for vacuum suction application.

(73) In another embodiment, an device 110 is designed as a Raman probe with optic connection to a portable detection system 112 as shown in FIGS. 20 and 24. The device 110 is designed to deliver laser light to the sample and collect Raman scatter. To accomplish this, the device 110 is configured with waveguides, lenses, and filters that function to transmit the Raman scatter from the sample to the detection system for spectral analysis in a manner similar to that described with respect to device 10.

(74) The detection system 112 is a portable unit approximately 24 cm10 cm3 cm in size (641). Key components include a laser 114 optically coupled to the device 110 for Raman excitation, and a spectrograph subunit 114 optically coupled to the device 110 for the measurement of Raman radiation intensity as a function of wavelength. A spectrograph subunit 116 indicated by the dashed box in FIG. 20 can be configured as, but is not limited to: a grating spectrometer, a prism spectrometer, or an interferometer. The detection system 112 will also incorporate a micro controller 118 for signal processing and identification algorithms for signal conditioning and target detection, as well as support a user friendly graphical display that acts as the human-machine interface. A color LCD display will have sufficient resolution to display use instructions, as well as test results in text output for go/no-go classification, and to graphically display a spectra. A simple menu structure with large pushbutton icons make operation of the device straight forward and user friendly.

(75) As shown in FIGS. 20 and 24 the spectroscope subunit 116 is configured as a Czerny-Turner spectrometer. Radiation from laser 114 is directed through a flexible optical waveguide (fiber) 120 to the device 110 and is transmitted through a laser line filter 122 and disposable end effector 124 to the samples. The light interacts with the sample producing a Raman shifted signal which is collected at 180-degree geometry. The collected light is transmitted thought a laser blocking filter 122 and coupled into a flexible optical waveguide (fiber) 126. The laser blocking filter 122 prevents undesired laser light from reaching the detector. The Raman shifted signal is directed through the optical waveguide (fibers) 126 to the spectroscope subunit 116 of the detection system 112. Light entering the subunit 116 is reflected off of the collimating mirror 128 and is directed onto the diffraction grating 130 which separates incident polychromatic light into constituent wavelength components. The diffracted light is directed to a focusing mirror 132 onto a detector 134 which converts optical to electrical signals for processing.

(76) As presently preferred, the disposable end effector 124 is a disposable specula that interacts with the patient either inserted into the nasal passage or in proximity to a wound or infection sight. The end effector design is similar to that described in FIGS. 15-17.

(77) Further details of the optical train for the device 110 are illustrated in FIGS. 21-23D. Light from the laser 114 is coupled into the excitation fibers 120e of the probe as shown in FIG. 19. As best seen in FIG. 22A, the excitation fibers 120e form part of the fiber bundle 120 which are concentrically arranged around the collection fiber 120c. In a preferred embodiment, the collection fiber 120c has a diameter approximately four times larger than the diameter of the excitation fiber 120e. A high rejection filter (laser line filter) 122A at the output of these fibers is used to remove Raman bands arising from the silica core, thus allowing only the laser light to be transmitted to the sample. Hollow core Photonic crystal fibers are used as excitation fibers in order to reduce/eliminate the need for filtering.

(78) Off axis parabolic mirrors 136, located beneath the excitation fibers 120 collimate and direct the beams to a 45 degree cone lens 138. FIG. 22C illustrate an excitation beam transmitted from the excitation fibers 120e and impinging on the face of the cone lens 138. As presently preferred, the height of the cone lens 138 is approximate twice the diameter of the excitation fiber 120e as best seen in FIG. 22B. This lens 138 has dielectric coated faces that allow the laser light to be reflected and the Raman scatter to be transmitted. In particular, the outside surface of the lens 138 is coated with a dielectric to reflect laser light and pass Stokes scattered light. The reflected laser light is directed toward the sample surface and focused with a convex lens. When the lens is absent, collimated light is output from the probe. Light scattered from a sample is collected 180 degrees relative to the direction of the laser beam. It is directed through the cone lens 138 which allows only the Raman scattered light to be coupled into the collection fiber 126.

(79) Two key elements of this design are the off axis parabolic mirror 136 system and the 45 degree cone lens 138. As best seen in FIG. 23B, the off axis parabolic mirror is an annular or doughnut shaped optic that has eight conic depressions or dimples 140 on its surface. Each of the eight dimples 140 forms a 90 degree parabolic mirror with its focal point at a designated excitation fiber 120e. As shown in FIGS. 21, 22B, 22C, 23C and 23D, the cone lens 138 is a hollow hexagonal optical element whose faces are at a 45 degree angle. The lens 138 has a dielectric coating enabling it to act as a long pass filter (reflecting laser light and transmitting the Raman scatter).

(80) Other features incorporation into the system includes: a strain relief boot 142 which provide strain relief to fiber cables, and exhibit a high degree of flexibility. A first connector 144 secures the excitation fiber (waveguide) of the device 110 to the laser 114. A second connector 146 secures the Raman collection fiber (waveguide) of the device 110 to the spectrograph subunit 116. A narrow line width laser 114 is packaged in a module with integral drive electronics for Raman excitation. The wavelength and laser power is selected based upon the application and target identification. The laser is coupled to an optical fiber or waveguide with use of a third connector.

(81) The second fiber connector 146 secures the input fiber 126 (or waveguide) to the spectrograph subunit 116. Light from the input fiber (or waveguide) enters the detection system through this connector. Behind the connector, a slit (not shown) having a dark piece of material containing a rectangular aperture may be utilized. The collimating mirror 128 focuses light entering the spectrometer portion of the detection system towards the grating 130. Diffraction grating 130 diffracts light from the collimating mirror 128 and directs the diffracted light onto the focusing mirror 132. The dispersive element 130 separates incident polychromatic light into constituent wavelength components and can be a grating or prism or a like. Focusing mirror 132 receives light reflected from the grating 130 and focuses the light onto the CCD Detector 134. CCD detector 134 collects the light received from the focusing mirror 132 and converts the optical signal to a digital signal. Each pixel on the CCD Detector corresponds to the wavelength of light that strikes it, creating a digital response signal.

(82) As noted above, the detection system 112 includes an internal lithium-ion battery pack (not shown) to provide power to the system and allow for field-portable use. The system can be run from either its internal battery pack or via an external charger/power adapter. The device 112 will have a provision for monitoring battery life and charge status. The detection system 112 may include an electronic sub-system which includes a PC-based processor 148, spectrometer 116, vacuum pump and valve controller (not shown), pressure sensors (not shown), and interlocks. PC-based processor is used to perform all of the computation and coupled to an LCD display 150 with a touch screen and/or perimeter function buttons 152 to handle menu selection. The spectrometer subsystem 112 utilizes a dedicated micro-controller 118 to read the CCD array, perform basic processing on the image data, then transmit that information to the PC using a USB or other similar interface.

(83) With reference now to FIG. 25, a flow chart 210 illustrating the detection process is provided. In particular, a hand-held Raman spectroscopic device as described above is operated to transmit a coherent light beam from the excitation laser onto a sample. The imaging sensor detects radiation from the filtered Raman-shifted sample signal (block 212) and generates image data representative thereof (block 214). The image data is then analyzed (block 216) and the spectral features at discrete spectral bands are examined to detect the presence of a target pathogen (block 218). If no target pathogenic features are found, the device displays and/or reports a negative result for the presence of the target pathogen (block 220).

(84) If target pathogenic features are found, these features are compared with baseline Raman spectra (block 222). Algorithms and classification coefficients are computed based on the baseline spectra (block 224). Typing of the target pathogenic features is done in a hierarchical approach and classification is assigned as the comparison moves down the hierarchy (block 226). If a positive database match is identified, the device displays and/or reports a positive result for the presence of the target pathogen (block 228). If a positive database match is not identified, the probability of the target pathogen's identity or membership within a particular group of interest may be computed and displayed or reported (block 230).

(85) A robust portable Raman spectroscopy based system as detailed above has many anticipated benefits. The nonintrusive, nondestructive technique for nasal examination and wound interrogation provides rapid and cost effective screening of a wide range of protein-based compounds including bacteria, virus, drugs, and tissue abnormalities. The method requires little or no sample preparation, reducing the need for storage of consumables. In addition, the ease of use and non-contact sampling make the device a valuable tool for point of care investigations.

(86) The device is a reagentless automated near real time point of care detection system that can enable healthcare providers to render better patient management and optimize clinical outcomes. Since the sensor can be developed to analyze bacteria, virus, drugs, and tissue, it can be promoted to a variety of market segments that include: primary care physicians, and drug stores.

(87) The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure.