Multi-layered stable propellant composition

Abstract

The present invention is directed to propellant grains having multiple layers consisting of an outer, slow burning, layer composition and an inner, fast burning, layer with desirable progressivity burn rates. The outer, slow burning, layer comprising a first energetic material, a first plasticizer and a first binder and an inner, fast burning, layer comprising a second energetic material, and the same plasticizer as the outer layer, and a second binder. The compositions in the propellant grain provided herein provides for a burn rate energy differential between the outer, slow burning, layer and inner, fast burning, layer of at least 2.

Claims

1. A multi-layered propellant grain comprising: (a) an outer, slow burning, layer composition comprising a first energetic material, wherein the first energetic material is nitroguanidine (NQ) or 1,1-diamino2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE), a first binder wherein the first binder is a cellulosic binder selected from the group of consisting of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose acetate (CA), or cellulose acetate nitrate (CAN), and a first plasticizer; and (b) an inner, fast burning, layer composition comprising a second energetic, wherein said second energetic material is different from the first energetic material, a second binder wherein the second binder is plastisol nitrocellulose (PNC), and a second plasticizer; and (c) wherein the first and second plasticizers are the same.

2. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 1, wherein the second energetic material is selected from the group consisting of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexa-nitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetracyclo-dodecane (CL-20), octohydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), guanylurea dinitramide (GUDN).

3. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 1, wherein the first energetic material is NQ and the second energetic material is HMX.

4. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 1, wherein the first binder is at least one cellulosic binder selected from the group consisting of polymeric nitrocellulose (NC), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose acetate (CA), and cellulose acetate nitrate (CAN).

5. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 1, wherein the binder for both layers is polymeric nitrocellulose at 11% or greater in nitration.

6. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of nitroglycerine, 1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN), triacetin, triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN), and nitratoethyl nitramine (NENA).

7. A The multi-layered propellant grain composition of claim 1: (a) wherein the first energetic material is about 5-70 wt %, the first binder is about 25-40% wt %, and the first plasticizer is about 5-40 wt %; and (b) and wherein the second energetic material different from the first energetic material is about at 5-70 wt %, the second binder about 25-70 wt %, and the second plasticizer is about 5-40 wt %.

8. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 7, wherein the first energetic material is NQ and the second energetic material is HMX.

9. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 7, wherein the outer slow burning layer composition or the inner fast burning layer composition further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of a stabilizer, a flash suppressant, and burning rate modifier.

10. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 4, wherein the total weight percentages of the additives are up to 4%.

11. The multi-layered propellant grain of claim 7, wherein the first binder is NC.

12. The propellant composition of claim 7, wherein the outer slow burning layer and inner slow burning layer are in direct contact with each other.

13. The propellant composition of claim 1, wherein the first energetic material is DADNE.

14. The propellant composition of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the first binder to the first plasticizer is about 1:1 to about 3:2 and the ratio of the second binder to the second plasticizer is the same.

15. The propellant composition of claim 1, wherein the first and second plasticizer is 1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Further features and advantages of the present invention may be understood from the following drawings.

(2) FIG. 1A is an illustration of a representative co-extruded propellant grain having an outer, slow burning, layer and an inner, fast burning, layer.

(3) FIG. 1B is an illustration of a different embodiment for FIG. 1A having a central perforation running through the longitudinal axis of the propellant grain.

(4) FIG. 2 is an exemplary two-layer test coupon that is comprised of an outer, slow burning layer and an inner, fast burning, layer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) Provided herein is a multi-layered propellant grain or stick having an outer, slow burning, layer and an inner, fast burning, layer. The multi-layered propellant composition disclosed herein overcomes the problems associated with traditional multi-layered compositions by preventing migration of components between the layers as the propellant ages while retaining the desirable characteristics and burn rate requirements (progressivity characteristics) of a multi-layered propellant composition.

(6) FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of a multi-layered propellant grain 100 composed of an outer, slow burning, layer 110 that may be shaped as a hollow cylinder and an inner, fast burning, layer 120 situated within the hollow cylinder such that the outer, slow burning, layer completely surrounds the inner, fast burning, layer. The inner cylinder may be single- or multi-perforated 130 to achieve higher progressivity depending on the processing limitation and gun application as illustrated in FIG. 1B.

(7) The composition of the outer, slow burning, layer is comprised of a binder in the range of 20-99 wt % and preferably 25-40 wt %, an energetic fill or a combination of energetic fills including, but not limited to, nitroguanidine (NQ) and 1,1-diamino 2,2-dinitro ethylene (DADNE) in the range of 5-70 wt %, and preferably 20-60 wt %, and a plasticizer or a combination of plasticizers including, but not limited to, nitroglycerin (NG), diethyleneglycol dinitrate (DEGDN), trimethylolethane trinitrate (TMETN), nitratoethyl nitramine (NENA) and triacetin in the range of 5-40 wt %, and preferably in the range of 10-35 wt %.

(8) The composition of the inner, fast burning, layer is comprised of a binder of 25-70 wt %, and preferably 40-60 wt %, an energetic solid fill including but not limited to, CL-20, HMX, RDX, and GUDN in the range of 5-70 wt %, and preferably 20-60 wt %, and a plasticizer or a combination of plasticizers including, but not limited to, nitroglycerin (NG), diethyleneglycol dinitrate (DEGDN), trimethylolethane trinitrate (TMETN), nitratoethyl nitramine (NENA) and triacetin in the range of 5-40 wt %, and preferably 15-25 wt %. While the energetic material may be different between the outer layer and inner layers, binder and plasticizer components for both layers must be essentially the same with nearly equal ratios of these two components between the two layers.

(9) The binder may consist of a cellulosic binder, or combinations of cellulosic binders, such as polymeric nitrocellulose (NC), plastisol nitrocellulose (PNC), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose acetate (CA), and cellulose acetate nitrate (CAN), that function to bind the composition in each layer. It is preferred that such NC and CAN binders be at 11% or greater in nitration.

(10) A number of plasticizers, or combinations of plasticizers, can be used as long as the binder type, plasticizer type, and the binder-to-plasticizer ratio are the same for both the outer layer and inner layer compositions. A typical binder-to-plasticizer ratio ranges from about 2:3 to about 2:1, preferably from about 1:1 to about 3:2. Exemplary plasticizers include nitroglycerine (NG), 1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN), triacetin, triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN), and nitratoethyl nitramine (NENA). The absolute weight percent of the plasticizer does not necessarily have to be the same for both the outer layer and the inner layer, but the binder-to-plasticizer ratio must be the same in both layers. For instance, two propellant layers having differing plasticizer compositions (in wt %) but a same binder-to-plasticizer ratio can exist, if the compositions of other constituents such as energetic solids, stabilizer, burning rate modifier, or flash suppressants are different in each layer. To illustrate, a multi-layered propellant in which the outer, slow burning, layer consists of 59 wt % of NQ (energetic solid fill), 1 wt % Akardit II (stabilizer), 20 wt % NC (polymeric binder), 20 wt % DEGDN (plasticizer) and the inner, fast burning, layer consists of 49 wt % HMX (energetic solid fill), 1 wt % Akardit II (stabilizer), 25 wt % PNC (polymeric binder), 25 wt % DEGDN (plasticizer), the absolute plasticizer compositions in the outer and inner layers differ at 20 wt % and 25 wt %, respectively. But the binder-to-plasticizer ratio in each of outer and inner layers is the same at a 1:1 ratio. Formulating two layers with differing solid fill composition may be necessary in order to improve the sensitivity, processibility, and/or performance of the composite propellant grain.

(11) Other additives such as stabilizers, flash suppressants, and burning rate modifiers, may be added to each layer. A stabilizer, or combination of stabilizers, including but not limited to, Akardit II, ethyl centralite (EC), and 2-nitrodiphenylamine (2NDPA) is added to each layer containing any amount of nitrate ester to stabilize the propellant by scavenging NO.sub.x (NO and NO.sub.2) species that are produced during the service life of the propellant. A flash suppressant, or combination of flash suppressants, including but not limited to, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, and barium nitrate can be added to suppress muzzle flash during gun firing. A burning rate modifier, or combination of burn rate modifiers, including but not limited to, bismuth subsalicylate modify the burning rate at a certain pressure range. All of the additives are incorporated anywhere from a fraction of a percent up to 4 wt % with minimum stabilizer content being 1 wt %.

(12) It is desirable that the resulting fast-slow burning propellant pair has the burning rate differential of about 2 or higher near the peak pressure to be effective in improving the ballistic efficiency. The higher the differential, the more the efficiency is improved.

(13) There are several methods for manufacturing the multi-layered propellant grains having the compositions described herein. One method utilizes a co-extrusion process to form two concentric layers having an outer, slow burning, layer and an inner, fast burning, layer of the propellant granule as disclosed by Durand et al in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20150284301. The co-extrusion process in Durand for producing concentric layers is hereby incorporated in its entirety.

(14) Other methods may also be utilized that is well known to those in propellant processing arts. For instance, co-layered fast and slow burning layers may be stacked and spirally wrapped as described in Blasche et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,013,743. Additionally, the propellant grain layers may be laminated. For the laminate process, each of the layers are laminated using heat and pressure and stacked in a rectangular slab configuration such that the fast-burning layer is situated in the middle between the top and bottom slow-burning layers. An exemplary illustration for this process is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,998 to Horst which is incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES

(15) Specific combinations of energetics, binders, and plasticizers achieving a burning rate differential of about 2 are listed, along with their predicted impetus and flame temperature, in Table 1 below. Typically, the higher the predicted impetus, or energy density, the higher the burning rate of a given propellant. The burning rate of a propellant cannot be calculated but can only be derived empirically. However, the energy density can be calculated using a thermochemical code such as Cheetah 6.0 (available from Lawrence Livermore Laboratory). For the slow and fast burning propellant pairing found in Example 1, the binder and plasticizer consist of 25 wt % NC (12.6% N) and 13 wt % BTTN. The energetic solids fills in slow and fast formulation are 60 wt % NQ and 60 wt % HMX, respectively. The calculated energy density difference was 286 J/g and the burning rate differential of this pairing was found to be 2.80 at the pressure of 430 MPa. In Example 2, the energetic solid fills were varied from Example 1 while keeping the rest of the composition ingredient ratios constant. The fills for slow and fast formulations were 60 wt % DADNE and 60 wt % CL-20, respectively. The calculated energy density difference was found to be slightly greater than that of Example 1 at 293 J/g. It is expected that this pairing would result in better, or as good, burning rate differential. Similarly, in Example 3, only the plasticizer type was varied from BTTN to DEGEN while keeping other variables constant. The energy density difference was found to be 294 J/g, which is greater than that of Example 1. Knowing that Example 1 has a burning rate differential of 2.80 at peak pressure, and assuming that the burning rate differential is closely tied to the energy density difference within a family of propellants comprised of common ingredients, Examples 2 and 3 show that there are many possible pairings of slow-fast formulations for the co-extruded propellant application.

(16) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 High and Low Energy Propellant Pairings for Co- extraded Propellant Application Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Slow Fast Slow Fast Slow Fast NQ (wt%) 60 60 HMX (wt %) 60 60 BTTN (wt %) 13 13 13 13 DADNE (wt %) 60 CL-20 (wt %) 60 DEGDN (wt %) 13 13 Impetus (J/g) 991 1277 997 1290 965 1259 Flame Temp (K) 2661 3715 2800 4066 2479 3558 Impetus (J/g) 286 293 294 Flame Temp 1064 1266 1079 (K)

(17) A total of 9 pairs of inner fast burning layer composition and slow outer layer compositions were formulated with the ingredients and amounts in accordance with Table 2. HMX was used as an energetic in the inner, fast burning, layer composition and NQ was used as an energetic in the slow burning outer layer formulations. The amount of energetic solid fill in the compositions was 60 wt % for each respective layer. Nitrocellulose (12.6% N) and BTTN were used as the polymeric binder and plasticizer, respectively, for both layers. The amount of NC in the compositions was 25 wt % for both layers while BTTN made up 13 wt % of both slow and fast burning layers, respectively. In this example, the difference in energy density, flame temperature, and burning rate differential between HMX and NQ was calculated to be 286 J/g, 1064 K, and 2.80 at 430 MPa, respectively.

(18) The compositions, impetus, and flame temperature values for each of 9 formulation pairs are presented in Table 2.

(19) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Compositions and Themochemical Data of Thermally Stable Propellants BTT Minor Propellant NC* HMX NQ Triacetin N Constituents Impetus Flame ID (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (J/g) Temp (K) Slow-2 25 60 6 7 2 884 1170 Fast-2 25 60 6 7 2 1194 3316 Slow-3 30 50 9 9 2 854 2190 Fast-3 30 50 9 9 2 1120 3059 Slow-4 21 66 5 6 2 888 2274 Fast-4 21 66 6 6 2 1215 3379 Slow-5 25 60 13 2 991 2661 Fast-5 25 60 13 2 1277 3725 Slow-6 21 66 11 2 977 2594 Fast-6 21 66 11 2 1295 3774 Slow-7 22 15 50 11 2 840 1157 Fast-7 22 66 11 1 1134 3061 Slow-8 27 56 8 8 1 872 7735 Fast-8 27 56 8 8 1 1166 3240 Slow-9 24 60 6 9 1 908 1333 Fast-9 24 60 6 9 1 1210 3413 Slow-10 28 53 5 12 2 941 2468 Fast-10 28 53 5 12 2 1163 3219

(20) If a paste-like low viscosity material is required for processing, PNC can be used in place of traditional wood pulp NC or cotton linter NC.

(21) The Slow-5 and Fast-5 propellant pair from Table 2 was chosen for further characterization to determine their burning rates and thermal stability. Results of that characterization are shown in Table 3.

(22) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Linear Burning Rates (BR) and BR Ratio of Slow-5 and Fast-5 Propellant Pair Fast-1 Slow-1 Burning P Linear BR Linear BR Rate (MPa) (cm/s) (cm/s) Ratio 100 11.46 7.08 1.62 130 15.17 8.49 1.79 160 18.94 9.81 1.93 190 22.76 11.05 2.06 220 26.62 12.23 2.18 250 30.52 13.37 2.28 280 34.45 14.47 2.38 310 38.41 15.53 2.47 340 42.39 16.55 2.56 370 46.40 17.56 2.64 400 50.44 18.53 2.72 430 54.49 19.49 2.80

(23) The burning rates of the two propellant formulations at 430 MPa, the maximum allowable mean gun pressure for the GAU-8 30 mm cannon, are 19.5 cm/s and 54.5 cm/s for slow and fast propellants, respectively. The ratio of the burning rates at this pressure was calculated to be 2.80. For the verification of composition stability, accelerated aging testing was conducted. The propellants were individually extruded, rolled, and sandwiched to produce two-layered test coupons.

(24) The cross-section of the two-layered coupons could be seen in FIG. 2 having a slow burning layer 210 and a fast burning layer 220 with a fast-slow interface 230. Individual layers can be made separately, overlaid, and pressed together ensuring an intimate contact between the layers. Smaller pieces of these test coupons were thermally conditioned for the accelerated aging test. The samples were aged at elevated temperatures of 60, 70, and 80 C. for the durations of 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days. The BTTN concentrations of the aged coupons were analyzed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the normalized values were compared between the slow and fast burning layers to detect any change from the initial condition. With an exception at the conditions of 70 C. and 28 days, the percentage difference across the slow-fast interface is less than +/10%. The % Difference value obtained at the conditions of 70 C. and 28 days was calculated to be an outlier and disregarded, since the value is farther than 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR) from the upper quartile. Considering possible errors in processing, sample preparation, measurement, and the fact that there is only 13 wt % of BTTN present in these propellant formulations, the percent difference of 10 and below should have negligible effect on the overall performance of the propellants. The normalized and relative BTTN concentration and percent difference values can be found in Table 4.

(25) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Relative BTTN Concentrations in Layers after Aging Relative Aging conditions Concentration BTTN.sup.1 % Duration T (C.) Layer 1 Layer 2 Difference BASELINE 20 91 96 5.5 14-DAY 60 100 90 10.0 28-DAY 60 95 92 3.2 7-DAY 70 89 91 2.2 14-DAY 70 85 85 0.0 21-DAY 70 90 92 2.2 28-DAY 70 83 68 18.1 4-DAY 80 88 92 4.5 7-DAY 80 91 85 6.6 10-DAY 80 89 88 1.1 14-DAY 80 86 92 7.0
Notes:
1. Analysis of BTTN conducted by high pressure liquid chromatography.
2. Relative weight concentration determined as BTTN peak area (integrated at 234.0 nm) divided by sample weight and normalized (divided by the maximum of all samples).

(26) The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention has been presented for the purpose of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is intended that the scope of the present invention not be limited by this detailed description but by the claims and any equivalents.