A CLASS-S RF TRANSMITTER FOR MRI SCANNERS

Abstract

In the present invention, an analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is processed by a Peak to Average Ratio Reduction (PARR) block to diminish the difference between peak amplitudes and average amplitudes of the analog input signal (X(n)). After, a distorted signal (h(n)) having low peak to average amplitude ratio, generated at the PARR block output, is processed by a delta sigma modulation (DSM) block converts the distorted signal (h(n)) into a digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Afterwards, the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) is corrected and amplified by a Class-D RF power amplifier fed by a feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) generated from a digital correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)). As a result, a digitally modulated signal (y(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is generated at the output of the Class-D RF power amplifier.

Claims

1. A Class-S RF transmitter for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners comprising a Peak to Average Ratio Reduction (PARR) block having at least a first output and a second output where an analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is split into sections in equal time intervals (t.sub.0), a distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) for each section is calculated by dividing the maximum signal value of each section into the maximum signal value of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)), each section is divided into corresponding distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) and combined together to obtain a distorted signal (h.sub.(n)), where the distortion coefficients (k.sub.(m)) are transformed into a distortion function (k.sub.(n)); a delta sigma modulation (DSM) block converting the distorted signal (h.sub.(n)), fed from the first output, into a digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)); a DSM based envelope modulator converting the multiplicative inverse of the distortion function (1/k.sub.(n)), fed from the second output, into a correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)); a dynamic supply modulator converting the correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)) into a DC feeding signal (env.sub.(n)); a Class-D RF power amplifier having at least a RF input and a DC input, the RF input of which the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) is applied to and the DC input of which the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) is applied to, amplifying the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) and via correcting the amplified digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) with the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) generating a digitally modulated signal (y.sub.(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)).

2. A Class-S RF transmitter for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners comprising a Peak to Average Ratio Reduction (PARR) block having at least a first output and a second output where an analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is split into sections in equal time intervals (t.sub.0), a distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) for each section is calculated by dividing the maximum signal value of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) into the maximum signal value of each section, each section is multiplied into corresponding distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) and combined together to obtain a distorted signal (h.sub.(n)), where the distortion coefficients (k.sub.(m)) are transformed into a distortion function (k.sub.(n)); a delta sigma modulation (DSM) block converting the distorted signal (h.sub.(n)), fed from the first output, into a digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)); a DSM based envelope modulator converting the multiplicative inverse of the distortion function (1/k.sub.(n)), fed from the second output, into a correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)); a dynamic supply modulator converting the correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)) into a feeding signal (env.sub.(n)); a Class-D RF power amplifier having at least a RF input and a DC input, the RF input of which the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) is applied to and the DC input of which the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) is applied to, amplifying the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) and via correcting the amplified digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) with the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) generating a digitally modulated signal (y.sub.(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)).

3. A method for carrying out the Class-S RF transmitter for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners as in claim 1 comprising the steps of splitting an analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) into sections in equal time intervals (t.sub.0) by a Peak to Average Ratio Reduction (PARR) block having at least a first output and a second output; calculating a distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) for each section by dividing the maximum signal value of each section into the maximum signal value of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)); dividing each section into corresponding distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)); combining each divided section to obtain a distorted signal (h.sub.(n); transforming the distortion coefficients (k.sub.(m)) into a distortion function (k.sub.(m)); converting the distorted signal (h.sub.(n)), fed from the first output, into a digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) by a delta sigma modulation (DSM) block; converting the multiplicative inverse of the distortion function (1/k.sub.(n)), fed from the second output, into a correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)) by a DSM based envelope modulator; converting the correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)) into a feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) by a dynamic supply modulator; amplifying the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) by a Class-D RF power amplifier a RF input of which the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) is applied to; generating a digitally modulated signal (y.sub.(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) via correcting the amplified digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) with the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) by the Class-D RF power amplifier the DC input of which the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) is applied to.

4. A method for carrying out the Class-S RF transmitter for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners as in claim 2 comprising the steps of splitting an analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) into sections in equal time intervals (t.sub.0) by a Peak to Average Ratio Reduction (PARR) block having at least a first output and a second output; calculating a distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) for each section by dividing the maximum signal value of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) into the maximum signal value of each section; multiplying each section into corresponding distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)); combining each divided section to obtain a distorted signal (h.sub.(n)); transforming the distortion coefficients (k.sub.(m)) into a distortion function (k.sub.(n)); converting the distorted signal (h.sub.(n)), fed from the first output, into a digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) by a delta sigma modulation (DSM) block; converting the multiplicative inverse of the distortion function (1/k.sub.(n)), fed from the second output, into a correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)) by a DSM based envelope modulator; converting the correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)) into a feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) by a dynamic supply modulator; amplifying the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) by a Class-D RF power amplifier a RF input of which the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) is applied to; generating a digitally modulated signal (y.sub.(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) via correcting the amplified digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) with the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) by the Class-D RF power amplifier the DC input of which the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) is applied to.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] An exemplary embodiment of the present invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings to be more easily understood and uses thereof will be more readily apparent when considered in view of the detailed description, in which like reference numbers indicate the same or similar elements, and the following figures in which:

[0009] FIG. 1. Basic block diagram of a conventional transmitter for MRI scanners in the state of the art.

[0010] FIG. 2. Basic block diagram of new generation multi-channel, all-digital RF transmitter for MRI scanners in the state of the art.

[0011] FIG. 3. Basic block diagram of DSM based Class-S RF transmitter for MRI scanners in the state of the art.

[0012] FIG. 4. Basic block diagram of one embodiment of Class-S RF transmitter for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners.

[0013] FIG. 5. An exemplary illustration of a distortion function for 2 ms Sine signal.

[0014] FIG. 6. An exemplary illustration of a correction function for 2 ms Sine signal.

[0015] FIG. 7. An exemplary illustration of an analog input signal for 2 ms Sine signal.

[0016] FIG. 8. An exemplary illustration of a distorted signal (reduced peak to average amplitude variation signal) of 2 ms analog input Sine signal.

[0017] FIG. 9. An exemplary illustration of digitally modulated signal with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of an analog input signal, at the Class-D RF power amplifier.

[0018] FIG. 10. An exemplary illustration of a RF signal at a band pass filter output.

[0019] FIG. 11. An exemplary illustration of an envelope signal of a RF Sine signal not applied to the Peak to Average Ratio Reduction process at a band pass filter output.

[0020] FIG. 12. An exemplary illustration of an envelope signal of a RF Sine signal applied to the Peak to Average Ratio Reduction process at a band pass filter output.

[0021] FIG. 13. An exemplary illustration of a frequency spectrum of a RF Sine signal not applied to the Peak to Average Ratio Reduction process at Class-S RF transmitter output.

[0022] FIG. 14. An exemplary illustration of a frequency spectrum of a RF Sine signal applied to the Peak to Average Ratio Reduction process at Class-S RF transmitter output.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] The present invention is related with Class-S RF transmitter for Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) scanners. The Class-S RF transmitter decreases the peak to average amplitude variation of the analog input signal. Thereby, the input signal is sampled efficiently at all amplitude values and Delta Sigma Modulation (DSM) Block performance is increased that a higher SNR and better signal linearity are acquired.

[0024] In the present invention, an analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is processed by a Peak to Average Ratio Reduction (PARR) block to diminish the difference between peak amplitudes and average amplitudes of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)). After a distorted signal (h.sub.(n)), having low peak to average amplitude ratio, generated at the PARR block output, is processed by a delta sigma modulation (DSM) block converting the distorted signal (h.sub.(n)) into a digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Afterwards, the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) is corrected and amplified by a Class-D RF power amplifier fed from a dynamic supply modulator by a feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) generated from a digital correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)). As a result, a digitally modulated signal (y.sub.(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is generated at the output of the Class-D RF power amplifier.

[0025] In the Class-S RF transmitter for MRI scanners, an analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is applied to a Peak to Average Ratio Reduction (PARR) block having at least a first output and a second output. In PARR block the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is split into sections in equal time intervals (t.sub.0). Preferably, the time interval (t.sub.0) is selected according to sampling frequency (f.sub.sw) of the PARR block. A distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) for each section is calculated by dividing the maximum signal value (amplitude value) of each sections into the maximum signal value of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)). Afterwards, each section is divided into corresponding distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) and combined together to obtain a distorted signal (h.sub.(n)) which is the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) peak to average amplitude ratio value of which is reduced. Dividing a section into corresponding distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) amplifies the each section. Technically, the maximum amplitude value of the section is equalized to the maximum amplitude value of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) [see FIGS. 7, 8]. The combination of each amplified section is the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) low amplitude of which is amplified.

[0026] In another embodiment of the invention, the distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) for each section is calculated by dividing the maximum signal value of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) into the maximum signal value (amplitude value) of each sections. Afterwards, each section is multiplied by corresponding distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) and combined together to obtain distorted signal (h.sub.(n)) which is the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) peak to average amplitude value of which is reduced. Multiplying a section into corresponding distortion coefficient (k.sub.(m)) amplifies the each section. Technically, the maximum amplitude value of the section is equalized to the maximum amplitude value of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) [see FIG. 7, 8]. The combination amplified sections is the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) low amplitude of which is amplified.

[0027] The distorted signal (h.sub.(n)) is applied to a delta sigma modulation (DSM) block from the first output of the PARR block. The DSM block converts the distorted signal (h.sub.(n)) into a digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)).

[0028] In the PARR block, the distortion coefficients (k.sub.(m)) are transformed into a distortion function (k.sub.(n)). Afterwards, the multiplicative inverse of the distortion function (1/k.sub.(n)) is applied to a DSM based envelope modulator from the second output of the PARR block. The DSM based envelope modulator converts the multiplicative inverse of the distortion function (1/k.sub.(n)) into a correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)). Thereafter, the correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)) applied into dynamic supply modulator. Dynamic supply modulator converts the correction signal (z_dsm.sub.(n)) into a high power (high voltage and high current) DC feeding signal (env.sub.(n)).

[0029] The digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) is applied to RF input of a Class-D RF power amplifier running in switching mode and the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) is applied to DC input of the Class-D RF power amplifier. The Class-D RF power amplifier amplifies and corrects the digitally modulated distorted signal (h_dsm.sub.(n)) via the feeding signal (env.sub.(n)) such that a digitally modulated signal (y.sub.(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the analog input signal (X.sub.(n)) is generated at the output of the Class-D RF power amplifier.

[0030] Now, the generated digitally modulated signal (y.sub.(n)) can be converted into an amplified Sine signal at the RF carrier frequency by a band pass filter. Thus, more linear Sine signal with high efficiency is obtained at the Class-S RF transmitter output.

[0031] It is illustrated that an envelope signal of a RF Sine signal not applied to the Peak to Average Ratio Reduction process at a band pass filter output in FIG. 11 and an envelope signal of a RF Sinc signal applied to the Peak to Average Ratio Reduction process at a band pass filter output in FIG. 12 (the band width of the band pass filter at the output of the Class-S RF transmitter is 1 MHz). It is clearly seen in the figures that the low amplitude areas of the signal are recovered with a lower noise in the FIG. 12 rather than FIG. 11.

[0032] It is illustrated that a frequency spectrum of a RF Sine signal not applied to the Peak to Average Ratio Reduction process at Class-S RF transmitter output in FIG. 13 and frequency spectrum of a RF Sine signal applied to the Peak to Average Ratio Reduction process at Class-S RF transmitter output in FIG. 14. It is clearly seen in the spectrums that the noise level of the signal in and out of the signal band is lower in the FIG. 12 rather than FIG. 11.

[0033] The functional representation of the Class-S RF transmitter method is disclosed below;

[00001]$\left[h\left[n\right],1/k\left[n\right]\right]=f_{\mathrm{PARR}}\left[x\left[n\right]\right]$$k\left[m\right]=\frac{\max \left(x\left[n.Math.\text{:}.Math.n+k_0\right]\right)}{\max \left(x\left[n\right]\right)},m=0,\mathrm{.Math.}.Math.,\frac{N}{k_0},k_0=\frac{N}{T{f}_{\mathrm{sw}}},f_{\mathrm{sw}}=\frac{1}{t_0}$$k\left[n\right]=\mathrm{upsample}\left(k\left[m\right],k_0\right)$$f_{\mathrm{dsm}.Math.\_.Math.\mathrm{env}}=\frac{1-z^{-1}}{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)+\frac{1}{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}+2}{\left(\frac{z}{z+1}\right)}^2$$z_{\mathrm{dsm}\left[n\right]}=f_{\mathrm{dsm}.Math.\_.Math.\mathrm{env}}.Math.\left(\frac{1}{k\left[n\right]}\right)$$\mathrm{env}\left[n\right]=z_{\mathrm{dsm}\left[n\right]}{V}_{\mathrm{dd}}$$f_{\mathrm{dsm}.Math.\_.Math.\mathrm{RF}}=\frac{1-z^{-1}}{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)+\frac{1}{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}+2}{\left(\frac{z}{z+1}\right)}^2$$h\left[n\right]=x\left[n\right]k\left[n\right]$$\mathrm{h\_dsm}\left[n\right]=f_{\mathrm{dsm}.Math.\_.Math.\mathrm{RF}}.Math.h\left[n\right]$$y\left[n\right]=A\mathrm{h\_dsm}\left[n\right]\mathrm{env}\left[n\right]$

Nomenclature

[0034] x[n]: Analog input signal x[n]=x(t=nt.sub.0), n=0, . . . , N, t=0, . . . , T [0035] h[n]: Distorted signal [0036] k[n]: Distortion coefficient [0037] f.sub.PAR: Peak to Average Ratio Reduction (PARR) block function [0038] A: Power amplifier gain [0039] V.sub.dd: Voltage Drain Drain [0040] T: Input signal pulse duration [0041] N: Input signal sampling number [0042] f.sub.dsm.sub._.sub.env: DSM based envelope modulator function [0043] z.sub.dsm[n]: Correction signal [0044] env[n]: Feeding signal [0045] y[n]: Digitally modulated signal (y(n)) with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the analog input signal (X(n)) [0046] h_dsm[n]: Digitally modulated distorted signal [0047] f.sub.dsm.sub._.sub.BF: DSM block function [0048] f.sub.sw: Sampling frequency