Clamping assembly for woodworking knife

Abstract

A clamping assembly to hold a woodworking knife in place in a woodworking machine. The clamping assembly comprises a clamping component comprising a body and an actuator. The body has three discrete contact positions distributed thereon: 1) a fulcrum located generally at one end, 2) a knife abutting portion located generally at the other end, and 3) a bearing surface located elsewhere. The actuator is for applying a clamping force to the body along a clamping axis located intermediate of the knife abutting portion and the fulcrum. The fulcrum is a surface having a normal that is at an angle to the clamping axis. The bearing surface is a surface wherein a line normal to the bearing surface intersects the line normal to the fulcrum at a position outside of the clamping component at a location farther askew of the clamping axis than the fulcrum.

Claims

1. A clamping assembly for clamping at least one or more knife elements onto a base member of a woodworking machine, said one or more knife elements having first and second opposed sides; said clamping assembly comprising: first and second clamping, components securing said one or more knife elements therebetween, said first clamping component abutting said second clamping component at least at one location; said first clamping component having two ends and first and second opposed sides and being sized and shaped to have three distinct contact positions, said distinct contact positions comprising, (1) a surface defining a fulcrum located generally adjacent one end of the first clamping component, (2) a surface defining a knife abutting portion, located generally adjacent the other end of the first clamping component, abutting the first side of said one or more knife elements, and (3) a bearing surface, all such surfaces at said three contact positions being located on the same first side of the first clamping component, with the bearing surface located between the fulcrum and the knife abutting portion of the first clamping component; said second clamping component having: i) two ends and first and second opposed sides, ii) a bearing support surface formed on the first side of the second clamping component and being sized, shaped and oriented, such that it engages the bearing surface of the first clamping component and iii) a surface portion also on the first side of the second clamping component sized, shaped and oriented such that it engages the second opposite side of said one or more knife elements; said first and second clamping components having openings formed therein extending between the clamping components' respective first and second sides and located between their respective ends, said opening, in the first clamping component being located intermediate of the knife abutting portion and the fulcrum, and said openings being in alignment with each other; an actuator applying a clamping force to said first clamping component along a clamping axis defined by the aligned openings in the clamping components, said actuator having a head engaging the second side of the first clamping component and a threaded shank extending from the head through the aligned openings in said damping components to secure said clamping components on the base member, whereby the clamping force is directed by said first clamping component against the first side of said one or more knife elements at the knife abutting portion and at said fulcrum toward the second clamping component; i) said surface defining the fulcrum of the first clamping component, ii) said surface defining the knife abutting portion of the first clamping component and iii) said surface portion of the second clamping component engaging the second opposite side of said on or more knife elements all lying on planes being generally parallel to each other and all inclined relative to the clamping axis and transverse to it whereby the first clamping component is caused to slide relative to the second clamping component under the action of the clamping force; said surface defining the fulcrum of the first clamping component also being formed as a substantially planar surface which is oriented relative to the clamping axis such that a line normal to said substantially planar surface is at an acute angle to said clamping axis; said bearing surface of the first clamping component and said bearing support surface of the second clamping component being located facing each other parallel to said clamping axis and being sized, shaped, oriented, and positioned to not bear the clamping force such that a line normal to said bearing surface and said bearing support intersects said line normal to the surface of said fulcrum at a location farther askew of said clamping axis than said fulcrum whereby said bearing surface and the bearing support surface resist sliding movement of said first clamping component under the action of the clamping force and a reaction force developed at the fulcrum under the action of the clamping force has a line of action directed away from the clamping axis.

2. The clamping assembly of claim 1, wherein said line normal to said bearing surface intersects said line normal to said fulcrum surface at a position outside of said first clamping component.

3. The clamping assembly of claim 1, wherein said angle is less than 90 degrees and at least 20 degrees.

4. The clamping assembly of claim 1, wherein said angle is less than 90 degrees and at least 30 degrees.

5. The clamping assembly of claim 1, wherein said knife abutting portion is positioned askew of said clamping axis.

6. The clamping assembly of claim 5, wherein said bearing surface is positioned away from said fulcrum surface, and on the same side of a dividing plane as said knife abutting portion, the dividing plane being perpendicular to said clamping axis, passing through said fulcrum, and through the clamping axis.

7. The clamping assembly of claim 6, wherein said bearing surface and said bearing support surfaces are formed as substantially planar surfaces.

8. The clamping assembly of claim 7, wherein said line normal to said bearing surface and said line normal to said fulcrum form an acute angle of 70 degrees or less.

9. The clamping assembly of claim 8, wherein said line normal to said bearing surface is substantially perpendicular to said clamping axis.

10. The clamping assembly of claim 8, wherein said second clamping component is affixed to said base member and said first clamping component is moveable between an open position and a closed position for securing said one or more knife elements therebetween.

11. The clamping assembly of claim 8, wherein said first clamping component comprises a rear clamping component and said second clamping component comprises a front clamping component.

12. The clamping assembly of claim 8, wherein said first clamping component comprises a front clamping component and said second clamping component comprises a rear clamping component.

13. The clamping assembly of claim 8, wherein said base member further includes a pocket for affixing said second clamping component, said pocket comprising at least one contact surface for abutting said second clamping component.

14. A clamping assembly for clamping one or more knife elements, having first and second opposed sides, onto a base member of a woodworking machine, said clamping assembly comprising: a first clamping component having first and second opposed sides and being sized and shaped to have at least three discrete contact positions on said first side thereof, said discrete contact positions comprising a surface defining a fulcrum located generally adjacent one end of the first clamping component, a knife abutting portion located generally adjacent the other end of the first clamping component abutting the first side of said one or more knife elements, and a bearing surface located separate from and between said fulcrum surface and separate from the knife abutting portion; a second clamping component having first and second ends and opposed sides, a bearing a support surface on the first side thereof sized, shaped and oriented such that it engages the bearing, surface of the first clamping component and another surface on the first side of the second clamping component adjacent one end thereof sized, shaped and oriented such that it engages the second opposite side of said one or more knife elements: an actuator for applying a clamping force against said first clamping component along a clamping axis located intermediate of said knife abutting portion and said fulcrum surface of the first clamping component and between the ends of the second clamping component, said force being directed against said one or more knife elements and at said fulcrum; said clamping components having aligned openings formed therein located along said clamping axis; said actuator having a head engaging the second side of the first clamping component and a threaded shank extending from said head through said aligned openings securing the clamping components to the base member and applying said clamping force in the direction toward the base member and second clamping member; i) said fulcrum surface and said knife abutting surface of the first clamping component and ii) said surface portion of the second clamping component engaging the second opposed side of said one or more knife elements, all being generally parallel to each other and inclined relative to the clamping axis and transverse to it; said clamping force causing a force to be developed at said fulcrum having a line of action towards said second clamping component surface and a reaction force to be developed at the second opposed side of said one or o knife elements directed against said knife abutting portion; said fulcrum surface of the first clamping component and said surface on the second clamping component engaging the second opposed side of said one or more knife elements, being formed as substantially planar surfaces whereby the application of said clamping force by the actuator on the first clamping component causes the first clamping component to slide along said second clamping component; said bearing surface of the first clamping component and the bearing support surface of the second clamping component being formed as substantially planar surfaces oriented and positioned to not bear the clamping force and located facing each other parallel to the clamping axis such that the application of said clamping force results in a reaction force developed at said bearing support surface against said bearing surface which resists sliding movement of said first clamping component, said reaction force developed against said bearing surface not bearing the clamping force and having a line of action that intersects with said line of action of said force developed at said fulcrum at a virtual fulcrum; said first clamping component having a dividing plane perpendicular to said clamping axis and passing through said fulcrum and said bearing, surface being positioned away from said fulcrum on the first clamping component on the same side of the plane as said knife abutting portion of the first clamping component; said virtual fulcrum being located further askew of said clamping axis than said fulcrum and on the same side of said dividing plane as said knife abutting portion.

15. The clamping assembly of claim 14, wherein under the action of an external cutting load applied to said one or ignore knife elements, said virtual fulcrum is displaced further askew of said clamping axis.

16. The clamping assembly of claim 14, wherein under the action of an external cutting load applied to said one or more knife elements, said line of action of said reaction force developed against said bearing surface and said line of action of said reaction force developed against said fulcrum are shifted to displace said virtual fulcrum farther askew said clamping axis.

17. The clamping assembly of claim 14, wherein said acute angle is less than 90 degrees and at least 20 degrees.

18. The clamping assembly of claim 14, wherein said acute angle is less than 90 degrees and at least 30 degrees.

19. The clamping assembly of claim 14, wherein said bearing surface is positioned askew of said clamping axis in a direction towards said knife abutting portion.

20. The clamping assembly of claim 14, wherein said line normal to said bearing surface and said line normal to said fulcrum form an angle of 70 degrees or less.

21. The clamping assembly of claim 20, wherein said line normal to said bearing surface is substantially perpendicular to said clamping axis.

22. A clamping assembly for clamping one or more knife elements having first and second opposed sides onto a woodworking machine, said assembly including: a first clamping component having two ends and first and second opposed sides, said first clamping component being sized and shaped to have three discrete contact positions distributed on the first side thereof, said three discrete contact positions comprising a surface defining a fulcrum located generally adjacent one end of said first side of the first clamping component, a surface defining a knife abutting portion located generally adjacent the other end of said first side of the first clamping component abutting the first side of said one or more knife elements, and a bearing surface located on said first side of said first clamping component separate from said fulcrum and positioned between the fulcrum and the knife abutting portion; a second clamping component having two ends and opposed sides, including a surface portion on the first side thereof sized, shaped and oriented such that said surface portion engages the second opposed side of said one or more knife elements to clamp said one or more knife elements between the clamping components and a bearing support surface on said first side of the second clamping component being sized, shaped and oriented such that said bearing support surface engages the bearing surface of the first clamping component; a base member having a fulcrum support surface formed thereon and a recess formed therein that is generally complementary to a portion of the peripheral surface of said second clamping component to seat the second clamping component relative to said fulcrum support surface of said base member; said first and second clamping components having openings formed therein located between the ends of the clamping component and extending there through from one side to the other in alignment with each other when the bearing support surface and bearing surface of the clamp elements are engaged; an actuator having i) a head engaged with the second surface of the first clamping component and ii) a threaded shank extending through the aligned openings in the clamping components; said shank having an end portion threadedly engaged in said base member whereby rotation of the actuator applies a clamping force to said first clamping component along a clamping axis located intermediate of said knife abutting portion and said fulcrum and in a direction towards the second clamping element and base member; said base member's fulcrum support surface being located thereon such that it engages the fulcrum surface of the first clamping component, such engagement supporting the first clamping component under the action of the clamping force and causing a reaction force to be developed against said fulcrum surface having a line of action that is directed away from said clamping axis; said fulcrum surface of the first clamping component and said fulcrum support surface of the base member being formed as substantially planar surfaces sized, shaped and oriented such that a line normal to said fulcrum surface and said fulcrum support surface of the base member is at an acute angle to said clamping axis; said surfaces defining the fulcrum and knife abutting portion of the first clamping component, said surface portion of the second component engaging said one or more knife elements and said fulcrum support surface of said base member all being generally parallel to each other and inclined relative to the clamping axis, whereby the first clamping component is caused to slide relative to the second clamping component and base member under the action of the clamping force; said bearing surface of the first clamping component and the bearing support surface of the second clamping component being formed as substantially planar surfaces being sized, shaped, oriented and positioned on the respective clamping components so as to not bear the clamping force end located facing each other parallel to the clamping axis so that a line normal to said bearing surface intersects said line normal to said fulcrum at a location farther askew of said clamping axis than said fulcrum whereby said engagement of said bearing surface and said bearing support surface resists movement of said first clamping component under the action of the clamping force.

23. The clamping assembly as defined in claim 22, wherein the recess in the base member and a portion of the peripheral surface of the second clamping component seated in the recess each have first seating surfaces which are parallel to and engage each other and form an acute angle transverse to the direction of the clamping force applied by the actuator.

24. The clamping assembly as defined in claim 23, wherein the recess in the bas member and a portion of the second clamping component seated in the recess each have second seating surfaces which are parallel to and engage each other at an angle to said first seating surfaces.

25. The clamping assembly as defined in claim 23, wherein the angle is an acute angle less than 90 and more than 20.

26. A clamping assembly for clamping one or more knife elements having first and second opposed sides onto a woodworking machine, said clamping assembly including; a first clamping component having two ends and first and second opposed sides and being sized and shaped to have at least three discrete contact positions, said discrete contact positions located on said first side of said first clamping component comprising a first surface portion defining a fulcrum located generally adjacent one end of the first clamping component, a second surface defining a knife abutting portion located generally adjacent the other end of the first clamping component abutting the first side of said one or more knife elements, and a third surface portion defining a bearing, surface located on said first side of said first clamping component separate from said fulcrum and between the fulcrum and the knife abutting portion; a second clamping component having two ends and opposed sides including a surface portion on one side thereof engaging the second opposite side of said one or more knife elements to clamp said one or more knife elements between the clamping components; and a substantially planar bearing support surface on the same side of the second clamping component as the surface portion engaging the second side of said one more knife elements and engaging the bearing surface of said first clamping component; a base member having a fulcrum support surface formed thereon and a recess formed therein that is generally complementary to a portion of the peripheral surface of said second clamping, component to ac at the second clamping component relative to said fulcrum support surface of said base member; said first and second clamping components having openings formed therein located between their ends and extending from side to side of each clamping component and positioned to align when the bearing support surface and bearing surface of the clamp elements are engaged; an actuator having a head engaged with the second surface of the first clamping component and a threaded shank extending through the aligned openings in the clamping components; said shank having an end portion threadedly engaged in said base member whereby rotation of the actuator applies a clamping force to said first clamping component along a clamping axis located intermediate of said knife abutting portion and said fulcrum of the first clamping component and in a direction towards the second clamping component and base member; said fulcrum surface of the first clamping component, said fulcrum support surface of said base member, said knife abutting portion of said first clamping component and said surface of the second clamping component engaging the second side of said one or more knife elements all being generally parallel to each other and inclined relative to the clamping axis, said base member's fulcrum support surface being located thereon such that it engage the first surface portion of the first clamping component defining said fulcrum, such engagement supporting the first clamping component under the action of the clamping force and resulting in a first reaction force being developed against said fulcrum of the first clamping component, and a second reaction force being developed against said surface of the second clamping component engaging the second side of said one or more knife elements; said first reaction force at said fulcrum having a line of action that is at an acute angle to said clamping axis and is directed away from the clamping axis; said bearing surface of the first clamping component and the bearing support surface of the second clamping component being sized, shaped, oriented, and positioned to engage each other such that they do not bear the clamping force and are generally planar surfaces facing each other and being parallel to the clamping axis, whereby the clamping force is directed by the first clamping component against said one or more knife elements and said fulcrum support surface and causes said first clamping component to slide under the action of the first and second reaction forces developed against the first clamping component at said fulcrum support surface and the reaction force developed against said one or more knife elements, and the engagement of said bearing surface and said bearing support surface resists sliding of said first clamping component with a third reaction force developed against the bearing surface having a line of action that intersects with said line of action of said first reaction force developed against said fulcrum at a location farther askew of said clamping axis than said fulcrum, whereby the fulcrum and knife support surfaces support the clamping component against the clamping force induced by the actuator and the third reaction force developed against the bearing surface by the bearing support surface resists sliding of the first clamping member.

27. The clamping assembly as defined in claim 26, wherein the recess in the base member and a portion of the peripheral surface of the second clamping component seated in the recess each have first seating surfaces which are parallel to and engage each other and form an acute angle transverse to the direction of the clamping force applied by the actuator.

28. A clamping assembly as defined in claim 27, wherein the recess in the base member and a portion of the second clamping component seated in the recess each have second seating surfaces which are parallel to and engage each other at an angle to said first seating surfaces.

29. The clamping assembly as defined in claim 28, wherein the angle is an acute angle.

30. The clamping assembly as defined in claim 26, wherein said bearing surface of the first clamping component is formed as a substantially planar surface positioned on said body such that a line normal to said bearing surface intersects said line of action of said first reaction force against said fulcrum at a position outside of said clamping component at a location farther askew of said clamping axis than said fulcrum.

31. The clamping assembly as defined in claim 29, wherein the angle is 60.

32. The clamping assembly of claim 26 wherein the bearing surface is a single surface.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Reference will now be made, by way of example only, to preferred embodiments of the invention as depicted in the attached drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a view of a typical prior art clamping assembly;

(3) FIG. 2 is a view of a first embodiment of the present invention;

(4) FIG. 3 is a variation of the embodiment of FIG. 2;

(5) FIG. 4 is a second embodiment of the present invention;

(6) FIG. 5 is a sectional view similar to FIGS. 2-4 but of a third more compact embodiment of the invention;

(7) FIG. 6 is a first variant of the embodiment of FIG. 5; and

(8) FIG. 7 is a second variant of the embodiment of FIG. 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(9) FIG. 1 shows a typical prior art knife clamping assembly constructed according to the principles of a third order lever. With this arrangement, the force developed by an actuator, in the form of a screw 10, is applied to a clamping component 12 which pivots about a fulcrum 14 formed in the assembly. The line of action of the force developed by the screw 10, shown as Fb, is positioned between the fulcrum 14 and the location where the clamping component 12 abuts a knife element 16.

(10) As can be seen in FIG. 1, the fulcrum 14 is formed of two opposing inclined surfaces that allow the actuated clamping component 12 to be engaged, or interlocked, with the member which it abuts. The two opposing inclined surfaces allow the clamping component 12 to pivot under the action of the force developed by the screw 10 but restrict its movement in a direction parallel to and perpendicular to the line of action of the force developed by the screw 10. As a result of the shape of the fulcrum 14, clamping component 12 cannot slide in a direction that is orthogonal to the line of action of the screw 10.

(11) As per the principles of a third order lever, the force applied to the knife element 16 under the action of the force developed by the screw 10 is a function of the distance between the fulcrum position, screw location, and contact point with the knife element 16. Most specifically, this force is a function of the distance between the line of action of the screw 10 and the fulcrum 14 and the distance between the line of action of the screw 10 and the location where clamping component 12 abuts knife element 16. In FIG. 1, these distances are illustrated as D and d respectively.

(12) Key to understanding the present invention is the point at the fulcrum 14 about which the distance D is determined. In order to establish the fraction of the force developed by the screw 10 that is applied to the knife element 16, it is necessary to examine the forces developed at the fulcrum 16. While with most third order arrangements this point will coincide closely with the physical location in which the actuated clamping component pivots, analysis of the present invention will show that this not necessarily be so.

(13) Shown in FIG. 1 are the two reaction forces, R2 and R3, developed at each of the opposing inclined surfaces which comprise the fulcrum 14 under the action of the force Fb developed by the screw 10. For the sake of simplifying the analysis, friction is not considered and the reaction forces R2 and R3 are considered to pass through the centre of these surfaces which would coincide with the approximate centre of pressure. Although this simplified approach is taken in the interest of clarity, the present arguments apply equally to the situation where friction is considered as a later discussion will show.

(14) Considering the case of no friction, the line of action of forces R2 and R3 developed at the fulcrum 14 will be normal to the surfaces and will be directed to resist the force developed by the screw 10. Turning to FIG. 1, it can be seen that the line of action of these reaction forces R2 and R3 intersect at a point in space that is intermediate the opposed inclined surfaces comprising the fulcrum 14. This point is identified in the figure as V.

(15) Examination of point V reveals that only the forces developed by the screw 10 and the reaction force developed at the knife element 16, shown as Fk, can act to pivot clamping component 12 about this point. Reaction forces R2 and R3 cannot act to rotate clamping component 12 about this position since their lines of action pass through this location. Accordingly, point V represents the position about which the distance D should be measured to determine the fraction of the force developed by the screw 10 that must be resisted by the knife element 16. This point can therefore be conveniently considered as a virtual fulcrum since it is about this point which the laws of a third order lever apply.

(16) Although prior art clamping assemblies functioning according to the principles of a third order lever exist having varied shapes and forms, the fraction of the force developed by the actuator that is applied to the knife element is dictated by how far askew the virtual fulcrum is positioned from the actuator. The greater the distance the virtual fulcrum is located from the line of action of the force developed by the actuator, the greater the fraction of the actuator's force that will be applied to the knife element. This defines the mechanical advantage of the clamping assembly. Greater mechanical advantage results as the distance the virtual fulcrum is located askew of the line of action of the force developed by the actuator is increased.

(17) Turning to FIG. 2, a first embodiment of the present invention is shown. A base member 100 forming a rotatable foundation body of a woodworking machine of cylindrical form is shown. For ease of reference only a part of base member 100 is illustrated. It will be understood that the present invention may be applied to many different types of woodworking machines with foundation bodies of conical, cylindrical, or disc form and showing base member 100 as a cylindrical segment is by way of example only. Further, base members as described herein may also be stationary as it will be understood that the current invention comprehends stationary base members where the wood is maneuvered in an appropriate fashion to achieve the desired end result.

(18) Within base member 100 is formed a pocket 102 into which a clamping assembly 104 is inserted. The clamping assembly 104 includes a rear clamping component 106 and a front clamping component 108. In this specification, the terms rear and front are used to describe their position relative to the direction of movement of the base member 100 with respect to the wood being processed (not shown). Front clamping component 108 is positioned towards the direction of movement of clamping assembly 104 whereas rear clamping component 106 is positioned away from the direction of movement. In this specification the terms front and rear are to be read interchangeably with the terms inner and outer since the front clamping component is positioned towards the inside of base member 100 which comprises the rotating cylindrical body.

(19) Within pocket 102 is affixed inner clamping component 108 using means (not shown) that result in it being rigidly connected to base member 100. Forming part of pocket 102 is a bottom support face 103 and a rear support face 105 for abutting the corresponding contact surfaces on inner clamping component 108. Located between support faces 103 and 105 is a radiused corner 107 present for stress reduction reasons. To permit the inner clamping component to achieve flush engagement with support surfaces 103 and 105, a chamfer 109 is provided on inner clamping component 108 between the two orthogonal surfaces abutting base member 100. Although abutting inner clamping component 108, it will be noted that pocket 102 is formed such that outer clamping component 106 is free of contact with any of the faces of pocket 102 such that a gap 140 is present between base member 100 and outer clamping component 106.

(20) Clamping assembly 104 further includes an actuator for actuating outer clamping component 106. In this embodiment, the actuator is a threaded fastener in the form of a screw 110 with a head 118, which most preferably is located within a recess 122 formed in the outer surface 120 of outer clamping component 106. The screw 110 passes through openings 112 and 114 in outer clamping component 106 and inner clamping component 108 respectively and is threaded into threads 116 formed in base member 100. While a threaded screw 110 is shown as the actuator, it will be understood that the present invention comprehends other clamping means, such as hydraulic mechanisms, electro mechanical actuators and the like.

(21) Secured within the clamping assembly 104 is a compact knife element 124 which is illustrated as a reversible (or indexable) type having two opposed cutting edges. The knife element 124 is shown clamped between the outer clamping component 106 and the inner clamping component 108 generally at one end. At the other end of the clamping assembly 104 a fulcrum 126 is located. The fulcrum 126 forms a point about which outer clamping component 106 can pivot which along with the knife abutting portion 125, form discrete positions for supporting outer clamping component 106 under the action of the screw 110. Reflecting a third order lever arrangement, the screw 110 is positioned between the fulcrum 126 and knife element 124.

(22) Also present within the assembly are a bearing surface 130 on outer clamping component 106 and an opposing contact surface 132 on inner clamping component 108 about which bearing surface 130 abuts. Along with fulcrum 124 and the knife abutting portion 125 of outer clamping component 106, bearing surface 130 comprises a third discrete position about which contact with adjoining members occurs. It will be noted that these contact points are positioned at separate spaced apart locations on outer clamping component 106 with each having specific functions as will be explained in greater detail below.

(23) When tightened, the head 118 of screw 110 is gradually drawn against outer clamping component 106 such that a clamping force is developed. This force, shown as Fb in FIG. 2, is directed against outer clamping component 106 along a line of action that is parallel with the axis of the screw. This axis, indicated at 128 and defined as the clamping axis, coincides with the line of action of the clamping force developed by the actuator.

(24) During tightening, the clamping force Fb developed by the screw 110 is resisted at both ends of outer clamping component 106 by a reaction force developed against the knife element 124, shown as Fk, and a reaction force developed against the fulcrum 126, shown as R2. Reaction force Fk acts to secure knife element 124 against inner clamping component 108 which is secured within pocket 102 of base member 100. It will be noted that bearing surface 130, formed as a substantially planar surface oriented mainly parallel to clamping axis 128, cannot offer any resistance to clamping force Fb.

(25) Due to the geometry, if there were no bearing surface 130 abutting opposing contact surface 132 on inner clamping component 108, the force of the screw 110 would cause the outer clamping component 106 to move rearward, specifically deeper into the pocket 102. This is due to the fact that the contact surface comprising the fulcrum 126 is substantially planar and is inclined relative the direction in which the clamping force Fb is applied. This inclination, indicated by the angle formed between the line of action of reaction force R2 and the direction in which clamping force Fb is applied, is approximately 30 degrees in this embodiment.

(26) Although the knife abutting end 125 is contoured such that it engages knife element 124 at its backside, the front side of knife element 124 is shaped such that it does not engage inner clamping component 108 in a fashion that would positively restrict its movement. In this manner, outer clamping component 106 is, at either end, free to slide relative to inner clamping component 108 when a clamping force is applied along clamping axis 128. This natural tendency to slide is resisted by the presence of the bearing surface 130 abutting opposing contact surface 132 on inner clamping component 108. Because of the presence of bearing surface 130 and the opposing contact surface 132 on inner clamping component 108, instead of sliding, a further reaction force arises, which is shown as R3.

(27) Unlike the prior art assembly illustrated in FIG. 1, it will be noted that fulcrum 126 is not formed to engage or interlock the inner clamping component 108. While shaped to allow outer clamping component 106 to pivot, the substantially planar surface comprising the fulcrum 126 is not formed to positively resist forces acting along its face. Due to the shape and orientation of fulcrum 126 relative to the clamping axis 128, fulcrum 126 cannot balance the reaction forces that develop against outer clamping component 106. Most specifically, the component of the clamping force Fb and reaction force Fk directed along the surface of fulcrum 126 must be resisted elsewhere if a state of equilibrium is to be achieved.

(28) Accordingly, fulcrum 126 can be considered as unbalanced since it lacks the ability to counteract the reaction forces that develop on outer clamping component 106 under the action of the screw 10, or equally, under an externally applied force directed against the knife element 10 that acts in this direction. This contrasts with the balanced arrangement of the prior art device of FIG. 1 that occurs when the pivot point is formed as two opposed inclined surfaces or other alternate forms that result in the actuated clamping component remaining stable in the clamping assembly under the action of the clamping force or any externally applied loads.

(29) Returning to FIG. 2, examination of the structure of inner clamping component 108 and knife element 124 shows that these elements also lack the ability for the knife abutting end of outer clamping component 106 to counteract forces directed along fulcrum 126. Accordingly, the component of the clamping force along this face, or any external loads that are applied to the knife element 124 that act in this direction, must be resisted elsewhere in the assembly.

(30) Preferably this is accomplished by utilizing a separate bearing surface suitably sized, shaped, oriented, and positioned to resist loads that cannot be borne elsewhere. Most importantly, this bearing surface is strategically positioned to increase the mechanical advantage achieved with the clamping assembly. By appropriately sizing, shaping, positioning and orienting the bearing surface on the actuated clamping component such that it cooperates with a separate fulcrum that has similarly been appropriately sized, shaped, oriented, and positioned, increased mechanical advantage can be obtained as will be explained below.

(31) That the projections of the lines of action of force R2 and force R3 intersect at a point V outside of clamping component 106. The lines of action are once again illustrated as being normal to the contact features acting through their approximate centre of pressure as would be the case where friction is absent. Again, while this is done for the purposes of simplification, the present arguments apply equally to the situation where friction is present as a later analysis will demonstrate.

(32) As can be seen in FIG. 2, the location of the point V lies outside of the outer clamping component 106 at a distance farther askew of clamping axis 128 than is located the fulcrum 126. As was the case for the prior art device illustrated in FIG. 1, this distance is shown in FIG. 2 as D. Similarly, the distance between the reaction force Fk on knife element 124 and clamping axis 128, is shown as d.

(33) It will be noted that point V represents the location where the only forces that can act to pivot outer clamping component 106 about this point are the clamping force Fb and reaction force Fk developed at the knife abutting portion 125 contacting knife element 124. Reaction forces R2 and R3 cannot act to rotate outer clamping component 106 about this position since their lines of action pass through this location.

(34) A static force analysis conducted about this point reveals that the fraction of the clamping force applied against knife element 124 by the outer clamping component 106 is dictated by the distances D and d in accordance with the principles of a third order lever. Location V can therefore be considered as a virtual fulcrum about which outer clamping component 106 does not physically rotate, but about which the fraction of the clamping force applied to knife element 124 can be determined in accordance with the laws of a third order lever.

(35) Accordingly, the clamping assembly can be analogized as being a modified third order lever arrangement. However unlike traditional clamping assemblies working according to this principle, the current preferred clamping assembly utilizes a fulcrum 126 that is purposely formed such that the reaction force R2 developed at the fulcrum 126 does not cause the outer clamping component 106 to achieve a state of equilibrium. While the outer clamping component 106 pivots about the fulcrum 126 in an analogous fashion to the prior art device shown in FIG. 1, an additional reaction force is required for the forces to be balanced. This is accomplished by having bearing surface 130 oriented and positioned with respect to fulcrum 126 such that the reaction force R3 in combination with reaction force R2 yield an effective or virtual fulcrum location V that is farther askew of the knives 124 than is the fulcrum 126 itself. Preferably, this is achieved in part by positioning the bearing surface 130 away from the fulcrum 126 in a direction parallel to clamping axis 128 on the knife abutting portion side of the fulcrum 126. In other words, if a dividing plane is defined which, (1) is perpendicular to the clamping axis 128, and (2) passes through the fulcrum 126, the plane has two sides, with the knife abutting portion 125 being on one side of the plane (i.e. on the knife abutting portion side of the plane). The bearing surface 130 is positioned away from the fulcrum 126 on the same side of the plane as the knife abutting portion 125. In the embodiment of FIGS. 2 and 3, the surface 130 is positioned in the direction of outer surface 120 of outer clamping component 106. This is towards the outside periphery of the clamping assembly 104, as shown in FIG. 2.

(36) As per the principles of a third order lever, for a given distance d, the clamping force Fk developed by the outer clamping component 106 abutting against knife element 124 will increase as distance D is made larger. With the current invention, the virtual fulcrum V is positioned at a distance D that is greater than is achieved when the fulcrum is formed and oriented such that the reaction forces are balanced at the physical fulcrum itself. Accordingly, increased mechanical advantage results that is above and beyond that which is attainable with traditional third order configurations such as with the prior art device shown in FIG. 1.

(37) Turning to FIG. 3, a variation on the first embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment the elements and structure are analogous to those shown in FIG. 2, except that the angle formed between the clamping axis 128 and the substantially planar surface forming fulcrum 126 is 40 degrees rather than 30 degrees. Since the operation and workings of this embodiment is otherwise generally the same as that of FIG. 2, it will not be described in any more detail herein.

(38) Comparing the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3, it will be noted that the orientation and position of the fulcrum 126 in FIG. 3 is such that the line of action of reaction force R2 results in the position of the virtual fulcrum V being located farther askew of clamping axis 128. This provides for increased mechanical advantage over the embodiment of FIG. 2 since the distance D is larger. Accordingly, under the action of a given clamping force Fb, a greater reaction force Fk is developed at the knife abutting end 125 for securing knife element 124 against inner clamping component 108.

(39) It can now be understood how the angle formed between clamping axis 128 and the substantially planar surface comprising fulcrum 126 develops mechanical advantage. By forming the fulcrum 126 as a substantially planar surface oriented at an angle with respect to clamping axis 128, the line of action of the reaction force R2 can be directed away from clamping axis 128. For a given placement and orientation of bearing surface 130, the virtual fulcrum V will be located farther askew of clamping axis 128 as angle is increased. If angle is too small, too little mechanical advantage will be achieved to make it worthwhile. It is therefore preferred to make the angle at least twenty degrees, with even more advantage being achieved with an angle of thirty degrees or more. However, the present invention is not limited to any specific minimum angle, although angles below twenty degrees are less preferred and angles below 10 degrees are much less preferred.

(40) Turning now to FIG. 4 a further embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment there is a portion of a base member 200, also illustrated as a portion of a rotatable cylindrical body including a pocket 202 in which a clamping assembly 204 is located. Clamping assembly 204 includes an outer clamping component 206 and an inner clamping component 208, which as with the previous embodiments, is indicative of the position of the components relative to the axis of rotation of base member 200. Specifically outer clamping component 206 is located towards the periphery of the pocket away from the point about which base member 200 rotates coinciding with the top of knife clamping assembly 204.

(41) Within pocket 202, inner clamping component 208 is seated against a bottom support face 203 and a back support face 205. A screw 209 is provided for rigidly affixing inner clamping component 208 into the pocket 202 of base member 200.

(42) Clamping assembly 204 further includes a means for actuating outer clamping component 206, which like in the previous embodiments, is in the form of a screw 210. The screw 210 passes through openings 212 and 214 in outer clamping component 206 and inner clamping component 208 respectively and is threaded into threads 216 formed in base member 200. A head 218 comprising the driving features of the screw 210 is placed within a recess 222 formed in the outer surface 220 of the outer clamping component 206. Locating the head 218 within the recess 222 such that it does not protrude beyond the periphery of outer surface 220 is preferred since it can be free of any potential contact with the wood being processed or other machine elements during operation.

(43) Secured within clamping assembly 204 is a knife element 224 in the form of a compact cutting blade of a reversible, double edged design. Knife element 224 is shown clamped between the outer clamping component 206 and the inner clamping component 208 generally at one end. While a cutting blade of compact form is illustrated, the current invention comprehends knife elements of other forms and sizes where the knife element is held clamped by the actuated clamping component at a location that is askew of the clamping axis.

(44) At the other end of outer clamping component 206, a fulcrum 226 is located about which outer clamping component 204 pivots under the action of the screw 210. As with the previous embodiments, the screw 210 is positioned between the fulcrum 226 and the knife element 224. Although fulcrum 226 is shown abutting inner clamping component 208, it will be understood that the current invention comprehends the fulcrum abutting other members such as the base member, or alternately, additional components attached there between.

(45) Also present on outer clamping component 206 is a bearing surface 230 on the outer clamping component 206 for abutting an opposing contact surface 232. Unlike the previous embodiments the opposing contact surface 232 is not located on the inner clamping component 208, but instead is located on one of the rear faces of pocket 202 formed in base member 200. Although the opposing contact surface 232 is formed on base member 200, it will be understood that the current invention comprehends contact surface 232 being formed on other components located intermediate base member 200 and outer clamping component 206 in which bearing surface 230 may abut.

(46) By rotating the screw 210, the head 218 can be brought to bear against, or displaced away from, outer clamping component 206 such that a clamping force is developed or diminished depending on whether the screw is being tightened or loosened. In FIG. 4 this force is illustrated as Fb and is shown to act along a clamping axis 228 that is coincident with the axis of the screw 210.

(47) By tightening or loosening screw 210 outer clamping component 206 can be moved between an open position and a closed position for the installation or replacement of knife element 224 as required. While a threaded fastener in the form of a screw is shown, it will be understood that the present invention comprehends other clamping means, such as hydraulic or pneumatic mechanisms and the like, that apply an appropriate clamping force along the clamping axis by engaging the actuated clamping component.

(48) In a fashion analogous to the previous embodiments, the application of a clamping force Fb to outer clamping component 206 is resisted at both ends by a reaction force developed against the knife element 224 shown as Fk and a reaction force developed against the fulcrum 226, shown as R2. As for the previous embodiments, these forces are shown acting normal to the features that comprise the contact surfaces and passing through their approximate centers of pressure. Due to the geometry, if there were no bearing surface 230 abutting opposing contact surface 232, the force of the screw 210 would cause the outer clamping component 206 to move rearward, specifically deeper into the pocket 202. This is due to the inclination of substantially planar surface comprising the fulcrum 226 relative to the direction in which clamping force Fb is applied and the fact that the inner and outer clamping components 206 and 208, and knife element 224, are formed such that outer clamping component 208 can slide at both ends, namely, at the fulcrum 226 and at the end comprising the knife abutting portion 125. This inclination, indicated in FIG. 4 by the angle formed between the clamping axis 228 and line of action of reaction force F2, is about 35 degrees.

(49) With the present invention this natural tendency to slide is resisted by the presence of bearing surface 230 abutting the opposing contact surface 232 on the base member 200. Because of the presence of the bearing surface 230 and opposing contact surface 232, instead of sliding, in the present invention a further reaction force arises at this position, which is shown as R3. Reaction force R3 acting at bearing surface 230 allows the outer clamping component to achieve a state of equilibrium. While a single bearing surface in the form of a substantially planar surface has been described for the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the present invention comprehends other forms of bearing surfaces. Further, the present invention also comprehends the use of more than one bearing surface such as two adjacent coplanar surfaces or multiple parallel planar surfaces slightly offset one with respect to another.

(50) As shown in FIG. 4, the projections of the lines of force R2 and R3 intersect at a point V, which is again described as a virtual fulcrum. As with the previous embodiments, it will be noted that the virtual fulcrum V is located outside of the clamping components, at a distance D from clamping axis 228. The distance between the reaction force Fk developed at the knife element 224 and the clamping axis 228 is again shown as d.

(51) The function of this embodiment is analogous to those shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. However in this embodiment, the bearing surface 230 is positioned on base member 200 at a location and orientation that result in a very favourable position for the virtual fulcrum V. Most specifically, the position of the virtual fulcrum V is located farther askew of the clamping axis than in the previous embodiments. This provides for increased mechanical advantage so as under the action of a given clamping force Fb, a greater reaction force Fk is developed against knife element 224 such that greater external cutting forces can be borne by knife element 224 during operation.

(52) An advantage of the invention can now be understood. By utilizing three discrete contact positions on the actuated clamping component, and appropriately forming, orienting, and positioning the contact surfaces relative to the axis about which the clamping force is developed, favourable mechanical advantage can result. This is accomplished by separating the contact surfaces not abutting the knife element into two discrete positions that are formed and oriented so that lines of force that develop through these locations intersect at a point as far askew of the knife element as possible. For a given distance between the actuator and the knife abutting portion 225, increasing the distance between this point and the knife element will result in a greater portion of the force developed by the actuator being applied to the knife element.

(53) For the preferred embodiments shown, this is achieved by forming the bearing surface and the fulcrum as substantially planar surfaces positioned at two separate spaced apart locations. The fulcrum is inclined with respect to the clamping axis and is positioned as far askew of the clamping axis as is practicable. To develop mechanical advantage, the bearing surface is oriented such that it does not bear any portion of the clamping force. It is positioned as distant of the fulcrum as possible in a direction opposite, specifically in a direction parallel to the clamping axis and to the same side as the knife abutting portion 125. The bearing surface is further orientated such that a line normal to the bearing surface intersects a line normal to the fulcrum at a location farther askew the clamping axis than the fulcrum. It will be understood that the direction of the lines normal to the surfaces are to be taken as outward opposite to the direction in which reaction forces through these surfaces can act.

(54) To maximize the mechanical advantage that will result, the inclination of the fulcrum should be maximized and the angle formed between the substantially planar surfaces comprising the fulcrum and bearing surface should be minimized For the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3, this latter angle is 70 degrees and 60 degrees respectively. With the embodiment of FIG. 4, the angle formed between the substantially planar surfaces comprising the fulcrum and bearing surface has been further reduced by inclining the bearing surface with respect to the clamping axis. For the embodiment of FIG. 4, the angle achieved is approximately 35 degrees.

(55) For the preferred embodiments described herein, the mechanics of the arrangement have been explained using the concept of a virtual fulcrum. This allows for a direct comparison with prior art assemblies constructed according to the principles of a third order lever with which the current invention has now shown to improve. As has been explained, through an appropriate choice of form, position and orientation for the two discrete contact positions through which reaction forces R2 and R3 act, it is possible to locate the virtual fulcrum outside of the actuated clamping component at a position farther askew of the knife element than could be achieved with a traditional balanced fulcrum formed within the clamping assembly. This allows the clamping components comprising the assembly to be made more compact and of higher strength than with a third order lever arrangement pivoting about a traditional balanced fulcrum.

(56) The location of the virtual fulcrums V for each of the embodiments is shown in each of the figures. As previously explained, these locations correspond to those that occur in the absence of friction. As is evident in the drawings, the locations of the virtual fulcrums lie outside of the knife assembly entirely and are farther askew of the knife element than is the position where the actuated clamping component pivots in the assembly.

(57) An additional and important advantage of the present invention is that utilizing three discrete contact positions as herein described makes for a favourable use of friction. Specifically, friction at the bearing surface and fulcrum with the corresponding surfaces with which they abut increases the overall load bearing capabilities of the assembly. This advantage is not present with knife assemblies that function according to the principles of a third order lever where the actuated clamping component pivots about a traditional balanced fulcrum formed in the assembly.

(58) The advantageous use of friction can best be understood by examining the impact of friction on the location of the virtual fulcrum. Under the action of an external load directed against the knife element, displacements within the components result in the actuated clamping component pivoting about the unbalanced fulcrum formed in the assembly. Movement at the fulcrum and bearing surface is resisted by friction such that the lines of action of the reaction forces R2 and R3 are shifted to lie in a direction shown in the figures as R2 and R3. Accordingly this displaces the virtual fulcrum farther askew of the clamping axis resulting in increased in mechanical advantage and the ability for the knife assembly to carry higher external loads for a given actuator clamping force. The attached figures illustrate the effect of friction on displacing the virtual fulcrum farther askew of the knife under the action of an external load. In FIGS. 2 and 3, the displaced virtual fulcrums are shown as V. However with the embodiment of FIG. 4, it will be noted that the location of the displaced virtual fulcrum is such that the distance D becomes significantly large such that almost infinite mechanical advantage results.

(59) A further benefit of the invention can be achieved by positioning the bearing surface on the actuated clamping component such that the reaction force R3 is at a location forward of the fulcrum, specifically at a point that is less askew of the knife abutting portion 125 than the location about which the actuated clamping component pivots. Preferably, this location should be as close to the knife abutting portion 125 as possible and as distant from the pivot location as is achievable. The embodiments of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 illustrate such a configuration where the bearing surface has been located askew of the clamping axis in a direction towards the knife abutting portion 125.

(60) The advantage in this specific arrangement is that it results in a construction that provides for higher stiffness and strength of the clamping assembly. The combination of three discrete contact positions according to the present invention with the further idea of positioning the bearing surface forward of the unbalanced fulcrum results in an arrangement where the actuated clamping component can be interlocked with the remainder of the assembly. This interlocking configuration results in a rigid connection between the actuated clamping component and the remainder of the clamping assembly. Under the action of the cutting loads, the displacements of the actuated clamping component are thereby minimized such that the overall stiffness of the knife clamping assembly is increased. This addresses a limitation typical of traditional third order clamping assemblies where the rigidity of the actuator, usually low relative to the remainder of the components, results in a clamping assembly of low stiffness. This offers the further advantage that the actuator is subject to a much smaller portion of the external cutting loads.

(61) As can now be understood, by forming the actuated clamping component to use three discrete contact positions according to the present invention, it is possible to construct a knife clamping assembly with such favourable characteristics as:

(62) High strength. Utilizing three discrete contact positions as herein described results in increased mechanical advantage relative to prior art third order configurations. A greater portion of the clamping force developed by the actuator is applied to the knife element.

(63) Compactness. Because the current invention affords increased mechanical advantage, the clamping assembly can be made more compact than traditional third order designs.

(64) Rigidity. By using three discrete contact positions for the actuated clamping component, the overall stiffness of the assembly can be made high. The rigidity of the actuator, typically lower than the individual clamping components, is less important in the overall stiffness characteristics of the assembly. This ensures that the knife element is not excessively displaced from its intended location within the machine when subjected to external loads.

(65) High reliability. The combination of increased mechanical advantage and a favourable use of friction yield a high external load carrying capability for a given actuator clamping force. This allows the knife assembly to function acceptably over a wide range of actuator preloads.

(66) High ease of use. Since the outer (or top) member of the clamping assembly can be the member actuated, it is possible to achieve a high ease of use all while achieving adequate mechanical strength and reliability. Further, the increased mechanical advantage afforded by the concept allows for the size or the quantity of actuators to be minimized.

(67) Simplicity. The three discrete contact positions as herein described allows for simple and cost effective knife clamping assemblies to be constructed from just two components.

(68) Standardization. The present concept allows for favourable shapes to be achieved for the knife clamping assembly such that a single standardized design can be utilized in many types of woodworking machines. Further, the present invention affords versatility in that a common compact design can be integrated with foundation bodies of various forms such that the knife assembly can be retrofitted to many existing or new devices.

(69) While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that many variations and alterations are possible without departing from the broad scope of the invention as described and drawn. For example, while a single mechanical fastener in the form of a screw is shown as the actuator in the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that clamping assemblies comprising one or more fasteners is comprehended by the invention. Similarly, while a single knife element has been described, the current invention comprehends the clamping of multiple knife elements in a single assembly.

(70) Referring now to FIG. 5, another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated which is somewhat more compact than the previously described embodiments. This is accomplished, in part, by making the inner or lower clamp component smaller than in the prior embodiments and having the fulcrum surface of the upper or outer clamp component engage a surface on the base member.

(71) More specifically a base member 300 (corresponding to the base member previously described) is provided. The base member 300 may be a rotating disk or drum in a wood chipper or woodworking machine, or may be a separate mounting body that is separately secured to the disk or drum of the wood working machine by bolts (not shown) as would be understood by those skilled in the art.

(72) Base member 300 has two pockets or recesses 301, 302 formed therein for respectively receiving or engaging the components of a clamping assembly 304. The clamping assembly 304 includes a rear or outer clamping component 306 and a front or inner clamping component 308.

(73) The inner clamping component 308 is connected to the base member 300 in any convenient manner, such as for example by bolts which are not seen in this sectional view. The pocket 302 includes a bottom support surface 303, a rear support surface 305 with a radiused corner 307. The inner clamp 308 has a peripheral surface in cross section including surface portions 303 and 305 which are complementary to and engage surfaces 303 and 305 when the inner clamp is seated in pocket 302. As in the above embodiments the pocket 302 is formed such that outer clamping component 306 is free of any contact with any of the surfaces of pocket 302. Likewise, the recess or pocket 301 is formed such that its rear surface 301 is free of any contact with the back surface 306 of clamping component 306 to form a gap therebetween.

(74) Clamping assembly 304 further includes an actuator, threaded fastener or screw 310 having a head 318 for actuating the clamping component 306. The screw head 318 is preferably located in a recess 322 formed in the outer surface 320 of the outer clamping component 306. The shank of the screw passes through openings 312 and 314 in the outer clamping component 306 and inner clamping component 308 respectively and is threaded into a thread bore 316 formed in base member 300. As described above other clamping means than screws may be used.

(75) A knife 324 is illustrated as clamped between the outer clamping component 306 and the inner component 308 at one end of the assembly 304. As in the prior embodiment the outer clamping component includes a surface portion defining a fulcrum 326. In this embodiment however the fulcrum engages a complementary surface 326 formed in pocket 301. This allows the clamping component 308 to be formed with a smaller width than in the prior embodiments.

(76) The fulcrum surface 326 forms a point about which the outer clamping component 306 can pivot. The fulcrum surface 326, along with the knife abutting portion 325 on the other end of clamping component 306 form discrete positions for supporting the outer clamp component under the action of screw 310, which is positioned between the fulcrum 326 and knife 324.

(77) As in the prior embodiments the outer clamping component 306 includes a bearing surface 330 and the inner clamping component 308 includes an opposing complementary contact surface 332 which abuts bearing surface 330 when the assembly is actuated upon tightening of screw 310. Thus this assembly also provides three contact points for the outer clamp component at spaced apart locations on the same side of the clamping component.

(78) Mechanically this embodiment of the invention operates in the same way as the previously described devices. Thus when the screw 310 is tightened against clamping component 306 a clamping force is developed along a line of action parallel to or aligned with the axis of the screw. That clamping force is resisted at both ends of clamping component 306 by a reaction force Fk (See FIG. 2) against the knife element and a reaction force R2 (FIG. 2) at the fulcrum 326. As before, bearing surfaces 330, 332 do not offer resistance to the clamping force.

(79) As also described before, in the absence of the bearing surfaces and the geometry of the knife and clamping components the outer clamping component would be free to slide relative to the inner clamping component when the clamping force is applied. This is resisted by presence of bearing surface 330 abutting contact surface 332 on inner clamping component 308. The latter is, of course, seated against the pocket surfaces 303 and 305 and cannot slide in the pocket. Therefore instead of clamping component 306 sliding a further reaction force R3 (FIG. 2) arises. As a result the reaction force R3 in combination with reaction force R2 yield an effective or virtual fulcrum that is further askew of the knives 124 than is the fulcrum 126 and increased mechanical advantage results.

(80) The surfaces 303 and 305 of pocket 302 form an acute angle to each other and the corresponding surfaces of the clamping component are similarly angled to each. In each embodiment the surface 303 extends transversely and at an angle to the clamping force axis. In the embodiment of FIG. 5 the surface 305 (and the corresponding surface 305 of component 308) is parallel to that axis. The engagement of surface 305 and the adjacent surface of component 308 serves to properly seat component 308 relative to clamping component 306 and also serves to resist rotation of clamping component 308 in response to clamping force and external loads placed on the knives 324 during wood cutting or chipping.

(81) It has been found that additional resistance to rotation of component 308 in pocket 302 can be achieved by inclining the surface 305 (and the corresponding surface 305 of component 308) at an acute angle to the axis 320 of the clamping force as shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 7 illustrates a slightly larger angle .

(82) Additionally, while the preferred embodiments show the outer clamping component as the actuated component, the invention comprehends clamping assemblies where the inner clamping component is actuated and the outer clamping component is affixed to the base member. Other variations will also be apparent to those skilled in the art.