Quantum dot light emitting diode (LED) with suppressed photobrightening

Abstract

A device and associated method are provided for a light emitting diode device (LED) with suppressed quantum dot (QD) photobrightening. The QD surfaces, with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 10 nanometers, are treated with a solution including a multi-valent cation salt. In response to heating the solution, multi-valent cations become attached to the surface of the QD nanocrystals, forming treated QDs that are deposited overlying a top surface of an LED. The LED device emits a non-varying intensity of first wavelength light in the visible spectrum from the treated QDs, when subjected to a continuous exposure of a second wavelength of LED light having an intensity of greater than 50 watts per square centimeter. For example, blue, green, or red color light may be emitted when exposed to LED light in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, or a green or red color light when exposed to a blue color LED light.

Claims

1. A treated quantum dot (QD) with suppressed photobrightening comprising: a QD nanocrystal having a surface with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 10 nanometers (nm), capable of emissions in the visible spectrum of light; elements attached to the surface of the QD nanocrystal consisting of cations; and, wherein the treated QD emits a non-varying intensity of first wavelength of light in the visible spectrum when subjected to a continuous exposure of a second wavelength of light having an intensity of greater than 50 watts per square centimeter (W/cm.sup.2).

2. The treated QD of claim 1 wherein the QD nanocrystal has a structure selected from the group consisting of a solitary core and a core-single shell structure.

3. The treated QD of claim 1 wherein the QD nanocrystal comprises a binary or binary alloyed material surface; and, wherein the cations are divalent cations.

4. The treated QD of claim 3 wherein the QD nanocrystal surface is selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaAs, InAs, InN, InP, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, and combinations thereof.

5. The treated QD of claim 1 wherein the QD nanocrystal comprises a tertiary or tertiary alloyed surface; and, wherein the cations are selected from the group consisting of trivalent cations, divalent cations, monovalent cations, and combinations thereof.

6. The treated QD of claim 5 wherein the QD nanocrystal surface is selected from the group consisting of ZnSSe, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, CdSSe, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnCdS, ZnCdSe, ZnCdTe, ZnCdSSe, ZnCdSeTe, InGaAs, GaAlAs, InGaN, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaS.sub.2, Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)S.sub.2, CuIn(Se,S).sub.2, CuZn(Se,S).sub.2, CuSn(Se,S).sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)(Se,S).sub.2, and combinations thereof.

7. The treated QD of claim 1 wherein the QD nanocrystal comprises a Type III-V semiconductor surface; and, wherein the cations are selected from the group consisting of trivalent cations, divalent cations, and combinations thereof.

8. The treated QD of claim 7 wherein the trivalent cations are selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Fe, Sb, and Bi.

9. The treated QD of claim 1 wherein the treated quantum dot emits light selected from the group consisting of blue, green, and red color light when exposed to light in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum.

10. The treated QD of claim 1 wherein the treated quantum dot emits a light color selected from the group consisting of red and green light when exposed to a blue color light.

11. A quantum dot (QD) light emitting diode (LED) device with suppressed photobrightening, the device comprising: an LED with a top surface; a plurality of treated QDs with suppressed photobrightening overlying the LED top surface, each treated QD comprising: a QD nanocrystal having a surface with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 10 nanometers (nm), capable of emissions in the visible spectrum of light; elements attached to the surface of the QD nanocrystal consisting of cations; and, wherein the device emits a non-varying intensity of first wavelength of light from the treated QDs in the visible spectrum when subjected to a continuous exposure of a second wavelength of LED light having an intensity of greater than 50 watts per square centimeter (W/cm.sup.2).

12. The device of claim 11 wherein the QD nanocrystal has a structure selected from the group consisting of a solitary core and a core-single shell structure.

13. The device of claim 11 wherein the QD nanocrystal comprises a binary or binary alloyed material surface; and, wherein the cations are divalent cations.

14. The device of claim 13 wherein the QD nanocrystal surface is selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaAs, InAs, InN, InP, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, and combinations thereof.

15. The device of claim 11 wherein the QD nanocrystal comprises a tertiary or tertiary alloyed surface; and, wherein the cations are selected from the group consisting of trivalent cations, divalent cations, monovalent cations, and combinations thereof.

16. The device of claim 15 wherein the QD nanocrystal surface is selected from the group consisting of ZnSSe, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, CdSSe, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnCdS, ZnCdSe, ZnCdTe, ZnCdSSe, ZnCdSeTe, InGaAs, GaAlAs, InGaN, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaS.sub.2, Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)S.sub.2, CuIn(Se,S).sub.2, CuZn(Se,S).sub.2, CuSn(Se,S).sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)(Se,S).sub.2, and combinations thereof.

17. The device of claim 11 wherein the QD nanocrystal comprises a Type III-V semiconductor surface; and, wherein the cations are selected from the group consisting of trivalent cations, divalent cations, and combinations thereof.

18. The device of claim 17 wherein the trivalent cations are selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Fe, Sb, and Bi.

19. The device of claim 11 wherein the device emits a light selected from the group consisting of blue, green, and red color light from the treated QDs when exposed to LED light in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum.

20. The device of claim 11 wherein the device emits a light color selected from the group consisting of red and green light from the treated QDs when exposed to a blue color LED light.

21. The device of claim 11 further comprising: a matrix material selected from the group consisting of epoxy, silicon, and acrylate based polymers overlying the top surface of the LED; and, wherein the treated QDs are embedded in the matrix material.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1A and 1B depict LEDs utilizing different color conversion techniques (prior art).

(2) FIG. 2 is a graph depicting changes in LED emission intensity as a result of photobrightening.

(3) FIGS. 3A and 3B are partial cross-sectional views depicting treated quantum dots (QDs) with suppressed photobrightening.

(4) FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting an exemplary QD light emitting diode (LED) device with suppressed photobrightening.

(5) FIG. 5 depicts the evolution of emission intensity upon continuous irradiation as an illustration of the photobrightening effect on the untreated green-emitting QDs placed in a matrix material on top of an LED.

(6) FIGS. 6A and 6B are partial cross-sectional views representing the QD nanocrystal surface treatment.

(7) FIG. 7 is a graph depicting the performance of QDs before and after a surface treatment (at two different temperatures) with QDs deposited directly upon a blue light emitting LED.

(8) FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for suppressing quantum dot photobrightening.

(9) FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method for forming a light emitting diode device with suppressed quantum dot photobrightening.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) FIGS. 3A and 3B are partial cross-sectional views depicting treated quantum dots (QDs) with suppressed photobrightening. The treated QD 300 comprises a QD nanocrystal 302 having a surface 304 with a maximum cross-sectional dimension 306 of 10 nanometers (nm), capable of emissions in the visible spectrum of light. The size of the QD nanostructures is mentioned as a means of distinguishing these QDs from larger sized QDs made from multiple shells, or giant QDs formed from one extremely thick shell. Cations 308 are attached to the surface 304 of the QD nanocrystal 302. A cation is a positively charged ion (atom). A typical cation has a radius of less than 0.810.sup.10 meters. The treated QD 300 emits a non-varying intensity of first wavelength of light in the visible spectrum when subjected to a continuous exposure of a second wavelength of light having an intensity of greater than 50 watts per square centimeter (W/cm.sup.2). The exact intensity limits are dependent upon the QD material and the wavelength of the light to which the QDs are exposed. In one aspect, the treated quantum dots 300 emit a blue, green, or red color light when exposed to light in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. In another aspect, the treated quantum dots emit a green or red color light when exposed to a blue color light. As used herein, a non-varying intensity of light is defined as a change of 5% or less.

(11) As shown in FIG. 3A, the QD nanocrystal 302 may have the structure of a solitary core, or as shown in FIG. 3B, the QD nanocrystal 302 may have a core-single shell structure. That is, the combination of core 302a and shell 302b comprise QD nanocrystal 302. In the case of the core-single shell structure, the QD nanocrystal surface 304 is the surface of the shell. In some aspects not explicitly shown, the structure of the treated quantum dot 300 may have more than one shell comprised of different materials. In another aspect not shown, the core 302a and shell 302b may be anisotropic with the aspect ratio in the range of 1-2, in which case the core is not spherical. Although generally depicted as spherical, the treated QD and QD nanocrystal core are not limited to any particular shape. In another aspect not shown, an alloy may be formed between the core and shell and (or) between the shells.

(12) If the QD nanocrystal surface 304 is a binary or binary alloyed material, then the cations 308 are divalent cations. Some examples of divalent cations include Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb. However, the treated QDs are not limited to any particular divalent cation. A divalent cation has a charge of +2. Binary refers to a material or molecule comprised of two elements. Binary alloyed refers to an alloy of two or more binary materials. Generally, alloys are understood to be a mixture of a metal with another element. For example, the QD nanocrystal surface 304 may be: CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaAs, InAs, InN, InP, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, or combinations thereof. However, the QD surfaces are not necessary limited to these examples of binary or binary alloyed materials.

(13) If the QD nanocrystal surface 304 is a tertiary or tertiary alloyed material, the cations 308 may be trivalent cations, divalent cations, monovalent cations, or combinations thereof. A trivalent cation has a charge of +3 and a monovalent cation has a charge of +1. Tertiary refers to a material or molecule comprised of three elements, and tertiary alloyed refers to an alloy of two or more tertiary materials. For example, the QD nanocrystal surface 304 may be: ZnSSe, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, CdSSe, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnCdS, ZnCdSe, ZnCdTe, ZnCdSSe, ZnCdSeTe, InGaAs, GaAlAs, InGaN, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaS.sub.2, Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)S.sub.2, CuIn(Se,S).sub.2, CuZn(Se,S).sub.2, CuSn(Se,S).sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)(Se,S).sub.2, or combinations thereof. However, the QD surfaces are not necessary limited to these examples of tertiary or tertiary alloyed materials.

(14) In one aspect, the QD nanocrystal surface 304 is a Type III-V semiconductor QD, and the cations 308 may be trivalent cations, divalent cations, or a combination of both. The trivalent cations may, for example, be Al, Ga, In, Fe, Sb, or Bi. Other trivalent cations, besides the ones listed above, may also be used. Alternatively, photobrightening might be suppressed with treatments with chalcodenide precursors, however, as it is known from the literature, the enrichment of the QD surface with chalcogen atoms may negatively affect the emission properties of QDs. It should also be noted that the cations in salts used to treat the QD surfaces need not necessary be the same metal making up the QD nanocrystal surface material.

(15) FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting an exemplary QD light emitting diode (LED) device with suppressed photobrightening. The device 400 comprises an LED 402 with a top surface 404. A plurality of treated QDs 300 with suppressed photobrightening overlies the LED top surface 404. As explained above, each treated QD comprises a QD nanocrystal, capable of emissions in the visible spectrum of light, and having a surface with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 10 nm. Cations are attached to the surface of the QD nanocrystals (see FIGS. 3A and 3B). Details of the treated QDs 300 have been presented above and are not repeated here in the interest of brevity.

(16) The device 400 emits a non-varying intensity of first wavelength of light from the treated QDs 300 in the visible spectrum when subjected to a continuous exposure of a second wavelength of LED light having an intensity of greater than 50 W/cm.sup.2. In one aspect, the device 400 emits a blue, green, or red color light from the treated QDs when exposed to LED light in the UV spectrum. In another aspect, the device 400 emits a green or red color light from the treated QDs when exposed to a blue color LED light.

(17) In one aspect as shown, an epoxy, silicon, or acrylate based polymer matrix material 406 overlies the top surface of the LED, and the treated QDs 300 are embedded in the matrix material. Alternatively but not shown, the treated QDs may be deposited on the LED top surface without the use of a matrix material. That is, the treated QDs are spatially separated from the LED by a non-emissive material. As shown, electrodes 408 and 410 extend from the LED bottom surface 412, however, the device 400 is not limited to any particular electrical interface configuration or LED shape.

(18) FIG. 5 depicts the evolution of emission intensity upon continuous irradiation as an illustration of the photobrightening effect on the untreated green-emitting QDs placed in a matrix material on top of an LED. When applied directly on an LED or micro LED, green emitting QDs suffer from photobrightening with an extreme example of such effect illustrated in the figure. In this case photobrightening causes an emission growth up to almost 40% as compared to the thermally equilibrated value. The initial point of the measurement (time=0) was recorded after thermal equilibrium in the emitting layer had been achieved to eliminate competing thermal processes.

(19) FIGS. 6A and 6B are partial cross-sectional views representing the QD nanocrystal surface treatment (the surface ligands are omitted for clarity). The surface ligands are charged, or neutral molecules chemically attached to the surface of the QD. Such ligands might originate from the colloidal synthesis of the QD nanocrystals or they can be added in subsequent treatments. The ligands are utilized to control the growth of the nanoparticles during synthesis and later they are used to prevent the aggregation of the particles. In one example, the green emitting QD nanocrystals, with a peak emission at about 530 nm, were comprised of alloyed Cd.sub.xZn.sub.1-xSe core 302a and a ZnS shell 302b, synthesized through a scalable single-step synthesis of a single shell formed around a core, providing a particle size of around 6 nm. The ability to suppress photobrightening in QD nanocrystals, as described herein, makes the simple one-step synthesis process an advantageous fabrication process, when compared to the several steps required to make the conventional multi-shell or giant shell structures mentioned in the Background Section, above. Further, the ability to suppress photobrightening in solitary core structure QD nanocrystals is even more advantageous.

(20) In order to suppress changes in emission intensity, the green-emitting alloyed QD nanocrystals were treated with zinc oleate in 1-octadecene at elevated temperatures. This treatment was performed to deactivate active sites on the surface of QD nanocrystal, which may participate in photobrightening. Such deactivation is done by pseudo-atomic layer deposition of zinc atoms on the QD nanocrystal surface and/or potential replacement of the poorly attached surface atoms. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is based on the sequential use of a gas phase chemical process. ALD is considered a subclass of chemical vapor deposition. The majority of ALD reactions use two chemicals, typically called precursors. These precursors react with the surface of a material one at a time in a sequential, self-limiting, manner. Through the repeated exposure to separate precursors, a thin film is slowly deposited. As used herein, pseudo-ALD is a solution-based approach, in contrast to the gas phase approach of ALD. Also in contrast to ALD, pseudo-ALD uses only a single precursor to deposit only one element, not two.

(21) Alternatively, instead of zinc oleate, the QD nanocrystal surface treatment can be performed using any other divalent cations that are capable of attachment to a QD nanocrystal structure. The results of the treatment are schematically represented on the FIGS. 6A and 6B, where spots labeled as 308 represent newly attached cations. This salt treatment may also be understood to be QD nanocrystal surface doping, where the doping atom replaces surface imperfections that originate from the single-step synthesis procedure. These imperfections are chemically unstable surface sites.

(22) In one example, the treatment was performed by the addition of QD nanocrystals suspended in toluene into a solution of zinc oleate (200 milligrams (mg)) in 2 milliliters (mL) of 1-octadecene. The mixture was stirred at a temperature within the range of 100-150 C. for 1 hour. Generally, any solvent with high boiling point, capable of dispersing QD nanocrystals and solubilizing a metal salt can be utilized for such modification. Such solvents typically include saturated, non-saturated, branched, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons with boiling point above the reaction temperature. Additionally, amines, esters and ethers with saturated, non-saturated, branched, cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon moieties can be utilized for such a purpose.

(23) Following the treatment of the QD nanocrystal surfaces, the treated QDs can be purified using well-known procedures by the addition of a non-solvent (generally polar solvents, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, or esters), and separation of the precipitated treated QDs. The resulting materials can then be incorporated into an LED structure, by redispersion of the treated QDs in a matrix material, such as an epoxy-, silicone-, or acrylate-based polymer. In principle, any polymeric material capable of transmittance of emitted colors can be utilized for such applications. Then, the matrix with treated QDs is coated over an LED and cured.

(24) FIG. 7 is a graph depicting the performance of QDs before and after a surface treatment (at two different temperatures) with QDs deposited directly upon a blue light emitting LED. The QDs had a Cd.sub.xZn.sub.1-xSe core and a ZnS shell, a particle size of around 6 nm, and were treated with zinc oleate in 1-octadecene. It can be seen that the treatment substantially suppressed the photobrightening. For untreated QDs the emission increased by 18-19% from the original thermally equilibrated value after 80 minutes of constant illumination at approximately 200 W/cm.sup.2. The treatment at 150 C. partially suppressed the photobrightening effect leading to an emission growth of approximately 10%. Treatment at a lower temperature, such as 125 C., led to stabilized emission properties and a minimal change of intensity within 5% upon extended irradiation. Instead of zinc, the QD nanocrystal surfaces could have been treated using other divalent cations (e.g., Cd, Hg, or Pb) on the QD nanocrystal surfaces at similar temperatures.

(25) In other aspects, the quantum dots may comprise a core and shell made, respectively, of cadmium and zinc chalcogenides, with a core size of 2-5 nm and a shell thickness of 0-2 nm, and where the 1-100% of the surface atoms are exchanged with cadmium or zinc in such way that it results in suppressed photobrightening.

(26) FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for suppressing quantum dot photobrightening. Although the method is depicted as a sequence of numbered steps for clarity, the numbering does not necessarily dictate the order of the steps. It should be understood that some of these steps may be skipped, performed in parallel, repeated, or performed without the requirement of maintaining a strict order of sequence. Generally however, the method follows the numeric order of the depicted steps. The method starts at Step 800.

(27) Step 802 provides QD nanocrystals having a surface, with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 10 nm, capable of emissions in the visible spectrum of light. In Step 804 the QD nanocrystal surfaces are treated with a solution including a multi-valent cation salt. In Step 806 the solution is heated to a temperature in the range of 50 to 200 degrees C. In response to heating the solution, multi-valent cations become attached to the surface of the quantum dot nanocrystals in Step 808, forming treated QDs with suppressed photobrightening. In one aspect, the multi-valent cations become attached to the QD nanocrystal surfaces through pseudo-atomic layer deposition. Step 810 forms treated quantum dots emitting a non-varying intensity of first wavelength of light in the visible spectrum when subjected to a continuous exposure of a second wavelength of light having an intensity of greater than 50 W/cm.sup.2.

(28) In one aspect, forming the treated quantum dots emitting the non-varying intensity of first wavelength of light in Step 810 includes the treated QDs emitting a blue, green, or red color light when exposed to light in the UV spectrum. In another aspect of Step 810, the treated QDs emit a green or red color light when exposed to a blue color light.

(29) Typically, Step 802 provides QD nanocrystals having either a solitary core or core-single shell structure. In the case of a solitary core, the core surface is the QD nanocrystal surface. In the case of a core-single shell structure, the shell comprises the QD nanocrystal surface. If QD nanocrystal surface is a binary or binary alloyed material, then the QD nanocrystals are treated with a solution including divalent cation salts in Step 804. For example, the QD surface may be: CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaAs, InAs, InN, InP, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, or combinations thereof. If Step 802 provides QD nanocrystals with a surface that is a tertiary or tertiary alloyed material, Step 804 treats the QD nanocrystals with trivalent cation salts, divalent cation salts, monovalent cation salts, or combinations thereof. For example, the QD surface may be: ZnSSe, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, CdSSe, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnCdS, ZnCdSe, ZnCdTe, ZnCdSSe, ZnCdSeTe, InGaAs, GaAlAs, InGaN, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaS.sub.2, Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)S.sub.2, CuIn(Se,S).sub.2, CuZn(Se,S).sub.2, CuSn(Se,S).sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)(Se,S).sub.2, or combinations thereof.

(30) In one aspect, Step 802 provides QD nanocrystals with a surface that is a Type III-V semiconductor, and in Step 804 the QD surfaces are treated with a solution including trivalent cation salts, divalent cation salts, or combinations thereof. The trivalent cation salts may be comprised of Al, Ga, In, Fe, Sb, or Bi.

(31) FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method for forming a light emitting diode device with suppressed quantum dot photobrightening. The method starts at Step 900. Step 902 provides QD nanocrystals having a surface, with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 10 nm, capable of emissions in the visible spectrum of light. In Step 904 the QD nanocrystal surfaces are treated with a solution including a multi-valent cation salt. In Step 906 the solution is heated to a temperature in the range of 50 to 200 degrees C. In response to heating the solution, multi-valent cations become attached to the surface of the quantum dot nanocrystals in Step 908, forming treated QDs with suppressed photobrightening. In one aspect, the multi-valent cations become attached to the QD nanocrystal surfaces through pseudo-atomic layer deposition. In Step 910 the treated QDs are deposited overlying a top surface of an LED. Step 912 provides an LED device capable of emitting a non-varying intensity of a first wavelength light in the visible spectrum from the treated QDs, when subjected to a continuous exposure of a second wavelength of LED light having an intensity of greater than 50 W/cm.sup.2. In one aspect, the treated QDs are mixed with an epoxy, silicon, or acrylate based polymer matrix materials in Step 909 to form a matrix paste, and the matrix paste is deposited on the LED in Step 910.

(32) For example, the LED device of Step 912 may include treated QDs emitting a non-varying intensity of blue, green, or red color light when exposed to LED light in the UV spectrum. In another example, the LED device of Step 912 may include the treated QDs emitting a non-varying intensity of green or red color light when exposed to a blue color LED light.

(33) Typically, QD nanocrystals provided in Step 902 have either a solitary core or core-single shell structure. In the case of a solitary core, the core surface is the QD nanocrystal surface. In the case of a core-single shell structure the shell comprises the QD nanocrystal surface. If the QD nanocrystals provided in Step 902 have a surface that is a binary or binary alloyed material, then the QD nanocrystals are treated with a solution including divalent cation salts in Step 904. For example, the QD nanocrystal surface may be: CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaAs, InAs, InN, InP, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, or combinations thereof. If the QD nanocrystals provided in Step 902 have a surface that is a tertiary or tertiary alloyed material, then in Step 904 the QD nanocrystals are treated with trivalent cation salts, divalent cation salts, monovalent cation salts, or combinations thereof. For example, the QD nanocrystal surface may be: ZnSSe, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, CdSSe, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnCdS, ZnCdSe, ZnCdTe, ZnCdSSe, ZnCdSeTe, InGaAs, GaAlAs, InGaN, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaS.sub.2, Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)Se.sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)S.sub.2, CuIn(Se,S).sub.2, CuZn(Se,S).sub.2, CuSn(Se,S).sub.2, Cu(Zn,Sn)(Se,S).sub.2, or combinations thereof.

(34) In one aspect, the QD nanocrystals provided in Step 902 have a surface that is a Type III-V semiconductor, and in Step 904 the QD nanocrystal surfaces are treated with a solution including trivalent cation salts, divalent cation salts, or combinations thereof. Type III-V semiconductors are a group of binary semiconducting materials, where the cation is selected from Group III of the Periodic Table (e.g., Al, Ga, or In) and the anion is selected from the Group V (e.g., N, P, or As). The cation from Group III is trivalent, therefore the surface treatment may require trivalent cation for the treatment, but divalent cations are also used. The trivalent cation salts may be comprised of Al, Ga, In, Fe, Sb, or Bi.

(35) Treated quantum dots, QD LED devices, and associated fabrication processes have been presented for the suppression of the QD photobrightening effect. Examples of particular hardware configurations and process steps have been used to illustrate the invention. However, the invention is not limited to merely these examples. Other variations and embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art.