THE METHOD OF GENERATING THERMAL ENERGY, DEVICES OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND HEAT GENERATION SYSTEMS
20190096535 ยท 2019-03-28
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
G21B3/00
PHYSICS
F24V30/00
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
International classification
Abstract
The invention belongs to the category of devices used for thermal energy generation based on the principles of low energy nuclear synthesis, so-called LENR reactions. The specific aspect of these reactions is the low energy consumption by the heating devices, while maintaining sufficiently high output of the thermal energy generated by these devices. The declared methods and alternatives of the device enable, with the use of the heaters, the implementation of various schemes of use in liquid and air heating systems. The heater is constructed as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element made of a high-temperature withstanding ceramic and a reaction material comprising a mixture of metallic powders in the form of metal powder of the elements of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, such as nickel (Ni), and a fuel mixture containing the chemical elements lithium (Li) and hydrogen (H), proportionally distributed inside the pores in a ratio ranging between 10 and 80% of the surface of the heater pores, or in a different alternative where the porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element is made of a high-temperature withstanding ceramic containing a catalyst metallic powder in the form of metal powder of the elements of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, such as nickel (Ni).
Claims
1. A method of producing thermal energy, comprising the use of chemical elements involved in the exothermic reaction of the Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) during the interaction of a reactive material consisting of a catalyst in the form of metal powder of the elements of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, in particular nickel (Ni), and a fuel mixture of hydrogen-containing chemical compounds of aluminium (al) and lithium (Li), such as lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH.sub.4), under conditions initializing external thermal effect, where the controlled LENR reaction is obtained through the use of a heater (1) produced as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element with a reaction material being placed in its pores, the inner surface of which is being heated and the thermal energy is being removed from the outer surface, with metal contacts (2) of the upper part of the heater and metal contacts (3) of the lower part of the heater being placed on the opposite ends of the heater, connected to the input of the control system (85) for controlling the electric resistance in the heater, for which purpose they are subjected to voltage and the current value is being measured, and the first and/or second derivative of the current is being calculated, based on which the temperature is being maintained at which the LENR process occurs, by means of disconnecting or connecting the thermal energy supply to the heater (1) and the reaction material within the range minus (5-10%) of the initial melting temperature of the catalyst, for which purpose the thermal energy connection/disconnection control devices are connected to the control system (85) output.
2. The method pursuant to claim 1, wherein the heater (1) is receiving thermal energy by burning hydrocarbon fuels, primarily fuel gas.
3. The method pursuant to claim 2, wherein the heater (1) is receiving thermal energy to the outer surface and the thermal energy is being removed from its inner surface.
4. The method pursuant to claim 1, wherein the heater (1) is receiving thermal energy by means of electric current passing through it, conducted via metal contacts.
5. A method of obtaining additional thermal energy and increasing the efficiency through the use of a ceramic electrically conductive element with a reaction material placed in its pores, produced as two electrically insulated coaxial cylindrical bodies components constituting the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42); the initiation heater (41) receives external heating energy and heats the emission heater (42), with the produced thermal energy being removed from the outer surface of the emission heater (42), metal contact outputs are placed on the opposite ends of the heater, connected to the input of the control system (85) for controlling the electric resistance in the heaters, for which purpose they are subjected to voltage and the current value is being measured, and the first and/or second derivative of the current is being calculated, based on which the temperature is determined at which the LENR process occurs and this temperature is being maintained by means of disconnecting or connecting the thermal energy supply to the heaters and the reaction material within the range minus (5-10%) of the initial melting temperature of the catalyst, for which purpose the thermal energy connection/disconnection control devices are connected to the control system (85) output.
6. The method pursuant to claim 5, wherein the initiation heater (41) is receiving thermal energy by combusting hydrocarbon fuels, primarily fuel gas.
7. The method pursuant to claim 5, wherein the initiation heater (41) is receiving thermal energy by passing electric current guided through the terminal (44) of the common contact, through the terminal (45) of the initiation heater and through the terminal (46) of the emission heater.
8. The method pursuant to claim 7, wherein the initiation heater (41) is placed outside and the emission heater (42) is placed inside, and the thermal energy is being removed from the inner surface of the emission heater (42).
9. The method pursuant to claim 5, wherein the volume ratio of the cylindrical coaxial bodies comprising the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42) is 1:3, and subject to the condition of equal height ratio, the ratio of the wall thickness of the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42) is 3 with the internal supply of thermal energy and 1/3 with the external supply of thermal energy.
10. The method pursuant to claim 5, wherein the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42) are divided into two or more sections with the aim of achieving smooth control of the output power, whereby each section contains a terminal (44) of the common contact, a terminal (45) of the initiation heater and a terminal (46) of the emission heater.
11. The method wherein the heater (1) structured as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element made of a high-temperature ceramic containing a mixture of powders SiC, ZrO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and carbon (C) powder, and a reaction material, containing a metallic catalyst powder in the form of metal powder of the elements of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, in particular nickel (Ni), and a fuel mixture, is proportionally distributed inside the pores in a ratio ranging between 10 and 80% of the surface of the ceramic pores.
12. The method wherein the heater (1) structured as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element made of a high-temperature ceramic according to claim 11 above is characterised by the high-temperature ceramic already containing in its composition a metallic catalyst powder in the form of metal powder of the elements of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, in particular nickel (Ni).
13. The method pursuant to claims 5 and 10, characterised by the fact, that in order to accelerate the initiation of the LENR reaction, the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42), or the respective sections thereof, in the initial stage receive thermal energy by means of passing electric current guided through metal contacts.
14. The heating device, comprising a heater (1) pursuant to claim 2, receiving external thermal energy of the heating during the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, preferentially combustion gas, on the inner surface (7) of the heating device, placed in a hermetically sealed cylindrical case (10) of the heating device, made of high-temperature withstanding metal, preferably nickel (Ni), with a ceramic insulation insert (6) for the sealing and insulation of the contact terminals in the area of the fixing flange (11) of the heating device base, and containing thermally insulated surfaces for heating and removal of thermal energy.
15. The heating device of flow-through type, pursuant to claim 14, characterised by the fact, that the inner surface (7) of the heating device forms a flow chamber and its end exit sleeves are equipped with screw threads for the connection of the socket (81) for the liquid supply and the socket (84) for the liquid removal, where the outer surface of the heating device receives the heating energy during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel, preferentially combustion gas.
16. The heating device, implemented pursuant to claim 4, wherein a heater (1) receiving external thermal energy of the heating by means of the supply of electric voltage, with metal contacts (2) of the upper part of the heater and metal contacts (3) of the lower part of the heater being placed on the opposite ends, connected to the electric conductors made of high-temperature withstanding metal, is placed in a hermetically sealed cylindrical case (10) of the heating device, made of high-temperature withstanding metal, preferably nickel (Ni) alloy, with a ceramic insulation insert (6) for the sealing and insulation of the contact terminals in the area of the fixing flange (11) of the heating device base, and containing a surface for removal of thermal energy.
17. The heating device of flow-through type, pursuant to claim 16, characterised by the fact, that the inner surface of the heating device forms a flow chamber and its end exit sleeves are equipped with screw threads for the connection of the socket (81) for the liquid supply and the socket (84) for the liquid removal.
18. The heating device, implemented pursuant to claim 5, wherein an initiation heater (41) receiving external thermal energy of the heating by means of the supply of electric voltage or by means of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel, preferentially combustion gas, and an emission heater (42), are constructed as two electrically insulated coaxial cylindrical bodies with metal contacts placed on the opposite ends, connected to the electric conductors made of high-temperature withstanding metal, preferentially nickel (Ni) or nickel alloys, with the ends of the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42) being connected at one side and having one terminal (44) of the common contact guided through the middle of the initiation heater (41), placed in a hermetically sealed cylindrical case (10) of the heating device, made of high-temperature withstanding metal, preferably nickel (Ni) alloy, with a ceramic insulation insert (6) for the sealing and insulation of the contact terminals in the area of the fixing flange (11) of the heating device base, and containing surfaces for the heating and removal of thermal energy, specifically the inner surface (27) of the composed heating device or the case (10) of the heating device, depending on the particular alternative of the heating device.
19. The heating device, implemented pursuant to claim 8, wherein an initiation heater (41) receiving external thermal energy of the heating and an emission heater (42), are constructed as two electrically insulated coaxial cylindrical bodies with metal contacts placed on the opposite ends, connected to the electric conductors made of high-temperature withstanding metal, preferentially nickel (Ni) or alloys of nickel (Ni) and chrome (Cr), with the ends of the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42) being connected at one side and having one terminal (44) of the common contact, placed in a hermetically sealed cylindrical case (10) of the heating device, made of high-temperature withstanding metal, preferably nickel (Ni) alloy, for the removal of thermal energy, with a ceramic insulation insert (6) for the sealing and insulation of the contact terminals in the area of the fixing flange (11) of the heating device base.
20. The heating device, implemented pursuant to claim 19, wherein an initiation heater (41) divided into two, three or four sections, each of which has metal contacts connected to the control system (85), receiving external thermal energy of the heating and an emission heater (42) divided into two, three or four sections, each of which has metal contacts connected to the control system (85), are constructed as two electrically insulated coaxial cylindrical bodies with metal contacts placed on the opposite ends, connected to the electric conductors made of high-temperature withstanding metal, preferentially alloys of nickel (Ni) and chrome (Cr), with the ends of the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42) being connected at one side and having one terminal (44) of the common contact, placed in a hermetically sealed cylindrical case (10) of the heating device, made of high-temperature withstanding metal, preferably nickel (Ni) alloy, for the removal of thermal energy, with a ceramic insulation insert (6) for the sealing and insulation of the contact terminals in the area of the fixing flange (11) of the heating device base.
21. The heating device pursuant to claim 20, characterised by the fact, that the initiation heater (41) receives the external thermal energy of the heating during combustion of hydrocarbon fuel, preferentially combustion gas, by means of four burners and the inner surface of the emission heater (42) forms a flow chamber and its end exit sleeves are equipped with screw threads for the connection of the socket (81) for the liquid supply and the socket (84) for the liquid removal.
22. The heating device pursuant to claim 20, characterised by the fact, that the initiation heater (41) sections receive the external thermal energy of the heating by means of electricity supply and the inner surface of the emission heater (42) forms a flow chamber.
23. The heating device pursuant to claims 16, 19, 20, characterised by the fact, that it contains a metal case (14) covered with porous ceramic material and that it is equipped with a screw thread (15) for mounting.
24. The convection tubular electric heater, configured as a two-lamella convection tubular electric eater (50) with a vertical heat-conductive panel (64), on which a two-lamella radiator is fixed, with the developed surface and an angle of 95-110 between the lamellae, characterised by the fact, that the tubular element (55) is placed on the vertical heat-conductive panel (64) at an angle of 15-25 and that the heating device implemented pursuant to claim 23, with a metal case (14) covered with porous ceramic material, is hermetically fixed to the screw thread (15) at the lower part of the tubular element (55), with the other end being hermetically sealed, and with the inside of the tubular element (55) being filled with a liquid with the boiling point between 95 C. and 115 C. up to the level covering the surface of the heating device.
25. The convection tubular heater pursuant to claim 24, configured as a tubular four-lamella heater (53), characterised by the fact, that the lamellae (56) of the radiator with the developed surface are fixed on the tubular element (55) at an angle of 95-110 between the lamellae.
26. The liquid heating system of accumulation type, comprising a thermally insulated accumulation tank (87) filled with liquid, a socket (81) for the liquid supply and a socket (84) for the liquid removal, burner (21) of the hydrocarbon fuel with a closure valve (86) connected to the source of hydrocarbon fuel, heating device (80) constructed pursuant to claim 18, fixed on the flange (11) of the heating device base and placed inside the cylindrical heat exchanger (88) equipped with a radiator in the form of radial plates, combustion products trap (91) and an outlet channel of the combustion products, control system (85), to which the heating device (80) is connected, temperature sensor (23) of the heat exchanger coat (t.sub.2 C.), liquid temperature sensor (22) at the input (t.sub.1 C.) and liquid temperature sensor (24) at the output (t.sub.3 C.), control unit (90) of the fuel supply to the burners, closure valve (86) for closing the supply of hydrocarbon fuel when the temperatures exceed the level of the usual operation or when the liquid temperature exceeds 95 C., and an electronic temperature regulator (70) used for determination of the required temperature values of the liquid heating.
27. The liquid heating system of flow-through type, comprising a heating device (80), constructed pursuant to claim 21, fixed on the flange (11) of the heating device base, with the socket for the liquid supply (81) and the socket for the liquid removal (84) being mounted to the screw threads of the inner surface (27) of the composed heating device, equipped with four combined three-jet burners (21) of hydrocarbon fuel placed at the outside of the heating device (80), combustion chamber and a combustion products trap (91), control system (85) to which four control units (90) are connected for the supply of hydrocarbon fuel to the burners on four channels of hydrocarbon fuel supply, to control burners (21) of hydrocarbon fuel, liquid temperature sensor (22) at the input (t.sub.1 C.), placed on the socket (81) for the liquid supply, liquid temperature sensor (24) at the output (t.sub.3 C.), placed on the socket (83) for the liquid removal, temperature sensor (23) of the heat exchanger coat (t.sub.2 C.), closure valve (86) for closing the supply of hydrocarbon fuel when the temperatures exceed the level of the usual operation or when the liquid temperature exceeds 95 C., liquid supply pump (82) regulating the speed of the heated liquid supply, flow meter (83) of the liquid and an electronic temperature regulator (70) used for determination of the required temperature values of the liquid heating.
28. The liquid heating system of accumulation type, with a possibility of continuous regulation of the heating output, comprising a thermally insulated accumulation tank (87) filled with liquid, a socket (81) for the liquid supply and a socket (84) for the liquid removal, a heating device (80) constructed pursuant to claims 16, 19, 20, fixed on the flange (11) of the heating device base and placed inside the cylindrical heat exchanger (88) equipped with radial plates, control system (85), to which the heating device (80) is connected, as well as the liquid temperature sensor (22) at the input (t.sub.1 C.), placed on the socket (81) for the liquid supply, liquid temperature sensor (24) at the output (t.sub.3 C.) placed on the socket (84) for the liquid removal, temperature sensor (23) of the heat exchanger coat (t.sub.2 C.), the signals of which are used for the disconnection of the heating device (80) from the electric energy supply when the temperatures exceed the level of the usual operation or when the liquid temperature exceeds 95 C., and an electronic temperature regulator (70) used for determination of the required temperature values of the liquid heating.
29. The liquid heating system of flow-through type, wherein a heating device (80), constructed pursuant to claims 17, 21, 22, is fixed on the flange (11) of the heating device base on the screw threads of the inner surface (27) of the composed heating device, connected to the socket (81) for the liquid supply and the socket (84) for the liquid removal, thermal insulation (92) of the outer surface of the heating device (80) and the control system (85), to which the heating device (80) is connected, as well as the temperature sensor (23) of the heat exchanger coat (t.sub.2 C.), liquid temperature sensor (22) at the input (t.sub.1 C.) placed on the socket (81) for the liquid supply, liquid temperature sensor (24) at the output (t.sub.3 C.) placed on the socket (84) for the liquid removal, temperature sensor (23) of the heat exchanger coat (t.sub.2 C.), the signals of which are used for the disconnection of the heating device (80) from the electric energy supply when the temperatures exceed the level of the usual operation or when the liquid temperature exceeds 95 C., liquid supply pump (82) regulating the speed of the heated liquid supply, liquid flow meter (83) and an electronic temperature regulator (70) used for determination of the required temperature values of the liquid heating.
30. The convection heater wherein is a frame formed by the front panel (61) of the radiator, back panel (69) of the radiator, inside which a two-lamella convection tubular electric heater (50) is fastened on the mounting brackets (66), constructed pursuant to claim 24, an output upper deflector (65), an inlet lower deflector (68) and the control system (85), to which the heating device constructed pursuant to claim 23 is attached, as well as the temperature sensor (72) on the radiator board, used for disconnecting the electric energy supply when the temperature on the surface exceeds 75 C.-95 C., a temperature sensor (73) on the outer surface of the radiator, used for measuring the outside temperature, and a temperature sensor (74) within the zone where the heating device is mounted, an electronic temperature regulator (70) used for determination of the required temperature values and an electric fan (67) used for regulation of the air flow speed on the surface of the convection radiator.
31. The convection heater constructed pursuant to claim 25, characterised by the fact, that a tubular four-lamella heater (53) pursuant to claim 25 is installed inside, and further containing the control system (85), to which the heating device constructed pursuant to claim 23 is attached, as well as the temperature sensor (72) on the radiator board, used for disconnecting the electric energy supply when the temperature on the surface exceeds 75 C.-95 C., a temperature sensor (73) on the outer surface of the radiator, used for measuring the outside temperature, a temperature sensor (74) within the zone where the heating device is mounted, and an electronic temperature regulator (70) used for determination of the required temperature values.
32. The control system (85) based on a microcomputer (101), as the main control device and with specialised software, implemented for functioning in accordance with the methods and devices pursuant to claims 1 through 31, in combination with the liquid heating systems of accumulation or flow-through type or convection heaters with various alternatives of heating devices utilising energy from the hydrocarbon fuel sources or from electric sources, having terminal groups of contacts for the connection of one up to eight contacts of the heater (1) or of the sections of the initiation heater (41) and the emission heater (42) and the common contact, led to the measuring unit (104) with eight resistors connected to the 8-channel PWM (Pulse Width Modulator) (110) of the electric output, connected to the supply source (125) and to a microcomputer (101); the electric voltage measured at the resistors is led to the input of the 8-channel analogue multiplexer (108) connected to a microcomputer (101); the voltage values measured at the output of the analogue multiplexer (108) are led to the input of the ADC converter (109), the output of which is also connected to the input of the microcomputer (101); in addition, the system contains the end group (115) of contacts for the connection of temperature sensors determining the temperature of the heating device, the liquid and air; the temperature sensors (114) are connected to the 4-channel ADC converter (116), from which the data is transmitted to the input of the microcomputer (101); the liquid flow sensor (111) is connected to the input of the signal digitisation block (113) from the liquid flow meter sensor and then to the input of the microcomputer (101), the end group (119) of contacts for the connection of the hydrocarbon fuel burners, connected with the 4-channel DAC converter (118) to the control unit (117) of the hydrocarbon fuel burners and the end group (120) of contacts for the connection of the closure valves of hydrocarbon fuel burners connected to the control unit (117) of the hydrocarbon fuel burners, connected to the output of the microcomputer (101); in addition, the system contains the end group (123) of contacts for the connection of external devices with relay contacts for controlling the pumps, fans and/or other analogue devices needed for the operation of the heating system; other devices connected to the microcomputer (101) include electronic regulator (70) of the heating temperature that determines the required temperature values of the heating of the controlled devices, heating of the liquid, volume of the ambient air, supply source (125) and other devices of the control system (85), which also has a standard computer communication interfaces (126) for the connection of external devices used for programming, monitoring and recording information.
Description
OVERVIEW OF FIGURES OF THE DRAWINGS
[0122] The basic element of the patentheater 1operates as the device for the implementation of the method pursuant to claim 1.
[0123]
[0124]
[0125] At the end surfaces of the heating device, there are ceramic insulation inserts 6 placed at the upper and lower part, used for guiding out the terminals of electric contacts.
[0126] The inner surface 7 of the heating device equipped with screw threads is used for the receipt of external thermal energy or for the transmission of the generated thermal energy and the screw threads can be used for the connection of water pipes or of the burner. The heater 1 is insulated by electric insulation 8 from the metal parts of the case 10 of the heating device. Channel 9 in the heater in the form of an opening going through the metal conductor made of high-temperature withstanding metal, such as an alloy of nickel (Ni) and chrome (Cr), is used for guiding out to the terminal 4 of the upper contact with a metal conductor that is electrically insulated from the sides of the heater 1.
[0127]
[0128] Alternatives of the implementation of the external initiation of the heater depending on the particular alternative: aheating of the inner surface 7 of the heating device; and bheating of the outer surface of the heating device from four sides.
[0129] The heater 1 constructed as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element, contains metal contacts 2 of the upper part of the heater and metal contacts 3 of the lower part of the heater, and also terminal 4 of the upper contact with the metal conductor and terminal 5 of the lower contact with the metal conductor and ceramic insulation inserts 6. The channel 9 in the heater is used for guiding out the terminal 4 of the upper part with the metal conductor. The inner surface 7 of the heating device and the case 10 of the heating device are equipped with electric insulation 8. The burner 21 of hydrocarbon fuel, for example fuel gas, can be used for the heating of the inner surface 7 of the heating device equipped with screw threads for its connection, or for the heating of the outer surface of the case 10 of the heating device ensuring the supply of initiating thermal energy, depending on the scheme of use of the heater 1.
[0130] As indicated by the figure, in case of heating of the inner surface 7 of the heating device, the thermal energy can be collected from the outer surface of the case 10 of the heating device, and in the other way, in case of supply of initiating thermal energy on outer surface of the case 10 of the thermal device, the thermal energy can be removed from the inner surface 7 of the heating device for implementation, for example, the flow heater liquid equipment by connecting water pipe to the screw threads on the inner surface 7 of the heating device.
[0131]
[0132] aHeating device receiving thermal energy from the electric current, where thermal energy is being removed from the outer surface or from the inner surface.
[0133] bHeating device receiving thermal energy from the electric current, where thermal energy is being removed from the outer surface.
[0134] Inside the hermetic case 10 of the heating device, there is a heater 1, constructed as a porous ceramic electrically conductive element, containing a reaction material inside its pores.
[0135] In this construction alternative of the heating device, thermal initialisation is performed by means of subjecting the metallic contacts 2 of the upper part of the heater and metallic contacts 3 of the lower part of the heater to electric current passing through these contacts. The reaction material is distributed in the pores of the heater 1 and after the heating to the initialisation temperature of the LENR reaction, additional thermal energy starts to be released. Depending on the particular alternative of the heating device used, thermal energy can be collected from the inner surface 7 of the heating device or from the surface of the case 10 of the heating device.
[0136] The construction alternatives of the heating devices differ in that with the method pursuant to claim 11 the heater 1, constructed as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element is made of a high-temperature withstanding ceramic containing a mixture of powders SiC, ZrO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and carbon (C) powder, and a reaction material containing a metallic catalyst powder in the form of metal powder of the elements of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, in particular nickel (Ni), and a fuel mixture, proportionally distributed inside the pores in a ratio ranging between 10 and 80% of the surface of the ceramic pores, with metallic contacts 2 of the upper part of the heater and metallic contacts 3 of the lower part of the heater being placed at the opposite ends, to which electric conductors made of high-temperature withstanding metal are connected, i.e. the terminal 4 of the upper contact with a metal conductor and the terminal 5 of the lower contact with a metal conductor. At the end surfaces of the heating device, there are ceramic insulation inserts 6 placed at the upper and lower part, used for sealing and thermal insulation. Channel 9 is installed in the heater 1 for guiding the upper contact made of high-temperature withholding metal to the terminal 4 of the upper contact with a metal conductor.
[0137] Alternative implementation of the method of claim 12 differs in that, the heater 1, constructed as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element is made of high-temperature withstanding ceramic, the composition of which already contains a catalyst metal powder, such as nickel (Ni), and a fuel mixture, containing the chemical elements lithium (Li) and hydrogen (H), is proportionally distributed inside the pores.
[0138]
[0139]
[0140]
[0141] The figure shows that the volumes of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 are different, that their ratio is 1:3 and that the ratio of the wall thickness of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42, with the inside layout of the initiation heater 41, is lower than or equal to (4 R.sub.23 R.sub.1), in accordance with the method pursuant to claim 9.
[0142]
[0143]
H.sub.ITthe thickness of the wall of the initiation heater 41 is defined as (R.sub.3R.sub.2),
H.sub.ITthe thickness of the wall of the emission heater 42 is defined as (R.sub.2R.sub.1),
where:
R.sub.3maximum radius of the outer heater,
R.sub.2maximum radius of the inner heater,
R.sub.1radius of the inner surface of the inner heater.
[0144] Alternative a, where the initiation heater 41 is inside and the emission heater 42 is outside.
(R.sub.3, R.sub.2)3(R.sub.2R.sub.1) or R.sub.34 R.sub.23 R.sub.1,
[0145] Alternative b, where the initiation heater 41 is outside and the emission heater 42 is inside.
(R.sub.3, R.sub.2)1/3 (R.sub.2R.sub.1) or R.sub.3>4/3 R.sub.21/3 R.sub.1.
[0146] Such ratio of volumes of the heaters enables to ensure, with the supply of the initial thermal energy, the guaranteed mode of operation of the initiation heater 41 needed for the thermal energy supply to the emission heater 42 and the operation in line with the method pursuant to claim 5 so that sufficient thermal energy is obtained and so that the efficiency of the composed heater and of the heating device is increased, with the possibility of controlling the operation modes of the heater.
[0147]
[0148]
[0149] According to the method pursuant to claim 13Alternative 1. The initiation heater 41 receives the heating electric energy from the inside, the emission heater 42 receives if from the outside, in the following construction alternatives: aHeater divided into two sections; bHeater divided into three sections; cHeater divided into four sections.
[0150] According to the method pursuant to claim 5Alternative 2. The initiation heater 41 receives thermal heating energy from the burner, for example from the inside, the emission heater 42 from the outside, in the following construction alternatives: dThe heater is divided into two sections.
[0151] All alternatives of these constructions of composed heaters count with the possibility, in order to accelerate the achievement of the parameters of the thermal energy production upon starting the LENR reaction and consequently the operation of the device in compliance with claim 13, to receive at the initial moment the thermal energy by the initiation heater 41 or emission heater 42 or their sections by means of the electric current passage through these heaters or their sections through the metal contacts: terminal 45 of the initiation heater, terminal 46 of the emission heater and terminal 44 of the common contact. The common contact is guided to the terminal through the channel 43.
[0152]
[0153] The heating device according to the method pursuant to claim 4, as illustrated in
[0154] aHeating device pursuant to claim 16; bHeating device pursuant to claim 17.
[0155] In general, the heating device contains: a heater 1 structured as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element with metallic contacts 2 of the upper part of the heater and metallic contacts 3 of the lower part of the heater, terminal 4 of the upper contact with a metal conductor and terminal 5 of the lower contact with a metal conductor and ceramic insulation insert 6. For the purpose of connecting pipes for the liquid supply in the case of using the flow-through heating system, the inner surface 7 of the heating device is equipped with screw threads. It is further equipped with a channel 9 in the heater, electric insulation 8 used for insulation and a case 10 of the heating device, from which it is possible to collect thermal energy in the case of using the accumulation system of liquid heating. It also contains a flange 11 of the heating device base, including openings 12 in the flange used for the fixation of the heating device to various systems used for heating of liquids.
[0156]
[0157] aHeating device pursuant to claim 18, flow-through type, with the outside heating using hydrocarbon fuel, or with electric heating; bHeating device pursuant to claim 19, with electric source of heating. The heating devices contain the following basic parts: inner surface 7 of the heating device equipped with screw threads, case 10 of the heating device, flange 11 of the heating device base, including openings 12 in the flange used for the fixation of the heating device, initiation heater 41, emission heater 42, channel 43 of guiding the common contact to the terminal. For their connection to the control system, they further contain: terminal 44 of the common contact, terminal 45 of the initiation heater from the sections of the initiation heater and terminal 46 of the emission heater from the sections of the emission heater.
[0158]
[0159]
[0160]
[0161] The heating device in this particular layout contains the following parts: inner surface 27 of the composed heating device, flange 11 of the heating device base, including openings 12 in the flange used for the fixing of the heating device, initiation heater 41, emission heater 42, channel 43 of guiding the common contact to the terminal, terminal 44 of the common contact, terminal 45 of the initiation heater, terminal 46 of the emission heater.
[0162] During the operation of the heating device structured as a flow-through system for the heating of liquids, the thermal initiation takes place for example on the outer surface of initiation heater 41, which is supplied with electrical energy, or its 2-, 3- or 4-sections are supplied, ensuring the initiation thermal energy supply to the sections of the initiation heater 41. The produced thermal energy is collected from the inner surface of the emission heater 42 by means of the liquid flow. The pipes with the liquid are connected by means of screw threads located at the ends of the inner cylindrical surface 27 of the composed heating device.
[0163]
[0164] The alternatives of the heating devices have the following section layout: aHeating device; bHeating device divided into two sections. The heating device in this particular layout contains the following parts: flange 13 at the lower part of the heating device with an external screw thread, case 14 covered with porous ceramic material, initiation heater 41, emission heater 42, channel 43 of guiding the common contact to the terminal, terminal 44 of the common contact, terminal 45 of the initiation heater, terminal 46 of the emission heater. During the operation of the heating device structured as an accumulation system for the heating of liquids, the thermal initiation takes place for example on the surface of the initiation heater 41 to which electric energy is being supplied, or there are two, three or four sections supplied, that ensure the initiation thermal energy supply to the relevant sections of the initiation heater 41. The thermal energy obtained from the surface of the emission heater 42 is collected through the case 14 covered with porous ceramic material for further heating of the liquid volume, in which the heating device is placed. The porous surface initiates efficient evaporation in the pores of the ceramic material and ensures maximum heat transmission from the surface of the heating device through the created steam bubbles.
[0165]
[0166] During the operation of the heating device, the thermal initiation takes place in a volume of the initiation heater 41 to which electric energy is being supplied, that ensure the initiation thermal energy supply to the initiation heater 41. The thermal energy obtained from the surface of the emission heater 42 is collected through the case 14 covered with porous ceramic material for further heating of the liquid volume, in which the heating device is placed. The porous surface initiates efficient evaporation in the pores of the ceramic material and ensures maximum heat transmission from the surface of the heating device through the created steam bubbles.
[0167]
[0168]
[0169]
[0170] During operation of the device, the control system 85 receives data from the temperature sensors: liquid sensor temperature 22 at the input t.sub.1 C., liquid sensor temperature 23 at the heat exchanger t.sub.2 C. and liquid sensor temperature 24 at the output t.sub.3 C.
[0171]
[0172]
[0173]
[0174]
[0175] bConvection heater pursuant to claim 31 consists of the frame, inside which a tubular 4-lamella heater 53 is installed, constructed pursuant to claim 25. The device further contains the upper deflector 65, front panel 61 of the radiator, radiator lamellae 56 with developed surface, assembly fixtures brackets 66 for the installation of the tubular 4-lamella heater 53 and the back panel 69 of the radiator.
[0176]
OVERVIEW OF THE ITEMS IN THE SCHEME
1Heater.
[0177] The main element, structured as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element, made of a high-temperature withstanding ceramic containing a mixture of powders SiC, ZrO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and carbon (C) powder, and a fuel mixture of hydrogen-containing chemical compounds of aluminium (Al) and lithium (Li), such as lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH.sub.4). As well the alternative, the porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element, made of a high-temperature withstanding ceramic contains a catalyst metal powder, such as nickel (Ni), and a fuel mixture containing the chemical elements hydrogen (H) and lithium (Li) is proportionally distributed inside the pores.
2Metallic contacts of the upper part of the heater.
[0178] Metallic contacts of the upper part of the heater, made of a conductive high-temperature withstanding metal, such as an alloy of nickel (Ni) and chrome (Cr), Ni35Cr20, with adhesion to the ceramic base, allowing for laser welding of the terminals made of nickel (Ni) alloys at the temperature Tmax=900-1250 C.
3Metallic contacts of the lower part of the heater.
[0179] Metallic contacts of the lower part of the heater, made of a conductive high-temperature withstanding metal, such as an alloy of nickel (Ni) and chrome (Cr), Ni35Cr20, with adhesion to the ceramic base, allowing for laser welding of the terminals made of nickel (Ni) alloys at the temperature Tmax=900-1250 C.
4Terminal of the upper contact with a metal conductor.
[0180] Terminal of the upper contact with a metal conductor, made as an insulated metallic conductor of a high-temperature withstanding metal allowing welding conductors with the insulation and shell of quartz fibres (Tmax=1000 C.).
5Terminal of the lower contact with a metal conductor.
[0181] Terminal of the lower contact with a metal conductor, made as an insulated metallic conductor of a high-temperature withstanding metal allowing welding conductors with the insulation and shell of quartz fibres (Tmax=1000 C.).
6Ceramic insulation insert.
[0182] Ceramic insulation inserts for the sealing and electric insulation of conductors of the upper and lower terminals and for thermal insulation of the case of the heating device from the inner surface, made in accordance with the technology of high-temperature forsterite ceramic the crystalline base of which is based on magnesium orthosilicate Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4. Fosterite ceramic differs in its high coefficient of linear temperature expandability at the level of (1095) 10.sup.7K.sup.1, within the temperature range of 1250 C. (in the vicinity of the same parameter as applicable to nickel (Ni)).
7Inner surface of the heating device.
[0183] Inner surface of the heating device equipped with screw, made of a nickel alloy.
8Electric insulation.
[0184] Electrical insulation of the heater made of applying of insulating layer of AI.sub.2O.sub.3.
9Channel in the heater.
[0185] Channel in the heater for the common contact to the terminal, equipped with electric insulation of the inner surface of porous, to prevent the short circuit.
10Case of the heating device.
[0186] Case of the heating device made of a nickel alloy (Ni).
11Flange of the heating device base.
[0187] Flange of the heating device base contains hermetically welded contact with the case at the lower part of the heating device, made by laser welding.
12Openings in the flange used for the fixation of the heating device.
13Flange at the lower part of the heating device with external screw thread.
14Case covered with porous ceramic material.
[0188] Case of the heating device made of a nickel alloy (Ni), covered with porous ceramic material.
15Screw thread connection.
[0189] Screw thread connection for connecting the heating device.
17Inner surface of the composed heater.
[0190] Inner surface of the composed heater, equipped with crew threads, made of a nickel alloy (Ni).
21Burner for hydrocarbon fuel.
[0191] Burner for hydrocarbon fuel, for example fuel gas; standard construction.
22Liquid temperature sensor at the input t.sub.1 C.
[0192] Liquid temperature sensor used for measuring the temperature at the input, standard construction.
23Liquid temperature sensor at the heat exchanger t.sub.2 C./Temperature sensor at the coat of the heating device t.sub.2 C. Temperature sensor used for measuring the temperature, placed either at the heat exchanger or at the coat of the heating device, depending on the heating system used; standard construction.
24Liquid temperature sensor at the output t.sub.3 C.
[0193] Liquid temperature sensor used for measuring the temperature at the output, standard construction.
27Inner surface of the composed heating device.
[0194] Inner surface of the composed heating device, equipped with crew threads, made of a nickel alloy (Ni).
41Initiation heater.
[0195] Initiation heater, the heater placed at the composed heater, receiving external thermal energy and subsequently heating the emission heater, placed in an immediate contact with its inner or outer surface.
42Emission heater.
[0196] Emission heater, the heater placed at the composed heater, thermal energy is removed from inner or outer emission surface.
43Channel of guiding the common contact to the terminal.
[0197] Channel of guiding the common contact to the terminal, placed at the composed heater for terminal of the common contact, equipped with electric insulation of the inner surface of porous to prevent the short circuit.
44Terminal of the common contact.
[0198] Terminal of the common contact, made as an insulated metallic conductor of a high-temperature withstanding metal allowing welding conductors with the insulation and shell of quartz fibres (Tmax=1000 C.).
45Terminal of the initiation heater/Terminal from individual sections of the initiation heater.
[0199] Terminal of the initiation heater, made as an insulated metallic conductor of a high-temperature withstanding metal allowing welding conductors with the insulation and shell of quartz fibres (Tmax=1000 C.).
46Terminal of the emission heater/Terminal from individual sections of the emission heater.
[0200] Terminal of the emission heater, made as an insulated metallic conductor of a high-temperature withstanding metal allowing welding conductors with the insulation and shell of quartz fibres (Tmax=1000 C.).
50Convection tubular electric heater.
[0201] Convection tubular electric heater, made as a two-lamella tubular heater, equipped with lamella segments to improve convective heat transmission.
51Mounting point of the heating device in the tubular heater.
[0202] Mounting point of the heating device in the tubular heater, equipped with crew threads and the sealing.
52Assembly position of the heating device in the tubular heater.
534-lamella tubular heater.
[0203] 4-lamella tubular heater, equipped with lamella segments to improve convective heat transmission.
55Tubular unit.
56Radiator lamellae with developed surface
[0204] Radiator lamellae with developed surface for improving the convection heat transmission.
61Front panel of the radiator.
[0205] Front panel of convection radiator, standard construction.
64Vertical thermally conductive panel.
[0206] Vertical thermally conductive panel of the tubular heater made of an aluminium alloy, standard construction.
65Upper deflector.
[0207] Upper deflectors for creating a direct warm air flow.
66Assembly fixtures.
[0208] Assembly fixtures for fixing a tubular electric heater made of aluminium alloy, standard construction.
67Electric fan.
[0209] Electric fun for ensuring the air flow.
68Lower deflector.
[0210] Lower deflectors for cold air supply.
69Back panel of the radiator.
[0211] Back panel of the radiator made of an aluminium alloy, standard construction.
70Electronic temperature regulator.
[0212] Electronic temperature controller determines the required values of temperature for heating controlled devices, liquid or volume of surrounding air, it operates under the thermostat.
72Temperature sensor at the radiator board.
[0213] Temperature sensor, placed at radiator board, standard construction.
73Temperature sensor at the outside surface of the radiator.
[0214] Temperature sensor, placed at the outside surface of the convection radiator, standard construction.
74Temperature sensor within the zone of the heating device mounting.
[0215] Temperature sensor, placed within the zone of the heating device, standard construction.
80Heating device.
[0216] Heating device, used in the system of liquid heating, depending upon variant of implementation, for flow-through and accumulation systems, typical (simple), composed, ore more section, is directly connected to the control system and power source, such as burner for generating heat energy, removed from its outer or inner surface.
81Socket for the liquid supply.
[0217] Socket for supplying liquid to the input of the liquid heating system, standard construction.
82Liquid supply pump.
[0218] Liquid supply pump to create a forced circulation of the liquid in the heating system, standard construction.
83Liquid flow meter.
[0219] Flow meter for measuring the liquid flow, standard construction.
84Socket for liquid removal.
[0220] Socket for liquid removal placed at the output of the liquid heating system, standard construction.
85Control system.
[0221] A typified control system constructed in accordance with the technology of integrated circuits made of radio-electronic components for general use, designed for controlling the heating devices depending on the particular alternatives and devices included in the system, based on algorithms in line with the given software. The control system of the convection heater constructed in accordance with the technology of integrated circuits made of radio-electronic components for general use, designed for controlling the heating devices depending on the particular alternatives and devices included in the system, based on algorithms in line with the given software.
86Closure valve.
[0222] Closer valve of the burner for hydrocarbon fuel, standard construction.
87Thermally insulated accumulation tank.
[0223] Thermally insulated accumulation tank, standard construction.
88Heat exchanger.
[0224] Radiator for heat transfer, improving the process of heat transfer from the surface of heating devices, according to the variant of implementation, standard construction.
89Construction.
[0225] Construction (sheath) of the heating system equipped with thermal insulation, standard construction.
90Control unit of fuel supply to the burners.
[0226] Control unit of fuel supply to the burners, standard construction.
91Combustion products trap.
[0227] Combustion products trap, standard construction.
92Thermal insulation.
[0228] Thermal insulation of the heating device made of porous ceramic or glass fibres, standard construction.
101Microcomputer.
[0229] Microcomputer, as the main control device with specialised software.
103Contacts for the connection of external electric supply.
[0230] Contacts for the connection of external electric supply, a group of contacts for supply voltage of 230V.
104Measuring unit with eight resistors.
[0231] Measuring unit contains the end groups of contacts and 8 resistors R.sub.1-R.sub.8 measuring the voltage in the heater, or in the sections of the initiation or emission heaters, from which the voltage for the next measuring of resistance in the zone of LENR reaction is obtained.
105The connection of the heating device with four groups of initiation heaters and four groups of emission heaters and a common conductor.
[0232] The connection of the heating device of composed type containing initiation and emission heaters, variants of more section heat devices containing one, two, three or four segments, in accordance with the variant of implementation, with common contact C.
106Communication interface of the connection of the heating device to the input of the control system.
[0233] Communication interface of the connection of the heating device to the input of the control system, using the high-temperature withstanding conductors made of nickel and chrome alloy, with insulation and shell of quartz fibres (Tmax=1000 C.).
107End group of contacts for the connection of heating devices.
[0234] End group of contacts for the connection from 1 to 8 of contacts from sections of the initiation heater and the emission heater and common contact C of the heaters.
108Analogue multiplexer.
[0235] 8-channel analogue multiplexer for supplying the voltage measured at the measuring resistors R.sub.1-R.sub.2 from the heaters of the variants of heating devices for measuring the resistance of the heaters during LENR reaction.
109ADC converter.
[0236] ADC converter (Analog-Digital Converter) for converting of the analog signal values of measured resistance of the heaters to digital.
110PWM modulator.
[0237] Eight-channel PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) modulator of the electric power to supply an initiation thermal energy to the heating device passing of electric current through heating element and for the heating of sections of the heating deviceinitiation heater and emission heater, and also to supply power for measuring resistance of the heaters at 10% of nominal power initiation. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is the modulation for the transmission of varying analogue signal power by supplying of pulse voltages to the heater. PWM modulator is used to reach a signal, which continuously switches between the maximum and the minimum values of the supply voltage. This signal modulates the voltage between the maximum value (48 V) and the minimum value (0 V) by changing the length of the switch on time 48 V relative to switch on 0 V. The duration of switch on of the maximum value is called pulse width. To obtain different analogue values of supplied power to the heater, the pulse width is changed. At a sufficiently rapid period of change of on/off is possible to supply a constant signal between 0 V and 48 V to the heating device and control the current and power of the thermal initiation or minimal necessary power in the range of 10% of the nominal value for the determination of the resistance of the heater in the control modes of process of LENR reaction.
111Liquid flow meter sensor.
[0238] Liquid flow meter sensor, standard construction.
112Contacts for the connection of the flow meter sensor.
[0239] Contacts for the connection of the liquid flow meter sensor.
113Block for digitisation of signals from the flow meter sensor.
[0240] Block for digitisation of signals from the liquid flow meter sensor.
114Temperature sensors.
[0241] Temperature resistance sensors, standard construction.
115End group of contacts for the connection of temperature sensors.
[0242] End group of contacts for the connection up to 4 temperature sensors for measuring of the temperature of heating devices, liquid and air.
116ADC converter, 4-channel.
[0243] ADC converter (Analog-Digital Converter) 4-channel converter signals from the temperature sensors, for converting the resistance analog signal to the digital.
117Control unit of the hydrocarbon fuel burners.
118DAC converter, 4-channel.
[0244] DAC (Digital-Analog Converter) 4-channel converter controlling the power of hydrocarbon fuel burners.
119End group of contacts for the connection of hydrocarbon fuel burners.
120End group of contacts for the connection of closure valves of the hydrocarbon fuel burners.
[0245] End group of contacts for the connection up to 4 closure valves of the hydrocarbon fuel burners.
121Hydrocarbon fuel burners with closure valves.
122Control unit of external devices.
[0246] Control unit of external devices, needed for the operating of the heating system.
123End group of contacts for the connection of external devices with relay contacts.
[0247] End group of contacts for four groups of relay contacts for the connection of external devices such as pumps, fans and/or other analog equipment needed for the operation of the heating system.
124Control contacts of external devices.
[0248] Control contacts of external devices, needed for the operation of the heating system.
125Supply source
[0249] Supply source of the control system and microcomputer.
126Communication computer interface for the connection of external devices.
[0250] Standard communication computer interface for the connection of external devices for programming, monitoring and recording of information.
Examples of Construction
[0251] Description of the functioning of the heater, heating devices and their different alternatives pursuant to this invention, in combination with the control system.
[0252] The functioning of the heater and the heating devices in accordance with the specified methods of thermal energy production, consisting of the use of chemical elements participating in the exothermic LENR reaction with mutual impacts of the reaction material composed of the catalyst in the form of a powder of the metals of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, such as nickel (Ni), and a fuel mixture of hydrogen-containing chemical compounds of aluminium (Al) and lithium (Li), such as lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH.sub.4) under the conditions of initiation by means of external thermal impacts.
[0253] The main element of the heating devices, in accordance with the claims covered by the invention, is the heater 1, the pores of which are filled with the reaction material containing a catalyst in the form of nickel (Ni) powder and a fuel mixture, such as lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH.sub.4). The heater 1 contains metallic contacts 2 placed in the upper part of the heater and metallic contacts 3 placed in the lower part of the heater, ceramic insulation inserts 6 placed at the ends of the heater 1 for the fixing, thermal insulation and electric insulation of the heater 1 from the case 10 of the heating device. The heating device contains the inner surface 7 of the heating device and outer case 10 of the heating device, electric insulation 8 of the outer and inner surface of the heater 1 from the case 10 of the heating device and a channel 9 in the heater used for guiding out the metallic contacts (2) of the upper part of the heater.
[0254] In terms of construction, the heater 1 is structured as a tubular unit, with terminals 4 of the upper contact with a metal conductor and 5 of the lower contact with a metal conductor being placed on the opposite ends, connected to the input of the control system 85.
[0255] Upon activation of the heater 1 and the start of operation as a Thermal Energy Reactor (TER), the inside volume of the heater 1 is being heated and the thermal energy is being removed from the case 10 of the heating device or from the inner surface 7 of the heating device, depending on the particular alternative of construction. The activation occurs upon supplying of the initiation electric or thermal energy to the heater 1.
[0256] The electric activation occurs upon voltage supply from the PWM modulator 110, controlled by the microcomputer 101 through the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors and the end group of contacts 107 for the connection of heating devices through the communication interface 106 of the connection of the heating device to the input of the control system. The measuring of the active component of the current value passing through the heater 1 between the terminal 4 of the upper contact with a metal conductor and the terminal 5 of the lower contact with a metal conductor takes place in the form of measuring the voltage at the resistor R.sub.1 of the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors; the electric voltage obtained at this resistor is transmitted to the input of the analogue multiplexer 108 controlled by the microcomputer 101, from the output of which the measured values of voltage are subsequently transmitted to the input of the ADC converter 109, the output of which is also connected to the input of the microcomputer 101. This connection of the specified devices enables to control, in line with the given software, the process of the initiation thermal energy supply to the heater 1 and to control the processes taking place within the zone of the LENR reaction for the given algorithm.
[0257] In the course of the initiation of the heater 1 in line with the initiation software, the control system 85 supplies voltage according to the program of accelerated heating with PWM modulation of the current impulse parameters, with the monitoring of the parameters of the current passing through the porous ceramic electrically conductive heater 1.
[0258] In the course of the thermal initiation of the porous ceramic electrically conductive heater 1, in which the reaction material is distributed, at the determined temperatures ranging between 450 C. and 900 C., the process of low temperature nuclear fusion is initiated in the reaction zone, associated with the release of thermal energy and its removal from the case 10 of the heating device or from the inner surface 7 of the heating device, as the case may be.
[0259] During this process, the control system 85 ensures the control and maintenance of the parameters of the heating device operation based on the main characteristic, i.e. the electric resistance measured during the operation processmeasuring and calculation of the speed or acceleration (the first derivation di/dt, or acceleration, the second derivation di/dt.sup.2) based on the value of the electric current passing through the heater 1, which is the function of the inside temperature of the ceramic heater at which the LENR reaction occurs.
[0260] A sharp decrease of the resistance in the heater 1 occurs at the moment when the Debye temperature in the fuel mixture is exceeded and melting zones of the catalyst crystalline powder are created, where the catalyst metal loses its crystalline structure, which eventually results in the interruption of the LENR reaction. The values of the first and second derivations may be analysed in each cycle of the current supply to the heater 1 and in the case of their increase by 10% to 20% compared to the values of the preceding measuring cycle, the output supplied by the PWM modulator 110 to the terminal 4 of the upper contact with a metal conductor and terminal 5 of the lower contact with a metal conductor is automatically reduced.
[0261] The control system 85 is used for the calculation of the current value for the current state of the heater 1 and the compliance is defined of its value with the value of the approximated current temperature. If the current value in a single step exceeds the permitted value or if it is increasing in the speed or with the acceleration exceeding the standard of 20% of the preceding measuring, then the temperature obviously reaches the level when the catalyst metal can melt and the resistance of the porous ceramic electrically conductive heater 1 with the reaction material is decreased in the proportion corresponding to the measured current value. The control system 85 responds by means of reducing the level of heat impact on the heater 1, maintaining its operation mode within the pre-determined temperature range, calculated for the given type of the heater 1 and its operation modes. The parameters of the values of the current and resistance of the heater 1, as the basic conditions launching the switch-off mode, are recorded in the memory of the microcomputer 101 and the control system 85 uses them for the calculation of the start of the switch-off mode in the subsequent cycles under the conditions in which the controlled LENR process takes place by means of disconnecting the supply or by means of thermal energy supply to the heater and the reaction material within the range of minus (5 to 10)% of the initial temperature of the catalyst melting.
[0262] The voltage impulses from the PWM modulator 110 continue to flow to the heater 1 with a reduced output at the level of 10% of the nominal value of the preceding measuring cycle for the purpose of the resistance increase control and if the measured value of resistance increased by 10% of its value at the moment of the thermal impact disconnection, the process of thermal energy supply with the supply of electric current from the PWM modulator 110 to the heater from the control system 85 is repeated.
[0263] This means that the PWM modulator 110 generates two ranges of output, i.e. the output at the initiation output level, considered to be the nominal value, and the output at the level of the specific current equal to 10% of the nominal value of output, depending on the software of the control system 85.
[0264] In the operation of the heating device comprising a flow-through and accumulation system for the liquid heating or a convection heater, used for reducing the thermal energy supply to the heating device and proportionally to the heater 1, external devices of liquid recirculation are additionally connected, the speed of the liquid supply pump 82 is increased or the convection heater is being fanned, which results in the reduction of the temperature of the case 10 of the heating device and the temperature decrease within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place.
[0265] Since the thermostatic function during the operation of the control system 85 is ensured through the control of the electric resistance at the heater 1, the temperature for the adaptive process of control at which the LENR reaction takes place is actually maintained by means of disconnecting or connecting the thermal energy supply to the heater 1 and to the reaction material within the range of minus (5 to 10)% of the initial temperature of the catalyst melting, for which purpose the supply/removal units of thermal energy are connected to the output of the control system 85 in accordance to the algorithm specified above.
[0266] External heat activation occurs upon the supply of the initiation thermal energy to the heater 1, with the use of hydrocarbon fuel, for example by means of the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel. Depending on the particular alternative of the heating device used, thermal energy can be supplied to the inner surface 7 of the heating device or to the outer case 10 of the heating device.
[0267] In such a case, the operation of the heating device is analogous to the process described above, with a number of differences associated with the use of the burners 21 for hydrocarbon fuel and with the long time of the heat impact of the thermal energy relaxation in the event of repeated initiation of the heater 1, which is reflected in the need of precise measurement of the value of resistance at the heater 1 and the fluctuations of the values of the measured current, both ensured by the control system 85. During this process, the control and maintenance of the parameters of the heating device operation is ensured based on the main characteristic, i.e. the electric resistance measured during the operation processmeasuring and calculation of the speed or acceleration (the first derivation di/dt, or acceleration, the second derivation di/dt.sup.2) based on the value of the electric current passing through the heater 1, which is the function of the inside temperature of the ceramic heater at which the LENR reaction occurs. And because the initiation thermal energy is supplied from the outside, the control function is ensured by means of the current passing through the heater 1 only for the analysis of the resistance changes in critical conditions.
[0268] The specific current impulses from the PWM modulator 110 continue to flow to the heater 1 with a reduced output at the level of 10% of the nominal value of the preceding measuring cycle for the purpose of controlling the resistance within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place. When the measured value of resistance is lower by 10% compared to the value measured in the preceding measuring, the thermal impact is disconnected by means of switching off the fuel supply to the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel from the end group 120 of contacts for the connection of the closure valves of the hydrocarbon fuel burners (up to four closure valves) or the output is being controlled in an analogous manner from the end group 119 of contacts for the connection of hydrocarbon fuel burners. Furthermore, in the course of the electric current passing from the PWM modulator 110 to the heater 1 with a reduced output at the level of 10% of the nominal value, the control of resistance increase at the heater 1 is ensured and if the measured value of resistance increases by 10% of its value measured at the moment of the thermal impact disconnection (switch-off), the process of thermal energy supply to the heater 1 from the control system 85 is repeated by means of connecting the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel from the end group 119 of contacts for the connection of hydrocarbon fuel burners or from the end group 120 of contacts for the connection of closure valves of the hydrocarbon fuel burners, depending on the given type of the gas device.
[0269] The burners 21 for hydrocarbon fuel and the closure valves 86 are controlled in accordance with the standards determined for the given technical area for the liquid heating systems of accumulation or flow-through type with a relay control system from the end group 120 of contacts for the connection of closure valves of the hydrocarbon fuel burners and with an analog control system from the end group of contacts for 4 channels of independent control, by means of signals coming from the microcomputer 101 to the input of the control unit 117 of the hydrocarbon fuel burners and to the 4-channel DAC converter 118 and then to the aforementioned burners 21 for hydrocarbon fuel from the end group 119 of contacts for the connection of hydrocarbon fuel burners. The operation of the heating devices with the supply of external thermal energy to the heater 1 from the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel in various construction alternatives with the heating of the inner surface 7 of the heating device or of the outer case 10 of the heating device does not significantly differ for the control system 85.
[0270] Nonetheless, in order to accelerate the activation of the heating devices described above, it is possible to obtain the initial thermal initiation by means of supplying electric energy to the heater 1 at the moment of switching, simultaneously with the activity of the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel. After the initial thermal initiation in the form of the initiation output supply from the PWM modulator 110 through the heater 1 and the start of the LENR reaction mode, the level of the output supply to the heater 1 is determined only as the measured current with 10% of the nominal value of the initiation output, and the external initiation thermal energy is subsequently supplied only from the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel. [0271] Differences in the control of heating devices containing composed heaters with both initiation heaters 41 and emission heaters 42.
[0272] In principle, the technology of control and information processing by the control system 85 in the mode of thermostatic control of LENR processes in a composed heating device, constructed for example by means of the connection 105 of the heating device with four groups of initiation heaters and four groups of emission heaters and a common conductor, does not differ from the mode described above with respect to the typified (simple) heating device.
[0273] The electric activation occurs upon voltage supply from the PWM modulator 110, controlled by the microcomputer 101 through the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors used for measuring of the voltage at the heater or the heater section and the end group of contacts 107 for the connection of heating devices through the communication interface 106 of the connection of the heating device to the input of the control system.
[0274] The measuring of the active component of the current value passing through the heating device between the contacts: common terminal 44 or the C contact and the terminal 45 of the initiation heater and terminal 46 of the emission heater takes place in the form of measuring the voltage at the resistors R.sub.1-R.sub.8 of the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors; the electric voltage measured at these resistors is transmitted to the input of the analogue multiplexer 108 controlled by the microcomputer 101, from the output of which the measured values of voltage are subsequently transmitted to the input of the ADC converter 109, the output of which is also connected to the input of the microcomputer 101. This connection of the specified devices enables to control, in line with the given software, the process of the initiation thermal energy supply to the initiation heater 41 and to control the processes taking place within the zone of the LENR reaction for the given algorithm. Different alternatives of using the heating devices of section type can contain one, two, three or four sections, depending on the used alternative of the heating device construction. Depending on the given alternative, resistors R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4 R.sub.5 R.sub.6 R.sub.7 R.sub.8 are used in the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors, on which the resistance of the initiation heater 41 is being controlled by means of measuring in the course of the LENR reaction, as well as the resistance of the emission heater 42 and a separate measuring of their sections, and the determination of the initial moment of the catalyst melting point. The temperature for the adaptive process of control at which the LENR reaction takes place is actually maintained separately at each section of the heater, by means of disconnecting or connecting the thermal energy supply to the initiation heater 41 and to the reaction material within the range of minus (5 to 10)% of the initial temperature of the catalyst melting, for which purpose the supply/removal units of thermal energy are connected to the output of the control system 85 in accordance to the algorithm specified above.
[0275] The processes of measuring the current values in the heater and its fluctuations in the pre-defined controlled parameters are performed by the control system 85 in accordance with the software of the microcomputer 101 that controls the PWM modulator 110 for all alternatives of the heating devices, implemented for example by means of the connection 105 of the heating device with four groups of the initiation heaters and four groups of the emission heaters and a common conductor, and it also controls the operation of the analogue multiplexer 108 and the ADC converter 109 that converts voltage at the measuring resistors R.sub.1-R.sub.8 of the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors, with the use of which the level of the current in the heaters and sections of the heaters is composed, as well as their resistance, which eventually represents a function of the LENR process control. The devices specified above are in accordance with the software adapted for the operation with the heating devices based on the particular alternatives of their construction and use.
[0276] During this process, the control system 85 ensures the control and maintenance of the parameters of the heating device operation based on the main characteristic, i.e. the electric resistance measured during the operation processmeasuring and calculation of the speed or acceleration (the first derivation di/dt, or acceleration, the second derivation di/dt.sup.2) based on the value of the electric current passing through the initiation heater 41 and the emission heater 42 or their sections, which is the function of the inside temperature of the ceramic heater at which the LENR reaction occurs.
[0277] In such a case, the operation of the heating device is analogous to the process described above, with a number of differences associated with the use of several sectional heating devices comprising couples of sections of the initiation heater 41 and the emission heater 42, which is reflected in the need of precise measurement of the value of resistance at the heaters in the course of cyclical step by step connecting of individual sections of the heater to the output supply and the measuring of the resistance values of the heaters within the zone of the LENR reaction during the measuring of the values of the flowing current, ensured by the control system 85. During this process, the control and maintenance of the parameters of the heating device operation is ensured based on the main characteristic, i.e. the electric resistance of individual sections of the heaters measured during the operation processmeasuring and calculation of the speed or acceleration (the first derivation di/dt, or acceleration, the second derivation di/dt.sup.2) based on the value of the electric current passing through the sections of the heaters, which is the function of the inside temperature of the ceramic heater at which the LENR reaction occurs. And because the initiation thermal energy is supplied in a cyclical manner, the control function is ensured through the cyclical passage of current through the heater in the mode of the output supply and measuring of the resistance of the heaters within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place, for the purpose of analysing the resistance change in cyclical modes with the measuring repetition frequency of 100 times per second.
[0278] The existence of two, three or four composed sections of initiation heaters 41 and emission heaters 42 in the heating device also differs in a number of aspects from the examples provided above, because the control system 85 contains hardware and software adapted for a multi-channel resistance measuring of these composed heaters and for the control of the heating modes in the course of the LENR reaction in such heating devices.
[0279] For example, in the case of a composed heating device with initiation heaters 41 and emission heaters 42 a cyclical mode occurs of the output supply and measuring of the resistance of the heaters within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place, for the purpose of analysing the resistance change in cyclical modes with the measuring repetition frequency of 100 times per second, in couples of measuring resistors R.sub.1 R.sub.2.
[0280] In the alternative of the heating device with two sections, such analysis of the resistance change measurements takes place on couples of measuring resistors (R.sub.1 R.sub.3); (R.sub.2 R.sub.4).
[0281] In the alternative of the heating device with three sections, such measurement of the resistance change takes place on couples of measuring resistors (R.sub.1-R.sub.4); (R.sub.2-R.sub.5); (R.sub.3-R.sub.6).
[0282] In a composed four-sectional heating device, the control of eight heaters is performed and the control system 85 controls the sections of the heating device with coupled initiation heaters 41 and emission heaters 42(R.sub.1-R.sub.5); (R.sub.2-R.sub.6); (R.sub.3-R.sub.7); (R.sub.4-R.sub.8) in cycles of step-by-step supply of output and control of the resistance level within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place in each of the sections of the composed heater. This is performed by means of structuring the synchronised cycles of the output supply of the initiation heating or measuring at the determined channel from 1 to 8, with the output supply from the PWM modulator 110, supplying current in steps from its output to the resistors R.sub.1, R.sub.5, R.sub.2, R.sub.6, R.sub.3, R.sub.7, R.sub.4, R.sub.8 of the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors, based on the software adapted for the given type of the heating devices.
[0283] In the course of this process, similarly as in the examples provided above, the specific current impulses from the PWM modulator 110 continue to flow to the heater with a reduced output at the level of 10% of the nominal value of the output for the purpose of controlling the resistance within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place. When the measured value of resistance is lower by 10% compared to the value measured in the preceding measuring, the thermal impact is disconnected by means of switching off the output supply from the PWM modulator 110. Furthermore, in the course of the electric current passing from the PWM modulator 110 to the heater with a reduced output at the level of 10% of the nominal value at the relevant section of the initiation heater 41, the control of resistance increase at the heater is ensured and if the measured value of resistance increases by 10% of its value measured at the moment of the thermal impact disconnection (switch-off), the process of the output supply to the section of the initiation heater 41 is repeated as described above.
[0284] In order to accelerate the activation of the heating devices described above, it is possible to obtain the initial thermal initiation by means of supplying electric energy to the initiation heater 41 and to the emission heater 42 at the moment of switching. After the initial thermal initiation in the form of the initiation output supply from the PWM modulator 110 simultaneously to the initiation heater 41 and the emission heater 42 and after the start of the LENR reaction mode, the level of the output supply to the heaters is determined only as the specified current at the value of 10% of the nominal value of the initiation output, and the electric output is subsequently supplied through the control system 85 only to the in initiation heater 41, while the emission heater 42 only receives output at the level of the specified current at the value of 10% of the nominal value of the initiation output.
[0285] External heat activation occurs upon the supply of thermal energy to the heating device with the use of hydrocarbon fuel, for example by means of the burner. Depending on the particular alternative of the heating device used, thermal energy can be supplied to the inner surface or to the outer surface of the heating device.
[0286] The burners and the closure valves are controlled in accordance with the standards determined for the given technical area for the liquid heating systems of accumulation or flow-through type with a relay control system from the end group 120 of contacts for the connection for closure valves of the hydrocarbon fuel burners and with an analogue control system from the end group of contacts for 4 channels of independent control, based on signals coming from the microcomputer 101 to the input of the control unit 117 of the hydrocarbon fuel burners and to the 4-channel DAC converter 118 and then to the burners 21 for hydrocarbon fuel from the end group 119 of contacts for the connection of hydrocarbon fuel burners.
[0287] The operation of composed heating devices with the supply of external thermal energy to the devices from the burner of hydrocarbon fuel in various construction alternatives with the heating of the inner surface 27 of the composed heating device or of the outer case 10 of the heating device does not significantly differ for the control system 85 from the examples listed above.
[0288] In such a case, the operation of the heating device is analogous to the process described above, with a number of differences associated with the use of the burners 21 for hydrocarbon fuel and with the long time of the heat impact of the thermal energy relaxation in the event of repeated initiation of the heater and with the use of several sectional heating devices comprising coupled sections of the initiation heater 41 and the emission heater 42, which is reflected in the need of precise measurement of the value of resistance at the heater and the fluctuations of the values of the specified current of the combined initiation heater 41 and the emission heater 42, both ensured by the control system 85. The algorithms of the activity of the control system 85 and of the different alternatives of construction of the composed heating devices correspond with the algorithms specified above. [0289] Example of the control system functioning
[0290] The control system 85 illustrated in
[0291] As an example, the operation of the control system 85 is described, with a composed heating device in accordance with the connection scheme 105 of the heating device with four groups of initiation heaters and four groups of emission heaters and with a common conductor, with external thermal initiation of the heating process by means of electric current, structured as a flow-through system for liquid heating (constructed pursuant to claim 29).
[0292] The determined temperature of liquid heating is 75 C. and it can be displayed on the display unit of the electronic temperature regulator 70. The flow-through system of liquid heating comprises a heating device 80 connected according to the connection scheme 105 of the heating device with four groups of initiation heaters and four groups of emission heaters and a common conductor to the control system 85 through the communication interface 106 of the connection of the heating device to the input of the control system. The socket 81 for the heated liquid supply and the socket 84 for liquid removal are connected to the screw threads on the inner surface 27 of the composed heating device. The thermal insulation 92 is located on the case 10 of the heating device. The heating device 80 is being heated upon supply of electric energy to the initiation heater 41 and to the emission heater 42 from the PWM modulator 110 up to the level of the start of the LENR reaction in the initiation heater 41 and in the emission heater 42. The software of the control system 85 ensures its functioning in the mode of a thermostatic regulator (controller) and provides precise measurements of the resistance values of the heaters during cyclical step-by-step connecting of individual sections of the heater by means of the voltage supply as well as measurements of the resistance value of the heaters within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place by means of measuring the values of the flowing current. During this process, the control and maintenance of the parameters of the heating device operation is ensured based on the main characteristic, i.e. the electric resistance of individual sections of the heaters measured during the operation processmeasuring and calculation of the speed or acceleration (the first derivation di/dt, or acceleration, the second derivation di/dt.sup.2) based on the value of the electric current passing through the sections of the heaters, which is the function of the inside temperature of the ceramic heater at which the LENR reaction occurs. And because the initiation thermal energy is supplied in a cyclical manner, the control function is ensured through the cyclical passage of current through the heater in the mode of the output (power) supply and measuring of the resistance of the heaters within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place, for the purpose of analysing the resistance change in cyclical modes with the measuring repetition frequency of 100 times per second.
[0293] The control system 85 comprises hardware and software adapted to multi-channel measuring of resistance of four composed sections of initiation heaters 41 and emission heaters 42 and the control of temperature modes of the LENR reaction process in such composed devices, ensuring cyclical mode of the output (power) supply and measuring of the resistance of the heaters within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place, for the purpose of analysing the resistance change in cyclical modes with the measuring repetition frequency of 100 times per second in the resistors of the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors for measuring the voltage of the heater or a section of the heater. In such composed four-sectional heating device, the control of eight heaters is performed and the control system 85 controls the sections of the heating device with coupled initiation heaters and emission heatersvoltage measuring at the resistors (R.sub.1-R.sub.5); (R.sub.2-R.sub.6); (R.sub.3-R.sub.7); (R.sub.4-R.sub.8) in cycles of step-by-step supply of output (power) and control of the resistance level within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place. This is performed by means of structuring the synchronised cycles of the output supply of the initiation heating or measuring at the determined channel from 1 to 8, with the output (power) supply from the PWM modulator 110, supplying current in steps from its output to the resistor couples R.sub.1-R.sub.5; R.sub.2-R.sub.6; R.sub.3-R7; R.sub.4-R.sub.8 of the measuring unit 104 with eight resistors, based on the software adapted for the given type of the heating device.
[0294] In the course of this process, the specific current impulses from the PWM modulator 110 continue to flow to the heater with a reduced output at the level of 10% of the nominal value of the output for the purpose of controlling the resistance within the zone where the LENR reaction takes place. When the measured value of resistance is lower by 10% compared to the value measured in the preceding measuring, the thermal impact is disconnected by means of switching off the output (power) supply from the PWM modulator 110 to the heating device. Furthermore, in the course of the electric current passing from the PWM modulator 110 to the heater with a reduced output at the level of 10% of the nominal value at the relevant section of the initiation heater 41, the control of resistance increase at the heater is ensured and if the measured value of resistance increases by 10% of its value measured at the moment of the thermal impact disconnection (switch-off), the process of the output supply to the section of the initiation heater 41 is repeated as described above.
[0295] Upon starting the LENR reaction maintenance mode, the electric power supply of the emission heater 42 from the PWM modulator 110 is interrupted and the control system 85 continues to operate in the thermo-stabilisation mode of the initial heater 41 within the temperature range ensuring the thermal output required for the operation of the emission heater 42 and for maintaining the LENR reaction therein.
[0296] Such cycles of controlling the heating device are ensured by the software and can be adapted to various construction alternatives of the heating devices in line with the principles described above.
[0297] The system also analyses the temperature values coming from the temperature sensor 23 at the heat exchanger (t.sub.2 C.), recording the temperature on the coat of the heat exchanger, from the temperature sensor 22 of the temperature at the input (t.sub.1 C.), placed at the liquid supply socket, and from the temperature sensor 24 of the liquid at the outlet (t.sub.3 C.), placed at the liquid removal socket 84, based on which signals the electric energy supply to the section of the heaters of the heating device can be disconnected when the temperatures increase above the level of common operation or if the liquid temperature exceeds 95 C. The control system 85 also controls the liquid supply pump 82 that regulates the speed of the liquid supply and receives signals at the input originating from the liquid flow meter 83. Any changes of the parameters of the control system 85 operation and its programming are performed from external devices through the communication computer interfaces 126 for the connection of external devices.
[0298] An example of industrial use of the invention, various alternatives of the device using the heating devices in the structure of flow-through and accumulation systems for liquid heating, convector heaters and heating radiators. The liquid heating systems of different construction alternatives function in the following manner: [0299] Examples of the construction of liquid heating systems utilising the thermal energy from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. Example of implementation of a liquid heating system of accumulation type pursuant to claim 26, as illustrated in
[0300] The construction of the system meets the requirements pertaining to the given type of devices of heating liquids and contains standard and known elements and devices used in this type of appliances. The main difference is the existence of a composed heating device, constructed for example pursuant to claim 18, with the initiation of the external heat impact by means of the hydrocarbon fuel burner 21, the scheme of which is illustrated in
[0301] The liquid heating system of accumulation type and the heating device function in the following manner:
[0302] Upon setting the temperature of the liquid heating by the electronic temperature regulator 70 that constitutes a part of the control system 85 for example to the value of 75 C., the thermal energy is being supplied to the inner surface 27 of the composed heating device 80 installed on the flange 11 of the heating device base equipped with openings 12 in the flange used for the fixation of the heating device from the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel to which the fuel is being supplied through the closure valve 86. Upon launching the operation, the control system 85 initiates thermal heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 by means of supplying electric energy, as described above, and controls the heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device 80 in individual sections and when the initialisation temperature of the LENR reaction in the heaters is reached, the control system switches off the electric energy supply and subsequently regulates the supply of the external thermal impact on the inner surface 27 of the composed heating device only from the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel. The activity of the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel is controlled by the control system 85 by means of switching on or off the closure valve 86 in the start/stop mode, during the operation in the thermostabilisation mode of the heated liquid inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank 87. Determination of the current temperatures transmitted to the control system input 85 originates from the liquid temperature sensor 22 at the input t.sub.1 C., liquid temperature sensor 23 at the heat exchanger t.sub.2 C. and liquid temperature sensor 24 at the output t.sub.3 C. The data from the liquid flow meter 83 are also transmitted to the input of the control system 85 and the liquid supply pump 82 is connected to the input of the control system as well. In order to improve the heat sharing with the liquid volume inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank 87, a heat exchanger 88 is installed on the surface of the outer case 10 of the heating device. All the devices forming a part of the liquid heating system ensure the temperature thermostabilisation mode inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank 87 by means of connection or disconnecting the thermal energy supply to the heating device 80 and by means of maintaining its operation within the pre-determined temperature range within the zone of LENR reaction in the heaters. The existence of four sections of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device 80 enables the use of its separate sections in the temperature maintenance mode in the liquid volume. In the course of heating the inner surface 27 with the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel, combustion products are generated that are subsequently released to the atmosphere. [0303] Another example of the liquid heating system is the flow-through system of heating liquids with the use of gas heating, implemented pursuant to claim 27, as illustrated in
[0304] The construction of the system meets the requirements pertaining to the given type of devices of heating liquids and contains standard and known elements and devices used in this type of appliances. This type also uses the form of a composed heating device, constructed for example pursuant to claim 21, with the initiation of the external heat impact, the scheme of which is illustrated in
[0305] In this type of construction, the liquid heating system of flow-through type and the heating device function in the following manner:
[0306] Upon setting the temperature of the liquid heating by the electronic temperature regulator 70 that constitutes a part of the control system 85 for example to the value of 75 C., the initiation thermal energy is being supplied to the case 10 of the heating device installed on the flange 11 of the heating device base equipped with openings 12 in the flange used for the fixation of the heating device from a series of the connected burners burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel to which the fuel is being supplied through the closure valve 86. This system counts on the burners being controlled by means of an adaptive mode of control, where the control unit 90 of the fuel supply to the burners can regulate the output of the thermal energy supply to the case 10 of the heating device by means of controlling the burners 21 for hydrocarbon fuel through the control system 85, which is ensured by the appropriate hardware and software tools. In line with the standard procedures, the control system 85 upon launching the operation initiates thermal heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 by means of supplying electric energy, as described above, and controls the heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device 80 in individual sections and when the initialisation temperature of the LENR reaction in the heaters is reached, the control system switches off the electric energy supply and subsequently regulates the supply of the external thermal impact on the inner surface 27 of the composed heating device only from the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel. This construction alternative of the system primarily uses burners for the liquid heating structured in the form of a series of burners 21 for hydrocarbon fuel heating the case 10 of the heating device from four sides at different heights, thus ensuring spatial heating in individual sections of the heaters.
[0307] The activity of the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel by means of switching on or off the closure valve 86 in the start/stop mode, as well as the analog control of its output, is performed by the control system 85 during the operation in the thermo stabilisation mode of the heated liquid inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank 87, controlled by the regulation unit 90 controlling the output of the burners 21 for hydrocarbon fuel and the heat impact on the heating device. Determination of the current temperatures transmitted to the control system input 85 originates from the liquid temperature sensor 22 at the input t.sub.1 C., liquid temperature sensor 23 at the coat of the heating device t.sub.2 C. and liquid temperature sensor 24 at the heat output t.sub.3 C. The data from the liquid flow meter 83 are also transmitted to the input of the control system 85 and the liquid supply pump 82 is connected to the input of the control system 85 as well. All the devices forming a part of the liquid heating system ensure the temperature thermo stabilisation mode inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank inner surface 27 of the composed heating device by means of connecting or disconnecting the thermal energy supply to the heating device 80 and by means of maintaining its operation within the pre-determined temperature range within the zone of LENR reaction in the heaters. The existence of four sections of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device enables the use of its separate sections in the temperature maintenance mode in the flowing liquid volume. In the course of heating the case 10 of the heating device with the burner 21 for hydrocarbon fuel, for example combustion gas, combustion products are generated that are subsequently released to the atmosphere.
Example of the Construction of lLquid Heating Systems Utilising the Electric Energy
[0308] Example of implementation of a liquid heating system of accumulation type pursuant to claim 28, as illustrated in
[0309] The construction of the system meets the requirements pertaining to the given type of devices of heating liquids and contains standard and known elements and devices used in this type of appliances. The main difference of the system is the existence of a composed heating device, constructed for example pursuant to claim 20, with the initiation of the external heat impact with the use of electric energy, the scheme of which is illustrated in
[0310] Upon setting the temperature of the liquid heating by the electronic temperature regulator 70 that constitutes a part of the control system 85 for example to the value of 75 C., the initiation thermal energy is being supplied to the heating device 80 installed on the flange 11 of the heating device base, equipped with openings 12 for the fixation of the heating device, from the control system 85 which is ensured by the relevant hardware and software tools. Upon launching the operation, the control system 85 initiates thermal heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 by means of supplying electric energy, as described above, and controls the heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device in individual sections and when the initialisation temperature of the LENR reaction in the heaters is reached, the control system 85 switches off the electric energy supply and subsequently regulates the supply of the external thermal impact on the initiation heater 41 or its sections only from the electric energy supply unit. All the elements constituting the heating system are controlled by the control system 85 in the thermo stabilisation mode of the heated liquid temperature inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank 87. Determination of the current temperatures transmitted to the control system input 85 originates from the liquid temperature sensor 22 at the input t.sub.1 C., liquid temperature sensor 23 at the heat exchanger t.sub.2 C. and liquid temperature sensor 24 at the output t.sub.3 C. The data from the liquid flow meter 83 are also transmitted to the input of the control system 85 and the liquid supply pump 82 is connected to the input of the control system 85 as well. In order to improve the heat sharing with the liquid volume inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank 87, a heat exchanger 88 is installed on the surface of the outer case 10.
[0311] All the devices forming a part of the liquid heating system ensure the temperature thermo stabilisation mode inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank 87 by means of connecting or disconnecting the thermal energy supply to the heating device and by means of maintaining its operation within the pre-determined temperature range within the zone of LENR reaction in the heaters. The existence of four sections of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device enables the use of its separate sections in the temperature maintenance mode in the flowing liquid volume. [0312] Another example of the liquid heating system is the flow-through system of heating liquids with the use of electric heating, implemented pursuant to claim 29, as illustrated in
[0313] This type also uses the form of a composed heating device, constructed for example pursuant to claim 22, with the initiation of the external heat impact, the scheme of which is illustrated in
[0314] In this type of construction, the liquid heating system of flow-through type and the heating device function in the following manner:
[0315] Upon setting the temperature of the liquid heating by the electronic temperature regulator 70 that constitutes a part of the control system 85 for example to the value of 75 C., the initiation thermal energy is being supplied to the heating device 80 installed on the flange 11 of the heating device base, equipped with openings 12 for the fixation of the heating device, from the control system 85 which is ensured by the relevant hardware and software tools.
[0316] In line with the standard procedures, the control system 85 upon launching the operation initiates thermal heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 by means of supplying electric energy, as described above, and controls the heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device in individual sections and when the initialisation temperature of the LENR reaction in the heaters is reached, the control system 85 switches off the electric energy supply and subsequently regulates the supply of the external thermal impact on the inner surface 27 of the composed heating device only by means of the electric energy supply to the initiation heater 41 or its sections. For this construction alternative of the liquid heating system, heating devices with thermal insulation 92 of the outer surface are preferentially used.
[0317] The operation of the heating device with the switching off or switching on the electric energy supply is controlled by the control system 85 during the operation in the mode of thermo stabilisation of the temperature of the liquid flowing through the inner surface 27 of the composed heating device at the level of the thermal impact on the heating device. Determination of the current temperatures transmitted to the control system input 85 originates from the liquid temperature sensor 22 at the input t.sub.1 C., liquid temperature sensor 23 at the heat exchanger t.sub.2 C. and liquid temperature sensor 24 at the output t.sub.3 C. The data from the liquid flow meter 83 are also transmitted to the input of the control system 85 and the liquid supply pump 82 is connected to the input of the control system 85 as well.
[0318] All the devices forming a part of the liquid heating system ensure the temperature thermo stabilisation mode inside the thermally insulated accumulation tank inner surface 27 of the composed heating device by means of connecting or disconnecting the thermal energy supply to the heating device 80 and by means of maintaining its operation within the pre-determined temperature range within the zone of LENR reaction in the heaters. The existence of four sections of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device enables the use of its separate sections in the temperature maintenance mode in the flowing liquid volume.
[0319] As indicated by the example, the heating device 80 used in various construction alternatives of liquid heating systems is hermetically fixed to the attachment flange 11 of the heating device base equipped with openings 12 in the flange used for the fixation of the heating device and its operation can be changed alternatively in the required intervals.
Example of Convection Systems of Air Heating
[0320] Example of the construction of a convection heater pursuant to claim 30 with the alternative of a convection tubular electric heater pursuant to claim 24, as illustrated in
[0321] The main difference of the system is the existence of a composed heating device, constructed for example pursuant to claim 23, with the initiation of the external heat impact with the use of electric energy, the scheme of which is illustrated in
[0322] The convection heater with a tubular electric heater functions as follows:
[0323] Upon setting the temperature of the air heating by the electronic temperature regulator 70 that constitutes a part of the control system 85 in the room where the heater is located, for example to the value of 25 C., the thermal energy is being supplied to the heating device 80 installed on the flange 13 of the heating device base, equipped with an external screw thread on the tubular electric heater. Upon launching the operation, the control system 85 initiates thermal heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 by means of supplying electric energy, as described above, and controls the heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device in individual sections and when the initialisation temperature of the LENR reaction in the heaters is reached, the control system 85 switches off the electric energy supply and subsequently regulates the electric energy supply to the initiation heater 41 or its sections only by means of supplying electric energy. All the elements constituting the heating system are controlled by the control system 85 in the thermo stabilisation mode of the heated liquid temperature inside the convection tubular electric heater 50 up to 110 C. Determination of the current temperatures transmitted to the control system input 85 originates from the sensor 72 of the temperature on the radiator board place t.sub.1 C., from the sensor 73 of the temperature on the outside surface of the radiator t.sub.2 C. and from the sensor 74 of the temperature within the zone of installation of the heating device mounting t.sub.3 C. An electric fan 67 is connected to the output of the control system 85.
[0324] All the devices forming a part of the convection tubular electric heater ensure the thermo stabilisation mode of the pre-determined temperature inside the heating unit 50 by means of connecting or disconnecting the thermal energy supply to the heating device 80 and by means of maintaining its operation within the pre-determined temperature range within the zone of LENR reaction in the heaters of the heating device 80. The existence of four sections of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device enables the use of its separate sections in the mode of maintaining the required temperature in the heating unit convection tubular electric heater 50. [0325] Example of an alternative of the convection radiator with electric heating of tubular heating unitimplemented pursuant to claim 30, as illustrated in
[0326] Upon launching the operation, the control system 85 initiates thermal heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 by means of supplying electric energy, as described above, and controls the heating of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device in individual sections and when the initialisation temperature of the LENR reaction in the heaters is reached, the control system 85 switches off the electric energy supply and subsequently regulates the supply of the external electric energy to the initiation heater 41 or its sections only by means of supplying electric energy. All the elements constituting the heating system are controlled by the control system 85 in the thermo stabilisation mode of the heated liquid temperature inside the convection tubular electric heater 50 up to 110 C. Determination of the current temperatures transmitted to the control system input 85 originates from the sensor 72 of the temperature on the radiator board place t.sub.1 C., from the sensor 73 of the temperature on the outside surface of the radiator t.sub.2 C. and from the sensor 74 of the temperature within the zone of installation of the heating device mounting t.sub.3 C. All the devices forming a part of the convection heater ensure the thermo stabilisation mode of the pre-determined temperature inside the heating unit convection tubular electric heater 50 by means of connecting or disconnecting the thermal energy supply to the heating device 80 and by means of maintaining its operation within the pre-determined temperature range within the zone of LENR reaction in the heaters of the heating device 80. The existence of four sections of the initiation heater 41 and of the emission heater 42 of the heating device enables the use of its separate sections in the mode of maintaining the required temperature in the heating unit convection tubular electric heater 50.
[0327] As indicated by the example, the heating device 80 used in various construction alternatives of convection heaters is hermetically by means of the screw thread connection 15 to the attachment flange at the lower part 13 of the heating device with external screw thread base and its operation can be changed alternatively in the required intervals.
[0328] The priorities of this invention and its advantages in the described examples lie in the possible modifications and alternatives necessary to be included within the scope of the protection claims attached hereto.
[0329] The above description may be interpreted as the publishing of this invention that should not be understood as limiting its priorities. The presented methods and construction alternatives of the submitted invention have been described in sufficient detail and the experts in the given field will understand that there are other possible modifications of the construction alternatives hereof, without any significant deviations from the substance of the methods described in the application.
[0330] In view of the above, all such modifications can be included within the scope of this invention, provided that they comply with the definitions described in the protection claims and in the construction alternatives described above.
[0331] For this reason, it is necessary to understand that descriptions provided above are intended to illustrate this invention for information purposes only and should not be interpreted as any limitations in the form of the specific construction alternatives described herein and that any modifications of the construction alternatives described herein, as well as any other alternatives, are also intended to be covered within the scope of the presented protection claims.
[0332] This invention is defined by the protection claims attached hereto and any equivalent claims describing additional possible modifications of its methods and devices should further increase its priority.