Arrangement for reducing torsional loading of a camshaft

Abstract

An engine comprising a camshaft, the engine coupleable to an auxiliary device driven from the camshaft, the camshaft comprising: a plurality of valve cams each configured to actuate a respective intake valve or exhaust valve of the engine, an angular orientation of the valve cams about the rotational axis of the camshaft defined by the operational requirements of the valves; and an auxiliary device cam configured to actuate a drive element of the auxiliary device via one or more cam lobes, the auxiliary device cam having an angular orientation about the rotational axis of the camshaft, and the drive element having an angular orientation about the rotational axis of the camshaft, wherein the angular orientation of the drive element of the auxiliary device is selected respective to the angular orientation of the valve cams such that each actuation event of the auxiliary device occurs between two successive valve actuation events.

Claims

1. An engine comprising a camshaft, the engine being coupleable to an auxiliary device that is driven from the camshaft, the camshaft comprising: a plurality of valve cams, each valve cam configured to actuate a respective valve of the engine by displacing the respective valve, an angular orientation of the plurality of valve cams about a rotational axis of the camshaft being defined by operational requirements of the valves; and an auxiliary device cam configured to actuate a drive element of an auxiliary device by virtue of a plurality of auxiliary device cam lobes which displace the drive element, the auxiliary device cam having an angular orientation about the rotational axis of the camshaft, and the drive element having an angular orientation about the rotational axis of the camshaft when the auxiliary device is coupled to the engine, wherein the angular orientation of the drive element of the auxiliary device is selected with respect to the angular orientation of the valve cams such that each maximum displacement occurrence of the auxiliary device is concurrent with a minimum displacement of the valves, and where each maximum displacement occurrence of the auxiliary device is offset from all maximum displacement occurrences of the valves of the engine, and wherein a working axis of the drive element of the auxiliary device and a working axis of the engine valves are angularly oriented less than 45 degrees apart about the rotational axis of the camshaft.

2. The engine according to claim 1, wherein: each valve cam provides a first periodic resistive torque to rotation of the camshaft as the valve cam actuates the engine valve; and the auxiliary device cam provides a second periodic resistive torque to the rotation of the camshaft as the auxiliary device cam actuates the auxiliary device, wherein a peak value of the second periodic resistive torque occurs in between two successive peak values of the first periodic resistive torque.

3. The engine according to claim 2, wherein the first and second periodic resistive torques define an oscillation in a resistive torque provided to a primary drive of the engine during operation of the engine, the angular orientation of the auxiliary device cam and/or an angular orientation of an operational axis of the auxiliary device with respect to the angular orientation of the valve cams being selected to reduce an amplitude of the oscillation in the resistive torque provided to the camshaft.

4. The engine according to claim 3, wherein the angular orientation of the auxiliary device cam and/or the angular orientation of the operational axis of the auxiliary device with respect to the angular orientation of the valve cams are selected to minimize a magnitude between a maxima and a minima of the oscillation in the resistive torque.

5. The engine according to claim 1, wherein the camshaft is configured such that an operational axis of the auxiliary device extends radially from the rotational axis of the camshaft when the camshaft and the auxiliary device are in an installed configuration.

6. The engine according to claim 1, wherein a shape of each lobe of the auxiliary device cam is independently selected to reduce an amplitude of an oscillation in resistive torque.

7. The engine according to claim 1, wherein the working axis of the drive element of the auxiliary device and the working axis of the engine valves are angularly oriented greater than 0 degrees apart about the rotational axis of the camshaft.

8. The engine according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of engine valve cams is equi-angularly spaced around the rotational axis of the camshaft.

9. The engine according to claim 1, wherein each of the valve cams and/or the auxiliary device cam is rigidly fixed to the camshaft.

10. The engine according to claim 1, wherein each of the valve cams and/or the auxiliary device cam is movable with respect to the camshaft.

11. The engine according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary device is a fuel pump.

12. The engine according to claim 1, wherein the drive element of the auxiliary device has an operational axis that is inclined to, offset from, and/or remote from an operational axis of the auxiliary device.

13. The engine according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary device comprises a linkage mechanism, the linkage mechanism being configured to operatively couple the auxiliary device to the auxiliary device drive element.

14. A method of manufacturing an engine comprising a camshaft, the engine being coupleable to an auxiliary device that is driven from the camshaft, the method comprising: configuring each of a plurality of valve cams to actuate a respective intake valve or exhaust valve of the engine, an angular orientation of each of the plurality of valve cams about a rotational axis of the camshaft being defined by operational requirements of the respective intake valve or exhaust valve; configuring an auxiliary device cam to actuate a drive element of the auxiliary device by virtue of one or more cam lobes, the auxiliary device cam having an angular orientation about the rotational axis of the camshaft, and the drive element having an angular orientation about the rotational axis of the camshaft when the auxiliary device is coupled to the engine; and selecting the angular orientation of the drive element of the auxiliary device with respect to the angular orientation of the valve cams such that each actuation event peak of the auxiliary device only occurs in between two successive valve actuation event peaks, and such that each actuation event peak of the auxiliary device is offset from all valve actuation event peaks of all cylinders of the engine, wherein a nose of each lobe of the plurality of valve cams is offset less than 45 degrees from a nose of an auxiliary device cam lobe, where the auxiliary device cam comprises a plurality of auxiliary device cam lobes, and wherein a working axis of the drive element of the auxiliary device and a working axis of the engine valves are angularly oriented less than 45 degrees apart about the rotational axis of the camshaft.

15. An engine comprising a camshaft, the engine coupleable to an auxiliary device driven from the camshaft, the camshaft comprising: a plurality of valve cams that each actuate a respective engine valve; and an auxiliary device cam that actuates a drive element of the auxiliary device, an angular orientation of the drive element selected with respect to an angular orientation of the valve cams so that each actuation event peak of the auxiliary device occurs between two successive valve actuation event peaks, and so that each actuation event peak of the auxiliary device is between every two successive valve actuation event peaks of each cylinder of the engine, wherein a maximum amount of engine valve resistive torque is applied to the camshaft during each valve actuation event peak, wherein a maximum amount of auxiliary device resistive torque is applied to the camshaft during each actuation event peak of the auxiliary device, and wherein a nose of each lobe of the plurality of valve cams is offset less than 45 degrees from a nose of an auxiliary device cam lobe, where the auxiliary device cam comprises a plurality of auxiliary device cam lobes.

16. The engine according to claim 15, wherein all of the actuation event peaks of the auxiliary device occur between all of the valve actuation event peaks of all of the cylinders of the engine.

17. The engine according to claim 15, wherein the angular orientation of the drive element with respect to the angular orientation of the valve cams is further selected to actuate the auxiliary device when a minimum amount of resistive torque is applied to rotation of the camshaft via the valve cams.

18. The engine according to claim 15, where the nose of each lobe of the plurality of valve cams is offset greater than 0 degrees from each of the plurality of the auxiliary device cam lobes.

19. The engine according to claim 15, where the valves actuated by the valve cams include intake valves of the engine.

20. The engine according to claim 19, where the valves actuated by the valve cams include exhaust valves of the engine.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) For a better understanding of the present disclosure, and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a camshaft and a fuel injection system for an engine;

(3) FIG. 2 shows an end view of the camshaft shown in FIG. 1 in relation to a valve of the engine and a fuel pump of the fuel injection system;

(4) FIG. 3 shows a graphical representation of the relationship between the angular orientation of the camshaft and the resistive torques applied to the camshaft for the arrangement shown in FIG. 2;

(5) FIG. 4 shows an end view of a first arrangement of a camshaft and a fuel pump;

(6) FIG. 5 shows an end view of a second arrangement of a camshaft and a fuel pump;

(7) FIG. 6 shows an end view of a third arrangement of a camshaft and a fuel pump;

(8) FIG. 7 shows a graphical representation of the relationship between the angular orientation of the camshaft and the resistive torques applied to the camshaft for the arrangements shown in FIGS. 4 to 6;

(9) FIG. 8 shows a graphical representation of an example relationship between an angular orientation of the crankshaft of the engine and actuation events of the intake valves, the exhaust valves, and the auxiliary device for the arrangements, according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) FIGS. 1-2 and 4-6 show example configurations with relative positioning of the various components. If shown directly contacting each other, or directly coupled, then such elements may be referred to as directly contacting or directly coupled, respectively, at least in one example. Similarly, elements shown contiguous or adjacent to one another may be contiguous or adjacent to each other, respectively, at least in one example. As an example, components laying in face-sharing contact with each other may be referred to as in face-sharing contact. As another example, elements positioned apart from each other with only a space there-between and no other components may be referred to as such, in at least one example. As yet another example, elements shown above/below one another, at opposite sides to one another, or to the left/right of one another may be referred to as such, relative to one another. Further, as shown in the figures, a topmost element or point of element may be referred to as a top of the component and a bottommost element or point of the element may be referred to as a bottom of the component, in at least one example. As used herein, top/bottom, upper/lower, above/below, may be relative to a vertical axis of the figures and used to describe positioning of elements of the figures relative to one another. The vertical axis is a direction opposite, relative to gravity. As such, elements shown above other elements are positioned vertically above the other elements, in one example. As yet another example, shapes of the elements depicted within the figures may be referred to as having those shapes (e.g., such as being circular, straight, planar, curved, rounded, chamfered, angled, or the like). Further, elements shown intersecting one another may be referred to as intersecting elements or intersecting one another, in at least one example. An element shown within another element or shown outside of another element may be referred as such, in one example. Further still, when referring to angles, rotation in a clockwise direction is denoted by a positive angle, and a rotation in an anticlockwise direction is denoted by a negative angle.

(11) FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a camshaft 101 and a fuel injection system 103 for an engine 100. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the camshaft 101 is an intake camshaft that is configured to actuate a plurality of intake valves of the engine 100, which may for example be a double overhead camshaft (DOHC) engine. The engine 100 according to the present disclosure may however be any appropriate type of engine, for example an overhead valve (OHV) engine or a single overhead camshaft engine (SOHC).

(12) In the context of the present disclosure, the terms intake valve and exhaust valve refer to valves that are used to control the timing and quantity of gas and/or vapour flow from an intake manifold into a cylinder and out of the cylinder of the engine into an exhaust manifold respectively. For the sake of brevity, the below description will focus on the operation of the intake camshaft 101 shown in FIG. 1. It is to be understood, however, that the described implementation and operation of the present disclosure applies equally to an exhaust camshaft, or indeed any camshaft of an engine.

(13) In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the engine 100 is a three cylinder engine. However, in another arrangement, the engine may comprise any appropriate number of cylinders, for example the engine 100 may be a four cylinder engine, a six cylinder engine, and so on.

(14) The camshaft 101 comprises three pairs of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c, each pair of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c, being configured to actuate a pair of intake valves of respective cylinders of the engine. Each of the valve cams 105 has a single lobe configured to actuate a respective valve of the engine 100. However, in another arrangement, the valve cams 105 may each comprise any appropriate number of lobes.

(15) An angular orientation of each of the valve cams 105 about a rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101 is defined by respective operational requirements of each valve of the engine. For the example of a DOHC engine, the valves may be driven directly by the valve cams 105, and as a result, an operational axis of the valves may be coaxial with a lobe centreline 106 of the valve cams 105, i.e. a line that extends from the centre of rotation to the nose of the valve cam 105, when the valve reaches its peak displacement. However, in another DOHC engine configuration, or for example a SOHC configuration, the valves may be operatively coupled to the valve cams 105 by virtue of one or more linkage mechanisms, for example a rocker mechanism. As a result, the operational axis of the valves may be inclined to and/or offset from the lobe centreline 106 of the valve cams 105 when the valve reaches its peak displacement.

(16) The angular orientation of each valve cam 105 about the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101 is selected depending on the operational requirements of the respective valve which the valve cam 105 actuates. For example, the angular orientation of the valve cams 105 may be selected depending on the desired timing of respective valves. For the arrangements shown in FIGS. 1-2 and 4-6, an operational axis C-C of each valve 111 is inclined by 120 from a vertical 112, and the angular orientation of each of the valve cams 105 selected such that the lobe centreline 106 of the respective valve cams 105 is aligned with the operational axis C-C of each valve 111 when the valve 111 reaches its peak displacement. Such an arrangement is only shown by way of example of the present disclosure. The operational axis C-C of the valve 111 of the engine may be orientated at any appropriate angle with respect to the angular orientation of the valve cams 105 about the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101.

(17) The camshaft 101 comprises an auxiliary device cam, for example a fuel pump cam 107, configured to actuate the drive element 113 of the fuel pump 109, for example by virtue of one or more lobes of the fuel pump cam 107. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the fuel pump 109 is a high pressure fuel pump of the fuel injection system 103. The auxiliary device may, however, be any appropriate type of auxiliary device of an engine.

(18) Each lobe of the fuel pump cam 109 has a lobe centreline 108 that extends from the centre of rotation to the nose of each lobe of the fuel pump cam 107. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the fuel pump cam 107 comprises three lobes such that the fuel pump is actuated three times per revolution of the camshaft 101. The fuel pump cam 107 may, however, have any appropriate number of lobes depending on the operational requirements of the fuel injection system 103.

(19) The camshaft 101 is configured such that the lobe centrelines 108 of the fuel pump cam 107 extend radially from the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the fuel pump 109 is driven directly by the fuel pump cam 107, and as a result, when the fuel pump 109 reaches its peak displacement, one of the lobe centrelines 108 of the fuel pump cam 107 is coaxial with operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 and the operational axis of the fuel pump 109. In this manner, the operational axis of the fuel pump 109 may also extend radially from the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101 as shown in FIG. 1. However, in a different arrangement, the fuel pump drive element 113 may be operatively coupled to the fuel pump 109 by virtue of one or more linkage mechanisms, for example a rocker mechanism. As a result, the operational axis of the fuel pump 109 may be inclined to, offset from and/or remote from the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113.

(20) In a similar manner to the angular orientation of the valve cams 105, the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 may be selected depending on the operational requirements of the fuel pump 109.

(21) FIG. 2 shows an end view of the camshaft 101 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 shows the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of respective valve cam pairs 105a, 105b, 105c about the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101. When referring to values for angles, the values are measured relative to a vertical 112. Further, the values of angles are denoted by a positive angle when describing rotation in a clockwise direction, and the angles are denoted by a negative angle when describing rotation in an anticlockwise direction. FIG. 2 also shows the angular orientation .sub.V of the operational axis C-C of the valve 111 of the engine with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of each of the valve cams valve cam pairs 105a, 105b, 105c, when the camshaft 101 is in an installed configuration in the engine. FIG. 2 also shows and the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 and the angular orientation .sub.FPDE of the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 in relation to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of respective valve cam pairs 105a, 105b, 105c, when the camshaft 101 and the fuel pump 109 are in an installed configuration in the engine. In the arrangement shown in FIGS. 1 to 6, the valve cam pairs 105a, 105b, 105c are equi-angularly spaced around the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101. In the context of the present disclosure, with reference to the camshaft 101 shown in FIGS. 1 to 6, rotation in a clockwise direction is denoted by a positive angle, for example .sub.CAM, and a rotation in an anticlockwise direction is denoted by a negative angle, for example .sub.CAM.

(22) In the arrangement shown in FIG. 2, the operational axis C-C of the valve 111 is inclined at 120 from the vertical 112 in an installed configuration, and the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 is orientated at 90 from the vertical 112. The first valve cam pair 105a is arranged at 0, the second valve cam pair 105b is arranged at 120 (i.e. in line with the operational axis C-C of the valve 111), and the third valve cam pair 105c is arranged at 240. The fuel pump cam 107 is arranged such that one of the lobe centrelines 108 of the fuel pump cam 107 is at 90 (i.e. in line with the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113). In this manner, the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of respective valve cam pairs 105a, 105b, 105c and the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 about the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101 is such that each fuel pump actuation event, which is caused by each of the fuel pump lobes, occurs at the same time as each valve actuation event, which is caused by one of the valve cam pairs 105a, 105b, 105c

(23) In the context of the present disclosure, the term actuation event is interpreted as the time at which peak displacement of the valve 111 or the fuel pump occurs. In this manner, the fuel pump cam 107 is orientated about the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101 such that the peak displacement of the fuel pump 109 occurs at the same time as the peak displacement of the valve 111. It is understood, however, that actuation of a valve may occur over a time period, for example as a cam follower follows the profile of the cam lobe. In one arrangement, whilst the start and/or end points of the actuation of the valve 111 may not be timed to occur with the start and/or end points of the actuation of the fuel pump 109, the peak displacement of the valve 111 may still occur at the same time as the peak displacement of the fuel pump 109.

(24) During operation of the engine, the valve cams 105 provide a first periodic resistive torque T.sub.V to the rotation of the camshaft 101 as the valve cams 105 actuate the valve 111. In a similar manner, the fuel pump cam 107 provides a second periodic resistive torque T.sub.FP to the rotation of the camshaft 101 as each lobe of the fuel pump cam 107 actuates the fuel pump 109.

(25) FIG. 3 shows a graphical representation of the first and second resistive torques T.sub.V, T.sub.FP applied to the camshaft 101 with respect to the angular position of the camshaft .sub.CAMSHAFT. In FIG. 3, the dashed line represents the first periodic resistive torque T.sub.V applied to the rotation of the camshaft as the valve cam 105 actuates the valve 111, and the dotted line represents the second period resistive torque T.sub.FP applied to the rotation of the camshaft 101 as each lobe of the fuel pump cam 107 actuates the fuel pump 109.

(26) FIG. 3 illustrates that the combined resistive torque T.sub.v+FP applied to the rotation of the camshaft 101 is a function of the first and second resistive torques T.sub.V, T.sub.FP. The first and second periodic resistive torques T.sub.V, T.sub.FP define an oscillation in the resistive torque T.sub.V+FP provided to a primary drive of the engine during operation of the engine. The solid line of FIG. 3 represents the combined resistive torque T.sub.V+FP applied to the rotation of the camshaft 101 as a result of the first and second resistive torques T.sub.V, T.sub.FP provided by the valve cams 105 and the fuel pump cam 107 respectively. The amplitude A.sub.V+FP of the oscillation of the resistive torque T.sub.V+FP is defined by the difference between the maxima T.sub.V+FP.sub._.sub.MAX and the minima T.sub.V+FP.sub._.sub.MIN of the oscillation in the resistive torque T.sub.V+FP. It is desirable, therefore, to reduce the amplitude A.sub.V+FP of the oscillation in the resistive torque T.sub.V+FP which is applied to the primary drive of the engine during operation of the engine. For example, by reducing the amplitude A.sub.V+FP of the oscillation in the resistive torque T.sub.V+FP, fluctuations in the in primary drive belt/chain tension may be reduced. As a result, lower primary drive belt/chain pre-tension may be used, for example a primary drive tensioning device may be set to provide a lower belt pre-tension, which reduces friction in the primary drive of the engine, thereby increasing engine efficiency.

(27) The present disclosure provides one or more arrangements of an engine comprising the camshaft 101 wherein the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 of the camshaft 101 and/or the angular orientation .sub.FPDE of the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs valve cams 105a, 105, 105c are selected such each actuation event of the fuel pump 109 occurs in between two successive valve actuation events. For example the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c may be selected such that peak value T.sub.FP.sub._.sub.MAX of the second periodic resistive torque T.sub.FP occurs in between two successive peak T.sub.V.sub._.sub.MAX values of the first resistive torque T.sub.V. Additionally or alternatively, the angular orientation .sub.FPDE of the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c may be selected such that the peak value T.sub.FP.sub._.sub.MAX of the second period resistive torque occurs in between two successive peak values T.sub.V.sub._.sub.MAX of the first periodic resistive torque T.sub.FP.

(28) FIG. 4 shows a first arrangement of the camshaft 101 and the fuel pump drive element 113, in which the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c has been rotationally offset by an angle .sub.FPCAM. Such a rotational offset may be achieved by re-orientating the fuel pump cam 107 relative to the valve cams 105. In one arrangement, the cams 105, 107 of the camshaft may be rigidly fixed to the camshaft 101, and an existing camshaft may be replaced by a modified camshaft having the configuration shown in FIG. 4. In another arrangement, the cams 105, 107 of the camshaft may be moveably coupled to the camshaft 101, and engine may comprise a system configured to adjust the rotational orientation of the cams 105, 107 relative to one another.

(29) In the arrangement shown in FIG. 4, the fuel pump cam 107 has been rotated anticlockwise by the angle .sub.FPCAM, which is equal to half the angle between the lobe centrelines 106 of the first valve cam pair 105a and the second first valve cam pair 105b, i.e. .sub.FPCAM=120/2=60. The angle .sub.FPCAM may, however, be any appropriate angle, depending on the configuration of the valve cams 105 and the fuel pump cam 107.

(30) FIG. 5 shows a second arrangement of the camshaft 101 and the fuel pump drive element 113, in which the angular orientation .sub.FPDE of the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c has been rotationally offset by an angle .sub.FPDE. Such a rotational offset may be achieved by re-orientating the fuel pump drive element 113, and/or the fuel pump 109, about the rotational axis A-A of the cam shaft 101. For example, the points at which the fuel pump 109 attaches to the engine may be selected to reorientate the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 relative to a centreline 108 of a lobe of the fuel pump cam 107 when the fuel pump 109 is at peak displacement. Additionally or alternatively, one or more linking mechanisms may be used to alter the orientation of the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 relative to a centreline 108 of a lobe of the fuel pump cam 107 when the fuel pump 109 is at peak displacement.

(31) In the arrangement shown in FIG. 5, the angle .sub.FPDE is equal to 180 relative to a vertical 112 owing to the configuration of the fuel pump cam 107. For example, since the fuel pump cam 107 has three equally profiled lobes which are equi-angularly spaced around the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101, the nose of each lobe of the fuel pump cam 107 is diametrically opposite the minimum radius of the profile of the fuel pump cam 107. In another arrangement, however, the angle .sub.FPDE may be any appropriate angle depending on the configuration of the valve cams 105 and the fuel pump cam 107.

(32) FIG. 6 shows a third arrangement of the camshaft 101 and the fuel pump drive element 113, in which the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 and the angular orientation .sub.FPDE of the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c have been offset by an angle .sub.FPCAM and an angle .sub.FPDE respectively. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 6, the fuel pump cam 107 has been rotated clockwise by an angle .sub.FPCAM and the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 has been rotated anticlockwise by an angle .sub.FPDE.

(33) Each of the arrangements shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 illustrate a maximum possible phase angle offset .sub.PHASE caused by angularly re-orientating the fuel pump cam 107 and/or the fuel pump drive element 113 about the rotational axis of the camshaft 101. As a result, the amplitude A.sub.V+FP of the oscillation of the resistive torque is minimised. In the arrangements shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, the fuel pump cam 107 is orientated such that a lobe centreline 108 of the fuel pump cam 107 is inclined to the operational axis C-C of the valve 111, the fuel pump 109 is diametrically opposite the nose of a fuel pump cam lobe, and the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 is in line with a lobe centreline 108 of the fuel pump cam 107, when a lobe centreline 106 of a valve cam is in line with the operational axis C-C of the valve 111.

(34) In this manner, as shown in FIG. 7, the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 and/or the angular orientation .sub.FPDE of the fuel pump drive element 113 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c may be selected such that the peak value T.sub.FP.sub._.sub.MAX of the second period resistive torque occurs in between two successive peak values T.sub.V.sub._.sub.MAX of the first periodic resistive torque T.sub.FP.

(35) In other words, the fuel pump cam 107 and/or the fuel pump drive element 113 may be re-orientated about the rotational axis A-A of the camshaft 101 such that the peak displacement of the fuel pump 109 occurs out of phase with the peak displacement of the valve 111.

(36) FIG. 7 shows a shows a graphical representation of the first and second resistive torques T.sub.V, T.sub.FP applied to the camshaft 101 with respect to the angular position of the camshaft .sub.CAMSHAFT for the arrangements shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. In FIG. 7, the angular re-orientation of the fuel pump cam 107 and/or the fuel pump 109 about the rotational axis of the camshaft 101 results in a phase angle offset .sub.PHASE. As a result the amplitude A.sub.V+FP of the oscillation of the resistive torque T.sub.V+FP is reduced.

(37) However, in one or more other arrangements, the angular orientation the fuel pump cam 107 and/or the fuel pump drive element 113 about the rotational axis of the camshaft 101 may be selected to reduce amplitude A.sub.V+FP to a value in between a maximum possible amplitude shown in FIG. 3 and a minimum possible amplitude shown in FIG. 7. For example, the angular orientation .sub.FPCAM of the fuel pump cam 107 and/or the angular orientation .sub.FPDE of the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs of valve cams 105a, 105b, 105c may be selected such that each fuel pump actuation event, i.e. peak displacement of the fuel pump 109, occurs at a different time to a valve actuation event, i.e. peak displacement of the valve 111. The angle .sub.FPCAM by which the fuel pump cam 107 is rotated and/or the angle .sub.FPDE by which the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 is rotated may be any appropriate angle to give a non-zero phase angle offset .sub.PHASE, thereby reducing the difference between the maxima T.sub.V+FP.sub._.sub.MAX and the minima T.sub.V+FP.sub._.sub.MIN of the oscillation in the resistive torque T.sub.V+FP. In some embodiments, the angular orientation .sub.FPDE of the operational axis B-B of the fuel pump drive element 113 with respect to the angular orientation .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.a, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.b, .sub.VCAM.sub._.sub.c of the pairs of valve cams may be selected such that the peak value T.sub.FP.sub._.sub.MAX of the second periodic resistive torque occurs during a period of minimum resistive torque applied to the rotation of the camshaft via the valve cams and between the two successive peak values T.sub.V.sub._.sub.MAX of the first periodic resistive torque.

(38) Adjusting the timing of the fuel pump actuation events to occur between two successive valve actuation events may have the advantage of addressing the problem of torque fluctuations at the camshaft without compromising the valve lift. Further, adjusting the timing of the fuel pump actuation via selecting the angular orientation of the drive element of the auxiliary device with respect to the angular orientation of the valve cams is advantageous, as these adjustments to timing are made without altering the configuration of the camshaft.

(39) Turning now to FIG. 8, a graphical representation of an example relationship between an angular orientation of the crankshaft and actuation events of the intake valves, the exhaust valves, and the auxiliary device is shown. This graphical representation is drawn to scale, although other relative timings and amounts maybe used. This graphical representation may correspond to the arrangements shown in FIG. 1 and FIGS. 4 to 6. In this example, the relationship between the angular orientation of the crankshaft and the actuation events of the intake valves, the exhaust valves, and the auxiliary device is shown for arrangements where an auxiliary device cam is arranged on the intake camshaft. However, in other embodiments the auxiliary device cam may be arranged on an exhaust camshaft. In one example, the auxiliary device is a fuel pump. Actuation of the auxiliary device may include actuation of a drive element of the auxiliary device via an auxiliary device cam, as described above. Actuation of the intake valves and the exhaust valves may be accomplished via valve cams, as described above. The X axis of the graphical representation represents an angular position of the crankshaft of the engine, .sub.Crankshaft. For every 360 of rotation of the crankshaft, the intake camshaft and the exhaust camshaft are rotated 180. As such, the relationship between the crankshaft degrees of rotation to the intake camshaft and the exhaust camshaft degrees of rotation is 2:1. The Y axis of the top plot represents the displacement of the auxiliary device, where the amount of displacement of the auxiliary device increases in the direction of the Y axis arrow. The auxiliary device is fully actuated at a maximum displacement of the auxiliary device. The Y axes for the remaining plots represent the amount of displacement of the intake valves and the exhaust valves, where the amount of displacement of the valves increases in the direction of the arrows of these Y axes. The intake valves and exhaust valves are fully actuated at their maximum displacements.

(40) In this example, the graphical representation corresponds to an in-line 3 cylinder engine with a 1, 3, 2 cylinder firing order. In other examples, the in-line 3 cylinder engine may have a 1, 2, 3 cylinder firing order.

(41) The top plot represents the actuation events of the auxiliary device. The amount of displacement of the auxiliary device is indicated with dotted line 802. The auxiliary device is fully actuated at line 804, where a maximum displacement of the auxiliary device occurs.

(42) The plot second from the top represents the first cylinder valve actuation events. The displacement of the intake valves is represented with solid line 806. The displacement of the exhaust valves is indicated with dashed line 808. The valves of the first cylinder are fully actuated at line 810, where a maximum displacement of the valves occurs.

(43) The plot third from the top represents the second cylinder valve actuation events. The displacement of the intake valves is represented with solid line 812. The displacement of the exhaust valves is represented with dashed line 814. The valves of the second cylinder are fully actuated at line 816, where a maximum displacement of the valves occurs.

(44) The plot fourth from the top represents the third cylinder valve actuation events. The displacement of the intake valves is represented with solid line 818. The displacement of the exhaust valves is represented with dashed line 820. The valves of the third cylinder are fully actuated at line 822, where a maximum displacement of the valves occurs.

(45) The intake valves are actuated via valve cams on the intake camshaft and the auxiliary device is actuated via an auxiliary device cam. FIG. 8 is a graphical representation for an example system where the auxiliary device cam is arranged on the intake camshaft. Therefore, in FIG. 8, the amount of resistive torque applied to the intake camshaft increases as the intake valve and the auxiliary device displacements increase. As discussed earlier, the amount of resistive torque applied to a camshaft is additive. Therefore, in FIG. 8, the amount of resistive torque applied to the intake camshaft may be the sum of the resistive torque due to the actuation of the intake valves and the resistive due to actuation of the auxiliary device. Since the exhaust valves are actuated via valve cams arranged on the exhaust camshaft, the amount of resistive torque applied to the exhaust camshaft increases as the amount of exhaust valve displacement increases.

(46) As shown in FIG. 8, when the .sub.Crankshaft moves from 0 to 120, the auxiliary device displacement 802 decreases from a maximum displacement amount 804 to a minimum displacement amount. Additionally, the first cylinder exhaust valve displacement decreases to a minimum displacement when .sub.Crankshaft is about 60, and the first cylinder intake valve displacement 806 increases from a minimum amount starting when the .sub.Crankshaft is 0 to a maximum displacement amount 810 when .sub.Crankshaft is 120. Additionally, the second cylinder intake valve displacement 812 and exhaust valve displacement 814 remain at a minimum, and the third cylinder exhaust valve displacement 820 increases from a minimum when .sub.Crankshaft is 0 to near a maximum displacement amount 822 when .sub.Crankshaft is 120.

(47) When .sub.Crankshaft is 120, the auxiliary device displacement 802 is at its minimum amount of displacement, and the first cylinder intake valve displacement 806 is at its maximum displacement 810. Additionally, at the second cylinder when .sub.Crankshaft is 120, both the displacement of the intake valves 812 and the exhaust valves 814 are at a minimum amount of displacement. At the third cylinder, the exhaust valve displacement 820 is increasing and near its maximum amount of displacement 822 when .sub.Crankshaft is 120.

(48) As such, when the .sub.Crankshaft is at 120, the intake camshaft experiences resistive torque due to the actuation of the intake valves of the first cylinder, and the intake camshaft experiences substantially zero to zero resistive torque from the auxiliary device, as the displacement of the auxiliary device is at a minimum. Additionally, when .sub.Crankshaft is 120, the exhaust camshaft experiences resistive torque due to displacement of the exhaust valve 820 of the third cylinder.

(49) When the .sub.Crankshaft moves from 120 to 240, the auxiliary device displacement 802 increases from a minimum amount of displacement towards a maximum amount of displacement 804. The intake valve displacement of the first cylinder 806 decreases from a maximum displacement 810 towards a minimum amount of displacement from .sub.Crankshaft of 120 to 240. The intake valves and the exhaust valves of the second cylinder remain at a minimum amount of displacement from .sub.Crankshaft of 120 to 240. The third cylinder exhaust valve displacement 820 increases to a maximum amount of displacement 822 at about .sub.Crankshaft of 150 and then decreases to a minimum amount of displacement at .sub.Crankshaft of 240.

(50) When .sub.Crankshaft is 240, the auxiliary device displacement 802 is at a maximum displacement amount 804. Additionally, the first cylinder intake valve displacement 806 is at a minimum displacement. At the second cylinder, the intake valves and the exhaust valves are both at a minimum amount of displacement when .sub.Crankshaft is equal to 240. The third cylinder exhaust valve displacement 820 is decreasing towards a minimum displacement when .sub.Crankshaft is equal to 240, and the third cylinder intake valve displacement 818 is at a minimum and beginning to increase when .sub.Crankshaft is equal to 240.

(51) Therefore, when .sub.Crankshaft is equal to 240, the intake camshaft experiences a minimal amount to zero resistive torque from the intake valves because the intake valves of the first, second, and third cylinders are all at minimum amounts of displacement. However, when .sub.Crankshaft is equal to 240, the intake camshaft experiences resistive torque due to the displacement of the auxiliary device. Increasing the displacement of the auxiliary device as the intake valves move towards a minimum amount of displacement has the advantage of reducing a fluctuation in resistive torque applied to the intake camshaft.

(52) When the .sub.Crankshaft moves from 240 to 360, the auxiliary device displacement decreases from a maximum amount of displacement 804 to a minimum amount of displacement. The first cylinder intake and exhaust valves remain at a minimum amount of displacement when the .sub.Crankshaft moves from 240 to 360. The second cylinder exhaust valve displacement 814 increases from a minimum amount of displacement starting at about .sub.Crankshaft of 280 and nears a maximum amount of displacement 810 when .sub.Crankshaft is 360. The third cylinder exhaust valve displacement 820 decreases to a minimum amount of displacement, and the third cylinder intake valve displacement 818 increases from a minimum amount of displacement and reaches a maximum amount of displacement 822 from a .sub.Crankshaft of 240 to 360.

(53) When .sub.Crankshaft is 360, the auxiliary device displacement 802 is at a minimum amount of displacement. The first cylinder intake valve displacement 806 and exhaust valve displacement 808 are at a minimum displacement amount when .sub.Crankshaft is equal to 360 .sub.Crankshaft equal to 360. The second cylinder exhaust displacement 814 is near a maximum amount of displacement 816 at the third cylinder intake valve displacement 818 is at a maximum amount of displacement 822 at .sub.Crankshaft equal to 360.

(54) When the .sub.Crankshaft moves from 360 to 480, the auxiliary device displacement 802 increases from a minimum amount of displacement to a maximum amount of displacement 804. Additionally, the first cylinder intake valve displacement 806 and exhaust valve displacement 808 remain at a minimum amount of displacement from a .sub.Crankshaft of 360 to 480. The second cylinder exhaust valve displacement 814 increases to a maximum amount of displacement 816 at about .sub.Crankshaft of 410, and then begins to decrease. The third cylinder amount of intake valve displacement 360 decreases from a maximum amount of displacement 822 to a minimum amount of displacement from a .sub.Crankshaft of 360 to 480.

(55) When the .sub.Crankshaft is at 480, the auxiliary device displacement 802 is at a maximum displacement 804, and all of the intake valves of the three cylinders are at a minimum displacement. Additionally, the second cylinder exhaust valve displacement 814 is near a minimum displacement.

(56) When the .sub.Crankshaft moves from 480 to 600, the auxiliary device displacement 802 decreases to a minimum displacement, and the second cylinder intake valve displacement 812 increases from a minimum displacement to a maximum displacement 816. Additionally, the first cylinder exhaust valve displacement 808 increases, and the third cylinder valves remain at a minimum displacement.

(57) When the .sub.Crankshaft is at 600, the auxiliary device is at a minimum displacement, and the second cylinder intake valve displacement 812 is at a maximum displacement 816. Additionally, the first cylinder exhaust valve displacement 808 is near a maximum displacement 810. The third cylinder intake and exhaust valve displacements are at a minimum displacement.

(58) When the .sub.Crankshaft moves from 600 to 720, the auxiliary device displacement 802 moves from a minimum displacement to a maximum displacement 804, and the second cylinder intake valve displacement 812 decreases from a maximum displacement 816 to a minimum displacement. Additionally, the first cylinder exhaust valve displacement 808 increases to a maximum displacement 810 and then decreases, and the third cylinder intake valve and exhaust valve displacements remain at a minimum displacement.

(59) When the .sub.Crankshaft is at 720, the auxiliary device displacement 802 is at a maximum displacement 804, and the second cylinder intake valve displacement 812 is at a minimum displacement. Additionally, the first cylinder exhaust valve displacement 808 is near a minimum displacement, and the third cylinder intake valve and exhaust valve displacements are at a minimum displacement.

(60) When the .sub.Crankshaft is at 720, the crankshaft has completed two full rotations, and the intake camshaft and the exhaust camshaft have each completed one rotation. The two full rotations of the crankshaft concludes one full cycle of actuating the intake valves, exhaust valves, and the auxiliary device. Following 720 of crankshaft rotation, the actuation cycle repeats again, and the displacements of the intake valves, exhaust valves, and the auxiliary device relative to each other repeat.

(61) As illustrated in FIG. 8, actuation of the auxiliary device occurs between two, successive, maximum displacements of the intake valves. In one example, the maximum displacement of the auxiliary device occurs between two successive, maximum displacements of the intake valves and when the intake valves are at a minimum displacement. This may be advantageous for minimizing torque fluctuations at the intake camshaft. In other embodiments, where the auxiliary cam is arranged on the exhaust camshaft, the auxiliary device may be actuated between two successive actuation events of the exhaust valves. In embodiments where the auxiliary cam is arranged on the exhaust camshaft, the torque fluctuations at the exhaust camshaft are reduced.

(62) It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that although the invention has been described by way of example with reference to one or more examples, it is not limited to the disclosed examples and that alternative examples could be constructed without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. It will further be appreciated that the configurations and routines disclosed herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. For example, the above technology can be applied to V-6, I-4, I-6, V-12, opposed 4, and other engine types. As another example, the above technology can be applied to engines with variable valve timing and lift. The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various systems and configurations, and other features, functions, and/or properties disclosed herein.

(63) The following claims particularly point out certain combinations and sub-combinations regarded as novel and non-obvious. These claims may refer to an element or a first element or the equivalent thereof. Such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. Other combinations and sub-combinations of the disclosed features, functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or through presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such claims, whether broader, narrower, equal, or different in scope to the original claims, also are regarded as included within the subject matter of the present disclosure.