Building Block Made of a Polymer-Based Material and a Set of Modular Building Elements Comprising This Building Block

Abstract

A building block and a set of modular building elements is intended for construction of foundational and wall structures. The building block comprises a plurality of outer walls, a cavity, at least one inner wall, and at least two connecting elements. The outer walls are arranged in an n-gon shape surrounding the cavity and the cavity is open on both lower and upper sides. The cavity is divided by the inner wall into at least two parts. At least one part is adapted for the insertion of an insulating insert. Each connecting element is adapted for insertion into the cavity. The first connecting element is intended for insertion into the cavity of a different one of two neighbouring building blocks of a different row than the second connecting element. Each connecting element is attached to a wall of the building block and offset from that wall in a direction towards the inside of the cavity. Each connecting element comprises a wall of the connecting element protruding from a respective wall of the building block. The wall of the connecting element comprises a free end and side edges. The side edges approach each other from a place of attachment to the wall towards the free end. An insulating layer at least partially surrounds a part of the cavity adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert. The set of modular building elements comprises foundation building blocks comprising the cavity enclosed by the solid bottom and hollow building blocks.

Claims

1. A building block for masoning made of a polymer-based material comprising a plurality of outer walls, a cavity of the building block, at least one inner wall, and at least two connecting elements, wherein the outer walls of the building block are arranged in a shape of an n-gon surrounding the cavity of the building block and the cavity of the building block is at least partially open on both a lower side and an upper side of the building block, wherein the cavity is divided by the inner wall into at least two parts of the cavity of the building block, where at least one part of the cavity is adapted for insertion of an insulating insert, wherein each connecting element is adapted for the insertion into the cavity of another building block, wherein at least one connecting element is intended for the insertion into the cavity of a different one of two neighbouring building blocks of a different row of the building blocks than the other connecting element, wherein each connecting element is attached to one of the outer or inner walls of the building block and offset from that wall in a direction towards the inside of the cavity of the building block, wherein each connecting element comprises a wall of the connecting element protruding from the respective wall of the building block, and wherein the wall of the connecting element comprises a free end and side edges, wherein the side edges approach each other from a place of attachment to the wall towards the free end, wherein the building block further comprises an insulating layer, wherein the insulating layer at least partially surrounds the part of the cavity adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert.

2. The building block of claim 1, wherein the at least two connecting elements are attached to at least one outer wall.

3. The building block (1) of claim 2, further comprising at least two connecting elements attached to the inner wall, wherein this inner wall is parallel to the outer wall to which at least two connecting elements are attached.

4. The building block of claim 3, wherein the insulating insert is inserted into the part of the cavity between the outer wall to which at least two connecting elements are attached, and the inner wall to which at least two connecting elements are attached, wherein the insulating insert comprises a projecting part overlapping the given outer wall and inner wall and this projecting part follows the shape of the walls of the connecting elements.

5. The building block of claim 4, wherein the insulating insert comprises a recess on the opposite side of the insulating insert from the projecting part, wherein the shape of the recess of the insulating insert is complementary to the shape of the connecting elements and the projecting part.

6. The building block of claim 1, further comprising an anchoring element rigidly or removably fastened to the outer wall.

7. The building block of claim 1, further comprising at lease one groove for a removable fastening of the anchoring element.

8. The building block of claim 7, further comprising a total of at least two grooves including the at least one groove regularly arranged along the length or width of the outer wall.

9. A set of modular building elements made of a polymer-based material and intended for the building of foundational and wall structures, wherein the set comprises foundation building blocks comprising the cavity enclosed by a solid bottom and hollow building blocks, wherein the hollow building blocks are building blocks of claim 1.

10. The set of modular building elements of claim 9, further comprising a supplementary building block, wherein the length of the supplementary building block is n times smaller than the length of the hollow building block in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the masonry, where n is a natural number greater than 1, wherein the supplementary building block comprises at least two connecting elements.

11. The set of modular building elements of claim 9, further comprising partition blocks, wherein at least one partition block is attachable to an anchoring element of the building block.

Description

CLARIFICATION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] A summary of the invention is further clarified using examples of embodiments thereof, which are described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0026] FIG. 1A shows a view of a standard building block,

[0027] FIG. 1B shows a view of an insulating insert,

[0028] FIG. 1C shows a view of an insulating layer,

[0029] FIG. 2 shows a view of a standard building block with an insulating insert and insulating layer inserted,

[0030] FIG. 3 shows a vertical cross section through a standard building block with an insulating insert and an insulating layer, wherein the section is through the insulating insert,

[0031] FIG. 4 shows a bottom view of a standard building block (without the insulating insert and insulating layer), especially the connecting elements,

[0032] FIG. 5 shows a vertical section through a group of building blocks, wherein the section is through the insulating inserts,

[0033] FIG. 6A shows a first variant of an anchoring element,

[0034] FIG. 6B shows a second variant of an anchoring element,

[0035] FIG. 7A shows a building block with an anchoring element oriented to the exterior,

[0036] FIG. 7A shows a building block with an anchoring element oriented to the interior,

[0037] FIG. 8 shows a view of a half building block,

[0038] FIG. 9 shows a view of a corner building block,

[0039] FIG. 10 shows a view of a standard foundation building block (standard bottom),

[0040] FIG. 11 shows a view of a half foundation building block,

[0041] FIG. 12 shows a view of a corner foundation building block,

[0042] FIG. 13 shows a view of a standard bond beam building block,

[0043] FIG. 14 shows a view of a half bond beam building block,

[0044] FIG. 15 shows a view of a corner bond beam building block,

[0045] FIG. 16 shows a view of a lintel block,

[0046] FIG. 17 shows a view of a standard partition block,

[0047] FIG. 18A shows a view of supplementary half partition block,

[0048] FIG. 18B shows a view of supplementary unit partition block,

[0049] FIG. 19 shows a view of a foundation standard partition block,

[0050] FIG. 20A shows a view of supplementary foundation half partition block,

[0051] FIG. 20B shows a view of supplementary foundation unit partition block,

[0052] FIG. 21 shows a view of the composition of the masonry from the set of modular building elements of this invention,

[0053] FIG. 22A shows a top view of the foundation building blocks in the foundation row of masonry,

[0054] FIG. 22B shows a bottom view of the foundation building blocks in the foundation row of masonry,

[0055] FIG. 23 shows the bonding of the building blocks utilizing connecting plate and connecting wedge with the plate and wedge,

[0056] FIG. 24 shows the connecting wedge,

[0057] FIG. 25 shows the connecting plate,

[0058] FIG. 26 shows a detail of the connection of the partition to the circumferential masonry utilizing the connecting plate,

[0059] FIG. 27 shows the composition of the lintel and the wreath,

[0060] FIG. 28A shows the composition of non-support masonry (partition) with the first variant of anchoring elements,

[0061] FIG. 28B shows the composition of non-support masonry (partition) with the second variant of anchoring elements,

[0062] FIG. 29 shows a view of a standard building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0063] FIG. 30 shows a bottom view of a standard building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0064] FIG. 31A shows the composition of non-support masonry (partition) with the first variant of anchoring elements,

[0065] FIG. 31B shows the composition of non-support masonry (partition) with the second variant of anchoring elements,

[0066] FIG. 32 shows a view of a corner building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0067] FIG. 33 shows a view of a standard foundation building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0068] FIG. 34 shows a view of a half foundation building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0069] FIG. 35 shows a view of a corner foundation building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0070] FIG. 36 shows a view of a standard bond beam building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0071] FIG. 37 shows a view of a half bond beam building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0072] FIG. 38 shows a view of a corner bond beam building block of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0073] FIG. 39A shows the composition of a regular section of the masonry from the blocks of the second exemplary embodiment,

[0074] FIG. 39B shows the composition of a section of the masonry from the blocks of the second exemplary embodiment, wherein the section extends between the two building openings,

[0075] FIG. 39C shows a floor plan of the masonry from the blocks of the second exemplary embodiment.

EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0076] The invention will be further clarified using examples of the embodiments with reference to the respective drawings. One example of the embodiment is a building block 1 and a set of modular building elements intended for the construction of foundational and wall structures that comprises the building block 1 and its modifications for foundational, underground, and above-ground vertical support structures. The building block 1 and other modular building elements of the set are made of a granulate of a thermoplastic polymer (by casting, injecting, injection moulding).

[0077] The building block 1 is primarily intended for vertical circumferential support structures and in the first exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1A, it has the approximate shape of a cuboid that comprises 4 vertical outer walls 2 surrounding a cavity 3 of the building block. The outer walls 2 of the block comprise vertical grooves 14 that are regularly spaced along the length of the wall outside the cavity 3 of the block, wherein at the place of each such groove 14 there is a projecting rib 23 on the side of the outer wall 2 oriented towards the inside of the cavity 3. These grooves 14 with the projecting ribs 23 serve as both a stiffening and a connecting element. The grooves 14 increase the stiffness of the outer walls 2, are usable as a part of a tongue-groove connecting system and further for attaching anchoring elements 13. The grooves 14 are also implemented in the corners of the building block 1. The dimensions of the building block 1 comprise length and width, wherein the length of the building block 1 means the dimension of the building block 1 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block, and thus perpendicular to the axis of the future masonry for the construction of which the building block 1 is intended. The width of the building block 1 means the dimension of the building block 1 in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block. The outer walls 2 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 20 of the block (parallel to the longitudinal axis of the masonry) are shorter and facing, that is accessible even after the building block 1 has been housed in the masonry. The side outer walls 2, which are parallel to the longitudinal axis 20 of the block (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the masonry), are directly adjacent to the neighbouring building blocks 1 during the masoning, wherein the grooves 14 of the side outer walls 2 can serve as a tongue-groove connecting system for this purpose. The cavity 3 of the building block is open and ends on the upper side and at least partially on the lower side of the building block 1, wherein on the lower side of the building block 1 connecting elements 5 are attached, which are adapted for the insertion into the cavity 3 of the neighbouring building block 1 belonging to the previous row of masonry. The upper side of the building block 1 is intended for housing a concrete mixture in the cavity 3, wherein both side outer walls 2 comprise cutouts 21 for housing a longitudinal reinforcement. The cutouts 21 in the side outer walls 2 are implemented from the upper side of the block, horizontally and through the entire thickness of the wall only in the part 6 of the cavity which is not intended for the insertion of the insulating insert 7.

[0078] The building block 1 comprises one inner wall 4 oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block that extends along the entire width of the cavity 3, wherein the thickness of the inner wall 4 is the same as the thickness of the outer walls 2. The cavity 3 of the building block is divided by this inner wall 4 into two parts 6 of unequal size of the cavity, wherein the first (smaller) part 6 of the cavity is adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert 7. The part of the side outer walls 2 surrounding this part 6 of the cavity for the insertion of the insulating insert 7 has a smooth surface and does not comprise the grooves 14. At least two connecting elements 5 arranged symmetrically according to the vertical axis of the wall are attached to the facing outer walls 2 and to the inner wall 4 parallel thereto, along the length of the wall on the lower side of the building block 1, wherein the first connecting element 5 is intended for the insertion into the cavity 3 of a different one of two neighbouring building blocks 1 of a previous row of masonry than the second connecting element 5, wherein both the first and second connecting elements 5 are attached to the same wall.

[0079] Each connecting element 5 is attached to a wall of the building block 1 and offset from that wall in a direction towards the inside of the cavity 3 of the building block, wherein the connecting elements 5 attached to the inner wall 4 are offset from that wall in an inward direction of the part 6 of the cavity intended for insertion of the insulating insert 7. Each connecting element 5 comprises a wall 8 of the connecting element passing along a respective wall of the building block 1, where the wall 8 of the connecting element comprises a free end 9 and side edges 10, wherein the side edges 10 approach each other from the place of attachment to the wall towards the free end 9. In the first exemplary the embodiment of the wall 8 of the connecting element in the direction of the side view of the building block 1, that is in the direction of the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block, has two variants. To the facing outer wall 2 and the inner wall 4 parallel thereto, which define the part 6 of the cavity for the insertion of the insulating insert 7, there are attached a total of two connecting elements 5 which have the shape of an inverted isosceles trapezoid, where the free end 9 corresponds to the smaller of the bases of this trapezoid and the side edges 10 are formed by the legs of the trapezoid. Shaping and width of the wall 8 of the connecting element is compatible with shaping of the outer wall 2, that is, the projecting ribs 23 of the respective grooves 14 on the outer wall 2, wherein the wall 8 of the connecting element is inserted between these projecting ribs 23 when the building block 1 is being laid on the previous row of blocks. To the facing outer wall 2 adjacent to another (larger) part 6 of the cavity (not to the part 6 of the cavity for the insertion of the insulating insert 7), four connecting elements 5 are attached, wherein the wall 8 of the connecting elements has the shape of a right-angled triangle in the same direction of view, one leg of which is oriented vertically. On this wall, the connecting elements 2 with narrowing side edges 10 are only attached to the wall at the place of the wall between the grooves 14 and the ribs 23 of the building block, which is clearly visible from the bottom view of the building block 1 in FIG. 4. The connecting elements 5 form two pairs, wherein in each pair the triangular walls 8 of the connecting elements are oriented with the vertical legs towards each other. From FIG. 4, the detail of the corner groove 14 is also apparent.

[0080] The first (smaller) part 6 of the cavity is adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert 7, and the second (larger) part 6 of the cavity comprises a further inner wall 4 oriented parallel to the facing outer walls 2 of the building block, wherein this inner wall 2 serves to ensure the spatial stiffness to the building block 1. The insulating insert 7 comprises a projecting part 11 projecting from the respective part 6 of the cavity, and this projecting part 11 follows the shape of the walls 8 of the connecting elements in the direction of the front view of the building block 1, that is in the direction of the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block, wherein this front view is oriented towards the facing outer wall 2 of the building block to which the insulating insert 7 is adjacent. The part 6 of the cavity for the insertion of the insulating insert 7 has, in this exemplary embodiment, a solid bottom 16, wherein the connecting elements 5 on both sides of this part 6 of the cavity are connected by this bottom 16. On the opposite side of the insulating insert 7 from the projecting part 11, that is on the upper side of the building block 1, the insulating insert 7 comprises a recess 12, wherein the recess 12 of the insulating insert is complementary to the shape of the connecting elements 5, the projecting part 12 of the insulating insert, and the bottom 16 of this part 6 of the cavity. Both the projecting part 11 and the recess 12 of the insulating insert have the approximate shape of two mutually adjacent prisms with a trapezoidal base. The shape of the insulating insert 7 can be clearly seen in FIG. 1B.

[0081] In the first exemplary embodiment, the insulating insert 7 is inserted into the part 6 of the cavity of the building block already at the stage of production and the building block 1 can be delivered to the construction site as a complete product with an insulating function. The insulating insert 7 comprises a complete insulation system, in particular thermal insulation with acoustic insulation and radon insulation function. After inserting the insulating insert 7, the building block 1 is provided with an insulating layer 19, which is displayed in FIG. 1C. The insulating layer 19 is made of elastic sealing material and serves as a waterproofing, wherein this layer encases the recess 19 of the insulating insert, the projecting part 19 of the insulating insert with the bottom 16 and also the part of the side outer walls 2 adjacent to the part 6 of the cavity into which the insulating insert 7 is inserted (FIG. 2). The covering of this place of the building block 1 with the insulating layer 19 is apparent especially when seen in the vertical section in FIG. 3. Shaping of the insulating insert 7 and the insulating layer 19 is designed in such a way that an almost peak joint 22 is formed at the place of the contacts of the reseated building blocks 1, serving to connect this insulating layer 19 to the insulating layers 19 of the neighbouring building blocks 1. The peak joint 22 thus ensures the mutual cohesion of the building blocks 1 and the individual rows of masonry, as well as the continuity of the insulating system of the entire structure, as displayed in FIG. 5.

[0082] In the following part, the anchoring elements 13 that can be placed in the grooves 14 on the outer walls 2 of the building block will be described in more detail. The outer walls 2 of the building block comprise a number of vertical grooves 14, which are adapted for removably fixing one or more anchoring elements 13. The grooves 14 are arranged along the length of the building block 1 with regular spacings, wherein the distance of these spacings is equal to the modular dimension of this building block 1 and of the entire modular building system from which the dimensions of the other elements of the system are derived. In the first exemplary embodiment, the anchoring element 13 has the shape of an eye with slots in both the horizontal and vertical direction, as displayed in FIG. 6. The anchoring element 13 can be slid into the groove 14, wherein its exact position in the groove 14 is set by the projection of the anchoring element based on the tongue-groove principle. The anchoring element 13 of FIG. 6A can be secured in only one groove 14, the variant of FIG. 6B can be fixed in a pair of neighbouring grooves 14. The anchoring elements 13 in the form of anchoring eyes are adapted particularly for the wiring of installations (electrical wiring, water piping, heating, etc.) or for fixing suspended facing structures, e.g. plasterboards, wherein the wiring of installations can be covered by the facing structure. The anchoring elements 13 placed at the place of contact of the circumferential masonry with the inner support wall or partition may also be used to connect to these structures. The anchoring elements 13 can be placed on the outer wall 2 of the building block oriented to both the exterior (FIG. 7A) and interior (FIG. 7B).

[0083] The set of modular building elements comprises the building blocks 1 of this invention and furthermore a number of elements which are modifications of this building block 1. The building elements can be divided into three groups according to the height level in the vertical support structure. These are building elements intended for foundational structures, underground structures, and above-ground structures, wherein the first row of masonry of each level comprises foundation building blocks 15 with the solid bottom 16, the next rows comprise regular (hollow) building blocks 1 or modifications thereof (e.g. without the insulating insert 7), and the last row of each level ends with bond beam blocks 28. All of these elements are also implemented in the versions of a half building block 27 and a corner building block 26, wherein the underground and above-ground vertical structures may also comprise lintel blocks 30 and partition blocks. All these building elements are adapted for the insertion of a concrete reinforcement (steel or of alternative materials) and grouting with fresh concrete, which ensures the cohesion and stiffness of the entire system.

[0084] The closest modification of the building block 1 of this invention is the half building block 27 and the corner building block 26, which are displayed in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. The half building block 27 is an example of a supplementary building block which is structurally identical to the regular building block 1, wherein it differs only in that the walls comprise half the number of the connecting elements 5, the shape and arrangement of which are analogous to those of the regular building block 1. The corner building block 26 comprises multiple inner walls 4, wherein two inner walls 4 extend only partially along the height of the cavity 3, are perpendicular to each other, and form a kind of cross stiffener of the corner building block 26. The corner building block 26 can be made to be left or right one.

[0085] The set further comprises foundation building blocks 15 intended for the first foundation row of masonry (first row of masonry of the foundational structure, first row of the floor of the basement space, and first row of masonry of each above-ground floor, which are connected to the ceiling structure of the previous floor). These elements (regular, half, and corner) are displayed in FIG. 10, FIG. 11, and FIG. 12. They differ from regular building blocks 1 in that they comprise the cavity 6 enclosed by the solid bottom 16 and without the connecting elements 5. The foundation building blocks 15 without the insulating insert 7 and insulating layer 19 inserted are intended for foundational structure, wherein the elements intended for underground or above-ground vertical circumferential structures are structurally similar to the regular building blocks 1 and, in comparison to the foundation building blocks 15 for foundational structure, additionally comprise the insulating insert 7 in the respective part 6 of the cavity and also the insulating layer 19 for the formation of the peak joint 22, as the elements for underground structures (so-called basement blocks) must comprise waterproofing, thermal insulation, and radon insulation.

[0086] The bond beam blocks 28, which serve to terminate the respective level of the structure and to connect to the foundational slab or ceiling structure, are structurally identical to the regular building blocks 1, wherein their upper edge comprises on one facing outer wall 2 (meaning towards the interior of the building) and partially on the side outer walls 2 a lowered margin 29, which serves to insert a horizontal reinforcement and to grout the foundational or ceiling slab. Regular, half, and corner bond beam blocks 28 are displayed in FIG. 13, FIG. 14, and FIG. 15.

[0087] For bridging the building openings, a standard lintel block 30 with the solid bottom 16 is used, which is displayed in FIG. 16. The lintel block 30 comprises the lowered margin 29 only on the side outer walls 2 and comprises only one inner wall 4. The marginal lintel blocks 30 placed at the margins of the building opening are structurally nearly identical, differing only in that the bottom 16 of the marginal lintel block 30 comprises an opening in one half of the bottom 16 of the lintel block (defined by the longitudinal axis of the lintel block 30) through which the flow of concrete grout between the lintel and the wall is ensured when the entire structure is being monolithed.

[0088] The other structural elements of the set are also the regular partition blocks 18, half partition blocks 31, and unit partition blocks 32, which are displayed in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18. All of the partition blocks comprise grooves 14 on all of the outer walls 2 regularly spaced at the same intervals as the grooves 14 on the standard building block 1, and the connecting elements 5 are also attached to all of the outer walls 2, that is around the entire circumference of the cavity 3. The regular partition block 18 (FIG. 17) further comprises a total of 5 inner walls 4, wherein no connecting elements 5 are attached to any of the inner walls 4. Neither the half partition block 31 (FIG. 18A) nor the smallest unit partition block 32 (FIG. 18B) comprise the inner walls 4. The smallest dimension of the unit partition block 32 is equal to one tenth of the length of the regular partition block 18 and is the same as the distance of the regularly placed grooves 14 on all elements of the set of building elements of this invention, wherein this distance is the most important modular dimension of the entire set. The foundation partition blocks with the solid bottom 16 and without the connecting elements 5 are displayed in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20. In the first exemplary embodiment, the partition blocks are not adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert 7.

[0089] In the following part, the procedure for constructing a building utilizing the building blocks 1 and the set of modular building elements of this invention, which are displayed in the model building structure in FIG. 21, will be described. The first level of the construction is a foundational structure made of elements without the insulating insert 7, which comprises a first row of masonry from the foundation building blocks 15 with the solid bottom 16 on which a selected number of rows of masonry with hollow building blocks are housed. The foundational structure ends with bond beam blocks 28, wherein a horizontal reinforcement is laid in the cutouts 21 for each row of masonry. A vertical reinforcement is then inserted into the bond beam blocks 28 and the entire composition is monolithed with fresh concrete to the level of the lowered margin 29 of the bond beam block. After the walls have hardened, a horizontal reinforcement is put in the place of the lowered margin 29 of the bond beam block, covering the space between the circumferential walls, which is subsequently also grouted with concrete into a compact foundational slab.

[0090] The first row of masonry of basement foundation building blocks 15 is subsequently laid on the foundational slab, which is displayed in FIG. 22A and in a bottom view in FIG. 22B, subsequently followed by rows of regular building blocks 1. The connecting of hollow building blocks 1 in one row of masonry is displayed in FIG. 23, wherein between the individual building blocks 1, connecting plates 24 (FIG. 24) and connecting wedges 25 (FIG. 25) can be inserted. The connecting wedges 25 additionally strengthen the cohesion of the building blocks 1 at the place of the tongue-groove connection. The stiffening connecting plate 24 is used at the place of connection of the inner structures, e.g. partitions, and slides into the space between the grooves 14, as shown in FIG. 26. The connecting plate 24 and the connecting wedge 25 can be made of any material (plastic material, metal, etc.), wherein both of these elements are slid onto the respective place of the outer wall 2 from the upper side. When laying the masonry from the blocks with the insulating insert 7 and the insulating layer 19, the insulating layers 19 are connected to each other using a glued joint. The insulating insert 7 is industrially inserted into each plastic building block 1 during the production of the building block 1, the insulating layer 19 may also be applied during the production or later on the construction site. The structure may further comprise inner support structures and partitions, wherein the lintel blocks 30 are placed over any building openings, which must be properly supported by an auxiliary structure before grouting with concrete. In the last row the bond beam blocks 28 are laid, wherein the procedure for the implementation of the horizontal (ceiling) structure above the underground floor is the same as the procedure for the implementation of the foundational slab. The composition of the lintel and bond bean in the structure is displayed in FIG. 27. The procedure for the construction of the above-ground vertical structure is analogous to that for the underground vertical structure.

[0091] Shaping of the grooves 14 allows the insertion of the anchoring elements 13 already during the construction of the masonry or at any time later, wherein the anchoring elements 13 are removable. The anchoring elements 13 are preferably placed at the places of the intended wiring of electrical wiring, water piping, etc., wherein these installations are wired through the eyes of the anchoring elements 13 and do not require cutting or drilling of openings and subsequent incorporating. An example of the placement of the anchoring elements 13 on a partition for the horizontal and vertical wiring of installations is displayed in FIG. 28A, only for the vertical wiring in FIG. 28B. All the building elements of the system comprise grooves 14 also in the corners of the building element, wherein the anchoring elements 13 can also be inserted between these individual building elements in the wall (e.g. between two unit partition blocks 32). The use of anchoring eyes therefore leads to a waste-free implementation of the building's technical equipment wiring. If the wall of the structure does not comprise the anchoring elements 13, it is possible to perform an internal surface treatment (in the interior of the building) using standard plaster systems suitable for a polymeric substrate. In the case of a wall comprising the anchoring elements 13, facing structures, e.g. plasterboards, which preferably also covers the wiring of the installations, may be suspended on the anchoring elements 13. Similarly, gauze and standard plaster systems, or curtain ventilated walls fixed with the anchoring elements 13, can be used for the outer surface treatment (in the exterior of the building).

[0092] In this part, alternative embodiments of the building block 1 and the set of modular building elements of the first exemplary embodiment of this invention will be described. The implementation of the connecting elements 5 comprises many variants in the number of the connecting elements 5 and their arrangement relative to the walls of the building block 1. The connecting elements 5 may be arranged symmetrically relative to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block, e.g. only closer to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block or only closer to the margins of the building block 1. Alternatively, the connecting elements 5 may be placed also asymmetrically, where the connecting elements 5 attached to the first facing outer wall 2 fit into the cavity 3 of one neighbouring building block 1 in the previous row, and where the connecting elements 5 attached to the second facing outer wall 2 fit into the cavity 3 of a different neighbouring building block 1 in the previous row than the connecting elements 5 attached to the first facing outer wall 2. The projecting part 11 and the recess 12 of the insulating insert are also shaped analogously to the shape and placement of the connecting elements 5. The shape of the wall 8 of the connecting element may be an isosceles triangle in addition to a trapezoid, wherein the side edges 10 may be both straight and rounded. For all shapes of the connecting elements 5, it is preferable in particular to bevel the side edge 10 of the connecting element that is placed closest to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block and also to the margin of the facing outer wall 2 (that is closest to the neighbouring building block 1 in the same row of masonry) in order to maintain the character of the peak joint 22.

[0093] An alternative embodiment of the building block 1 may comprise only the grooves 14 on the outer wall 2 without the respective ribs 23 projecting from the wall towards the inside of the cavity 3, wherein the walls surrounding the cavity 3 of the building block are completely smooth. This embodiment may be preferable in terms of simpler shaping of the insulating insert 7, but on the contrary may negatively affect the stiffness of the building block 1, possibly increasing the material consumption if the reduction in stiffness is compensated by the thickness of the walls of the building block 1.

[0094] In an alternative embodiment of the building block 1, the part 6 of the cavity adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert 7 is open on both the upper and lower sides and does not comprise the solid bottom 16. In this embodiment, the projecting part 11 of the insulating insert is less protected from damage wherein the insulating layer 19 is in contact with both the projecting part 11 and the recess 12 of the insulating insert over the entire surface of these parts.

[0095] In the following part, the building block 1 and other elements of the set of modular building elements of the second exemplary embodiment, which are displayed in FIG. 29 and FIG. 36, will be described. The standard building block 1 of FIG. 29 differs from the first exemplary embodiment in that it comprises a plurality of outer walls 2 and one inner wall 4, wherein the side outer walls 2 adjacent to the part 6 of the cavity, which is not intended for the insertion of the insulating insert 7, approach each other towards the inner wall 4 of the block. Thus, the width of the part 6 of the cavity which is not intended for the insertion of the insulating insert 7 is smaller at the place of contact of the side outer walls 2 with the inner wall 4 than at the place of contact of the side outer walls 2 with the facing outer wall 2. The side outer walls 2 do not comprise cutouts 21, the approaching parts of the side outer walls 2 do not comprise vertical grooves 14. The implementation of the connecting elements 5, the insulating insert 7, and the insulating layer 19 is analogous to that of the building block 1 of the first exemplary embodiment. In the bottom view of the building block 1 of FIG. 30, an embodiment is displayed that does not comprise the longitudinal cutout 21.

[0096] The half building block 27 of the second exemplary embodiment of FIG. 31A comprises two inner walls that are parallel to the facing outer walls and extend along both the entire width and height of the building block. The building block 1 comprises a total of 3 parts 6 of the cavity and the side outer walls 2 adjacent to the parts 6 of the cavity, which are not intended for the insertion of the insulating insert 7, also approach each other. The place of greatest narrowing of the cavity 3, that is, the smallest width of the half building block 27, is located at the place of contact of the inner wall 4 and the approaching side outer walls 2. The marginal half building block 27 of FIG. 31B comprises one side outer wall 2 perpendicular to two parallel front outer walls 2, wherein this marginal side wall becomes a facing wall as it is accessible in the masonry and forms a frame of the building opening. The marginal standard building blocks 1 of the second exemplary embodiment, that is the left and right marginal building blocks 1, may also be implemented similar to this marginal half building block 27.

[0097] The corner building block 26 of the second exemplary embodiment of FIG. 32 comprises a total of 4 inner walls 4, wherein only two of them, namely the inner walls 4 adjacent to the part 6 of the cavity adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert 7, are oriented parallel to the two facing outer walls 2. These two inner walls 4 are perpendicular to each other, wherein the remaining two inner walls 4 touch them at one point and project radially towards the side outer walls 2.

[0098] An advantage of the curvature of the side outer walls 2 of the blocks of the second exemplary embodiment is that, after assembly into the composition of the masonry, a separate space is created between these side walls (outside the cavities 3 of the building blocks) with gaps 33 between the blocks, which are also filled with concrete grout, thus eliminating vertical interstices in the masonry to a large extent. The vertical interstices in the masonry are normally formed by the side outer walls 2 of two neighbouring building blocks that are closely adjacent to each other, wherein in this embodiment the vertical interstices are only maintained in a short section of the side outer walls 2 further away from the insulating insert 7. There is no vertical interstice in the section of the part 6 of the cavity adjacent to the inner wall 4 protecting the insulating insert 7.

[0099] The implementation of the foundation building blocks 15 of the second exemplary embodiment, including the half and the corner blocks, are displayed in FIG. 33, FIG. 34, and FIG. 35 and differ from regular building blocks 1 in that they do not comprise the connecting elements 5 and do comprise the solid bottom 16. The solid bottom 16 in the second exemplary embodiment extends partially outside the cavity 3 of the block, in other words the bottom 16 overlaps the outer walls 2 of the block, as it must also retain the concrete grout applied outside the cavities 3 of the building blocks into the space of the gaps 33 between the blocks as described in the previous paragraph. The pressure of the concrete grout on the overlapping part of the bottom 16, which is particularly visible in FIGS. 33 and 34, also ensures the loading of the entire foundation block 15 as well as pressing to the substrate.

[0100] The bond beam building elements of the second exemplary embodiment (FIG. 36, FIG. 37, and FIG. 38) are a modification of the standard building block 1 of the second exemplary embodiment displayed in FIG. 29, wherein all bond beam elements comprise the lowered margin 29 of the bond beam block.

[0101] An example of the composition of the masonry comprising the set of modular building elements of the second exemplary embodiment is displayed in FIG. 39, which also displays the gaps 33 between the blocks in the masonry from the building blocks 1, wherein in FIG. 39A, there is a view of a regular section of the composition of the masonry without building openings. Thanks to these gaps 33 between the blocks, no continuous vertical interstices formed by the walls of the building elements are formed immediately behind the thermal insulating system (insulating inserts 7) after the wall has been monolithed. In contrast, FIG. 39B shows the composition of the masonry that extends in the corner of the building between the two building openings, wherein the frame of the opening at one end of the masonry is formed by the marginal half building block 27 (described above in FIG. 31b) and at the other end by the marginal standard building block 1 of the second exemplary embodiment. The formation of the frame of the building openings is also evident from the floor plan of FIG. 39C.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

[0102] The above described building block and the set of modular building elements can be modified and utilized for other types of special vertical structures.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

[0103] 1building block [0104] 2outer wall [0105] 3cavity [0106] 4inner wall [0107] 5connecting element [0108] 6part of the cavity [0109] 7insulating insert [0110] 8wall of the connecting element [0111] 9free end [0112] 10side edge [0113] 11projecting part [0114] 12recess [0115] 13anchoring element [0116] 14groove [0117] 15foundation building block [0118] 16bottom [0119] 18partition block [0120] 19insulating layer [0121] 20longitudinal axis of the building block [0122] 21cutout [0123] 22peak joint [0124] 23rib [0125] 24connecting plate [0126] 25connecting wedge [0127] 26corner building block [0128] 27half building block [0129] 28bond beam block [0130] 29lowered margin [0131] 30lintel block [0132] 31half partition block [0133] 32unit partition block [0134] 33gap between the blocks