In Situ Fluid Diffusion Apparatus and System

Abstract

Some embodiments are directed to a tunnel device for use in single pass sand filtration (SPSF) systems, including curved lateral walls which meet at an apex channel having a flat top, an open bottom, and side vented walls. The interaction between the characterizing components and vertically streamed treated wastewater from a pressurized pipe results in the maximized lateral transport of the treated wastewater towards the side vented walls and the adjacent soil strata therethrough which contains aerobic microbial communities able to decompose organic wastewater material thereby delivering enhanced wastewater treatment and water volume reductions through evapotranspiration.

Claims

1. An irrigation apparatus for the diffusion of a gas and liquid mixture within a soil or aggregate environment comprising, a rigid tunnel elongated along a length, having an outer surface formed as a substantially convex surface and an inner surface formed as a substantially concave surface, wherein the inner surface of the rigid tunnel defines one or more channel sections formed along the length of the tunnel, the one or more channel sections comprising, a substantially horizontal, planar channel base positioned at a tunnel apex, and opposing channel sides having multiple apertures formed therethrough, located in proximity to the channel base, the rigid tunnel shaped substantially in the form of a catenary arch having lateral corrugations repeating along the length of the tunnel comprising multiple outwardly corrugated portions interspersed by inwardly corrugated portions, the rigid tunnel comprising a tunnel base formed along the length of the tunnel at either edge of the rigid tunnel for maintaining the rigid tunnel at a desired position, each outwardly protruding lateral corrugation being wider at the tunnel base than the tunnel apex, and the outwardly protruding lateral corrugations comprising apertures formed therethrough in proximity to the tunnel base wherein the rigid tunnel is adapted to receive a pressurized gas and liquid mixture within a perforated fluid pipe positioned beneath the substantially concave surface of the rigid tunnel by one or more supporting means to direct the pressurized mixture through the perforations in the pipe to strike the channel base and aerosolize the mixture.

2. The irrigation apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a structural spine positioned on the outer surface of the rigid tunnel at the tunnel apex wherein the structural spine is configured to provide weight bearing structural support along the length of the tunnel.

3. The irrigation apparatus according to claim 2 wherein; the structural spine is formed in portions, each portion of the structural spine being formed within a space between the outwardly corrugated portions of the rigid tunnel defined by the inwardly corrugated portions of the tunnel, and each portion of the structural spine comprises a substantially horizontal, planar spine base and multiple vertical longitudinal walls perpendicularly intersecting multiple vertical sectional walls, configured to provide weight bearing structural support along the length of the tunnel.

4. The irrigation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apertures formed through the rigid tunnel are elongated, the apertures positioned in proximity to the channel base are configured to vent aerosolized liquid therethrough and the apertures positioned in proximity to the tunnel base are configured to vent liquid within the rigid tunnel therethrough.

5. The irrigation apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a perforated fluid pipe adjacent to the inner surface of the rigid tunnel having perforations along it's length positioned to substantially align with the channel base, one or more supporting means for holding the fluid pipe at a position to substantially align with the channel base, whereby the irrigation apparatus is adapted to receive a pressurized gas and liquid mixture within the perforated fluid pipe, and the perforated fluid pipe is positioned to direct the pressurized mixture through the perforations in the pipe to strike the channel base and aerosolize the mixture.

6. The irrigation apparatus according to claim 1 comprising an absorbent membrane liner adjacent to the outer surface of the rigid tunnel configured to direct the movement of moisture therethrough.

7. A system for the diffusion of a gas and liquid mixture within a soil or aggregate environment comprising: a rigid tunnel elongated along a length, having an outer surface formed as a substantially convex surface and an inner surface formed as a substantially concave surface, wherein the inner surface of the rigid tunnel defines one or more channel sections formed along the length of the tunnel, the one or more channel sections comprising, a substantially horizontal, planar channel base positioned at a tunnel apex, and opposing channel sides having multiple apertures formed therethrough, located in proximity to the channel base, a perforated fluid pipe adjacent to the inner surface of the rigid tunnel having perforations along the length positioned to substantially align with the channel base, and one or more supporting means for holding the fluid pipe at a position to substantially align with the channel base, whereby the irrigation apparatus is adapted to receive a pressurized gas and liquid mixture within the perforated fluid pipe, and the perforated fluid pipe is positioned to direct the pressurized mixture through the perforations in the pipe to strike the channel base and aerosolize the mixture.

8. The system according to claim 9 further comprising an absorbent membrane liner adjacent to the outer surface of the rigid tunnel configured to direct the movement of moisture therethrough.

9. A method for the diffusion of a gas and liquid mixture within a soil or aggregate environment comprising: preparing a substructure within a soil or aggregate environment; obtaining a rigid tunnel elongated along a length, having an outer surface formed as a substantially convex surface and an inner surface formed as a substantially concave surface, wherein the inner surface of the rigid tunnel defines one or more channel sections formed along the length of the tunnel, the one or more channel sections comprising, a substantially horizontal, planar channel base positioned at a tunnel apex, and opposing channel sides having multiple apertures formed therethrough, located in proximity to the channel base; obtaining a perforated fluid pipe; obtaining one or more supporting means for holding the fluid pipe at a position to substantially align with the channel base; obtaining a gas and liquid mixture and a fluid pump; connecting the fluid pipe to the gas and liquid mixture; securing the one or more supporting means to the substructure or soil or aggregate environment; securing the fluid pipe to the one or more supporting means to position the perforations through the fluid pipe in an upward orientation; placing the rigid tunnel lengthwise upon the fluid pipe at a position to substantially align the perforations with the channel base; covering the rigid tunnel with soil or aggregate; connecting the fluid pump and pumping the gas and liquid mixture through the fluid pipe.

10. The method for the diffusion of a gas and liquid mixture within a soil or aggregate environment claim 9 further comprising: covering the rigid tunnel with an absorbent membrane liner configured to direct the movement of moisture therethrough; operating the fluid pump at regular time intervals.

11. The method for the subterranean diffusion of a gas and liquid mixture within a soil or aggregate environment of claim 10 further comprising: excavating the soil or aggregate environment; partially filling the excavated area with a layer of filtration sand and a layer of aggregate; covering the rigid tunnel and the absorbent membrane liner to approximately ground level.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0066] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a fluid dispersion tunnel according to embodiments of the invention.

[0067] FIG. 2 illustrates a front view of a fluid dispersion tunnel according to embodiments of the invention.

[0068] FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of a fluid dispersion tunnel according to embodiments of the invention.

[0069] FIG. 4 illustrates a top view of a fluid dispersion tunnel according to embodiments of the invention.

[0070] FIG. 5 illustrates a bottom view of a fluid dispersion tunnel according to embodiments of the invention.

[0071] FIG. 6 illustrates a detailed bottom view of the top lateral vents formed between a top flat wall of a fluid dispersion tunnel according to embodiments of the invention.

[0072] FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of a fluid diffusion tunnel end cap installed according to embodiments of the invention.

[0073] FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of a standalone pipe support trivet according to embodiments of the invention.

[0074] FIG. 9 illustrates a front view of a standalone pipe support trivet according to embodiments of the invention.

[0075] FIG. 10 illustrates a side view of a standalone pipe support trivet according to embodiments of the invention.

[0076] FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a fluid dispersion tunnel with according to embodiments of the invention with a wastewater pipe and pipe support trivet installed according to embodiments of the invention.

[0077] FIG. 12 illustrates a front view of a fluid dispersion tunnel with according to embodiments of the invention with a wastewater pipe, pipe support trivet, and end cap installed according to embodiments of the invention.

[0078] FIG. 13 illustrates a side view of a wastewater pipe supported by a pair of pipe support trivets according to embodiments of the invention.

[0079] FIG. 14 illustrates a section front view of a standard single pass sand filter installation according to embodiments of the invention.

[0080] FIG. 15 illustrates a section side view of a standard single pass sand filter installation according to embodiments of the invention.

[0081] FIG. 16 illustrates a section front view of an alternative installation layout according to embodiments of the invention.

[0082] FIG. 17 illustrates a graphical summary of validation testing results with and without wastewater treatment according to embodiments of the invention.

[0083] FIG. 18 illustrates a section front view of an alternative installation layout according to embodiments of the invention in the absence of a single pass sand filtration system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0084] Several embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the Figures. Exemplary embodiments are described to illustrate certain aspects and embodiments of the invention, not to limit their scope, which is defined by the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a number of equivalent variations of the various features provided in the description that follows may be possible.

[0085] Embodiments of the invention described herein were tested, validated an optimized by conducting in situ preliminary trials. The experimental hypotheses tested, the trial conditions, a detailed description of the components and system tested, and the trial results are described as follows.

[0086] The broad objective of the trial was to determine whether a new SPSF system configuration, including new component designs, would allow for greater lateral transport of water through the depths of the porous media bed and thereby provide improved hydraulic distribution properties in the surrounding soil structure, as well as more extensive contact with adjacent native soils and, in turn, whether this would provide further enhancements in wastewater treatment efficacy (either physical or biological).

Preliminary Trial Design

[0087] The new Aerobic Bottomless Sand-filter Open Release Basal System (ABSORBS) treatment system was validated by testing wastewater treatment performance, including any improvement in water flow distribution throughout the gravel and sand media bed arising from the use of the new tunnel design or any improvement in aeration and oxygen distribution throughout the treatment bed.

[0088] The trial included a new system design for enhanced water-air exposure for improved aeration and distribution throughout the ABSORBS treatment bed. New design elements include: [0089] (i) An arched, perforated tunnel for subterranean use, which has a larger internal void volume than conventionally used SPSF dosing pipework, and therefore lower velocity flow with greater water distribution over the wetted filter bed area, enabling the water more time to be treated and providing more opportunities for air-water exchange. [0090] (ii) A pump for pressurizing wastewater dosing and distribution within the perforated tunnel, to enhance water aeration and dispersive transport to surrounding soil, while also reducing clogging potential.

[0091] The trial tested the hypothesis that the new tunnel and SPSF system will provide: [0092] (i) Improved air-water exchange for greater air-to-water oxygen transfer of applied wastewater within the tunnel structure during dosing cycles, leading to enhanced biological activity and greater treatment performance as determined by the removal of wastewater organics and nutrients (e.g. ammonia). [0093] (ii) Greater lateral transport of water than conventional ABSORBS treatment systems, providing for improved wastewater hydraulic distribution properties. [0094] (iii) Lower vertical flow velocity through the sand bed providing a longer hydraulic residence time within the media bed for promotion of unsaturated flow conditions which yield improved oxygen transfer and longer contact of percolating wastewater with biofilms on sand media. [0095] (iv) Improved lateral water distribution across the bed area during dosing as facilitated by the new tunnel design providing a reduced dead zone volume within the sand media. (v) Enhanced interaction and/or transfer of wastewater with adjacent native soil for further enhancements in wastewater treatment efficacy via interactions with soil microbes and improved evapotranspiration losses.

[0096] Technical assessments to test the trial hypotheses included: [0097] (i) Hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic residence time assessments. [0098] (ii) Dissolved oxygen profiling of wastewater to validate enhanced air-water exchange. [0099] (iii) Profiling of microbial communities throughout the sand bed (vertically and laterally). [0100] (iv) Plant water use under conditions of highly wet soils held at or near field capacity.

Methods

Preliminary Trial Conditions

[0101] The trial was undertaken at a wastewater testing and research facility using a full-scale, fully functioning ABSORBS bed. This alleviated the recognized issues around pilot-scale testing and delivered results and outcomes that are immediately translatable to scaled operations.

Materials

Fluid Dispersion Tunnel

[0102] FIG. 1 illustrates a tunnel 100 for fluid diffusion according to embodiments of the invention. The tunnel 100 is modularized such that multiple tunnels may be detachably connected to each other to create a lengthened installation.

[0103] The front profile of tunnel 100 is generally shaped as a catenary arch while the length of tunnel 100, running perpendicular to the front profile, is substantially longer than the width of the catenary arch and ribbed along the length with stepped corrugations about the catenary arch, providing peaks and troughs on the outer surface and inverted peaks and troughs on the inner surface. Each of the outer peaks, or tunnel ribs 130, along the length of the tunnel 100 outer surface comprise lower vents 140 on each side, defined by three outlet holes situated in the proximity of the bottom most surface of the tunnel 100 and spread out along the bottom third of the height of the tunnel 100.

[0104] A channel 105 runs along the length of tunnel 100 at the height of the external troughs and through the tunnel ribs 130, with an open bottom defining a substantially convex rectangular cuboid shape defined by a top flat portion 120 defining the top surface and two lateral vents 110 defining each of the channel 105 walls within the outer troughs between each of the tunnel ribs 130. Each of the lateral vents 110 contain outlet holes along the length between each of the tunnel ribs 130 and of a size to fill a majority of the available surface area. The channel 105 is reinforced by structural supports running along each side of the outer surface of the flat portion 120 between each of the tunnel ribs 130, and two perpendicular structural supports at equal distances between each of the tunnel ribs 130.

[0105] Flat support surfaces 150 are formed at each of the bottom most edges of the tunnel 100 spanning the length of the tunnel 100 and from the bottom most edges of the outer surface troughs to approximately twice the depth of the corrugations in a lateral direction from the bottom edges to form a base for the tunnel 100 to sit upon.

[0106] FIG. 2 illustrates the catenary arch shape of the tunnel 100. The channel 105 is visible at the peak of the catenary arch and defined by the flat portion 120 at its peak and the lateral vents 110 at near right angles from the flat portion 120 on each side below. The stepped corrugations, as seen on the outer surface of the tunnel 100, is inverted on the inside surface of the tunnel 100. The flat support surface 150 is illustrated on each side of the tunnel 100.

[0107] FIG. 3 illustrates the side profile of the tunnel 100. The stepped corrugations of the tunnel 100 which define the tunnel ribs 130 illustrate that the bottom of each tunnel rib 130 is wider than the top width along the length of the tunnel 100, while the top of each of the troughs is wider than the bottom width along the length of the tunnel 100. The channel 105 is visible between each of the tunnel ribs 130 wherein the lateral vents 110 are each comprised of a surface filling the space between the flat portion 120 and the trough surface of the outer stepped corrugations. Each channel 105 section between each pair of ribs 130 is strengthened by structural frame 115 in both the front to back and lateral orientations. The lower vents 140 are illustrated in the bottom third of each of the tunnel ribs 130 and comprise three geometric stadium holes in a triangular pattern.

[0108] FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of the tunnel 100 further illustrating the stepped corrugations with the peak of the tunnel 100 at the widest point of the troughs and narrowest point of the tunnel ribs 130. It further illustrates the channel 105 defined by the flat portion 120, lateral vents 110, and structural frame 115. The flat support surface 150 is visible as lateral extrusions from the bottom most edge of the outer corrugation surfaces.

[0109] FIG. 5 illustrates a bottom perspective view of the tunnel 100 further illustrating the channel 105 defined by the flat portion 120 running the length of the tunnel 100 and lateral vents 110 between each of the inverted tunnel ribs 130. The flat support surface 150 is visible as lateral extrusions from the bottom most edge of the outer corrugation surfaces.

[0110] FIG. 6 illustrates a detailed view of the channel 105 from the bottom perspective. The flat portion 120 runs the length of the tunnel 100 and is flanked by the lateral vents 110 at a substantially perpendicular direction to the surface of the flat portion 120, and towards the bottom most surface of the tunnel 100. The surface of the lateral vents 110 is formed between the flat portion 120 and the surface of the trough within the stepped corrugations of the tunnel 100. Tunnel End Cap

[0111] FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of tunnel 100 with a tunnel end cap 190, according to embodiments of the invention, installed at an end of the tunnel 100 closing the internal cavity formed by the tunnel 100 to the outside. Tunnel end cap 190 may comprise a hole allowing a wastewater pipe 500 to pass therethrough (not shown).

[0112] The front profile of tunnel end cap 190 is shaped to match the catenary arch of the tunnel 100 and contains an outer lip 191 to fit within the first of the tunnel ribs 130. Extending from the outer lip 191 is a hollow prolate spheroid quadrant, enclosed on the bottom, with a recessed channel extending from the center of the outer bottom edge to approximately the center of the spheroid quadrant.

Trivet

[0113] FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of a trivet 300 according to embodiments of the invention. Trivet 300 comprises a circular pipe support clip 310 at its top which is shaped to substantially surround a length of the lower half of wastewater pipe 500 (FIG. 13) to provide support thereon and has length in the direction of the wastewater pipe 500 approximately equal to the wastewater pipe 500 diameter. Trivet 300 further comprises two support legs 320 forming a supporting arch beneath the pipe support clip 310 and configured to support the wastewater pipe 500 at approximately the center of the tunnel 100 when installed within. Each support leg 320 comprises a flat stabilizing base 330 protruding laterally from the support leg 320 to provide a surface able to rest upon the ground and prevent the trivet 300 from tipping to either side, and a stake 340 below each stabilizing base for insertion into the ground beneath to prevent translatory movement of the trivet 300.

[0114] FIG. 9 illustrates a front view of trivet 300. Pipe support clip 310 is of a diameter to accept wastewater pipe 500 and surround approximately 190? of the wastewater pipe 500 perimeter. Support legs 320 form a support arch beneath pipe support clip 310 while also connecting to pipe support 310 at approximately 90? from vertical on each side and extending below at approximately 30? from vertical on each side. Stabilizing base 330 extends outwards from the center of trivet 300 at the bottom of each support leg 320. Stake 340 extends below the stabilizing base 330 and comprises four equal right angle triangular surfaces angled towards a point below in an arrowhead shape.

[0115] FIG. 10 illustrates a side view of trivet 300. This figure shows pipe support clip 310, support leg 320, stabilizing base 330, and stake 340.

System Components

[0116] FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate the main components of the system according to embodiments of the invention comprising the tunnel 100, wastewater pipe 500, and trivet(s) 300 from a perspective view and a front view, respectively. FIG. 13 illustrates the combination of wastewater pipe 500 and trivets 300.

[0117] Wastewater pipe 500 is composed of modular pipe lengths and is inserted into the pipe support clip 310 of trivets 300 (FIG. 13). Wastewater pipe 500 comprises fluid outlet holes 510 which are oriented vertically in line with flat portion 120 and positioned beneath the center of lateral vents 110. The combination of the wastewater pipe 500 and trivets 300 is positioned under tunnel 100.

[0118] Trivets 300 are fixed bipod stakes which are configured to attach to wastewater pipe 500 at regular intervals and be staked into screened aggregate 920 and/or parent soil 900 (not shown) to provide a stable support and consistent distance from the flat portion 120 for wastewater pipe 500 during installation and operation of the system.

[0119] Once installed, a pump 950 (not shown) is activated to provide pressurized wastewater from a source such as a primary septic tank filtration outlet, wastewater pipe 500 is pressurized. Fluid outlet holes 510 allow for egress of the pressurized fluid from wastewater pipe 500 into the internal cavity defined by the tunnel 100 as a jet of wastewater. The jet of wastewater is oriented towards the flat portion 120 such that a dispersal of the jet of wastewater results from the stagnation point therebetween.

[0120] The dispersal of the jet of wastewater causes lateral travel in which some of the wastewater is sprayed through the lateral vents 110 to be absorbed into the native backfill 940 (not shown), while the remainder of the dispersed wastewater is diffused within the cavity of the tunnel 100 to cover the screened aggregate 920 (not shown) over the area exposed within the cavity of the tunnel 100.

Standard Single Pass Sand Filter Installation

[0121] FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate a standard installation of embodiments of the invention in a single pass sand filter system in both a section front view (14) and a section side view (15).

[0122] The parent soil 900 is excavated at the site of the filter system and the excavation filled with coarse filter sand 910, comprising 1-2 mm to coarse washed filter sand for a nominal depth of 50 cm, topped with screened aggregate 920 at 20 mm nominal size for a nominal depth of 20 cm. The wastewater pipe 500 is inserted into each of the trivets 300 which are staked into the aggregate 920 at suitable intervals to fully support the wastewater pipe 500 from a pump 950 to the end of the run.

[0123] The tunnel 100, is modularly installed over the length of the wastewater pipe 500 and covered with a geo-fabric liner 930 which also covers the extent of the aggregate 920. Native backfill 940 then covers the installation to at least 15 cm depth above the tunnel 100.

[0124] Flora (not shown) is then able to be planted within the native backfill 940.

Alternative Embodiment

[0125] FIG. 16 illustrates an alternative installation embodiment for the system which further comprises an overflow pipe 960 from below the coarse filter sand 910 which is configured to return treated wastewater to the wastewater tank 970 when saturation levels increase beyond levels suitable for the secondary treatment system comprising the invention.

[0126] FIG. 16 further illustrates flora with roots having access to the vertically displaced effluent 902 as well as flora with roots having access to the horizontally displaced effluent 901. The flora with roots having access to the horizontally displaced effluent 901 are able to do so due to the interaction between the jet of wastewater and the flat portion 120 which creates a lateral dispersal of the jet of wastewater into the lateral vents 110 to be soaked into the native backfill 940 and accessed by the flora root system therein.

Results

Preliminary Trial Results

[0127] The Australian standard for on-site domestic wastewater treatment units secondary treatment systems was used as a baseline for comparison of the trial results and specifies minimum secondary treatment performance as being <20 mg/L for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and <30 mg/L for total suspended solids (TSS) for 90% of samples and a maximum of 30 mg/L for BOD and 45 mg/L for TSS.

[0128] Further to the minimum performance, there is an advanced secondary treatment performance defined which allows further usage of the treated effluent when compared to effluent treated to the secondary treatment levels. Advanced secondary treatment is defined as <10 mg/L for BOD and <10 mg/L for TSS for 90% of samples and a maximum of 20 mg/L for BOD and 20 mg/L for TSS.

[0129] Summary of the raw sewage quality and ABSORBS bed performance from validation testing (data collected April 2020-October 2020) is provided in Tables 1 and 2 below. Table 1: Sewage BOD and TSS without ABSORBS treatment

Table 2: Sewage BOD and TSS with ABSORBS treatment

[0130] FIG. 17 illustrates these results graphically and it can be seen from both the tabulated and graphical results that the effluent meets all requirements for secondary treatment under the Australian standard, while the TSS results also meet the requirements for advanced secondary treatment.

[0131] The results validate the parameters of the trial and allow for further trials in comparison to single pass sand filters known in the art to validate the increased efficiency and performance expected from the new tunnel design.

Alternative Embodiment in Native Soil

[0132] FIG. 18 illustrates an installation of the system within native soil as an alternative to installation within a sand filter. A trench is dug approximately 1.6 m wide within native soil 900 and deep ripped to approximately 600 mm depth before being layered with 20 cm of 20 mm coarse screened aggregate 920. The trivets 300 are installed on screened aggregate 920 with wastewater pipe 500 within.

[0133] Tunnel 100 is placed over wastewater pipe 500 in an alignment such that fluid jets strike the peak of the tunnel and are directed through the lateral vents 110 to be absorbed throughout the native backfill 940. A geo-fabric liner 930 then covers the tunnel 100 and the screened aggregate 920 before the trench is filled with native backfill 940 and a mount is created on top of the tunnel 100 to a nominal depth of 15 cm above ground level.

[0134] Flora 902 is able to be planted within the mound of native backfill 940 where its root system is able to access the lateral dispersal of the water from wastewater pipe 500.

[0135] Throughout this specification the word comprise, or variations such as comprises or comprising, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

[0136] It is appreciated the specific connection or attachment mechanisms, or methodologies used to connect two particular components of the fluid diffusion device, as described herein, may be utilized to connect other components of the sensing device, as may be desired.

[0137] The various components described herein may be made from any of a variety of materials including, for example, plastic, plastic resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, composite material, or rubber, for example, or any other material as may be desired. For example, the tunnel of this disclosure may be produced from a plastic resin, such as polyethylene, and by injection molding. However, it is appreciated that other materials and manufacturing methods should be considered.

[0138] A variety of production techniques may be used to make the apparatuses and components described herein. For example, suitable injection molding and other molding techniques and other manufacturing techniques might be utilized. Also, the various components of the apparatuses may be integrally formed, as may be desired, in particular when using molding construction techniques. Also, the various components of the apparatuses may be formed in pieces and connected together in some manner, such as with suitable adhesive.

[0139] The various apparatuses and components of the apparatuses, as described herein, may be provided in various sizes and/or dimensions, as desired. Suitable sizes and/or dimensions will vary depending on the specifications of connecting components or the field of use, which may be selected by persons skilled in the art.

[0140] It will be appreciated that features, elements and/or characteristics described with respect to one embodiment of the disclosure may be used with other embodiments of the invention, as desired. It will also be appreciated that the effects of the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned effects, and other effects, which are not mentioned herein, will be apparent to those in the art from the disclosure and accompanying claims.

[0141] Although the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure and accompanying claims.

[0142] It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being on, in contact with or within another element or layer, the element or layer can be directly on or within another element or layer or intervening elements or layers. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being directly on, directly in contact with or directly within another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present.

[0143] As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0144] It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etcetera, may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer, or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0145] Spatially relative terms, such as lower, upper, top, bottom, left, right and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relationship of one element or feature to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of structures in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawing figures.

[0146] For example, if a device in the drawing figures is turned over, elements described as lower relative to other elements or features would then be oriented upper relative the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term lower can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly.

[0147] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms a, an and the are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms including, comprises and/or comprising, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0148] Embodiments of the description are described herein with reference to diagrams and/or cross-section illustrations, for example, that are schematic illustrations of preferred embodiments (and intermediate structures) of the description. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the description should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of components illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing.

[0149] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this description belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0150] Any reference in this specification to one embodiment, an embodiment, example embodiment, etc., means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the description. The appearances of such phrases in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with any embodiment, it is within the purview of one skilled in the art to effect and/or use such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other ones of the embodiments.

[0151] Embodiments are also intended to include or otherwise cover methods of using and methods of manufacturing any or all of the elements disclosed above.

[0152] While the invention has been described above in terms of specific embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these disclosed embodiments. Upon reading the teachings of this disclosure many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains, and which are intended to be and are covered by both this disclosure and the appended claims.

[0153] All publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference. Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art baseline or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed in Australia or elsewhere before the priority date of each claim of this application.

[0154] It is indeed intended that the scope of the invention should be determined by proper interpretation and construction of the appended claims and their legal equivalents, as understood by those skilled in the art relying upon the disclosure in this specification and the attached drawings.